y 1) Heat is a form of energy.

The SI unit is joule, J y 2) When heat energy is supplied to a substance, the

temperature of the substance will rise. y 3) Heat flows from a hotter to a colder place. This process of heat transfer will stop when the temperature of the 2 places become the same. Burning y 4) Sources of heat:
can produce heat

Rubbing or friction between 2 objects can produce heat

Sources of heat

2 objects hitting each other can produce heat

y 5) Useful of heat:

a) drying b) ironing

c) cooking

d) keeping warm

Temperature y 1) Temperature is the measure of the degree of hotness or coldness of an object. y 2) A thermometer is used to measure temperature. The SI unit of temperature is the kelvin, (K). However, the commonly used unit is degree Celsius (0C). y 3) Hot substances have high temperatures whereas cold substances have low temperatures.

y 4) The difference between heat and temperature:

Heat
A form of energy

Temperature
A measure of the hotness or coldness of an object Cannot do work

Can do work

SI unit = Joule (J)

SI unit = kelvin (K)

y 5) 3 types of thermometers:

Type of thermometer
Mercury in glass laboratory thermometer Clinical thermometer Alcohol in glass thermometer

Range temperature
-10 0C and 110 0C

Use
Measures temperature when doing experiments Measures body temperature Measures very low temperatures

35 0C and 42 0C

-117 0C and 78 0C

Matter

Is heated
Particles absorb heat Particles receive energy and move faster The distance between the particles increase The volume of the matter increases The matter expands

Is cooled
Particles release heat The particles lose energy and move more slowly The distance between the particles decreases The volume of the matter decreases The matter contracts

Expansion and Contraction (Solids) y 1) A solid expands when it is heated. It contract when it is cooled.
y 2)The expansion of solid can be shown by a metal ball.

3) Different metals expand at different rates:

Aluminium Brass Copper Iron Invar expansion increases

y 4) Different metals expand unequally when heated to the

same temperature. This can be explained by heating bimetallic strip.

Heated Copper

Aluminium

* When heated, showing that aluminium expands more than copper

Heated Brass Iron

* When heated, showing that brass expands more than iron

Expansion and Contraction (Liquids) y 1) A liquid expands when it is heated. It contract when it is cooled.
y 2) Different liquids expands and contract at difference rates
Benzene Alcohol Water Mercury increases expand

Expansion and Contraction (gases) y 1) Gases expands when it is heated and contract when cooled.
y 2) Different gases expands at the same rate.

Transfer of Heat y 1) Heat can be transferred from a hot to a cold place by the process of :
y a) Conduction y b) Convection y c) Radiation

CONDUCTION
y 1) Conduction is the transfer of heat energy between neighboring

molecules in a substance. It takes place from a region of higher temperature (hot) to a region of lower temperature (cold).
y 2) When one part of an object is heated, its get hot. The particles

there gain heat energy making them vibrate stronger. They then collide and pass some heat energy to the neighbouring particles.
Heat transfer Iron rod

CONVECTION
y 1) Convection is the transfer of heat in fluids (liquids and gases)

carried out by moving particles.

y 2) Hot fluids become less dense and move upwards.

Cold fluids that are denser move down to replace the hot fluids. 3) A convection current is produced.

Convection in liquid

RADIATION
y 1) Radiation is the transfer of heat without involving a medium. y 2) Radiation can take place through air space or a vacuum.

3) Radiation heat moves at the speed of light. 4) Radiation heat can be absorbed or reflected

Conduction
Medium Take place in Vacuum Speed Solid No Slow Heat is transfer from particle to particle through vibration

Convection
Fluid (liquid or gas) No Faster than conduction Heat is brought by the heated particles that move upwards

Radiation
Solid, liquid or gas / no medium Yes Very fast

Way heat is transfer

Heat moves in the form of waves in a straight line

Heat Flow in Natural Phenomena 1) LAND BREEZE

1) Land breeze blow during the night. 2) At night , the land loses heat faster than the sea. 3) The land become cooler than the sea. 4) The warm air above the surface of the sea (less dense) rises. The cool air above the land (denser) flow to the sea

2) SEA BREEZE
y 1) Sea breeze blow during the day.

2) During the day, the land heats up faster than the sea. 3) The air on surface of the land become warm (less dense) and rises . 4) The cooler air over the sea (denser) flows in to take place of the warm air.

HEAT CONDUCTOR
y 1) Substance that conduct heat are called heat conductor. y 2) Some substances conduct heat readily

(good heat conductor) y 3) All metal such as iron, magnesium, aluminium and zinc are good conductors of heat.
Copper Aluminium Brass Zinc Tin Iron Lead

best conductor

Uses of heat conductors

Cooking utensil ( kettles, pots, pans) are made from metals. Food can be cooked quickly or water can be boiled quickly. Mercury in the bulb expands and contracts easily.

The bottom of an electric iron is made up of metals so that it can heat up quickly

HEAT INSULATOR
y 1) Substance that conduct heat poorly are called insulators y 2) Non-metal such as glass, wood, cork, air, water and wool are

insulators. y 3) Fluids (liquid, gas) are poor conductors of heat. Uses of heat insulators.

Handles of kettles, irons and cooking utensils such as pots and frying pan are made of wood or plastic

Application of the principle of convection in daily life

y 1) Ventilation of building

a) The hot air in the building will flow out through the ventilation holes at the top. The cold air enters through the holes (windows/door) on the lower part.
y 2) Refrigerator

a) Cold air from the freezer compartment at the top moves down to the lower part of the refrigerators. The hot air is moved up.
y 3) The cooling system in a car (radiator of the car)

a) The water around the engine becomes hot when the engine moves. Hot water flows up through the radiator and gets cooled. The cold water moves down and flows back around the engine.

y 1) Matter exists in solids, liquids and gases. Matter can change from one

state to another. Eg: Solid can be change to a liquid by heating. (heat absorb) A liquid state can be change to a solid by cooling. (heat release)
Liquid

Sublimation

Solid

Sublimation

Gas

Process
Condensation Melting Freezing Evaporation/Boiling Sublimation Sublimation

Change in state
Gas-li uid Solid-li uid Li uid-solid Li uid - gas Solid-gas Gas-solid

Absorb/ release heat

Release eat Absorb eat Release eat Absorb eat Absorb eat Release eat

y Melting (pg 112-113) y Freezing (pg 113) y Boiling (pg 114, 1st paragraph) y Condensation (pg 114, 2nd paragraph) y Evaporation (pg 115) y Sublimation (pg 116)
The process of changing a liquid to a gas.

CHANGE IN STATE OF MATTER DAILY LIFE

y 1) Wet clothes y

y y y

when wet clothes dry in the sun, the water in the clothes evaporate. 2) Puddles of water - After a rain, there are puddles of water on the ground. When the sun come out, these puddles evaporate. 3) Ice cubes Ice cube can be prepared by freezing water under low temperature. 4) Moth ball Moth ball become smaller because of the process of sublimation. 5) Rainwater - Water vapours in clouds condense to form rainwater.

y (Page 118-119-120- textbook) y (Page 114- Science process skills)

Good heat absorber

Bad heat absorber

Good giving out (emits) heat

Bad giving out (emits) heat

Dark and dull surface

White and shiny surface

Dark and dull surface

White and shiny surface