BOOKS TO BE REFFERED PHILLIPS

SUBBARAO MANNAPALLI

DENTURE BASE MATERIALS

y VULCANI (1855) ubber with 32 % ulphur & oxides. y Advantages It is nono-toxic, non-irritant, has excellent echanical properties material is sufficient hard to polish.

etallic

y Limitation Absorbs saliva becomes unhygiene, leads to bacterial growth & unpleasant odour y oor esthetics y imensional changes y hermal expansion y Contraction of 2-4% by volume during addition of sulphur to the rubber

DENTURE BASE MATERIALS

y NITROCELLULOSE Di e si

C tai s leasa t tasti Excessive ar a e ater a s r ti Hi P r c l r sta ility

ally sta le lasticizers

DENTURE BASE MATERIALS

y PHENOL FORMALDEHYDE y Bec

es isc l re est etic y It is t er set ty e s it is iffic lt t re air

aterial is t lerate B t it is iffic lt t fa ricate Ca e easily r ke

y PORCELAIN T is

ell,

CLASSIFICATION OF DENTURE BASE MATERIALS

y METALLIC
y C y y y y

y NON-METALLIC
y Acrylic Resi y Vi yl Resi

alt C r i G l All ys Al i i Stai less Steel Tita i

y TEMPORARY
y Self-c re Acrylic resi y S ellac Base Plate y Har Base Plate Wax

y PERMANENT
y Heat-cure Acrylic resin (1937) y METALLIC

CLASSIFICATION
y Sy t etic Resi s are fte calle as PLASTICS y A s sta ce t at alt i e si ally sta le i

r al se as lastic at s

e sta e f

fact re

y T er

(a

lastic t ey s fte a ai ve GTT)

e re eate

y T er

setti t ey are resista t t c a f rt er a licati f eat

e after

Thermoplastic Resins
y Are f si le, s l

Thermosetting Resins
y T ese ec

le i

r a ic

s lve ts y Better flex ral i act r erties y M st lastics i De tistry el t t is r y PMMA, P lyvi yl, P lystyre e

y y y y y

e er a e tly ar e eate a ve critical te . t ey t s fte a ai eati Us ally cr ss-li ke i state T ese are i s l le, i f si le Cr ssli ke PMMA, Silic es. S eri r a rasi resista ce S eri r Di e si al Sta ility

Third Group ELASTOMERS Founded on Naturally occurring LATEX isolated from Hevea brasiliensis tree

I E L EQ I E E TS
y Tasteless,

rless,

-t xic,

-irrta t

y Est etically satisfact ry tra s are t, tra sl ce t, easily i e te , c l r s l e er a e t y Di e si ally sta le, s l s seq e t se y t e atie t yS l ave a eq ate Stre Resista ce

t ex a

ri

Pr cessi

t , Resilie ce,

A rasi

IDEAL RE UIREMENTS
yI s l yL

le

er ea le t

ral fl i s

s ecific ravity te .s l e ell a ve te . fa y tf

y S fte i

y Easy t fa ricate yG y Ra i

t er al c aq e

ctivity

USES
y Pre arati y Artificial teet yT

f De t res

y Maxill facial r st esis,

t rest rati s y Ort tic s ace ai tai a ce y Cr Bri e faci Te rary Cr s

y y

s,

y y

At letic M t Pr tect r I lay atter s I la ts Dies, I ressi trays E tic filli aterials

Basic Nature of Polymers

y 1. olymer

olecule that is made up of may parts y Chemical possessing a molecular weight of more than 5000
y y

onomer

olecule from which polymer is constructed

olecular t. of various mers X no. of mers (determines its physical properties)

egree of olymerization --- total no. of mers in polymers . trength increases with increase in eg. f oly.

STUCTURE OF POLYMERS (SPATIAL STRUCTURE)

y 1 LINEAR

li ear

ly er, ra

ly er,

l ck
y 2 BRANCHED

ra c e ly er, raft c ly er

ly er, ra

y 3 CROSS-LINKED-

ly er cr ssli ke

it

si

le cr ssli ki

a e t

Polymerization series of chain reaction by which a macromolecule or polymer is formed from a single molecule
Condensation
y Sl et y Re eate Eli i ati

Addition
y I De tal r ce

lec les s all y By- r cts NH3, H2O, al e aci s

y F

cti al r s are re eate (A i e, Uret a e, Ester r S lfi e) y Here y- r ct f r ati is t ecessary

res y N c a e i c e ical c siti yr cts y Gia t lec les ( li ite size) y Si le, t t easy t c tr l

CHEMICAL STAGES OF POLYMERIZATION

INDUCTION (INITIATION) PROPOGATION TERMINATION CHAIN TRANSFER

CHEMICAL STAGES OF POLYMERIZATION

y INDUCTION (INITIATION) y Is t e ti e

ri ec es e er ize e er y t t e

ic t e lec les f t e i itiat r r activate start t tra sfer t e er.

yI

rity --- i creases le t f t is eri y I crease te . --- s rter is le t f I cti y I itiati e er y is 16 t 29 cal/ l.

eri

CHEMICAL STAGES OF POLYMERIZATION

y 3 INDUCTION SYSTEMS y HEAT ACTIVATION free ra icals are li erate

eati Be z yl er xi e y CHEMICAL ACTIVATION atleast 2 reacta ts --c e . Reacti --- li erate free ra icals Be z yl er xi e + Ar atic A i e( i etyl- t l i i e) y LIGHT ACTIVATION t s f li t e er y activate t e i itiat r free ra icals . U er visi le li r q i e a a i e --- free ra ical Ca

CHEMICAL STAGES OF POLYMERIZATION

PROPOGATION After r 5 c t ti cal/ es t as starte t e Pr cess

l. Is req ire

CHEMICAL STAGES OF POLYMERIZATION

y TERMINATION- irect c

li

r exc a

e f H2

at

CHEMICAL STAGES OF POLYMERIZATION

y CHAIN TRANSFER . C ai ter i ati

ca als res lt

c ai tra sfer. fr y Active state is tra sferre fr activate ra ical t lec le i active yA e cle s f r t is create

INHIBITION OF POLYMERIZATION
y Occ rs e t ere is yC lete ex a sti f er Or y F r ati f Hi M lec lar Wei t

ly er

y I i ite y : y IMPURITIES (react it Activate I itiat r / N cle s) y Hy r q i e ( . 6 ) is i M er f r st ra e y OXYGEN retar s ly erizati y I fl e ce t e le t f I itiati ly erizati

eri

e ree f

COPOLYMERIZATION
y Is req ire t i yT

r ve

ysical r

erties ers

r re c e ically iffere t polymerize t f r COPOLYMER

y TYPES y Ra y Graft y Bl ck

Applications of copolymerization
y ETHYL ACRYLATE+ PMMA = FLEXIBILITY y BLOCK GRAFT P ly ers = I r ves IMPACT

STRENGTH ( c aracteristics)

esive r

erties + s rface

y CROSS-LINKING (c e ical

et ee li ear

ly ers) y A licati s I r ves stre t , re ces s l ility ater s r ti y Hi ly Cr ss-li ke Material r vi es - i crease s rface stresses resista ces ------ t s lve ts, crazi

Plasticizers
y I creases s l ility f ly ers i y Re ces rittle ess y B t it als re ces Stre t Har

er ess S fte i

i t

y EXTERNAL

e etrates e tralizes sec ary t ly er

acr lec les . It Eva rates / Leac es

y INTERNAL - C

Types of resins
y Acrylic resi y Vi yl resi y P lystyre e yE

xy resi s

y OTHER RESIN SYSTEMS y P lycar

ates y P ly ret a es y Cya acrylates

ACRYLIC RESINS
y Are Derivatives f Et yle e

tai a vi yl r

t eir str ct ral f r

y Acrylic resi s se i y 1 Acrylic aci y 2 Met acrylic aci y Availa le as Met yl

la e tistry are esters f

P ly (Met yl

et acrylate [liq i ] et acrylate) [ er]

Poly (
y It is T er y Liq i [ y y y y y

t yl
lastic resi

t acrylat )
r cess

si s

y Wi ely se --- easy t

er] Met yl Met acrylate is ixe P er [ ly er ] M er lasticizes t e ly er t dough-like c ic ca e easily l e Ty es ---- ase et se f r its activati Heat activate resi s C e ically activate resi s Li t activate resi s

it siste cy

HEAT ACTIVATED DENTURE BASE RESINS

y AVAILABLE AS P y COMPOSITION y Liq i y Met yl Met acrylate y Di

er+ Liq i

Gels S eets cakes

tyl t alate --- lasticizer y Gylc l i et ylacrylate [1-2 ] ---- cr ss-li ki y Hy r q i e ---- i i it r

a e t

y St re i ti tly seale A er c l re ttle t reve t eva rati , re at re y erizati [ y li t r U.V ra iati

COMPOSITION
yP y y y y y y y y y

er P ly (Met yl Met acrylate) Ot er c ly ers (5 ) Be z yl Per xi e ---- I itiat r C s f Merc ric s l i e, Ca i s l i e ---- Dyes Zi c / Tita i xi es --- O acifiers Di tyl t alate --- lasticizer Dye r a ic filler I r a ic articles like lass fi ers / ea s

y Hi y y y y y y

l. Wt. ly ers iss lves sl ly i er S , t i crease i s l ility A itive (Et yl acrylate c ly er) Plasticizer Di tyl t alate A i l l. Wt. PMMA POLYMERIZATION REACTION P er (P ly)+ Liq i ( ) + eat = ly er + eat

Technical consideration
y y y y y y y y y y

COMPRESSION MOULDING TECHNIQUE Pre f ax atter [ axe e t res] Pre f S lit l [I vesti De axi ] A lict f Se arati Me ia Mixi f er liq i Packi C ri C li Deflaski Fi is i lis i

COMPRESSION MOULDING TECHNI UE Prep of wax pattern [waxed dentures]

y Pr st etic teet are selecte

arra

est etic

f
yI

cti

al req ire e ts aki , cast e erati , rec r ases ti , teet arra e e t, ax

ressi y Artic lat r c t ri

y Waxe

re

e t res are seale t ve fr artic lat r

aster casts

Prep of Split mould [Investing ]

y Master cast is c ate y Base flaski yC

it t i layer f se arat r

ter flaski e tal st e i i ti ate c tact it all exter al s rfaces, y I cisal Occl sal s rfaces are sli tly ex se t facilitate eflaski
y T ir P r t fill re ai i flask y Li is e tly lace st e is all e t set

Prep of Split mould [Dewaxing]

yO c

lete setti ve erse i c

rec r

ase

ax as t

re

y Flask is i y Base flask y Resi

ili

ater f r

i s

ter flask se

e ts are se arate

al ax is re ve y ax s lve ts y M l cavity is clea e it il eter e t s l ti ri se it ili ater

Application of Separating Media

yT

reve t ater fr t e l t e ter i t Acrylic resi [affects rate f ly erizati c l r f resi ] y T reve t M er e etrati i t t e l [ laster t a ere t t e acrylic resi r ce r s rface]
y Ca lea t c

ises i P ysical

Est etic r

erties

y TYPES y Ti f il y Tinfoil substitutes - Cell l se lacq ers, S l ti

c Starc es

s, Eva

rate

ilk, S a , S

f Al i ate silicate,

Mixing of powder & liquid Polymer:Monomer ratio

3:1 by volume r 2:1 y ei t y If more Monomer [l er ly er/ er rati ]
y Acce te rati
y Greater

ly. S ri ka e y A iti al ti e is req . t reac t e acki y Te e cy f r r sity

siste cy

y If less Monomer [l er ly er/ er rati ] y Less etti Gra lar acrylic yD ill e iffic lt t a a e t f se i t c ti it f lastic

Physical stages of Polymerization

y Sta e 1 Sa y / Wet sa sta e ly er ra ally settles i er, f r s a fl i , i c ere t ass. Als escri e as c arse r rai y y Sta e 2 Stri y / Sticky sta e er e ters i t ly er, if t e ixt re is t c e --- it f r s cobweb like str ct re y Sta e 3 D -like / Gel sta e : ass ec es re sat rate , s t like. It es t a ere t c tai er r s at la. Mass is lastic e s at t is 1 i s sta e. Ti e req

Physical stages of Polymerization

y Sta e 3

ery / Elastic Sta e: M er isa ears y e etrati i t t e ly er eva rati . Mass is c esive, r er-like, - lastic ca t e l e as it re s e c resse r stretc e , it es t fl freely Stiff e t eva rati ears very ry is resista t t f free er. Mix ec a ical ef r ati

y Sta e 5

Dough-forming Time
y Ti e req f r t e resi

ixt re t reac a

-like sta e
i s

y ADA s ecificati . 12 i less t a i s y Cli ically st resi s reac a like c siste cy i less t a 1

De e
C tr lle

s
y a fact rer

y 1 Deg. Of polyn. i er t e ly , l er t e D -f r i Ti e y 2 Particle size S aller t e article size, s rter t e D f r i Ti e

C tr lle y erat r

y 3 Polymer:Monomer ratio : If t is is i (less f r i ti e is s rter y 4 Temperature Hi er t e te ., s rter y 5 Plasticizer re ces t e f r i ti e

er), t ere f r i ti e

Working time
y May e efi e as t e ti e t at a e t re ase

aterial re ai s i like sta e y At least 5 i s y Affecte y te ., exte e via refi erati ( ist re ca e ra e r erties) y Ca e av i e y st ri i air ti t c tai er

PACKING
y I tr cti f e t re ase resi i t l cavity y Over acki : excessive t ick ess, al siti i f teet y U er acki : ticea le e t re ase r sity y R e-like f r ----- acke i t flask y P lyet yle e s eet is lace ---- flask is asse le y A licati f ress re --- resi fl s eve ly i t y y y y

s ace Flask rti s are se arate s eet is re c ti st Excess resi flash Sec trial cl s re Fi al cl s re no olyet ylene s eet

ve

it a ra i ,

Polymerization Procedure / Curing

y DB Resins

Benzoyl Peroxi e{Initiator} when heate a ove 6 *C decompose to form Free Radicals - reacts with Monomer to initiate chain- rowth polymerization y Heat is termed as Activator
y After Final clos re flasks are kept at Room temp. for 3 to

6 mins Bench Curing y Longer flow period eq alization of press re in Mold y Allows time for more niform dispersion of monomer y Longer exposer of resin teeth to monomer- etter ond

Curing cycle / Heating process

1. Processing dent re ase resin in Constant temp water ath at 74*C (165*F) for 8 hrs or longer, with no terminal oiling 2. Processing the resin at 74*C for approx. 2 hrs then increasing the temp. of water ath to 100*C processing for 1 hour more Other Methods of s pplying heat for activation Steam, Dry air Oven, Dry heat (electrical), Infrared heating, Induction/Dielectric heating, Microwave radiation [Specially formulated resin Non-metallic Flask: Speedy process]

Internal Porosity
y Resin

Dental stone Poor thermal conductors, heat of reaction cannot e dissipated, so temp. of resin rises above y that of stone surrounding water y Temp. exceeds the oiling pt. of Monomer (1 . *C)
y Porosity not seen on surface, as heat is dissipated y Centrally, heat generated in thick portions cannot e

dissipated --- oiling of unreacted monomer ---- porosity

External Porosity
y 1. Lack of Homogenity

Portions containing more monomer will shrink more than the adjacent areas, results in voids resin appears white.(proper powder:liquid, homogenous mix pack in dough stage) y 2. Lack of adequate pressure Lack of dough during final closure (Flash indicates adequate material)
y OTHER PROBLEMS : Crazing[Cracks]

production of

Internal Stresses

Cooling
y After Curing y y y y

Denture flasks should e cooled slowly

to room temp. Rapid Cooling warpage of denture ase ecause of differences in thermal contraction of resin stone Slow Cooling Minimizes potential difficulties So, Bench-Cooling for 3 mins, then flask should e immersed in cool tap water for 15 mins Cooling overnight is ideal

Deflasking, Finishing & Polishing

y Deflasking

has to e done with care to avoid flexing reaking of Acrylic denture

y Finishing

Metal Trimmer, Acrylic/Alpine Stone, Dry Wet Sand paper suspension of finely ground pumice in

y Polishing

water

Injection molding Technique

y Mold space can e filled y injecting resin under pressure y y y y y

in specially designed flasks Sprue hole / Vent hole are formed in stone mold Soft resin (dough stage) is contained in injector is forced into mold Resin under pressure until it has hardened Polystyrene resin polymer is first softened under heat injected while hot, then it solidifies in mold upon cooling No trial closures are required

Injection molding Technique

Advantages
y Dimensional accuracy y Low free monomer

Disadvantages
y High capital costs y Difficult mold design

content y Good impact strength

problems y Less craze resistance y Less creep resistance y Special flask is required

Polymerization by Microwave energy

y It is cleaner y y y

faster than polymerization with conventional technique Fit of denture is comparable or superior Acrylic resins are less prone to porosity Advantages : good appearance, high glass transition temp, ease of fabrication, low capital cost good surface finish Disadvantages : Radiolucency, Free monomer content/formaldehyde may cause sensitization, fatigue life too short low impact strength

Chemically Activated Denture Base Resin (Autopolymer, Self-cure, Cold-cure)

y Composition y Liquid y Methyl Methacrylate y Dimethyl-p-toluidine ---- Activator y Dibutyl phthalate----------- Plasticizer y Glycol dimethacrylate ----- Cross linking agent y Hydroquinone ------------- Inhibitor

Chemically Activated Denture Base Resin (Autopolymer, Self-cure, Cold-cure)

y Composition

y Powder y Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) y Other copolymers - 5 y Benzoyl Peroxide ---------------- Initiator y Compounds of mercuric sulphide,

Cadmium sulfide -------------- Dyes y Zinc / Titanium Oxide ------------- Opacifiers y Dibutyl phthalate ---------- Plasticizer y Dyed organic fillers y Inorganic particles like glass fibers / beads

Uses of Autopolymerizing Resin

y With fillers (pumice), for construction of custom trays y For denture repair, relining

rebasing

y For making removable orthodontic appliances y For adding a post-dam to adjust upper denture

Advantages
y Better initial fit y Less thermal contraction y For repairing dentures,

Disadvantages
y Colour stability is inferior,

due to subsequent oxidation of the tertiary amine

y Lesser degree of

as it avoids warpage due to re-curing

polymerization, so these have slightly inferior physical properties

Manipulation
y 1. Sprinkle

On technique y 2. Adapting technique

y 3. Fluid resin technique y . Compression moulding technique y 5. Injection moulding technique

Fluid resin technique (pour-type acrylic resin)

y These have high molecular wt powder that are smaller in size

when they are mixed with monomer, the mix is very fluid y They are used with lower powder-liquid ratio 2 : 1 -2.5 : 1
y This aids to prevent undue increase in viscosity during

mixing pouring stages y This technique commonly involves use of Agar Hydrocolloid for the mould preparation y Fluid mix is poured in the mould quickly allowed to polymerize under pressure at .1 Mpa (2 psi).

Advantages
y Better tissue fit y Fewer open bites. y Less fracture of porcelain

Disadvantages
y Air occlusion(bubbles) y Shifting of teeth during processing y Infraocclusion (closed bites)

teeth during deflasking y Occlusal imbalance due to shifting procedure of teeth y Reduced material cost y Incomplete flow of denture base material over neck of anterior y Simplification of lab teeth procedure for flasking (no trial closure),deflasking y Formation of films of denture base finishing of denture. material over cervical portions of plastic teeth that had not been previously covered with wax y Poor bonding to plastic teeth.. y Technique sensitivity.

Autopolymerizing
y Heat is not necessary for y y y y y y

Heat cured
y Heat is necessary for polymerisation y Porosity is less y Higher average molecular weight (5

polymerisation Porosity is greater. Have lower average molecular weight. Higher residual monomer content. Material is not strong.(coz of their lower molecular weight mols.) Poor color stability. Easy to deflask.

lakhs-1 lakhs) y Lower residual monomer content y Material is strong

y Good color stability y Difficult to deflask

y Rheological properties: y A) Show greater distortion. y B) More initial deformation. y C) Increased creep y A) Show lesser distortion y B) Less initial deformation y C) Less creep

slow recovery.

quicker recovery

Light activated denture base resin

y Composition

y Urethane dimethacrylate matrix y Acrylic copolymer y Microfine silica fillers y Photoinitiator system Camphoroquinone amine
y Supplied in pre-mixed sheets having clay-like consistency y Provided in opaque light packages to avoid premature polymerization y Adapted to cast when in plastic form y Polymerized in light chamber with light of 400-500 nm from high intensity quartz halogen bulbs

Properties of Denture Base Resin

y Methyl Methacrylate Monomer: Clear, transparent, volatile, has sweetish odour. y Melting pt: -

*C y Boiling pt: 1 . *C y Heat of polymerization: 12.9Kcal/mol y Volume shrinkage during polymerization: 21

y Poly (Methyl Methacrylate ) y Tasteless, odourless, clear transparent, has adequate compressive tensile strength, has low hardness-can be easily scratched abraded y Shrinkage ---- thermal shrinkage on cooling y Volume shrinkage is

polymerization shrinkage Linear Shrinkage is .53

Resin Teeth PMMA copolymerized with a cross linking agent

y y y y y y y y y y y y

Resin teeth High fracture toughness Crazing, if not crosslinked Clinically significant wear Easily ground polished Silent on contact Dimensional change (water sorpn) Cold flow under stress Loss of Vertical dimension Self adjusting Chemical bond to denture Minimal abrasion of opposing

y y y y y y y y y y y y

Porcelain teeth Brittle Crazing by thermal shock Insignificant wear Grinding is difficult (glaze) Sharp impact sound Dimensionally stable No permanent deformation Stable VDO Difficult to fit in diminished interarch space Mechanical retention necessary Abrades opposing teeth

Recent Advances
y High Impact strength materials: butadenestyrene

rubber-reinforced PMMA
y Rapid heat polymerized resins: hybrid acrylics that

are polymerized in boiling water immediately after packing (place in boiling water then full boil for 2 mins)

Denture Reliners y Heat cure --- compression molding

low curing temp. y There is a tendency for previously cured material to warp y Self cure --- directly in mouth, but fades, smells
y SOFT/RESILIENT LINERS y Purpose is to Absorb some of the energy produced by masticatory

impact y Used irritation in mucosa, area of severe undercut, congenital/acquired defects of palate y Plasticized acrylic resin- PEMA/PMMA/Copolymer + aromatic esterplasticizer (dibutyl phthalate) ethanol liquid containing 6 y Vinyl resin, Silicone rubbers RTV, heat cured silicones, Polyurethanes
y Problems: inadequate bonding, loose stiffness as plasticizer is leached

out, loss of denture base strength, trimming, polishing is difficult, disagreeable taste odour, cannot be cleaned easily (fungal growth)

Materials in Maxillofacial prosthesis

y To correct facial defects resulting from cancer surgery,

accidents / congenital deformities

y Ideally easy, inexpensive to fabricate, biocompatible, strong, stable, skinlike in appearance, soft must be colour stable, easy to clean

y PMMA y Latexes

but they are weak, degenerates rapidly with age y Plasticized polyvinylchloride has got plasticizers, crosslinking agent UV stabilizers y Silicone rubber --- RTV heat-vulcanized y Polyurethane polymers