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LI GII THIU

Hin nay, vic qun l cht thi th Vit Nam cng nh trong th gii pht trin ang t ra thch thc ln cha tng c. Vic p dng cc chnh sch c th cho mi quc gia qun l cht thi l bin php hu hiu, cn thit i ph vi tnh trng ny. Tuy nhin, qun l cht thi l vn ton cu v l yu t quyt nh to ra cc cng ngh x l ph hp mang li hiu qu. V vy, iu quan trng l phi hng ti xy dng mt h thng cht thi chung, bao gm t khu x l ban u n khu s dng cui cng. Trung tm Thng tin KH&CN Quc gia gii thiu Tng lun v Cng ngh X l Cht thi rn ca mt s nc v Vit Nam, hy vng ti liu ny s cung cp thm thng tin cho vic la chn phng php x l cht thi rn ph hp vi tnh hnh c th ca tng a phng, gp phn bo v bo v mi trng pht trin kinh t bn vng nc ta trong giai on hin nay.

Trung tm Thng tin KH&CN Quc gia

NHNG CH VIT TT
1

Ni dung
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1

Ch vit tt
CNH,HH CTR CTRT CTT RDF OECD NGOs WB CHP EPD EPA

Cng nghip ho, hin i ho Cht thi rn Cht thi rn th Cht thi in t Sn xut nhin liu t cht thi T chc Hp tc v Pht trin kinh t Cc t chc phi chnh ph Ngn hng Th gii H thng kt hp in v nhit C quan Bo v mi trng Hng Kng C quan Bo v mi trng Thy in

I. T VN
Trong qu trnh y mnh cng nghip ha, hin i ha (CNH, HH) t nc, nhim v bo v mi trng lun c ng v Nh nc ta coi trng. Trong tin trnh hi nhp, cng tc bo v mi trng l mt iu kin tin quyt Vit Nam nng tm, hi nhp vi th gii. Chin lc pht trin kinh t - x hi giai on 2001 - 2010 c i hi i biu ton quc ln th IX ca ng, thng qua cng khng nh: "Pht trin nhanh, hiu qu v bn vng, tng trng kinh t i i vi thc hin tin b, cng bng x hi v bo v mi trng. Trong trong thi gian gn y, h thng chnh sch, th ch nc ta tng bc c xy dng v hon thin, phc v ngy cng c hiu qu cho cng tc bo v mi trng. Cng vi s ra i ca Lut Bo v mi trng, B Chnh tr (Kho VIII) cng ban hnh Ngh quyt s 41 NQ/T; Ch th s 36 - CT/T v tng cng cng tc bo v mi trng trong thi k CNH, HH. Th tng Chnh ph cng c nhng vn bn, ch th v bo v mi trng, nht l cc th, khu cng nghip. Nhn thc v tm quan trng ca bo v mi trng cng c cc cp, cc ngnh, cc tng lp nhn dn ngy cng quan tm; mc gia tng nhim, suy thoi v s c mi trng tng bc c hn ch. Tuy nhin, mi trng nc ta vn tip tc b xung cp nhanh, c ni, c lc n lc bo ng; t ai b xi mn, thoi ho; cht lng cc ngun nc suy gim mnh. nhiu th, khu dn c, khng kh b nhim nng; khi lng pht sinh v mc c hi ca cht thi ngy cng tng; iu kin v sinh mi trng, cung cp nc sch khng bo m. Tc cng nghip ho, th ho, gia tng dn s... gy p lc ln cho cng tc bo v mi trng, nht l cc th. Ch th s 23/2005/CT - TTg ca Th tng Chnh ph nhn nh, cng tc qun l cht thi rn ti cc th v khu cng nghip vn cn nhiu bt cp v yu km. Lng cht thi rn thu gom ch mi t khong 70% v ch yu tp trung ni th; cng ngh x l cht thi rn cha c ch trng nghin cu v cha hon thin, cn phn tn, khp kn theo a gii hnh chnh; vic u t, qun l cn km hiu qu... Nhiu a phng nhp khu cc dy chuyn x l rc thi ca nc ngoi, tuy nhin, hin cng ngh ny ch x l c rc hu c, cn li phi chn lp khong 70 - 80%, cha k gi nhp khu thit b rt cao, vn u t cho lp t ln... Cng xut hin nhng dy chuyn cng ngh x l rc do cc cng ty t nhn du t, nghin cu, th nghim mt s a phng trong nc... Nhng cho n nay, vn cha t c kt qu nh mong i cng bi nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau, c ch quan ln khch quan. Phn ln cc doanh nghip u gp kh khn v huy ng ti chnh, song li cha nhn c s h tr cn thit t ngn sch Nh nc. tng cng cng tc qun l Cht thi rn, ngy 9-4-2007 Chnh ph ban hnh Ngh nh s 59/2007/N-CP v qun l cht thi rn. Ngh nh ny p dng i vi t chc, h gia nh, c nhn trong nc; t chc, c nhn nc ngoi c hot ng lin quan n cht thi rn trn lnh th Vit Nam. y l iu kin thun li cc t chc, c nhn v cc doanh nghip Vit Nam c th trin khai, p
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dng mt cch hiu qu cc cng ngh x l cht thi rn phc v pht trin bn vng nc ta trong giai on hin nay.

II. KHI NIM, PHN LOI V X L

1. Khi nim v cht thi Cht thi l ton b cc loi vt cht c con ngi loi b trong cc hot ng kinh t- x hi, bao gm cc hot ng sn xut v hot ng sng v duy tr s tn ti ca cng ng. Cht thi l sn phm c pht sinh trong qu trnh sinh hot ca con ngi, sn xut cng nghip, xy dng, nng nghip, thng mi, du lch, giao thng, sinh hot ti cc gia nh, trng hc, cc khu dn c, nh hng, khch sn. Lng cht thi pht sinh thay i do tc ng ca nhiu yu t nh tng trng v pht trin sn xut, s gia tng dn s, qu trnh th ho, cng nghip ho v s pht trin iu kin sng v trnh dn tr. 2. Phn loi cht thi 2.1. Phn loi theo ngun pht sinh - Cht thi sinh hot: pht sinh hng ngy cc th, lng mc, khu dn c, cc trung tm dch v, cng vin. - Cht thi cng nghip: pht sinh t trong qu trnh sn xut cng nghip v th cng nghip (gm nhiu thnh phn phc tp, a dng, trong ch yu l cc dng rn, dng lng, dng kh) - Cht thi xy dng: l cc ph thi nh t , gch ngi, b tng v, vi va, g, nha, kim loi do cc hot ng xy dng to ra. - Cht thi nng nghip: sinh ra do cc hot ng nng nghip nh trng trt, chn nui, ch bin nng sn trc v sau thu hoch. 2.2. Phn loi theo mc nguy hi - Cht thi nguy hi: l cht thi d gy phn ng, d chy n, n mn, nhim khun c hi, cha cht phng x, cc kim loi nng. Cc cht thi ny tim n nhiu kh nng gy s c ri ro, nhim c, e do sc kho con ngi v s pht trin ca ng thc vt, ng thi l ngun lan truyn gy nhim mi trng t, nc v khng kh - Cht thi khng nguy hi: l cc cht thi khng cha cc cht v cc hp cht c cc tnh cht nguy hi. Thng l cc cht thi pht sinh trong sinh hot gia nh, th. 2.3. Phn loi theo thnh phn - Cht thi v c: l cc cht thi c ngun gc v c nh tro, bi, x, vt liu xy dng nh gch, va, thu tinh, gm s, mt s loi phn bn, dng thi b gia nh. - Cht thi hu c: l cc cht thi c ngun gc hu c nh thc phm tha, cht thi t l git m, chn nui cho n cc dung mi, nha, du m v cc loi thuc bo v thc vt. 2.4. Phn loi theo trng thi cht thi
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- Cht thi trng thi rn: bao gm cht thi sinh hot, cht thi t cc c s ch to my, xy dng ( kim loi, da, ho cht sn , nha, thu tinh, vt liu xy dng) - Cht thi trng thi lng: phn bn t cng rnh, b pht, nc thi t nh my lc du, ru bia, nc t nh my sn xut giy, dt nhum v v sinh cng nghip. - Cht thi trng thi kh: bao gm cc kh thi cc ng c t trong cc my ng lc, giao thng, t, my ko, tu ho, nh my nhit in, sn xut vt liu 3. X l cht thi 3.1. Khi nim v x l cht thi 3.1.1. X l cht thi l dng cc bin php k thut x l cc cht thi v khng lm nh hng ti mi trng; ti to ra cc sn phm c li cho x hi nhm pht huy hiu qu kinh t. 3.1.2. Mc tiu ca x l cht thi rn l gim hoc loi b cc thnh phn khng mong mun trong cht thi nh cc cht c hi, khng hp v sinh, tn dng vt liu v nng lng trong cht thi. 3.2. Cc phng php x l cht thi rn - Phng php c hc bao gm: Tch kim loi, thu tinh; nha ra khi cht thi; s ch, t cht thi khng c thu hi nhit; lc to rn i vi cc cht thi bn lng. - Phng php c-l: phn loi vt liu; thu phn; s dng cht thi nh nhin liu; c p cc cht thi, s dng lm vt liu xy dng. - Phng php sinh hc: ch bin sinh hc; mtan ho trong cc b thu hi sinh hc. Cc phng php x l cht thi c th khi qut theo s hnh 1.
Thu gom cht thi

Vn chuyn cht thi

X l cht thi

Thiu t

sinh hc lm Compost

Ccphng php khc

Tiu hy ti bi chn l5 p

3.2.1. Phng php sinh hc lm phn compost Phng php ny thch hp vi loi cht thi rn hu c trong cht thi sinh hot cha nhiu ccbonhyrat nh ng, xenllulo, lignin, m, protein, nhng cht ny c th phn hu ng thi hoc tng bc. Qu trinh phn hu cc cht hu c dng ny thng xy ra vi s c mt ca xy khng kh (phn hu hiu kh) hay khng c khng kh (phn hu ym kh, ln men). Hai qu trnh ny xy ra ng thi mt khu vc cha cht thi v tu theo mc thng kh m dng ny hay dng kia chim u th. Phng php sinh hc lm phn compost c th hin hnh 2.
Cht thi rn hu c

Hnh 1: Cc phng php x l cht thi rn

Phn ti

Cn in t
Sn tp kt
Nht th cng

B cha Ti ch

Bng phn loi

Nghin Trn

My xc
Cung cp m

My xc
Kim sot nhit t ng Ln men
Thi kh cng bc

chn

Sng V vin Tinh ch ng bao

Trn ph gia N.P.K

Hnh 2: Quy trnh cng ngh sinh hc quy m cng nghip

3.2.2. Phng php thiu t X l cht thi bng phng php thiu t c th lm gim ti mc ti thiu cht thi cho khu x l cui cng. Nu p dng cng ngh tin tin s mang li nhiu ngha i vi mi trng, song y l phng php x l tn km nht so vi phng php chn lp hp v sinh, chi ph t 1 tn rc cao hn khong 10 ln. Cng ngh t rc thng c s dng cc nc pht trin v phi c nn kinh t mnh bao cp cho vic thu t rc thi sinh hot nh l mt dch v phc li x hi ca ton dn. Tuy nhin, vic thu t rc sinh hot bao gm nhiu cht thi khc nhau s to ra khi c ioxin, nu khng x l c loi kh ny l rt nguy him ti sc kho. Nng lng pht sinh c th tn dng cho cc l hi, l si hoc cho ngnh cng nghip nhit v pht in. Mi l t phi c trang b mt h thng x l kh thi tn km khng ch nhim khng kh do qu trnh t gy ra. Hin nay, ti cc nc chu u c xu hng gim t rc thi v hng lot cc vn kinh t cng nh mi trng cn phi gii quyt. Vic thu t rc thi thng ch p dng cho vic x l rc thi c hi nh rc thi bnh vin hoc rc thi cng nghip v cc phng php x l khc khng th x l trit c. Phng php thiu t c th hin hnh 3. 3.2.3. Phng php chn lp Phng php ny chi ph thp v c p dng ph bin cc nc ang pht trin. Vic chn lp c thc hin bng cch s dng xe chuyn dng ch rc ti cc bi xy dng trc. Sau khi rc c xung, dng xe i san bng, m nn trn b mt v ln mt lp t. Hng ngy phun thuc dit mui v rc vi bt. Theo thi gian, s phn hy vi sinh vt lm cho rc tr ln ti xp v th tch ca cc bi rc gim xung. Vic rc tip tc cho n khi bi y th chuyn sang bi mi. Hin nay, vic chn lp rc thi sinh hot v rc thi hu c vn c s dng cc nc ang pht trin, nhng phi tun th cc quy nh nghim ngt v bo v mi trng. Vic chn lp cht thi c xu hng gim dn, tin ti chm dt cc nc ang pht trin. Cc bi chn lp rc thi phi c t cch xa khu dn c, khng gn ngun nc mt v nc ngm. y ca bi rc nm trn tng t st hoc c ph mt lp chng thm bng mng a cht. cc bi chn lp rc cn thit phi thit k khu thu gom v x l nc rc trc khi thi ra mi trng. Vic
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thu kh gas bin i thnh nng lng l mt trong nhng kh nng thu hi mt phn kinh ph u t cho bi rc. Phng php ny c cc u im nh: cng ngh n gin; chi ph thp, song n cng c mt s nhc im nh: chim din tch t tng i ln; khng c s ng tnh ca dn c xung quanh; vic tm kim xy dng bi chn lp mi l kh khn v c nguy c dn n nhim mi trng nc, khng kh, gy chy n.
Rc thi sinh hot Cht thi cngthng t thi ng t thi Ch thiu t ch Hnh 3: H Du c nghip ph Bn cng

Kho cha Chn

sinh hc lm compost

Phn loi

Gia cng nghin nh Trn Bn

Du c

Nc

Bunke Cn, cht khng chy

Sn xut hi Thit b t Nhit Kh thi

Bunke

X l kh p st vn X l hon thin

8
ng khi

3.2.4. Cc phng php x l khc - X l cht thi bng cng ngh p kin Rc thu gom tp trung v nh my ch bin c phn loi bng phng php th cng trn bng ti. Cc cht tr v cc cht c th tn dng c nh : Kim loi, nilon, giy, thy tinh, nha. c thu hi ti ch. Nhng cht cn li s c bng ti chuyn qua h thng p nn rc bng thy lc vi mc ch gim ti a th tch khi rc v to thnh cc kin c t s nn cao (hnh 4). Cc khi rc p ny c s dng vo vic san lp, lm b chn cc vng t trng.
Kim loi

Rc thi

Phu np rc

Bng ti rc

Phn loi

Thy tinh

Giy

Nha

Cc khi kin sau khi p

Bng ti thi vt liu My p rc

Hnh 4: Cng ngh x l cht thi bng phng php p kin

- X l cht thi bng cng ngh Hydromex Cng ngh Hydromex (hnh 5) nhm x l rc th thnh cc sn phm phc v xy dng, lm vt liu, nng lng v cc sn phm nng nghip hu ch. Bn cht ca cng ngh Hydromex l nghin nh rc, sau polyme ha v s dng p lc ln p nn, nh hnh cc sn phm. Rc thi c thu gom chuyn v nh my, khng cn phn loi c a vo my ct, nghin nh, sau i qua bng ti chuyn n cc thit b trn.
Cht thi rn cha phn loi Kim tra bng mt Ct x hoc nghin nh Cht thi lng hn hp Lm m

Thnh phn Polyme ha

Trn u

p hoc n

Sn phm mi

Hnh 5: X l cht thi theo cng ngh Hydromex

III. CHT THI RN TRN TH GII V TNH HNH X L


1. Tnh hnh chung trn th gii c tnh hng nm lng cht thi c thu gom trn th gii t 2,5 n 4 t tn (ngoi tr cc lnh vc xy dng v tho d, khai thc m v nng nghip). Nm 2004, tng lng cht thi th c thu gom trn ton th gii c tnh l 1,2 t tn. Con s ny thc t ch gm cc nc OECD v cc khu th mi ni v cc nc ang pht trin.
Thu gom cht thi rn th trn ton th gii nm 2004 (triu tn)

Cc nc thuc T chc Hp tc v Pht trin Kinh t OECD Cng ng cc quc gia c lp (tr cc nc bin Ban tch) Chu (tr cc nc thuc OECD) Trung M Nam M

620 65 300 30 86

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Bc Phi & Trung ng Chu Phi cn Sahara Tng s:

50 53 1.204

Nu cc s liu trn i thnh n v tn cht thi rn c thu gom mi nm trn u ngi, th ti cc khu th Hoa K c n hn 700 kg cht thi v gn 150 kg n . T l pht sinh cht thi th cao l; Hoa K tip sau l Ty u v xtrylia (600-700 kg/ngi), sau n Nht Bn, Hn Quc v ng u (300400kg/ngi). Th trng cht thi th c gi tr cao nht l Hoa K vi 46,5 t USD, sau l chu u vi 36 t USD v Nht Bn l 30,5 t. Cha nh gi c chnh xc cht thi cng nghip. Hin nay cha c d liu v cht thi ca Lin bang Nga v nhng con s c tnh lng cht thi ca Trung Quc l cha chnh xc. Ngoi ra, cha c nh lng r rng v cht thi cng nghip Hoa K. Cht thi nguy hi thm ch cn kh nh gi hn, c bit l do danh mc cht thi nguy hi vn ang c b sung, c bit l chu u. Hin nay, cht thi c ti ch bng nhiu cch va bin thnh nng lng ln thu hi nguyn liu, v nhng th trng th cp ang xut hin ngy cng nhiu trn phm vi ton cu. Trn th gii, c tnh s b khi lng nguyn liu th cp c trao i l 135 triu tn. Cc nguyn liu th cp hin l mt trong nhng dng nguyn liu quan trng nht trn ton th gii.
Loi hnh thu gom v x l cht thi th theo thu nhp mi nc Cc nc thu nhp thp Cc nc thu nhp Cc nc c thu nhp (n , Ai Cp-cc trung bnh (chentina- cao (Hoa K-15 nc nc chu Phi) i Loan (TQ) - EU-Hng Kng) Singapo-Thi Lan EUNMS10) GDP <5.000 5.000 15.000 >20.000 (USD/ngi/nm) Tiu th giy/ba trung 20 20-70 130-300 bnh (kg/ngi/nm) Cht thi th 150-250 250-550 350-750 (kg/ngi/nm) T l thu gom % <70 70-95 >95 Cc quy nh v cht Khng c Chin lc mi Chin lc mi trng Chin lc mi trng thi trng quc gia quc gia quc gia Cc quy nh hu nh C quan mi trng C quan mi trng khng c quc gia quc gia Khng c s liu thng Lut mi trng Cc quy nh cht ch v k Mt vi s liu thng c th k Nhiu s liu thng k Thnh phn cht thi th (%) Cht thi thc 50-80 20-65 20-40 phm/d phn

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hy Giy v ba Nha Kim loi Thy tinh m (%) Nhit tr (kcal/kg) Phng php x l

4-15 5-12 1-5 1-5 50-80 800-1.100 im cha cht thi bt hp php >50% Ti ch khng chnh thc 5%-15%

15-40 7-15 1-5 1-5 40-60 1.100-1.300 Bi chn lp >90% Bt u thu gom c chn lc Ti ch c t chc 5%

15-50 10-15 5-8 5-8 20-30 1.500-2.700 Thu gom c chn lc Thiu t Ti ch >20%

Bin cht thi thnh nng lng: l nhim v ca hat ng trin khai s dng ti nguyn ti to, gim cc kh nh knh v pht trin th trng ccbon. Thiu t cht thi c thu hi nng lng bao gm x l cht thi sn xut nng lng cung cp cho cc nh my v nh . Nng lng sn xut ra nhiu hn nng lng c s dng vn hnh l t. Hin nay c hn 600 l t cht thi thu hi nng lng 35 nc. Cc thit b ny x l 170 triu tn cht thi th. l ngun nng lng tng ng vi 220 triu thng du hay 600.000 thng/ngy. Hoa K tiu th 20 triu thng du/ngy. Nng lng c sn xut t 400 l t cht thi chu u cung cp in cho 27 triu dn hay cung cp nhit cho 13 triu dn. Th trng t cht thi chu u c tnh tr gi 9 t USD. Mt Ch th ca chu u ra mc tiu n nm 2010, tng tiu th nng lng ni a l 12% v sn xut 22,1% in nng bng ti nguyn ti to. Cc bi chn lp hin i nht cho php sn xut kh biogas thng qua vic ln men cht thi, c th ti s dng di dng in nng. Hoa K c 340 trong s 2975 bi chn lp thu hi kh biogas v x l cht thi c lin quan n vn gim cc kh nh knh. Tit kim ti nguyn: Tit kim ti nguyn l mt trong nhng li ch ch yu ca hat ng thu hi v ti ch cht thi. Li ch na ca ti ch l gim cc nh hng lin quan n vic s dng v chuyn i cc nguyn liu th. Cc s liu v lng cht thi vn cha y v mt s nguyn liu c ti s dng trc tip khng c chuyn qua cc thit b thu hi lm cho kh nh gi. Nhng nguyn liu chnh c thu hi v x l ti s dng, bao gm: Cht hu c v g Giy, ba cng Nha Thy tinh Kim loi c cha st & khng cha st Vi dt c quy Cht thi in v in t (CTT) & dung mi.
Thu hi nguyn liu t cht thi th chu u v Hoa K (nghn tn) c Php Anh Italia Ty Ban Nha 15 nc Ton EU cn li chu u 8.500 5.200 3.700 2.000 3.500 9.800 32.700

Hoa K 40.000

Giy &

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Th Nha 3.850 350 450 350 310 1.200 6.500 1.930 Thy 3.300 2.000 1.500 1.000 510 1.690 10.000 2.350 tinh Kim loi 1.204 1.750 75 278 121 797 3.975 1.750 khng cha st Tng s 16.854 9.300 5.725 3.628 4.441 13.487 53.175 46.030 c qui 11.5 9.6 28 St thi 11.000 17.000 t xe c 1. c tnh: 30% giy, 20% nha v 20% kim loi khng cha st c thu hi 15 nc EU cn li. 2. Giy v ba cng c thu hi t cht thi th v cng nghip

Cht thi hu c: Hin nay c tnh 18 triu tn cht thi ti chu u c thu gom v c dng sn xut phn compost. Ngoi ra c 3,5 triu tn c x l trong thng phn hu. T l thu hi cht thi hu c chu u c tnh l 42%. Cht thi l vi dt Php v c chim cha n 5% cht thi th. Khong 30-40% lng cht thi ny c ti s dng, 40-50% c ti ch v s cn li c chuyn ti bi chn lp. Cc cht thi l qun o c trn th gii tng 10 ln k t nhng nm 90. Theo c tnh, gi tr ca lng cht thi hin nay l 1 t USD. Hat ng nhp khu vi dt vi gi r cha tng c t chu e da khu vc ti s dng khng chnh thc chu Phi v ngnh cng nghip ti ch chu u. Th trng nguyn liu th cp t cht thi: Nm 2004, th trng nguyn liu th cp ton cu t 600 triu tn vi gi tr trn 100 t USD. Thu hi nguyn liu c xem nh l bin php thch hp nht i ph vi vn qun l lng cht thi ang gia tng. T l thu gom c chn lc cht thi th v cht thi cng nghip khng nguy hi ang tng ln tt c cc nc, cao hn 45% so vi cht thi th mt s nc chu u. Cn c vo cc s liu thng k v s lng giy, nha v thy tinh c thu hi t cht thi th, c tnh lng cht thi loi ny chu u hin nay l hn 50 triu tn. T cht thi cng nghip, tng lng cht thi l giy, nha v thy tinh chu u c thu hi l gn 65 triu tn. Khong 28.000 tn pin v c quy c thu gom v ti ch. Ti ch nha v giy: T l ti ch nha cc nc OECD vn thp vi t l trung bnh l 15%. Gn 22% nha thi c thu hi chuyn i thnh nng lng. Lng cht thi ti ch lin tc tng v hin nay chu u ch hn 3 triu tn trong s 22,5 triu tn c ti ch. Th trng nha c thu hi chim t l thp l 169 triu tn nha c sn xut trn th gii vo nm 2003.T l ti ch giy dao ng t 10% Ai len n 100% o. T l ny Lin minh chu u tng t 41,5% nm 1991 ln 54% nm 2004. Nm 2004, chu u c 5,3 triu tn si xenlul c ti ch. Th trng kim loi th cp: Ln u tin vo nm 2004, tng sn lng thp trn th gii t 1 t tn. Sn lng kim loi vn tng 450 triu tn. T l ti s dng kim loi ny c th mc cao t 60-70%. Nm 2005, hu ht cc kim loi
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khng cha st t mc gi cao k lc lm tng nhu cu i vi kim loi th cp. V d, vic sn xut nhm th cp t nhm thi chim 20% tng sn lng (7,6 triu tn). Qun l cc dng cht thi in v in t l u tin i vi cc chnh tr gia cc nc OECD. CTT cha khi lng ln nguyn liu c kh nng ti ch nh kim loi, thy tinh, kim loi qu v nha. 10 triu my tnh cha 135.000 triu tn nguyn liu c th thu hi. Mi lo ngi ln nht l khi lng loi cht thi ny ngy cng tng. 1.1. Pht sinh cht thi rn chu Chu c mc tng trng kinh t v th ho nhanh trong vi thp k qua. Vn cht thi rn l mt trong nhng thch thc mi trng m cc nc trong khu vc phi i mt. Tr Trung Quc, t l pht sinh cht thi th ca cc nc vo khong t 0,5 kg n 1,5 kg/ngi/ngy. Ti mt s thnh ph ln ca Trung Quc, t l ny vo khong 1,12 n 1,2 kg/ngi ngy. T l pht sinh cht thi rn th tng theo t l thun vi mc tng GDP tnh theo u ngi. Cht hu c l thnh phn chnh trong cht thi rn th trong khu vc v ch yu c chn lp do chi ph r. Cc thnh phn khc, nh giy, thu tinh, nha tng hp v kim loi hu ht c khu vc khng chnh thc thu gom v ti ch. Theo Ngn hng Th gii, cc khu vc th ca chu mi ngy pht sinh khong 760.000 tn cht thi rn th. n nm 2025, con s ny s tng ti 1,8 triu tn/ngy (World Bank, 1999). Cht thi rn thng c nhm loi theo cht thi rn th v cht thi cng nghip trn c s ngun pht sinh. Cht thi rn v cht thi rn th c nh ngha rt khc nhau gia cc nc v vng lnh th trong khu vc. Hn Quc, i Loan v Nht Bn quy nh cht thi rn th bao gm mt phn cht thi cng nghip. Trong khi , Hng Kng coi cht thi cng nghip thuc cht thi rn th. T l cht thi gia nh trong dng cht thi rn th rt khc nhau gia cc nc. Theo c tnh, t l ny chim ti 60-70% Trung Quc (Gao et al.2002), 78% Hng Kng (k c cht thi thng mi), 48% Philipin v 37% Nht Bn. Theo nh gi ca Ngn hng Th gii (1999), cc nc c thu nhp cao ch c khong 25-35 % cht thi gia nh trong ton b dng cht thi rn th. Theo nguyn tc th cc nc c thu nhp cao c t l pht sinh cht thi rn th cao. Tuy nhin, cc nghin cu gn y cc nc ang pht trin cho thy, t l pht sinh cht thi tnh theo cc mc thu nhp khc nhau li khng theo nguyn tc ny. Theo kt qu nghin cu ca C quan Hp tc quc t Nht Bn (JICA,1997), t l pht sinh cht thi rn th Philipin theo cc nhm ngi c thu nhp khc nhau l: thu nhp cao: 0,37- 0,55, thu nhp trung bnh: 0,37-0,60 v thu nhp thp: 0,62-0,90 kg/ngi/ngy. Tng t, cc kt qu phn tch t l pht sinh cht thi rn th theo GDP tnh trn u ngi ca cc nc thuc OECD, Hoa K v xtrylia c xp vo nhm cc nc c t l pht sinh cao; nhiu nc thuc Lin minh chu u c xp vo nhm c t l pht sinh trung bnh v Thu in, Nht Bn c xp vo nhm c t l pht sinh thp.
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C nhiu nguyn nhn gii thch cc trng hp ny. Th nht l, khng thng k c y tng lng thi pht sinh do cc hot ng ca khu vc ti ch khng chnh thc v do phng thc t tiu hu cht thi cc nc ang pht trin. Khu vc ti ch khng chnh thc cc nc ang pht trin gp phn ng k gim thiu tng lng cht thi pht sinh v thu hi ti nguyn thng qua cc hot ng ti ch. Th hai l, nng lc thu gom ca cc nc ang pht trin cn thp. V d, nng lc thu gom cht thi rn th ca n l 72,5%; Malaixia: 70%; Thi Lan: 70-80%; v Philipin: 70% th v 40% nng thn. Trng hp ca Nht Bn l mt v d thnh cng v tng trng kinh t v duy tr t l pht sinh cht thi rn th thp so vi nhiu nc c GDP cao. Nm 2000, Nht Bn bt u p dng khi nim mi v xy dng mt X hi tun hon vt cht hp l hay cn gi l 3R (Gim thiu, Ti s dng v Ti ch). T nhng nm 1980, t l pht sinh cht thi rn th ca Nht Bn n nh mc khong 1,1 kg/ngi/ngy. 1.2. Thnh phn cht thi rn th Thnh phn cht thi rn th c xu th thay i do tc tng trng v th ho nhanh cc nc Chu . Ni chung, cht hu c vn l thnh phn chnh trong cc dng cht thi rn th trong khu vc. T l thnh phn hu c chim khong 34 - 70% cao hn hn hu ht cc nc chu u l 20-50% (OECD, 2002). Do mc sng ca nhiu nc trong khu vc c ci thin, nn thnh phn giy v nha tng hp trong cht thi ngy cng tng. Thnh phn giy trong cht thi ca i Loan (TQ) v Nht Bn chim 30% tng lng cht thi rn th. Theo Ngn hng Th gii (1999), cc nc c thu nhp cao khc cng c t l giy trong cht thi cao. Mt s nc nh Trung Quc v Th Nh K do s dng than lm nhin liu ch yu t v si, v vy thnh phn x/tro rt ln trong cc dng cht thi ca hai nc ny. Ti chu u, thnh phn cht thi rn th cng rt khc nhau gia cc nc theo vng a l. Cc nc Nam u nh Ty Ban Nha, Italia v B o Nha c t l cht thi thc n, cht thi vn cao hn cc nc Bc u nh Phn Lan, an Mch, Php, Anh, trong khi t l thnh phn giy trong cc dng cht thi th ca cc nc Bc u li nhiu hn cc nc Nam u. Ireland v Thy S c t l thnh phn nh tng hp cao, Php v c c t l thnh phn thu tinh cao v an Mch c t l thnh phn kim loi cao trong dng cht thi rn th. 1.3. Tiu hu cht thi i vi cc nc chu , chn lp cht thi rn vn l phng php ph bin tiu hu v chi ph r. Trung Quc v n c t l chn lp ti 90%. T l thiu t cht thi ca Nht Bn v i Loan (TQ) vo loi cao nht, khong 60-80%. Hn Quc chim t l ti ch cht thi cao nht, khong trn 40%. Cc bi chn lp cht thi c chia thnh 3 loi: bi l thin, bi chn lp bn v sinh (ch t ph) v bi chn lp hp v sinh. Cht lng ca cc bi chn lp cht thi lin quan mt thit vi GDP. Cc bi chn lp hp v sinh thng thy cc nc c thu nhp cao, trong khi cc bi h ph bin cc nc
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ang pht trin. Tuy vy, cc nc ang pht trin c n lc ci thin cht lng cc bi chn lp, nh Th Nh K cm cc bi h nm 1991 v n hn ch chn lp cc loi cht thi kh phn hu sinh hc, cht thi tr v cc loi cht thi c th ti ch. Thiu t l phng php tiu hu tn km v xy dng v vn hnh. Trong 10 nm qua, lng cht thi tiu hu bng phng php thiu t chim ti 73-78%. T cui nhng nm 90, Hn Quc v i Loan p dng phng php thiu t nhiu hn x l cht thi rn. Do tn km, phng php thiu t cht thi ni chung khng c chp nhn nhiu nc, thm ch trng hp ca Philipin cm thiu t cht thi rn th, cht thi y t v cht thi nguy hi, theo quy nh ca o lut Khng kh sch nm 1999, RA8749. i vi cht thi hu c, phn compost l phng php tiu hu ch yu. n v Philipin phn compost ti 10% lng cht thi pht sinh. Ti hu ht cc nc, ti ch cht thi ang ngy cng c coi trng. 2. Tnh hnh x l cht thi rn ca mt s nc 2.1. Singapo L mt nc nh, Singapo khng c nhiu din tch t chn lp cht thi rn nh nhng quc gia khc nn kt hp x l rc bng phng php t v chn lp. C nc Singapo c 3 nh my t rc. Nhng thnh phn cht thi rn khng chy c chn lp bi rc ngoi bin. Bi chn lp rc Semakau c xy dng bng cch p ngn nc bin mt o nh ngoi khi Singapo. Rc thi t cc ngun khc nhau sau khi thu gom c a n trung tm phn loi rc. y rc c phn loi ra nhng thnh phn chy c v thnh phn khng chy c. Nhng cht chy c c chuyn ti cc nh my t rc cn nhng cht khng chy c c ch n cng trung chuyn, ln x lan ch ra khu chn lp rc. y rc thi li mt ln na chuyn ln xe ti a i chn lp. Cc cng on trong h thng qun l rc ca Singapo hot ng ht sc nhp nhng v n khp vi nhau t khu thu gom, phn loi, vn chuyn n tn khu x l bng t hay chn lp. X l kh thi t cc l t rc c thc hin theo qui trnh nghim ngt trnh s chuyn dch nhim t dng rn sang dng kh. Xy dng bi chn lp rc trn bin s tit kim c t ai trong t lin v m rng thm t khi ng bi. Tuy nhin vic xy dng nhng bi chn lp rc nh vy i hi s u t ban u rt ln. Mt khc, vic vn hnh bi rc phi tun theo nhng qui trnh nghim ngt m bo s an ton ca cng trnh v bo v mi trng. 2.2. Thi Lan Mc d cng tc x l cht thi rn c nh gi cao l c hiu qu v an ton, song theo bn bo co v mi trng Thi Lan ca nm 2003 th Thi Lan vn cn rt nhiu vn v cht thi cn phi gii quyt. Bng nhng n lc ca mnh, Thi Lan xy dng c mt c s c th x l khi lng ln cht thi ng thi thnh cng trong vic kim sot nn vt rc ba bi ti Bng Cc. Tuy nhin, vn cn tnh trng cc loi cht thi bnh vin v cht thi cng nghip c em i chn lp ti nhng bi rc c v x l km.
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Theo Ngn hng th gii (WB), th Thi Lan cn phi trin khai mt chng trnh nhm ci thin vic x l cht thi ti cc bnh vin cng nh cc trung tm ln ca thnh ph. c bit, hin ti Thi Lan hng nm c ti khong 10.000 cht thi ly nhim bnh c thi ra. Trong ch khong mt na c x l cn thn trc khi em chn. T l ti sn xut v s dng li cc loi cht thi ti Thi Lan hin gi ang c chiu hng gim (ch khong 11% s rc thi c kh nng ti s dng c ti sn xut). Nh vy l cn ti 4,5 triu tn rc thi c kh nng ti ch (tr gi khong 1,6 t Baht) b vt b. Nhng loi rc thi c kh nng ti ch bao gm: nha, thu tinh, giy v kim loi. Hng nm ti Thi Lan c ti 22 triu tn cht thi pht sinh. D bo con s ny c th s tip tc tng ln trong nhng nm ti. Nu khng c bin php cp bch, t l ti ch vn cn thp nh hin nay th c l n cui thp k ny, s lng cht thi th s tng 25%, cn cht thi c hi ca ngnh cng nghip s tng 35%. WB khuyn ngh Thi Lan cn phi y mnh chng trnh ti ch. i vi ngi dn, h cn c khuyn khch phn loi v ti s dng nhng vt dng trong gia nh mnh. ng thi cn u tin pht trin nhng ngnh t nhn v nhng chng trnh ti ch cht thi cng nghip. Thi Lan, vic phn loi rc c thc hin ngay t ngun. Ngi ta chia ra 3 loi rc v b vo 3 thng ring: nhng cht c th ti sinh, thc phm v cc cht c hi. Cc loi rc ny c thu gom v ch bng cc xe p rc c mu sn khc nhau. Rc ti sinh sau khi c phn loi s b ngun pht sinh c chuyn n nh my phn loi rc tch ra cc loi vt liu khc nhau s dng trong ti ch. Cht thi thc phm c chuyn n nh my ch bin phn vi sinh. Nhng cht cn li sau khi ti sinh hay ch bin phn vi sinh c x l bng chn lp. Cht thi c hi c x l bng phng php thiu t. Vic thu gom rc Thi Lan c t chc rt cht ch. Ngoi nhng phng tin c gii ln nh xe p rc c s dng trn cc ng ph chnh, cc loi xe th s cng c dng vn chuyn rc n cc im tp kt. Rc trn sng, rch c vt bng cc thuyn nh ca c quan qun l mi trng. Cc a im x l rc ca Thi Lan u cch xa trung tm thnh ph t nht 30 km. 2.3. Malaixia Nm 1998, theo bo co, mi ngi dn Malaixia to ra 0,75 kg cht thi rn th (CTRT)/ngy, nm 2004 tng ti1,2 kg. Khong 76% CTRT pht sinh nc ny c thu gom, song ch c 1,2% c ti ch, s cn li c chuyn n 144 bi chn lp. D gp kh khn trong vic tm kim cc a im lm bi chn lp cht thi, song phng php ny vn l phng php x l c chi ph thp hn c, ch 9,2 USD/tn, trong khi thiu t v phn l 131,6USD/tn v 56,8 USD/tn. Mc pht sinh cht thi tnh bnh qun u ngi gia cc a phng, dao ng t 0,25kg/ngi/ngy n 2 kg/ngi/ngy. Cc a phng nm trong khu vc min ng chm pht trin l Sabath v Sarawak c mc pht sinh cht thi bnh qun u ngi l 0,7 v 0,97 kg/ngi/ngy, cn cc bang min ng Kelantan,
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Terengganu v Pahang l 0,71. Cc bang min Nam Johor v Melaka l 1,12 kg/ngi/ ngy. cc bang min trung Selangor v Negeri Sembilan, lng cht thi pht sinh l 1,07kg/ngi/ngy, trong khi th Kuala Lumpur l 2 kg/ngi/ngy. Tc th ho cao c xu hng to ra nhiu CTRT hn, c th dn ti nhng thay i trong tiu th v thu nhp. Tc pht sinh Tc pht sinh cht thi rn hng ngy dao ng t 45 tn n 3000 tn. Kuala Lumpur pht sinh lng cht thi cao nht nc, xp x 3000 tn/ngy. Khi lng cht thi pht sinh ph thuc vo ngun pht sinh v cc hot ng chnh din ra trong khu vc. Lng cht thi sinh hot ln nht Johor Bharu chim 31%, Kuala Terengganu l 80%. Thnh phn cht thi rn ca cc ngnh cng nghip cc a phng khc nhau r rt. mt s khu vc nh Kuatan, t l cht thi cng nghip cao hn cht thi sinh hot. Vi tc pht sinh cht thi cng nghip l 3%/nm, th cn phi nhanh chng c bin php khc phc lu di trnh suy thoi mi trng. Thnh phn cht thi Theo kt qu quan trc, c im v thnh phn cht thi Malaixia thay i theo mc nh hng v tc th ho ca khu vc. Gn 38% tng s cht thi thu gom mi ngy c ti ch. Thnh phn cht thi thng l 14% giy, 16% cht do, 3% kim loi v 5% thu tinh, ch c gn 47% cha nguyn liu d b phn hu c th dng phn. Cht thi thu gom c ti cc bi chn lp ca Malaixia gm nhiu loi ph thi khc nhau, hu nh khng th tch c cc nguyn liu ti ch. D liu thu c cho thy, nhiu kh nng ti ch v phn c th c kt hp vo cc chng trnh qun l cht thi.V vy, nh p dng h thng qun l cht thi tng hp, vic qun l cht thi c hiu qu v nng sut cao c th lm tng tui th bi chn lp v thu hi nguyn liu t kt qu trong cc quy trnh thu hi. Bng bin php qun l ny c th x l ti 87% tng s CTRT pht sinh hay 14800 tn/ngy. Malaixia, thnh phn chim t l cao nht trong hu ht cc bi chn lp l cht thi hu c c t l trung bnh l 46,7%, thp hn l cht do 14% v giy 15%. Thnh phn cht thi v pht sinh cht thi dng nh ph thuc vo mc thu nhp ca ngi dn. Ngi dn c thu nhp cao thng to ra nhiu cht thi hn so vi cc nhm ngi c thu nhp thp v trung bnh. nhm ngi c thu nhp cao, t l pht sinh trung bnh cht thi trong mt ngy l 1,7 kg/ ngi. nhm ngi c thu nhp trung bnh l 0,71 kg/ngi/ngy. nhm ngi c thu nhp thp l 0,80 kg/ngi/ngy. T l cht thi t thc phm dao ng t 34% i vi nhm c thu nhp trung bnh ln ti 44% ca nhm thu nhp cao. Cht thi t thc phm l mt trong nhng thnh phn chnh gp phn lm cho dng thi hu c chim t l cao Malaixia. Cng vi cht thi thc phm, cc nhm ny cn to ra khi lng ln cht thi t giy v cht thi nha. Thu hi
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Mi ngy, li nhun thu hi cc cht c th ti ch trong CTRT mi tn tr gi 13 USD. Trong tng ny gm cht do 3,90 USD, giy l 1,30 USD, kim loi l 7,50 USD v thu tinh l 0,36 USD, to ra 223.700 USD mi ngy t tng lng CTRT ca Malaixia l 17.000 tn. Do thnh phn cht thi d b thi ra trong CTRT ca Malaixia tng t 38%58%, trung bnh l 46,7%, do vy vic p dng h thng phn s l phng php hiu qu gim khi lng cht thi cc bi chn lp. Phng php ny c th thc hin c nh cc cht ph gia khc nhau thc y qu trnh phn v to ra t l tiu chun gia cacbon v nit (C/N) trong phn compost.Vi kh nng ti ch l 50%, sn xut phn compost bng cch phn s t 5600 tn/ngy, khong 2 triu tn/nm. Khi lng phn compost gn 4000 tn/ngy c th c bn vi gi 0,50 USD/kg, nh vy s thu c khong 2 triu USD. Vi chi ph phn l 86 USD/tn, mi nm li nhun thc thu c bng phng php ny l gn 511 triu USD. K hoch tng lai Ti ch l chin lc quan trng duy tr khng gian ca cc bi chn lp v bo tn cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin, ch c s t ngi tham gia thc hin. Tuy nhin, nng cao nhn thc ca ngi dn quan tm ti cc vn mi trng, i hi phi c mt h thng thu gom thun li, d dng lng ghp vo c s h tng hin c. Ngy nay, nh s hp tc gia cc chnh ph , Cng ty trch nhim hu hn Alam Flora - cng ty qun l cht thi ca t nhn Cc t chc phi chnh ph (NGOs)v cng chng, t l ti ch t c t nht l 3% v c th ln ti 5%. Bn cnh vic phn hay thu hi, phng php khc s l x l nhit thu hi nng lng thng qua sn xut nhin liu t cht thi (RDF). Quy trnh ny s dng mt phn cht thi rn d chy lm cc vin nh t chy t do, nh vy c th lm gim khong 30% khi lng CTRT. p dng cng ngh RDF s tit kim 40 000 USD/ngy v to ra khon thu l 67 100 USD Tuy nhin, gim thiu cht thi cn phi tr thnh mc tiu ca k hoch tng lai hn l ch x l cht thi. 2.4. Trung Quc Mc pht sinh trung bnh lng cht thi rn Trung Quc l 0,4kg/ngi/ngy, cc thnh ph mc pht sinh cao hn l 0,9kg/ngi/ngy, so vi Nht Bn tng ng l 1,1 kg/ngi/ngy v 2,1kg/ngi/ngy. Tuy nhin, do mc sng tng, mc pht sinh cht thi rn trung bnh vo nm 2030 s vt 1 kg/ngi/ngy. S tng t l ny do dn s th tng nhanh, d bo s tng gn gp i, t 456 triu nm 2000 ln 883 triu vo nm 2030. iu ny lm cho tc pht sinh cht thi rn Trung Quc s tng ln nhanh chng Cht thi rn th ca Trung Quc cha mt lng ln tro thi ( gn 25 triu tn /nm hoc chim 13%) lng cht thi hu c chim 40 -65%. Cht thi l giy, nha v giy ph nha tng nhanh. Cc nc pht trin, nh Hoa K hoc EU c lng cht thi giy trong cht thi rn th cao gp 10 ln so vi Trung Quc. c tnh khong 20% cht thi rn th pht sinh Trung Quc c thu gom v
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x l ph hp, mc d hng nm chnh ph u t khong 30 t nhn dn t (3,7 t USD) cho qun l cht thi rn. S cht thi khng thu gom c vo cc sng, t thnh ng, thnh ng hoc x l khng theo quy nh. Tuy nhin, trong 10 nm qua Trung Quc c nhng ci thin ng k trong lnh vc qun l cht thi. Hu ht cc thnh ph ln u chuyn sang chn lp hp v sinh v s dng nhiu hn cc cng ngh thiu t. Vo nhng nm 90 WB thng bo cc bi chn lp thiu qun l l vn nan gii gay gt nht ca Trung Quc, do thiu kim sot vic thot kh mtan v cc kh nh knh khc, cc ho cht gy ung th, nc rc c hi thm vo ngun nc ngm v nhng mi nguy him v sc kho v mi trng khc Vic phn loi v ti ch cht thi rn Trung Quc c tin hnh bng lao ng th cng. Mt Bo co mi trng chnh thc ca Trung Quc cho bit khong 1,3 triu ngi lm ngh thu gom cht thi, bao gm nhng ngi qut dn ng ph do chnh quyn a phng tr lng Khong 2,5 triu ngi sng bng ngh bi rc, phn ln l nhng ngi ngho. Trung Quc cha c h thng chnh thng phn loi v tch cht thi. phn compost l mt phng php kh thi Trung Quc, v trn 50% lng cht thi c cha cc cht hu c c th phn hu sinh hc. Tuy nhin, nhng n lc sn xut compost b hn ch bi vic tch thu tinh, nha v cc ho cht khc khng ph hp trong nguyn liu lm compost. Chn lp cht thi l phng php x l ph bin nht Trung Quc. Hin nay, 660 thnh ph c khong 1000 bi chn lp ln, chim hn 50 000 ha t v c tnh trong 30 nm ti Trung Quc s cn ti 100 000 ha t xy dng cc bi chn lp mi. Trong thp k qua, Trung Quc mi bt u xy dng cc bi chn lp hp v sinh v phn ln cht thi rn vn ang gy ra cc vn nan gii v mi trng. Nhn chung, cht lng cc bi chn lp ca Trung Quc khng cao theo cc tiu chun ca phng Ty. Trn cc bi chn lp c c ngi , ng vt hot ng, c bit cc bi chn lp khng c h thng x l nc rc, kim sot kh thi, khng c ph t. Thiu t cht thi rn th Trung Quc bt u vo cui nhng nm 80 v pht trin nhanh chng vo nhng nm 90. S liu chnh xc nht v trm thiu t cht thi thu hi nng lng nm 2003 trn thc t l 19, vi tng cng sut l 7000 tn/ngy. Con s ny l rt nh i vi mt t nc rng ln, trong khi i Loan (TQ) l 21 trm, phc v s dn l 22 triu ngi, Hoa K l trn 50 trm. 2.5. Hng Kng Hng Kng l thnh ph ng c v no nhit vi s dn khong 6,9 triu ngi, l mt trong nhng khu vc c mt dn c ln nht th gii, mi ngy thi ra khong 7.700 tn cht thi. C quan bo v mi trng Hng Kng (EPD) phn cc cht thi thnh nhiu loi khc nhau, mi loi cht thi i hi phi c phng php x l ring. CTRT bao gm cht thi rn t cc ngun sinh hot, thng mi v cng nghip. MSW c x l bng cc bin php chn lp. Loi cht thi khc, l
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cht thi xy dng (t hot ng xy dng, nng cp v ph hu cc cng trnh), cht thi ho hc v cc loi cht thi c bit chn lp cht thi y t, cht thi t vt nui, cht phng x, dng cha du v bn thi. Thch thc i vi Hng Kng l vic qun l cc loi cht thi ang gia tng (k t nm 1986 tng 3% mi nm) v vic tm kim cc bi cht thi thay th bi chn lp hin nay qu ti.Vi s gia tng v dn s v kinh t pht trin, nm 1990, lng cht thi sinh hot tnh theo u ngi tng t 0,95 ln 1,11 kg/ngi/ngy trong nm 2002. Vi tnh trng ny, Hng Kng s ht ni chn lp cht thi sm hn d tnh. Hng Kng, EPD qun l cc phng tin thu gom, vn chuyn, x l v tiu hy cc loi cht thi. M hnh qun l cht thi ny da trn iu kin mi trng th c trng vi khong khng gian cht hp v mt dn s cao. EPD gim st vic xy dng Trung tm x l cht thi ho hc, 3 bi chn lp chin lc v mng li cc trm trung chuyn cht thi. Hng Kng cng ang tng bc loi b cc bi chn lp c, khng hp l v mt mi trng, ci to chng thnh nhng ni an ton, m rng lm khu vui chi, gii tr nh sn vn ng v sn gn. Cc trm trung chuyn cht thi l nhng im tp trung thu gom vn chuyn cht thi n cc bi chn lp. Cht thi t nhng xe thu gom nh c nn cht v chuyn sang cc cng-ten-n, sau a ra bi chn lp a phng bng cc loi xe ti hoc a ra bin bng cc xung ln. Hin nay, Hng Kng c 8 trm trung chuyn cht thi. Trm trung chuyn u tin ca Hng Kng, nm th trn Kennedy gi l Trm trung chuyn pha Ty o. c xy dng sn ni, hng nm trm x l khong 7 triu tn cht thi th, trung bnh l 130 xe ti trong mt ngy. Khi mi xe vn chuyn cht thi n u c xc nh trng lng, sau c a vo cc bi rng cha rc mt trong 12 vnh v a vo my p. Ti , cht thi c x l: Vt liu rn c nn v y vo trong cng-ten-n cao 7m, sau c ng kn. Mi cng-ten-n c th cha 15 tn cht thi c nn cht hoc a vo 5 n 6 xe ti trung bnh. Cht thi dng lng c x l sinh hc nh qu trnh sc kh c lp i lp li v c ti s dng. Xe vn chuyn cht thi lng phi a i ra nhiu ln trc khi cn li v ri khi trm trung chuyn. Thm ch nc ra cng c thu gom, x l v ti s dng. Sau cc cng-ten-n cha y cht thi chuyn n bi chn lp khu vc mi pha Ty bng ng bin. Tt c cc cng ngh x l c t trong hang gm: Thit b x l nc thi, cc h thng thng gi c trang b thit b ht mi, hng ro chng n, my qut ng v my ht bi cng-ten-n. Cc trm x l c to cnh quan hi ha vi mi trng xung quanh. Nh vy, s khng c ting n, mi, bi v nhit nng i vi nhng thit b. Trm trung chuyn c th x l mt na lng cht thi hng ngy Hng Kng. Trm trung chuyn cht thi pha ng o c t ti Sun Yip, thuc Chai Wan. Tt c cc qu trnh x l ca trm ging nh trm pha Ty, nhng trm nm trong khu vc cc to, gia cc cao c vn phng c ro chn xung quanh.
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Nc thi v cht thi t 8 trm trung chuyn cht thi u c kim sot. Tt c cc dng thi p ng tiu chun thi theo Bin bn k thut d tho v quy nh kim sot nhim nc. Lng cht thi c xc nh v cc mu c gi i phn tch phng th nghim. Nhng thun li trong vic s dng cc trm trung chuyn thay cho vic vn chuyn trc tip cht thi n bi chn lp, bao gm: - Rt ngn thi gian, khong cch cho nhng ngi thu gom cht thi, khi cc trm trung chuyn c t ti cc khu vc th; - To cho ngi thu gom cht thi t nhn c nhiu la chn trong vic loi b cht thi; - Mi trng cc trm trung chuyn sch, c li cho nhng ngi thu gom cht thi, gim chi ph bo dng cc loi phng tin; - Gim khong cch ko xe y, do gim pht thi cc cht gy nhim trong khng kh v t gy ting n cho mi trng. 2.6. Thy in Thng 12/2003, Chnh ph Thy in ch o C quan Bo v Mi trng (EPA) lp K hoch cht thi quc gia. Hin nay EPA Thy in ang d kin k hoch sa i vo cui nm 2010. So vi 10 nm trc y, cng tc qun l cht thi Thy in lm cho vic s dng hiu qu ti nguyn tng ln nhiu v t gy tc ng mi trng hn. Nhng thnh cng gm: Cht thi sinh hot c a i chn lp gim t 1,38 triu tn trong nm 1994 xung 0,38 triu tn trong nm 2004; Nm 2004, khong 1,3 triu tn cc vt liu v 5,7 teraWat-gi (TWh = 10 12 Watgi) nng lng di dng nhit v in nng c thu hi t cht thi sinh hot; Vic chn lp cc loi cht thi khc cng gim. Trong nm 2004, khong 2,1 triu tn cht thi, tr cht thi sinh hot c chn lp ngoi cc khu cng nghip, gim 56% k t nm 1994; Pht thi do thiu t cht thi gim, mc d khi lng cht thi c em i thiu t tng ln r rt. Lut chu u yu cu, n nm 2008 cn gim bt cc im chn lp cht thi Thy in t mc tiu di hn v chn lp cht thi an ton. X l cht thi Nhng thnh ph t tr chu trch nhim thu gom v x l cht thi sinh hot v cc loi cht thi tng t. Tr cht thi sinh hot m cc nh sn xut chu trch nhim (nh bao b ng gi, giy bo, lp xe, t v cht thi t cc sn phm in v in t). i vi cht thi khc, trch nhim tu thuc vo ch c s sn xut, kinh doanh, ni cht thi pht sinh. Theo s liu bo co ca Hip hi qun l cht thi Thu in, trong nm 2004, tng khi lng cht thi sinh hot ln ti 4,17 triu tn, tng t nh nm 2003. Khi lng ny gm cht thi sinh hot v cht thi khc nh cht thi ng trong cc thng v ti, cht thi cng knh, k c cht thi t vn, cht thi nguy hi v cht thi t cc ca hng, cng ty, cc ngnh cng nghip v cc nh hng. Ngoi ra, mt phn cht thi sinh hot thuc trch nhim qun l ca cc nh sn xut, mc d n khng thuc trch nhim
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ca c quan qun l cht thi th. Mt s loi cht thi sinh hot nhp khu li khng c tnh. Vic ti ch vt liu (gm giy loi, cht thi ng gi, cht thi in v in t) chim 33,2% cht thi sinh hot c x l; tng 1,8% so vi nm 2003. Vic tch cht thi nguy hi khi cht thi sinh hot gim xung vi khi lng 25.700 tn, tng ng vi 3,6%, mc d nhng n lc v thu gom cht thi tng ln. So vi nm 2003, cht thi nguy hi chim 0,6% tng khi lng cht thi sinh hot c thu gom. Thit b CTT nm trong loi vt liu ti ch. Vic thu hi cc sn phm ny cng tng ln, tng ng vi nm 2004 l 9,6 kg/ngi. Chn lp: Lng cht thi sinh hot c em i chn lp gim xung r rt v nm 2004 l 0,38 triu tn. Cho n thi im hin nay, ln u tin lng cht thi c a i chn lp chim gn 10%. X l sinh hc: Trong nm 2004, 10,4% (0,43 triu tn) cht thi sinh hot phi qua qu trnh x l sinh hc, tng 7,7% k t nm 2003. Lng cht thi c phn loi ti ngun gm: 0,11 triu tn cht thi thc phm, 0,14 triu tn cht thi xanh ( cc cng vin v cc khu vn), 18.000 tn cht thi sinh hot c tch ti ngun v c tnh c 70.000 tn cht thi sinh hot c phn ti nh. C khong 48 kg cht thi sinh hc/ngi (gm cht thi xanh v cht thi thc phm) c x l. Theo bo co ca RVF, vic phn loi cht thi thc phm ti ngun s c tin hnh ti hn mt na s thnh ph t tr Thu in vo nm 2010. Hin nay, 110 thnh ph t tr cho php cng dn ca h phn loi cht thi thc phm x l tp trung. Trong , 20-30% lng cht thi trong thng v ti ng t cc h gia nh c phn loi. Khong 43% cht thi ca cc h gia nh gm c cht thi thc phm v 7% cht thi vn. H thng thu gom ph bin nht cho nhng ngi nh ring l 2 thng rc khc nhau, mt chic dng ng cht thi sinh hc v mt chic dng ng cc loi cht thi khc. H thng thu gom ph bin tip theo l phn loi bng trc quan, cc ti nilng c mu sc khc nhau c t trong thng rc tng t, thng t trong 3 thng khc nhau. Bin cht thi thnh nng lng: Hin nay Thu in c 29 nh my thiu t cht thi sinh hot. Trong nm 2004, cc nh my ny x l c 1,94 triu tn hay 46,7% cht thi sinh hot, tng 4,1 % so vi nm 2003. Nm 2005, Thu in tng lng cht thi sinh hot c thiu t l 216 kg /ngi. Mt s nh my lu gi cht thi trong khong thi gian mt nm, thng di dng ng kin, sau cht thi c th c a i thiu t vo ma lnh trong nm, khi nhu cu v nhit tng cao. Nm 2004, khong 9,3 TWh nng lng c sn xut t cht thi di dng nhit v in nng (trong 8,6 TWh dng nhit - tng ng vi khong 950 kWh/ngi/nm v 0,74 TWh dng in nng). So vi nhiu quc gia khc chu u, Thy in l ni duy nht c cc h thng nhit pht trin mnh trong khu vc. Khong 95% nhit pht ra c s dng vo vic si m trong khu vc, chim 15% tng nhu cu Thu in, nhng mt s thnh ph, nhit thu c t cht thi c th p ng ti mt na nhu cu s dng. Hu ht tt c pht thi do qu trnh thiu t trong nm 2004 gim xung so vi nm 2003, mc d lng cht thi c em i thiu t tng ln khng ng k. Vo gia nhng nm 1980, pht thi ixin hu nh gim xung. Trong nm 2004, tng lng ixin pht ra t qu trnh thiu t cht thi l 0,7g, mt phn thi vo khng kh. Sau qu trnh thiu t, phn cn li gm x t l t (chim 15-20% trng lng ban u ca cht thi) v tro do qu trnh x l kh thi ng khi (chim 3-5% trng lng ban u ca cht thi). Hu ht x l phn tro nm y, mt dng vt liu tr, ging nh si nhng
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cng c mt s kim loi vn c ti ch. Hu ht x c em i chn lp, nhng tro y li c s dng, v d dng lm vt liu xy dng ng x. 2.7. Bungari Bungari vic thu gom cht thi th c t chc t 84,2% trong dn, gm hu ht c dn cc thnh ph, trong khi nng thn ch chim gn 40%. Vic phn loi v ti ch cht thi trin khai vn cn chm. Chn lp cht thi l bin php x l cht thi th, bin php c bn cho tt c cc loi cht thi khc, chim 86,5% cht thi pht sinh. Phn ln cc bi chn lp u khng tun theo quy nh v gy ri ro cao cho sc kho. Vn cn ti hn 1500 bi cht thi bt hp php. Vic phn v thu hi nng lng Bungari cn t. Pht sinh cht thi Vo nm 2001-2004, lng cht thi pht sinh trung bnh Bungari l 13,45 triu tn. n giai on 2000-2004, khi lng cht thi rn th c thu gom gim xung, mc d mt phn dn s c p ng cc dch v tng ln 6%. Pht sinh cht thi rn th trn u ngi trong nm 2004 l 472 kg; di mc trung bnh ca EU-25 l 537 kg v thp hn ng k so vi mc trung bnh ca EU-15 l 580 kg. Lng cht thi rn th c thu gom trong nm 2004 l 3,09 triu tn, t hn nm 2003 l 4%. Thu gom cht thi Cui nm 2004, 84,2% dn s Bungari c p ng bi h thng thu gom cht thi th c t chc, nhiu hn 5,6% so vi nm 2000. Trong nm 2004, cc h thng hot ng thu gom v vn chuyn cht thi th ny p ng 1801 khu dn c, vi s dn l 6.551.181 ngi, chim 84% dn s c nc. cc thnh ph, h thng thu gom cht thi c t chc p ng gn 100% dn s, nhng cc lng qu ch di 40% dn s c p ng. T nm 2004, B Mi trng v Nc (MOEW) bt u cung cp ti chnh cho cc h thng thu gom ring cht thi l bao gi th. Nm 2004, cc d n th im c ti tr 12 thnh ph t tr, 4 t chc thu hi cht thi bao gi c cp php v tng lng cc thng ng gi a ra th trng l 446 nghn tn. Cht thi bao gi pht sinh t cc h gia nh v lnh vc thng mi chim t l t 41% n 59%. Mc tiu th cc bao b ng gi tnh theo u ngi nm 2004 l 57,47kg. So vi cc nc chu u khc, s lng ny l thp v lin quan cht ch vi mc tiu th trong nc. Vic thu gom cht thi nguy hi ti ch b hn ch bi vic thu mua li cc pin chaxt, cc sn phm du v du thi s dng. H thng thu gom mt s nhm cht thi c bit nguy hi nh n hunh quang, c qui, cht thi ho hc kch thc nh cha hon chnh. Thiu t Bungari, thiu t cht thi khng phi l bin php ph bin. Hin nay vn cha c thit b thiu t cht thi th. Bin php thiu t ch c s dng i vi cht thi y t. Nm 2004, khong 1810 tn cht thi y t c x l ti 2 l thiu t cht thi nguy hi Sfia. Cc thit b thiu t cht thi thnh ph cng Varna x l cht thi tng hp t cc tu n. Cht thi ti v g c t trong cc ni hi bng nhin liu rn. 91% cht thi cng nghip c bit ca ngnh cng nghip ch bin g ch yu c s dng lm nhin liu, 3% c p thnh than bnh v 6% c phn. Qu trnh thiu t ng thi c p
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dng trong cc h thng thiu t cng nghip 5 nh my xi-mng - Tng khi lng cht thi t thu hi nng lng ti cc nh my l 2602 tn. X l c hc mt s bi chn lp ca mt vi thnh ph tn ti cc trm trung chuyn v cc tuyn phn loi cht thi. C s x l cht thi th hn hp chim t l cao trong tng s cc c s x l cht thi. Tng lng cht thi khc c th ti ch nh nha, thu tinh, g v cc loi vi ch chim khong 2% cht thi c x l c hc. Vic x l s b cht thi c kh nng phn hu sinh hc l khng ng k. X l ho hc v l hc X l ho hc v l hc ch yu c p dng i vi cht thi c cha kim loi (khong 90%). Gn y, ngi ta quan tm n vic x l cc du thc vt dng trong gia nh. izen sinh hc c sn xut t cc loi cht thi ny. C-ta cho loi nhin liu sinh thi c thit lp. Bungari, mt h thng x l theo phng php ny vi cng sut hn 10 tn/nm c lp t vn hnh. Ti ch Theo c tnh, tng cng sut ti ch cht thi giy v ba cc-tng khong 200.000 tn/ nm. Cc c s x l trong nc ch yu t ngnh cng nghip bt giy v giy. Trong nm 2004, khong 82.000 tn giy c ti ch. Vic x l cht thi nha c tp trung 3 nh my ln trong nc vi cng sut khong 12.000 tn/nm. Khi lng thc t cht thi c x l thp hn nhiu so vi cng sut, v qu trnh x l hon ton tp trung vo cc vt liu dng l vi khi lng khong 5400-7200 tn/nm. Trong nm 2004, h thng ti ch cht thi c cng sut 12000 tn/nm c lp t v i vo hot ng. Thu tinh thi c x l ti 6 nh my trong nc. Khi lng cht thi thu tinh c x l hng nm l khong 15000 tn/nm. C s h tng cn thit phn loi, tch v x l cht thi thu tinh Bungari hin khng cn tn ti. Trong nm 2004, h thng cc nh my x l ti ch c 33.500 tn thu tinh thi. C s h tng k thut x l cht thi t cc cquy c xy dng Bungari. 3 x nghip c h thng x l cht thi cquy vi cng sut khong 23.000 tn/nm. Nm 2003, hai cng ngh x l v lp qua s dng c a vo hot ng vi tng cng sut l 4 tn/gi. Ch c mt nh my c php thu hi du thi. Vi cng sut hin nay 5000 tn/nm, khng cho php ti ch ton b lng cht thi ny. Theo s liu ca cc nh sn xut, ti ch tr thnh bin php x l cht thi l bao gi c s dng rng ri, chim 23% tng lng cht thi trong nm 2004. Tng s 101.651 tn cht thi bao gi c x l trong nm 2004, trong c 100.610 tn c ti ch, 47 tn thu hi nng lng v 995 tn c chn lp. phn v thiu t cht thi thu hi nng lng cha ph bin rng ri Bungari. Chn lp cht thi Vic chn lp cht thi hin nay vn ch l bin php x l cht thi th trong nc v l bin php c bn cho tt c cc loi cht thi khc. Trong nm 2004, 86,5% tng lng cht thi pht sinh c em i chn lp. C 663 bi chn lp dnh cho cht thi th, chim 780 ha, y l ni chn lp 3,1 tn cht thi th. Trong s cc bi chn lp ny, c 59 bi chn lp p ng nhu cu ca cc khu dn c vi s dn l hn 20.000 ngi, chim 70% dn s ca c nc. Theo nhng cam kt lin quan n ch th 1999/31, n ngy 16/7/2009, Bungari cn xy dng h thng gm 54 bi chn lp (l cc bi chn lp trong khu vc) v sa cha li cc bi chn lp ang tn ti v xy dng cc bi chn lp mi trong khu vc x l ton b
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khi lng cht thi th c thi ra. n cui nm 2004, Bungari xy dng v a vo hot ng 20 bi chn lp cht thi th trong khu vc, 12 bi ang xy dng v s cn li ang trong cc giai on chun b. Cng c lut php v kinh t Lut bo v mi trng v Lut qun l cht thi cng vi quy nh c lin quan l c s php l c bn trong lnh vc qun l cht thi Bungari. Nm 2003, Chng trnh qun l cht thi quc gia Bungari 2003 2007 c trin khai thc hin. Nhng thnh ph t tr chu trch nhim trin khai cc Chng trnh qun l cht thi rn th theo mc tiu xc nh bi Lut qun l cht thi. Nhng yu cu c th v qun l cht thi cp a phng c a vo trong cc quy nh, ra th tc php l v nhng thut ng v qun l cht thi th, cht thi xy dng v cc cht thi khc. Cc quy nh cng xc nh l ph i cho a phng trong vic cung cp cc dch v tng ng. p dng bin php ngi gy nhim phi tr tin, hi ng cc thnh ph Bungari ra ph cht thi th theo quy nh trong Lut thu v ph ca a phng. Hng nm Hi ng thnh ph quy nh ph cho tng khu dn c.Theo Lut qun l cht thi Bungari, cc nh sn xut v nh nhp khu sn phm phi c trch nhim thu gom, thu hi v x l cht thi t cc sn phm sau khi s dng. 3. Cng ngh x l cht thi lm phn bn mt s nc 3.1. Cng ngh x l cht thi lm phn bn ca Trung Quc Mt trong nhng cng ngh ph bin ca cc nh my x l rc thi nh Bc Kinh, Nam Ninh, Thng Hi caTip nhn rc thi p dng cng ngh x l rc thi Trung Quc l trong thit b kn. Rc c tip nhn, a vo thit b kn (phn ln l hm ) 10 -12 ngy, hm lng H2S, CH4, SO2 gim, c a ra ngoi chn. Sau mi tin Thit ch n (hm kn) bn hu c sinh v i i ca n hnh phn loi, chbbia thnhphnc b sung vi . u t, thmkh, thuphc ng php ny l: sau 10-12 ngy mi ca H2S girc trong i gian 10-12 ngym nh c hi cho ngi lao m mthi a ra ngoi, gi ng, thu hi c nc rc khng nh hng ti tng nc ngm; thu hi c sn phm ti ch, cc cht v c a i m 40% khng gy mi, khng nh hng chn, chn lp ti tng nc ngm v c xy ho trong hm , thu hi c thnh phm phn 15-20 ngy bn. Cng ngh ny cng bc l mt s nhc im nh: cc vi sinh vt gy bnh trong phn bn cha c kh trit ; t l thu hi thnh phm khng cao; thao tc, vn hnh phc tp; th Sng hmloirt ln v c(bph u t cao (hnh 6). tch phn theo kch th kinh ng bng
ti, sng quay)

Cht v c

Phn loi theo trng lng

Phn loi sn phm ti ch Chn lp cht tr

Phi trn N,P,K v cc nguyn t khc

phn bn (nhit t 30-400C), thi gian 5-10 ngy

26
ng bao tiu th

Hnh 6: S cng ngh x l rc thi sinh hot ca Trung Quc 3.2. Cng ngh x l cht thi lm phn bn ca Cng Ho Lin bang c c, mt trong nhng cng ngh ph bin ca nh my x l rc thi l p dng cng ngh x l thu hi kh sinh hc v phn bn hu c. Rc c tip nhn v phn loi, cc cht thi hu c c a vo cc thit b kn di dng cc thng chu p lc bng thit b thu hi kh trong qu trnh ln men phn gii hu c, kh nng thu hi c 64% CH4 (trong qu trnh ln men). Kh qua lc c s dng vo vic chy my pht in, lm cht t. phn b cn li sau khi ln men c vt kh tn dng lm phn bn. Cng ngh ny c u im l x l trit m bo mi trng; thu hi c sn phm kh t c gi tr cao; thu hi c sn phm lm phn bn; cung cp nguyn vt liu ti ch. Cng ngh ny c mt s nhc im: kinh ph u t, duy tr ln; sn phm kh t cn phi phn loi khng ln cc tp cht c ho hc nh; Pb, Hg, As, Cd.; cht lng phn bn khng cao (hnh 7).

Ni tip nhn rc thi sinh hot

Phn loi

Rc thi v c 27

Rc hu c ln men (thu kh 64%)

Ti ch

Ht kh

Rc hu c

Chn lp cht tr

Lc

Ch bin phn bn

Np kh

Hnh 7:

S cng ngh x l rc thi sinh hot ca CHLB c

3.3. Cng ngh x l cht thi lm phn bn ca Hoa K Mt trong nhng cng ngh ph bin ca nh my x l rc thi Hoa K l cng ngh x l trong thit b kn nhng khng thi kh. Phng php k kh ny tun theo cc trnh t sau: Rc c tip nhn v tin hnh phn loi, cht thi hu c c a vo cc thit b kn di dng cc l kn c phi hp cc chng loi men vi sinh vt kh mi, thc y qu trnh ln men, sau a ra sy kh, nghin v ng bao. Cng ngh ny c cc u im l x l trit bo v c mi trng; thu hi phn bn; cung cp c nguyn vt liu ti ch cho cc ngnh cng nghip; khng mt kinh ph x l nc rc. Nhc im ca phng php ny l: kinh ph u t ln, kinh ph duy tr cao, cht lng phn bn thu hi khng cao, cng ngh phc tp (hnh 8).
H thng phn loi: - V c - Hu c Rc t bi thi

Thu gom rc sinh hot thnh ph

Rc hu c chuyn v nh my

Nghin

28 trong cc l theo quy

Cy men trong xng chun b

Kh mui, x l s b

bit (ln men) Sy H thng vi x l khng ch qu trnh ln men ti u Cc ph gia ln men c bit

ng bao

Kho thnh phm

Hnh 8: S cng ngh x l rc thi sinh hot ca Hoa K Nh vy, qua nghin cu 3 cng ngh trn cho thy cc cng ngh u c chi ph u t xy dng lp t, duy tr hot ng cao; sn phm phn bn c cht lng thp; vn hnh phc tp; i hi hm c th tch ln, nn khng ph hp vi iu kin rc thi ca Vit Nam do CTR khng c phn loi t u ngun. Hin nay Nht Bn v mt s nc chu u ang s dng cng ngh x l cht thi bng nhit phn v kh ho. y l nhng cng ngh mi, tin tin cho php thu hi ngun nng lng (nh nhit nng, in nng hoc nhin liu). Nhng phng php ny cng loi b c cc cht thi th c kh nng phn hu sinh hc khi bi chn lp, y l mt yu t quan trng trong chnh sch qun l cht thi. 3.4 X l cht thi bng nhit phn v kh ha chu u v Nht Bn Nhit phn v kh ho khng phi l nhng cng ngh mi, trc y cc cng ngh ny c dng sn xut than ci v than cc t g v than . Tuy nhin, gn y phng php ny c s dng x l CTRT. Hin nay ti mt s nc chu u v Nht Bn ang s dng phng php ny mang li hiu qu. C mt s khc bit gia phng php thiu t truyn thng v cc cng ngh ny. C hai phng php nhit phn v kh ho u bin cht thi thnh nhng loi nhin liu giu nng lng bng vic t cht thi trng thi c kim sot. Ngc li, phng php thiu t cht thi u vo, bin i thnh nng lng v tro, quy trnh x l nhit hn ch s bin i, qu trnh t chy khng xy ra trc tip. Thay vo , cht thi c chuyn thnh nhng cht trung gian c gi tr, c th x l thnh cc vt liu ti ch hoc thu hi nng lng.Cng ngh ny c th s dng : - X l cc cht thi nng nghip v lm nghip - X l cht thi sinh hot v cht thi thng mi
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i khi cc h thng nhit phn v kh ho khng tng thch vi vic x l CTRT cha c phn loi. Vi xu th gia tng lng cht thi hin nay, buc phi c cc bin php tin x l (thu gom c phn loi...) v cc quy trnh x l ny ang tr nn thch hp hn. Phng php nhit phn l qu trnh lm suy gim nhit ca cc vt liu ccbon nhit t 400 800oC hoc trong iu kin hon ton thiu hoc rt hn ch xy. Qu trnh ny lm bay hi v phn hu cc vt liu hu c rn bng nhit, khng bng t trc tip. Khi cht thi b nhit phn (ngc vi qu trnh t trong l thiu t), kh, cht lng, v cht thi than dng rn c sinh ra. So snh vi qu trnh t chy v kh ho, li th ch yu ca phng php nhit phn l nhin liu dng lng vn chuyn d dng hn cc nhin liu th rn, hoc th kh. V vy nh my x l nhit phn khng nn t gn a im s dng cui cng m t gn ngun cung cp nhin liu gim bt chi ph vn chuyn nhin liu. Chi ph vn chuyn cao l mt trong nhng yu t hn ch vic xy dng cc nh my in sinh khi quy m ln c hiu sut cao hn v pht thi thp hn so vi nhng nh my nh. Phng php kh ho Theo phng php kh ho, hu ht ccbon trong cht thi c bin i thnh nhng sn phm dng kh v cc cht thi tr. Ch mt phn phn t hu c b ph v, sinh ra mt loi kh giu nng lng c gi l kh tng hp. Qu trnh bin i than thnh gas l mt v d ca phng php kh ho. Qu trnh ny s gim i trong nhit phn v t chy v n lin quan ti qu trnh xy ho tng phn. xy c b sung nhng cha lng din ra qu trnh t chy hon ton. Nhit vn hnh thng cao hn 750 oC. X l cc sn phm d tha v cc cht thi Cc cht rn thi ra t nhng qu trnh x l ny gm cc kim loi v ccbon. Lng ccbon sinh ra t qu trnh nhit phn nhiu hn ng k so vi qu trnh kh ho. Cc ht c ln thi ra nm phn tro di y. Cc ht nh hn c tch v lc. Nhng kim loi khng n nh nh ch, thic, catmi v thu ngn t li khi kh c lm mt. Qu trnh kh ho v nhit phn sinh ra cc cht thi tng t nh qu trnh thiu t. Cc cht thi kh gm kh cha axt, ixin, furan, xt nit, ixt sunphua, cc ht, kim loi nng v hyr sunphua. Nhng cht cn li th rn gm tro khong tr, cc hp cht v c v ccbon d; nhng cht ny c th to thnh 8 - 15% lng cht thi ban u. Cc nh my s dng cng ngh x l nhit phn v kh ha tin tin cn nhng thit b vn ln v c tui th thit k t 15-20 nm. Thnh phn cht thi sinh ra trong qu trnh vn hnh c th thay i, v vy cc thit b phi c thit k linh hot x l c a dng vt liu v c th thay i c khi lng x l. Thu hi nng lng trong cng ngh nhit phn v kh ha Li ch ca qu trnh nhit phn v kh ho l kh tng hp c to ra c th s dng theo mt s cch:
30

- Kh tng hp c th c t trong ni hi to ra hi nc, i qua tuabin pht ra in v cng cung cp nhit cc b. Vic s dng nhit cng nh pht ra in s nng cao hiu sut nng lng ca h thng; - Kh tng hp c th c dng lm nhin liu ng c chy bng kh hoc tuabin kh lm tng hiu sut pht in, c bit trong cc h thng kt hp in v nhit (CHP); - Kh tng hp cng c th c s dng lm nguyn liu ho hc nu nh my x l c t gn ni s dng cui cng. Ngun nng lng c thu hi l yu t quan trng v kinh t. Quy trnh x l ny n gin v thu hi c nhiu nng lng. Cc cht c kh nng ti ch t cht thi hoc cc kim loi c tch ra t giai on cui ca qu trnh x l nhit phn v kh ha thng c cht lng thp hn cc cht c kh nng ti ch c tch ra t h thng thu gom cht thi sinh hot khc, gi tr ca chng cng thp hn . Vic kh cc kim loi trong cng on cui ca h thng lm tng sn lng ti ch. Cc cht d tha cn li y trong qu trnh nhit phn lun cha mt lng cacbon ng k. Phn d tha ny phi c chn lp hoc x l bng cch kh ho hoc thiu t gim lng cacbon. Vic x l b sung cho php ti ch cc sn phm cn li di y thnh mt khi kt hp. Mt s u im chnh ca cng ngh x l nhit phn v kh ha - Gim khi lng cht thi; - Lm cho cht thi an ton v bin thnh cht tr; - Thu c gi tr ca cht thi, thng l to ra in nng; - i theo hng pht trin bn vng, tin ti vic ti s dng v ti ch; - Cht thi bin thnh nng lng s h tr cho qu trnh ti ch cc vt liu; - L mt bin php x l thch hp i vi lng cht thi ang gia tng; - Lm thay i thnh phn cht thi rn cc bi chn lp; - Gii quyt tnh trng thiu ni chn lp cht thi; - Thch ng vi nhng cng c kinh t v ti chnh (v d nh thu chn lp v cc khon tr cp cho ngun nng lng thay th). X l nhit l bin php thay th cho phng php chn lp, khi x l mt lng ln cc cht c thnh phn thay i, c bit l CTRT. Bin php phn v phn hu ym kh ch c th x l phn thi ra. Hu ht quy trnh x l bng nhit phn v kh ha tin tin s dng CTRT c x l ban u. Mt s h thng x l sinh hc to ra loi nhin liu sn xut ch yu gm cc th bng giy v cc loi cht do c ngun gc l cht thi. Mt s cng ty hin nay ang vn hnh th nghim cc nh my kh ho hoc nhit phn thng mi mc d cc th nghim u tin thng tht bi v mt ti chnh. Tuy nhin, cng ngh hin nay ang c trin khai trn phm vi rng hn v c mt s nh my ang chun b trin khai. Li th ch yu ca phng php nhit phn so vi cc qu trnh kh ho v thiu t khc l lm tng thu hi cc kim loi. Qu trnh ny kh tt c cc cht hu c
31

thng ln vi cc kim loi nh: nhn mc, nt chai, v thc n tha. Ngoi ra, phng php ny cn lm gim lng khng kh, gi cho cc kim loi khng b oxy ho v thu hi d dng nhng kim loi c gi tr cao nh nhm. Li th na ca qu trnh nhit phn l khng cho php hnh thnh cht ixin, do thiu xy v s dng nhit nhit khong 400oC. u im chnh ca cc h thng x l nhit tin tin ny l sn xut in nng c hiu sut cao. C th s c nhiu in nng hn c sn xut t cht thi, bt nhu cu s dng cc nhin liu ho thch, gim pht thi kh nh knh. Tng hiu qu sn xut in cng c th lm gim chi ph vn hnh. Phng php kh ho c th mang li hiu qu cao, c bit khi kh c t trong tuabin. Cc cng ngh t kh tng hp c ci tin t cc tuabin kh m trc y c thit k ch t kh thin nhin. Hiu sut ca cc tuabin c thit k c bit t kh tng hp c gi tr nhit thp c th t c mc cao hn. Mt s nhc im - Cng ngh vn cha c ph bin rng ri; - Ngnh cng nghip cn bo th, cha mnh dn p dng; - Thiu thnh tch thng mi; - Nhng ngi s dng tim nng cn thiu thng tin v cng ngh ny; - Tin bi thng ang gim dn mt s nc c pht thi ang tng, lm gim kh nng ng dng cng ngh.

IV. HIN TRNG CHT THI RN VIT NAM V TNH HNH X L


1. Tnh hnh pht sinh Vit Nam mi nm pht sinh n hn 15 triu tn cht thi rn, trong cht thi sinh hot t cc h gia nh, nh hng, cc khu ch v kinh doanh chim ti 80% tng lng cht thi pht sinh trong c nc. Lng cn li pht sinh t cc c s cng nghip. Cht thi nguy hi cng nghip v cc ngun cht thi y t nguy hi tuy pht sinh vi khi lng t hn nhiu nhng cng c coi l ngun thi ng lu do chng c nguy c gy hi cho sc kho v mi trng rt cao nu nh khng c x l theo cch thch hp. Lng cht thi pht sinh Vit Nam nm 2003
Ngun Thnh phn Cht thi Cc khu thng Thc n, nha, sinh hot mi, khu dn giy, thu tinh c Cht thi Cc c s cng Kim loi, g cng nghip nghip khng nguy 32 Lng pht sinh (tn/nm) 6.400.000 6.400.000 2.800.000 1.740.000 770.000 2.510.000

hi Cht thi Cc c s cng Xng du, bn 126.000 2.400 128.000 cng nghip nghip thi, cc cht nguy hi hu c Cht thi y Bnh vin M, mu mu, 126.000 2400 21.500 t nguy hi xi lanh Tng lng cht thi phi nng nghip 8.266.000 7.172.400 15.459.000 Nng nghip Trng trt, Thn, r, l Khng c 64.560.000 64.560.000 chn nui cy, c cy Ngun: Bo co Hin trng Mi trng Vit Nam, 2002, B Y t 2004, Cc MT 1999, B Cng nghip 2002 2003.

1.1. Cht thi sinh hot Cc th l ngun pht sinh chnh ca cht thi sinh hot. Cc khu th tuy c dn s ch chim 24% dn s ca c nc nhng li pht sinh n hn 6 triu tn cht thi mi nm (tng ng vi 50% tng lng cht thi rn sinh hot ca c nc). c tnh mi ngi dn th Vit Nam trung bnh pht thi khong trn 2/3 kg cht thi mi ngy, gp i lng thi bnh qun u ngi vng nng thn. Cht thi pht sinh t cc h gia nh v cc khu kinh doanh vng nng thn v th c thnh phn khc nhau. Cht thi sinh hot t cc h gia nh, cc khu ch v khu kinh doanh nng thn cha mt t l ln cc cht hu c d phn hu (chim 60-75%). cc vng th, cht thi c thnh phn cc cht hu c d phn hu thp hn (ch chim c 50% tng lng cht thi sinh hot). S thay i v m hnh tiu th v sn phm l nguyn nhn dn n lm tng t l pht sinh cht thi nguy hi v cht thi khng phn hu c nh nha, kim loi v thu tinh. Phn loi cht thi sinh hot
Lng pht thi theo T l % so vi Thnh phn u ngi tng lng thi hu c (kg/ngi/ngy) (%) th (Ton quc) 0,7 50 55 TP. H Ch Minh 1,3 9 H Ni 1,0 6 Nng 0,9 2 Nng thn (Ton quc) 0,3 50 60-65 Ngun: Kho st ca nhm t vn 2004, Cc bo v Mi trng, B Cng nghip 2002 -2003.

1.2. Cht thi cng nghip c tnh, lng pht sinh cht thi cng nghip chim khong 20-25% tng lng cht thi sinh hot, tu theo quy m v c cu cng nghip ca tng tnh/thnh ph. Cht thi cng nghip tp trung nhiu min Nam. Gn mt na lng cht thi cng nghip ca c nc pht sinh khu vc ng Nam B trong Thnh ph H Ch Minh, thnh ph chnh ca khu vc ny pht sinh 31% tng
33

lng cht thi cng nghip c nc. Tip theo sau vng ng bng sng Cu Long l vng ng bng sng Hng v Bc Trung B. Cht thi cng nghip pht sinh t cc lng ngh vng nng thn ch yu tp trung min Bc. Cc lng ngh l mt yu t c trng ca Vit Nam. y l cc lng vng nng thn vi ngun thu nhp pht sinh ch yu t cc hot ng ngh, c bit l cc ngh th cng nh sn xut gm, dt may, ti ch cht thi, ch bin thc phm v hng th cng m ngh. C khong 1.450 lng ngh phn b trn cc vng nng thn thuc 56 tnh ca Vit Nam, mi nm pht thi c 774.000 tn cht thi cng nghip khng nguy hi. 54% lng cht thi ny c ngun gc pht sinh t 3 tnh pha Bc l H Ty, Bc Ninh v H Ni; khong 68% tng lng cht thi ny pht sinh t cc vng min Bc. 1.3. Cht thi nguy hi Tng lng cht thi nguy hi pht sinh trong nm 2003 c tnh c 160.000 tn. Trong 130.000 tn pht sinh t ngnh cng nghip. Cht thi y t nguy hi t cc bnh vin, c s y t v iu dng chim c 21.000 tn/nm, trong khi cc ngun pht sinh cht thi nguy hi t hot ng nng nghip ch khong 8.600 tn/nm. Phn ln cht thi cng nghip nguy hi pht sinh min Nam, chim khong 64% tng lng cht thi nguy hi pht sinh ca c nc, trong mt na l lng cht thi pht sinh t Thnh ph H Ch Minh. Tip theo l cc tnh min Bc, vi lng cht thi nguy hi pht sinh chim 31%. Ngnh cng nghip nh l ngun pht sinh cht thi cng nghip nguy hi ln nht (chim 47%), tip theo l ngnh cng nghip ho cht (24%) v ngnh cng nghip luyn kim (20%). Mi tnh/thnh u pht sinh mt lng ln cht thi y t nguy hi. Khong 20% tng lng cht thi y t l cht thi nguy hi. Tuy Thnh ph H Ch Minh, H Ni chim 23% tng cng sut bnh vin ca c nc, nhng h thng cc bnh vin trong c nc c u t xy dng rt tt vi s lng ging bnh ca mi tnh t nht t c mc 500 ging. Thnh ph H Ch Minh, Thanh Ho v H Ni pht sinh khong 6.000 tn cht thi y t nguy hi mi nm. Cc tnh/thnh ph khc c khi lng pht sinh cht thi y t nguy hi t hn, c khong t 0,2 n 1,5 tn mi ngy. Cc hot ng nng nghip mi nm pht sinh mt lng kh ln cc cht tn d thuc bo v thc vt c hi v cc loi bao b, thng cha thuc tr su. Khong 8.600 tn cht thi nng nghip nguy hi ch yu gm cc loi thuc tr su, bao b v thng cha thuc tr su, m trong s c nhiu loi thuc tr su b cm s dng v c nhp lu. Lng thuc tr su c s dng nhiu nht l vng ng bng sng Cu Long. Ngoi ra, c khong 37.000 tn ha cht dng trong nng nghip b tch thu ang c lu gi cn phi c x l kp thi. Vit Nam ang trong qu trnh pht trin kinh t, th ho v hin i ho nhanh. Vi tc tng trng nh hin nay, d bo n nm 2010 tng lng cht thi pht sinh s ln n trn 23 triu tn v thnh phn cht thi s thay i t ch d phn hu hn sang t phn hu hn v nguy hi hn. Gim thiu lng pht sinh cht thi, c th tit kim c cc nhu cu tiu hu cht thi sau ny. Do lng cht thi pht sinh s tng nhanh Vit Nam theo nh d bo, vic trin khai thc
34

hin cc chng trnh nhm khuyn khch gim thiu lng pht sinh cht thi ti ngun nh cc h gia nh, cc c s kinh doanh, c s cng nghip v bnh vin c kh nng s lm gim ng k chi ph cn thit cho vic tiu hu cht thi trong tng lai. Kinh nghim ca nhiu nc cho thy c th gim ng k lng pht sinh cht thi bng cch nng cao nhn thc v to cc c ch khuyn khch v kinh t v cc c ch khen thng khc. V d nh, gim 10% lng pht sinh cht thi c th s tit kim c xp x 200 t ng mi nm, l ra phi chi cho vic tiu hu cht thi v khong hn 130 t ng chi cho vic tiu hu cht thi y t nguy hi trong tng lai. Sn xut sch hn cng l mt quy trnh c th p dng nhm tit kim chi ph x l cht thi nh vic gim c pht sinh cht thi ngay ti cc c s cng nghip. Quy trnh sn xut sch hn c p dng Vit Nam trong 10 nm qua nhm gim thiu lng cht thi rn cng nghip pht sinh v cho thy kh nng em li nhng li ch v mt kinh t v mi trng. 2. Tnh hnh qun l Vic x l cht thi ch yu do cc cng ty mi trng th ca cc tnh/thnh ph (URENCO) thc hin. y l c quan chu trch nhim thu gom v tiu hu cht B Ti bao g & Mi thi sinh hot,nguyn m c cht thi sinh hot gia nh, cht thi vn phng, ng UBND tr quan thi cng l c ng chu trch nhim B Xycdng t thi cng nghip v y t trong x l ch Thnh ph hu ht cc trng hp. V mt l thuyt, mc d cc c s cng nghip v y t phi t chu trch nhim trong vic x l cc cht thi do chnh c s thi ra, trong khi Chnh ph ch ng vai tr l ngi xy dng, thc thi v cng ch thi hnh cc quy nh/vn bn quy phm php lut lin quan, song trn thc t Vit Nam cha thc s trin khai theo m hnh ny. Chnh v th, hot ng ca cc cng ty mi trng th lin quan n vic x l cht thi sinh hot l chnh do c qu t thng tin v thc tin v kinh nghim x l cc loi cht thi khc. H thng qun l chtSthi rn mt s th ln Vi t Nam c th hin Giao thng S Ti nguyn & Cng chnh Mi trng trong hnh 9. - B Ti nguyn v Mi trng chu trch nhim vch chin lc ci thin mi trng chung cho c nc, t vn cho Nh nc a ra cc lut, chnh sch qun l mi trng quc gia; - B Xy dng hng dn chin lc qun l v xy dng th, qun l cht thi; - y ban Nhn dn tnh, thnh ph trc thuc Trung ng, ch o y ban nhn dn cc qun, huyn, s Ti nguyn vCng ty Ming v s Giao thng Cng chnh thc Mi tr UBND trng, th hnh nghim chnh chin lc chung hin nhim v bo v mi trng th chp Cc cp di (URENCO) v lut php chung v bo v mi trng ca Nh nc thng qua xy dng cc quy tc, quy ch c th; - URENCO l n v trc m nhn nhim v x l cht thi, bo v mi trng thnh ph theo chc trch c s Giao thng Cng chnh thnh ph giao nhim v.

35

Sn tp kt Cht thi rn

Hnh 9: H thng qun l cht thi mt s th Vit Nam

T l thu gom cht thi sinh hot tnh trung bnh cho c nc ch tng t 65-71% ( giai on t 2000 - 2003). cc thnh ph ln hn th t l thu gom cht thi sinh hot cng cao hn, v trong nm 2003 t l ny dao ng t mc thp nht l 45% Long An n mc cao nht l 95% thnh ph Hu. Tnh trung bnh, cc thnh ph c dn s ln hn 500.000 dn c t l thu gom t 76% trong khi t l ny li gim xung cn 70% cc thnh ph c s dn t 100.000 - 350.000 ngi. cc vng nng thn, t l thu gom rt thp. Do xa xi v cc dch v thu gom khng n c cc vng nng thn nn ch c khong 20% nhm cc h gia nh c mc thu nhp cao nht cc vng nng thn c thu gom rc. cc vng th, dch v thu gom cht thi thng cng cha cung cp c cho cc khu nh c, cc khu nh
36

tm v ngoi thnh ph l ni sinh sng ch yu ca cc h dn c thu nhp thp. Nhiu sng kin mi ang c thc hin nhm khc phc tnh trng thiu cc dch v thu gom cht thi sinh hot. Vi ch trng x hi ho cng tc bo v mi trng, Chnh ph khuyn khch cc cng ty t nhn v cc t chc hot ng da vo cng ng cng tc cht ch vi cc c quan qun l cp a phng trong cng tc quan l cht thi rn. Mt s m hnh c th nghim, mang li kt qu kh quan, song cc chnh sch v ci cch cc c ch qun l cng cn phi c cng c. Phn ln cht thi cng nghip v cht thi y t nguy hi c thu gom cng vi cht thi thng thng. C rt t s liu thc tin v cng tc thu gom v tiu hu cht thi cc c s cng nghip v y t. Phn ln cc c s ny u hp ng vi cng ty mi trng th a phng tin hnh thu gom cht thi ca c s mnh. Thm ch, cht thi nguy hi c phn loi t cht thi y t ti bnh vin hay c s cng nghip, sau li ln vi cc loi cht thi thng thng khc trc khi cng ty mi trng th n thu gom. Cc c s y t c l t cht thi y t t x l cht thi y t nguy hi ca h ngay ti c s, cht thi qua x l v tro t l t cht thi sau cng c thu gom cng vi cc loi cht thi thng thng khc. Cng ging nh nhiu nc khc trong khu vc Nam v ng Nam , tiu hu cht thi cc bi rc l thin hoc cc bi rc c kim sot l nhng hnh thc x l ch yu Vit Nam. Theo Quyt nh s 64/2003/Q-TTg, ngy 22/4/2003 ca Th tng Chnh ph, n nm 2007, trong s 439 c s gy nhim mi trng nghim trng trn c nc c 49 bi rc l thin hoc cc khu chn lp vn hnh khng hp v sinh c nguy c gy ri ro cho mi trng v sc kho ngi dn cao phi c tin hnh x l trit , tuy nhin, cn tm ngun kinh ph cho cc hot ng x l ny. Tuy c nhiu n lc nhm nng cao cht lng qun l cht thi sinh hot nhng cc thng tin v vic x l cht thi nguy hi, c bit l cht thi nguy hi t cng nghip cn c rt t, do cn phi qun l tt hn. Hin nay, Chnh ph ang rt u tin cho vic xy dng cc h thng x l v tiu hu cht thi, bao gm c cc bi chn lp. Tuy nhin, do thiu ngun ti chnh nn hu ht cc bi chn lp hp v sinh u c xy dng bng ngun vn ODA. T tiu hu l hnh thc kh ph bin cc vng khng c dch v thu gom v tiu hu cht thi. Cc h gia nh khng c s dng cc dch v thu gom v tiu hu cht thi buc phi p dng cc bin php tiu hu ca ring gia nh mnh, thng l em b cc sng, h gn nh h, hoc l vt ba bi mt ni no gn nh. Mt s phng php t tiu hu khc l t hoc chn lp. Tt c cc phng php ny u c th hu hoi mi trng mt cch nghim trng v c kh nng gy hi cho sc kho con ngi. Nhiu bi rc v bi chn lp ang l mi him ho v mt mi trng i vi ngi dn a phng. Cc bi chn lp khng hp v sinh v cc bi rc l thin gy ra rt nhiu vn mi trng i vi cc cng ng dn c xung quanh, bao gm c cc vn v nhim nc ngm v nc mt do nc rc khng c x l, cc cht nhim khng kh, nhim mi, rui, mui,
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chut b v nhim bi, ting n. Hu nh cc phng php x l cht thi nguy hi ang p dng cn cha c an ton. Hot ng gim st v cng ch vic p dng cc tiu chun mi trng i vi cc c s cng nghip, cc c s vn chuyn v x l cht thi hin ti cn yu km. Chnh v vy m c rt t cc c ch khuyn khch i vi cc c s cng nghip trong vic p dng cc bin php x l hp l v vn c nhiu tr ngi ln i vi vic vn hnh mt cch an ton cc c s x l cht thi c trong giai on hin ti v trong tng lai. Cho d c mt h thng cc vn bn quy phm php lut v quy ch chnh thc c p dng trong lnh vc qun l cht thi rn, song vic thiu cc hng dn, thiu tp hun v nng cao nhn thc cho cc c s sn xut v cht thi rn li cng lm nhng tr ngi ngy cng tng thm. Hin nay, d x l cht thi cng nghip c quy nh l thuc v cc c s sn xut cng nghip v cc ban qun l khu cng nghip song vic x l cc loi cht thi l ho cht dng trong nng nghip li l trch nhim ca cc c quan mi trng ca Chnh ph v do kinh ph dnh cho hot ng x l ny cng s c ngh t ngn sch Nh nc. 3. Tnh hnh x l Lng cht thi rn thu gom ti cc th Vit Nam hin ch t khong 70% yu cu so vi thc t v ch yu tp trung ti cc khu vc ni thnh. Phn ln cc th, khu th u cha c bi chn lp cht thi rn hp v sinh v vn hnh ng quy trnh. Bn cnh , cc loi cht thi nguy hi khng c phn loi ring m trn chung vi nhng cht thi sinh hot, nu khng c x l trit s gy nhim mi trng nghim trng, dn n suy thoi mi trng t, nc, khng kh... Hin ti, cng ngh x l cht thi rn cc th Vit Nam kh a dng, ty theo c im th m mi th p dng nhng cng ngh x l ring. Cng ngh x l rc thi rn theo kiu x l cui ng ng, chn lp, ch bin rc thnh phn vi sinh v sn phm nha c kh nhiu th p dng. l Nh my x l rc ng Vinh (TP. Vinh - Ngh An) s dng cng ngh Seraphin c cng sut t 80 150 tn/ngy; Nh my x l rc Thy Phng (TP. Hu - Tha Thin Hu) p dng cng ngh ASC, cng sut 80 - 150 tn/ngy, trong 85 - 90% rc thi c ch bin v ti ch, 10 - 15% rc thi chn lp, khng pht sinh nc r rc. Ngoi ra, mt s th cn p dng cng ngh l t cht thi y t, cht thi cng nghip nguy hi. L t CEETIA - CN 150 ti Bi rc Nam Sn (H Ni) cng sut 150kg/h, c bung t a cp, h nhit khi thi nhanh trc khi thi qua ng khi trnh dioxin/furan ti sinh, x l khi a cp, vn hnh t ng hoc bn t ng. Mt s th c mc cng nghip cao cn p dng cng ngh x l bi trong kh thi (lc bi) nh cng ngh Xiclon, cng ngh lc bi tnh in (ESP) Nh my Nhit in Ung B. Cng ngh x l nc rc ca cc bi chn lp rc, cng ngh x l nc thi tp trung ca cc th, khu cng nghip v cng ngh x l kh thi SO2 cng nghip cng c p dng.
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Cng ngh x l cht thi rn cc th Vit Nam thng l t thit k v ch to nhng tp hp tng i y cc loi hnh c tnh ph bin x l cht thi rn, nc thi v kh thi th. Trnh cng ngh p ng c tiu chun mi trng Vit Nam. c bit, gi gim so vi gi ca cng ngh ngoi nhp. Tuy nhin, vic sn xut thit b, cng ngh cn tnh trng c th, n chic, cha c sn xut ch to cng ngh mi trng hng lot hoc sn xut trn dy chuyn cng nghip. Th trng cng ngh mi trng ni a cha c hnh thnh cho d hin ti ang c nhu cu. Vn u t cho mi trng nc ta cn rt hn ch. Kh nng cung th c nhng cha c sn phm cng nghip v thng hiu bn. Cha c i ng cc nh u t chuyn nghip u t sn xut, kinh doanh thit b cng ngh x l nhim mi trng. i ng cc nh khoa hc v cng ngh mi trng cn yu v thiu. y mnh cng tc qun l cht thi rn ti cc th v khu cng nghip, Th tng Chnh ph ban hnh Ch th v tng cng qun l cht rn. Theo , n nm 2010 x l 100% cht thi rn y t nguy hi v trn 60% cht thi nguy hi cng nghip bng nhng cng ngh ph hp; ng thi x l trit cc bi rc gy nhim mi trng nghim trng. Th tng cng yu cu cc c quan chc nng, a phng nhanh chng hon thin cc vn bn quy phm php lut, tiu chun v cht thi rn v khuyn khch 100% th x hi ha cng tc qun l, x l cht thi rn bng nhiu hnh thc. Thnh ph H Ni cng ban hnh Chng trnh hnh ng v cng tc bo v mi trng Th thi k y mnh cng nghip ha, hin i ha. Chng trnh xc nh mt s ch tiu v mi trng n nm 2010, trong c ch tiu 100% rc thi sinh hot th c thu gom, vn chuyn, x l hp v sinh v 40% c ti ch. Chng trnh ny nhm ngn nga, hn ch nhim v suy thoi mi trng; gii quyt tch cc nhng vn nhim mi trng nc mt, suy thoi ngun nc ngm, rc thi sinh hot, rc thi nguy hi cng nghip, nhim bi... Thnh ph Tuy Ha (Ph Yn) cng va c Chnh ph B ti tr cho D n ci thin iu kin v sinh v bo v mi trng. D n ny c tng kinh ph l 3,3 triu Euro, c trin khai trong 3 nm (2006 - 2008), gip thnh ph Tuy Ha xy dng mt khu x l rc thi hp v sinh nhm ci thin iu kin mi trng, sc khe cho ngi dn trn a bn. D n cng gp phn nng cao nng lc qun l cho Cng ty qun l mi trng th Ph Yn trong vic thu gom v x l rc thi rn; ng thi nng cao nhn thc ca cng ng, tng cng s tham gia ca ngi dn vo hot ng ci thin iu kin v sinh v bo v mi trng. Tnh Kin Giang d kin xy dng nh my pht in t rc thi trn o Ph Quc. y l xut ca Vin ti ch bo v mi trng Cng ha Lin bang c v i hc Cn Th. Theo , in nng s c sn xut t rc v nc thi sinh hot thng qua nh my kh sinh hc biogas v my t sinh khi. Cng ngh ny c p dng thnh cng nhiu nc chu u, khng ch to ra in nng m cn cho sn phm phn bn hu c. Vic xy dng nh my pht in t rc thi rt c
39

li cho kinh t v gii quyt vn mi trng vn ang bc xc trn o Ph Quc. Hin trng ca mt s nh my ch bin compost tp trung Vit Nam a im Cng sut (tn/ ngy) 140 Thi gian bt u hot ng 1992 M rng 2002 2003 Ngun cht thi hu c Hin trng

Cu Din, H Ni (1)

Cht thi t cc ang hot ng, bn 3 khu ch, ng loi sn phm c cht ph lng khc nhau ang hot ng. Cung Cht thi sinh cp Compost sn xut hot cha phn c min ph cho loi ngi dn. Khng r Khng r ang hot ng

TP. Nam nh (1) Phc Khnh Thi Bnh (1) Thnh ph Vit Tr Ph Th (1) Hc Mn TP. H Ch Minh (1) Phc Ho Tn Thnh B Ra Vng Tu (2) Trng Ct TP. Hi Phng Thu Phng- Hu vi Cng ngh Seraphin

250

75 35,3

2001 1998

240

1982 ng ca 1981 Khng r

ang hot ng, bn 3 loi sn phm c cht lng khc nhau, gi khc nhau. Cht thi sinh ng ca do kh bn hot cha phn sn phm loi Khng r Bn, rc no vt t h thng cng rnh v cht thi sinh hot cha phn loi Cht thi sinh hot cha phn loi ang hot ng

30

50

2004

ang trong thi gian th nghim ang hot ng, sn phm bn cho nng dn

159

2004

40

Ngun: (1) - Nguyn Th Kim Thi 2004 Bo co t vn cho Ngn hng Th gii (2) -D n V sinh cho 3 thnh ph do Ngn hng Th gii ti tr.

3.1. Mt s cng ngh x l cht thi c s dng Vit Nam Tnh trng nhim mi trng nc ta trong thi gian gn y ngy cng tr nn trm trng v ph bin dn ti suy thoi mi trng t, nc, khng kh, c bit l ti cc th ln lng cht thi rn v nc thi ngy cng gia tng. Mc d s lng cc nh my xy dng trm x l cht thi tng ln trong nhng nm gn y nhng hin trng nhim vn cha c ci thin do lng cht thi tng nhanh. Chin lc bo v mi trng Vit Nam t 2001 - 2010 v nh hng n nm 2020 nu r phng nga v gim thiu nhim mi trng kt hp vi x l nhim mi trng l mt trong nhng yu t ch cht. Ngoi cng tc nng cao nhn thc cng ng trong cng tc bo v mi trng, s dng hp l ngun ti nguyn thin nhin, cc cng ngh x l cht thi l mt trong nhng hng pht trin u tin hng u kt hp vi cc cng ngh thn mi trng to cho pht trin bn vng. Di y l mt s cng ngh x l cht thi rn c p dng Vit Nam: 3.1.1. Cng ngh Dano System y l cng ngh c a vo s dng ti Hc Mn, Tp. H Ch Minh nm 1981 do chnh ph Vng Quc an Mch vin tr. Cng sut x l 240 tn rc/ngy, sn xut c 25 000 tn phn hu c/nm, s cng ngh th hin trong hnh10. u im ca cng ngh ny l qu trnh ln men phn rt u, qu trnh c o trn lin tc trong ng sinh ho, cc vi sinh vt hiu kh c cung cp kh v m nn pht trin rt nhanh. Nhc im ca cng ngh ny l: Thit b nng n, kh ch to trong nc, c bit l cc h thng my nghin, xch bng ti v cc vng bi ln. Tiu th in nng cho h thng rt ln (670 kWh) lm cho gi thnh sn phm cao. Cht lng sn phm th khng ph hp vi nn nng nghip Vit Nam, m ch ph hp v nn nng nghip c gii ho.
Rc ti Phu tip nhn rc Sng phn loi Nam chm in Ln men 16h bng ng sinh ho Bng ti phn loi Sng rung My nghin chn ( 28 ngy)

41

Kho thnh phm

Hnh 10 : S cng ngh Dano System 3.1.2. Cng ngh x l rc thi sinh hot Nh my phn hu c, Cu Din H Ni Cng ngh ny a vo s dng vo nm 1992 do UNDP ti tr. y l cng ngh ng tnh c thi kh, qu trnh ln men c kim sot bng h thng iu khin t ng nhit . Nh my x l nm trn din tch 4 ha, vi cng cng sut theo thit k 210 tn/ngy (hnh 11). Sn phm phn hu c c ng k tiu chun cht lng v ang c bn trn ton quc. Cc sn phm thu hi phc v ti ch l: st, nylon, nha, giy, thy tinh. Cng ngh ny c u im : n gin, d vn hnh; my mc thit b d ch to, thay th thun li; tiu th nng lng t; m bo hp v sinh; thu hi c nc rc phc v qu trnh ln men, khng nh hng ti tng nc ngm, c iu kin m rng nh my nng cng sut. Tuy nhin, cng ngh ny cn c mt s nhc im nh: Rc ln qu nhiu tp cht, cha c c gii ha trong khu phn loi, cht lng phn bn cha cao v cn ln tp cht, dy chuyn ch bin, ng gi cn th cng, khng c quy trnh thu hi vt liu ti ch.
Rc c thu gom, vn chuyn n Nh my Xc nh trng lng X l s b ( vi sinh vt) Cht v c i chn lp 50% Bay hi 15%

Tuyn chn B sung vi sinh vt, ph gia, ln men chn, b sung nc sch 35% Tinh ch 30% Mn loi II 8,5%

Bay hi 5% Cht v c a i chn lp 13% Lm phn bn Ci to t Tiu th sn phm

Mn loi I, 8,5%
ng bao, hon thin sn phm

42

Hnh 11: Cng ngh x l rc thi sinh hot, Nh my phn hu c Cu Din, H Ni 3.1.3. Cng ngh Seraphin Seraphin l dy chuyn cng ngh, thit b x l v ti ch rc thi khp kn do Do Cng ty C phn cng ngh Mi trng xanh thit k, ch to, lp t, vn hnh ( hnh 12). Nh my x l rc ng Vinh ti thnh ph Vinh-Ngh An c lp t, vn hnh nm 2003, c bit thch hp cho cc nh my x l rc thi sinh hot cc th Vit Nam. Cng ngh ny hon ton ph hp vi c im rc thi Vit Nam l khng c phn loi t ngun. Vi cng sut 80-150 tn/ngy, cng ngh Seraphin c th x l trit ti 90% khi lng rc ti ch thnh phn hu c v nguyn liu lm vt liu xy dng. So vi nhng cng ngh c ng dng Vit Nam, cng ngh Seraphin c nhng u im sau: - C kh nng gim thiu trit nhim mi trng v rc thi sinh hot c x l ngay trong ngy; - Mc u t ch bng 30-40% so vi dy chuyn thit b tng ng nhp khu. Thi gian u t xy dng v a nh my x l rc vo hot ng c rt ngn bng 1/3-1/5 so vi nh my x l rc nhp ngoi. My mc c ch to ti Vit Nam nn vic bo hnh, bo tr thun li, t tn km; - Hiu qu ti ch rc cao, gim thiu chn lp rc do tit kim c din tch t v tin dn ti xa b cc bi rc chn lp, thu hi din tch t phc v cho cc mc ch khc, gim thiu tnh trng nhim mi trng do cc bi rc gy ra; - Do tn thu c ngun ti nguyn t rc, ngoi tin bn phn compost, cn thu c tin bn vt liu Seraphin nn nh my c thm ngun thu cn i thu chi; - Gii quyt c cng vic cho khong trn 100 cng nhn mi nh my x l rc. Mt u im na ca vic p dng cng ngh Seraphin vo x l rc thi l c th vn hnh song song gia hai dy chuyn sn xut rc thi ti (rc trong ngy) v rc thi kh (rc chn lp) to ra nhng sn phm khc nhau. Sau khi tch lc c rc hu c lm phn vi sinh nh mn hu c, phn hu c sinh hc, nhng loi rc v c cn li, dy chuyn t ng s chuyn loi rc ny v mt b phn khc to sn phm nh nha Seraphin, ng cng, bt ng m cao su v cc loi x chu.. Nhng sn phm c sn xut t nguyn liu Seraphin c cc c quan qun l tiu chun kim nh v chp nhn v mc hp v sinh. Cc sn phm ny cng ang cnh tranh trn th trng. - Khi p dng cng ngh Seraphin vo vic x l rc thi v c (ti nilng, nha...) s tit kim c mt lng nc ra ln, hn ch nhim mi trng do nc thi cng nghip gy nn. V cc loi rc thi ny c a vo lng sy kh v nh sc nng s lm mt i nhng bi bn to ra nhng sn phm sch. 3.1.4. Cng ngh ASC Cng sut x l 80 - 150 tn/ngy do Cng ty c phn K ngh Anh Sinh (ASC) thit k, ch to, lp t, vn hnh c lp t ti Nh my x l rc Thu Phng ti thnh ph Hu nm 2004 trn c s hon thin cng ngh trc . Hiu
43

qu t c l 85 -90% rc thi c ch bin v ti ch; khng pht sinh nc r rc. Nh my x l rc Thu Phng, Cng ty c phn k thut ASC va c a vo s dng trn din tch khong 1,7 ha. c bit, Nh my x l rc Thu Phng c lp t nhng thit b sn xut trong nc nn vn u t cho nh my gim ng k, ng thi cc nguyn liu c c sau phn loi v x l rc c th sn xut ra cc sn phm ng dng rng ri, vi gi r, cht lng tt phc v thit thc cho cng ng. Nh my x l rc thi Thu Phng l nh my bc u hon thin cng ngh x l rc thi sinh hot ca Vit Nam do trong nc t thit k, ch to, lp rp, vn hnh p ng nhu cu gii quyt vn mi trng v tn dng c rc thi to ra nhng sn phm phc v sn xut v i sng. Hiu qu ca dy chuyn x l rc thi ca nh my t hiu qu cao, t l rc thi cn phi chn lp thp. Cc sn phm c ch bin t rc ca Nh my x l rc Thu Phng gm: Phn hu c vi sinh dng bt, phn hu c vi sinh dng do, phn hu c vi sinh dng lng, mn hu c vi sinh, ng cng dng cho tho nc, cc An sinh dng cho tr cy tiu v cy thanh long, thng ng rc, di phn cch ng, ng bc cp in... Cng ngh ny tch c ring 7 loi rc v tng loi u c x l trit . V vy, t l chn lp thp, ch cn khong 12-15%. Vi nhng vng ma nhiu, m t nh Hu th vic thu hi nc rc cng c tnh n. Rc c cho vo b ra, nc ra ny c thu hi phun ln hm .
Sn tp kt cht thi c h thng phun vi sinh kh mi

My xc i
Bng ti tch chn My nghin v Tuyn t

Sng quay
Bng ti cht thi hu c My np liu hu c H thng trn hu c, b sung vi sinh 7-10 ngy My nghin, sng hu c tip tc 7-10 ngy Bng ti cht thi v c
H thng sy kh, tch ph thi, tro, bi, gch

44 Sn phm

Ph thi nha em ch bin sn phm

em chn lp, (khong 1215%)

Hnh 12: S x l rc thi bng cng ngh Seraphin 4. nh gi chung v cng ngh x l cht thi s dng Vit Nam Mt s cng ngh x l cht thi c p dng ti Vit Nam k c trong nc v nc ngoi gii quyt c mt phn nhu cu x l cht thi trc tnh hnh pht sinh cht thi gia tng trong giai on pht trin kinh t hin nay, nht l mt lng ln CTRT ang c nguy c gy nhim nghim trng i vi mi trng, nh hng ti sc khe cng ng. Mt s cng ngh c nhp t nc ngoi v, thit b nng n, kh ch to trong nc, c bit l cc h thng my nghin, xch bng ti v cc vng bi ln. Tiu th in nng cho h thng rt ln lm cho gi thnh sn phm cao. Cng ngh do Vit Nam t ch to p ng c tiu chun mi trng Vit Nam. Qua p dng 2 cng ngh x l rc thi th Seraphin v ASC cho hiu qu x l vt tri so vi cng ngh ca nc ngoi, chng ta c th t vn hnh v bo dng cc thit b do Vit Nam t ch to iu kin trong nc. Cng ngh x l rc thi do Vit nam t thit k, ch to c gi ch bng t 1/2 n 2/3 gi ca cng ngh nhp ngoi. Mc d cng ngh Seraphin chng minh c nhng u im ni tri, song trong qu trnh nghin cu v ng dng cng ny sinh mt s hn ch cn tip tc hon thin. C th, lm c phn compost t rc, phi c din tch nh xng, hm ln, v thi gian mn hu c ko di c th ti 30 ngy, dn n chi ph xy dng c bn ln. khc phc vn ny, cn tip tc nghin cu a ra cc th h thit b phn compost theo phng php hiu kh c o trn v to mi trng tch cc cho vi sinh vt phn hu pht trin nhm rt ngn thi gian mn hu c. Mt khc, kh nng tiu th phn bn compost cn ph thuc vo c im a hnh v tp qun canh tc ca mi a phng, cn c chnh sch h tr i vi vic tiu th phn compost. V tnh trng sn xut thit b, cng ngh: Vic sn xut cc thit b, my mc hin nay cn tnh trng c th, n chic, cha c sn xut ch to hng lot hay trn quy m cng nghip, phn ln l do cc Vin, cc Trung tm, cc Cng ty t vn thit k ch to theo cc hp ng c th, cha c cc hng sn xut chuyn nghip v thng hiu cho cng ngh mi trng Vit Nam. Mt s kh khn chung trong pht trin cng ngh mi trng: - nc ta vn cha hnh thnh th trng cng ngh mi trng ni a: Nhu cu th c, nhng thc hin nhu cu cn phi c vn. Vn u t cho cng ngh mi trng nc ta cn rt hn ch. Kh nng cung th c, nhng cha c sn phm cng nghip v thng hiu bn;
45

- Cha c cc nh t bn u t sn xut kinh doanh v thit b cng ngh x l nhim mi trng; - i ng cc nh khoa hc v cng ngh mi trng cn yu v cn thiu, c bit l chuyn gia chuyn ngnh c nhiu kinh nghim; - Ch ti chuyn giao cng ngh (i vi cc cng ngh mi do c nhn/n v nghin cu, t vn nghin cu thnh cng) cho cc nh sn xut kinh doanh cng ngh mi trng cha c hon thin.

46

V. KT LUN V KHUYN NGH


1. Kt lun D c p dng cng ngh x l no, th vic nng cao nhn thc v cht thi ni chung v cht thi rn ni ring cho cng ng l mt ni dung khng th thiu c. Cng tc gim pht sinh cht thi, thu gom ht cht thi phn loi rc thi t ngun l rt quan trng, v ngun rc thi u vo x l gim i, tch ring tng loi vt liu (nht l cc cht thi nguy hi phi c tch x l ring) s l yu t quyt nh ca cc sn phm u ra v kh nng ti ch, ti s dng cht thi, lm gim nguy c gy nhim mi trng ca cc cht thi c hi, nguy hi ln trong cht thi chung. c th x l hiu qu cht thi rn trong cc th Vit Nam, Nh nc cn phi tng u t cho cng tc bo v mi trng. Hin nay Nh nc dnh t l 1% chi ngn sch cho s nghip bo v mi trng v n 2010 l 2%. y l iu kin tt pht trin cc cng ngh mi trng, c bit l x l cht thi cng cng, cht thi rn th... Tuy nhin, trong ngun vn vay ODA v vn vin tr khng hon li cng cn dnh mt phn u t cho cng tc bo v mi trng. V trong m phn cc d n v mi trng cn u tin s dng cng ngh hp l v mi trng Vit Nam. Vic thc hin nghim Lut Bo v mi trng, c bit l p dng cc cng c kinh t trong qun l mi trng, t thu ph nc thi tin ti thu ph kh thi, ph cht thi rn, cht thi nguy hi s c tc ng mnh m ti qu trnh la chn, p dng cng ngh. Chuyn t pht hnh chnh i vi nhng vi phm Lut Bo v mi trng thnh pht kinh t. p dng cng c kinh t trong qun l mi trng s thc y cc doanh nghip tnh ton li ch kinh t u t lp t trang thit b x l nhim mi trng. ng thi, khuyn khch gim gi thu t, u i thu v vay vn u t cc d n sn xut cc trang thit b x l nhim mi trng. Xy dng ch ti hp l trong vic chuyn giao kt qu nghin cu ch to cng ngh x l nhim mi trng vo sn xut, kinh doanh. Ch trng o to, nng cao cht lng cc k thut v chuyn gia v cng ngh mi trng trnh thc s, tin s... La chn cc chuyn gia am hiu chuyn mn, lm vic khch quan tham gia vo Hi ng chuyn gia xy dng c ch, chnh sch thm nh cng ngh mi trng quc gia. Cn lng ha nh gi tng loi cng ngh theo cc tiu ch: Hiu qu x l nhim, chi ph kinh t, trnh cng ngh x l, ph hp vi iu kin Vit Nam v an ton v mi trng. Thc y p dng cng ngh x l do trong nc ch to. Cng ngh x l rc thi th Seraphin v ASC c thit k, ch to trong nc, qua thi gian vn hnh thc t mt s c s trong nc cho hiu qu x l vt tri hn so vi cng ngh ca nc ngoi ch to. c th ng dng rng ri cng ngh ny cn tin hnh t chc kho st, thm nh, nh gi k lng v mt kinh t- k thut, xc nh nhng im cn phi hon thin v
47

c k hoch trin khai c th, nh vy mi c th khai thc, pht huy c hiu qu cc cng ngh ni sinh. Phi coi cht thi cng nh l mt loi ti nguyn. Qu trnh x l cn khai thc trit tnh hu ch ca cht thi. Ti s dng, ti ch, thu hi nng lng t cht thi l pht trin mt nn kinh t tun hon phc v cuc sng con ngi, gp phn lm gim khi lng cht thi, gim chi ph x l. y l nhng yu t cn thit trc khi i n mt quyt nh chn cng ngh x l ph hp. Cho n nay, x l cui ng ng vn c xem l mt cng c hu hiu i vi gim thiu nhim mi trng, mc d n vn cn tn ti mt s khuyt im. Trong tng lai cng ngh x l s tp trung vo nhng cng ngh t s dng ho cht v u tin i vi p dng cng ngh sinh hc, bn cnh cc cng ngh tin tin nh mng lc, xy ho tin tin s c quan tm hn i vi vic ti s dng nc thi. 2. Khuyn ngh Hin nay c nhiu loi cng ngh khc nhau x l CTR, mi cng ngh ch c kh nng ng dng tt trong mt phm vi nht nh, trong iu kin nht nh. Theo Chin lc qun l cht thi quc gia, CTR phi c x l tp trung theo quy trnh khp kn. Do iu kin cha cho php nn hin ti mi a phng u phi t vn ng theo cch ring ca mnh, dn n vic mt cn i, gy tc ng tng tc xu. V vy, cn phi la chn m hnh qun l ph hp hn, c th l phn nh hp l theo tng cm mt hoc vi tnh p ng nhu cu qun l thc t. Tuy nhin, d qun l theo cch no i na th ti cc cm x l cht thi rn khuyn ngh p dng cc gii php cng ngh di y: Phn loi v x l c hc y l khu ban u khng th thiu trong quy trnh x l cht thi. Bin php ny s lm tng hiu qu ti ch v x l cc bc tip theo. Cc cng ngh dng phn loi, x l c hc cht thi bao gm: Ct, nghin, sng, tuyn t, tuyn kh nn V d, cc loi cht thi c kch thc ln v thnh phn khc nhau phi c phn loi ngay khi tip nhn. Cc cht thi rn cha cc cht c hi (nh mui cyanua rn) cn phi c p thnh nhng ht nh trc khi ha tan x l ha hc. Cc cht thi hu c dng rn c kch thc ln phi c bm v nghin nh n kch thc nht nh, ri trn vi cc cht thi hu c khc x l thiu t Cng ngh thiu t t l qu trnh oxy ha cht thi nhit cao. Cng ngh ny rt ph hp x l CTR. trin khai theo hng ny, cn c thi gian chun b nhiu mt, c v php l, ngun lc thu gom vn chuyn, s ng thun ca cng ng v doanh
48

nghip. Khi thit k l t cht thi phi m bo 4 yu cu c bn: cung cp xy cho qu trnh nhit phn bng cch a vo bung t mt lng khng kh d; kh d sinh ra trong qu trnh chy phi c duy tr lu trong l t t chy hon ton. Cng ngh thiu t c nhiu u im nh kh nng tn dng nhit, x l trit khi lng, sch s, khng tn t chn lp nhng cng c mt s hn ch nh chi ph u t, vn hnh, x l kh thi ln, d to ra cc sn phm ph nguy him. Cng ngh x l ha l Cng ngh x l ha - l l s dng cc qu trnh bin i vt l, ha hc lm thay i tnh cht ca cht thi nhm mc ch chnh l gim thiu kh nng nguy hi ca cht thi i vi mi trng. Cng ngh ny rt ph bin thu hi, ti ch cht thi, c bit l mt s loi nguy hi nh du, m, kim loi nng, dung mi. Bin php ti ch, thu hi cht thi bng cng ngh ha - l ch thc s mang li hiu qu kinh t v mi trng i vi nhng nh my x l cht thi quy m ln, u t cng ngh hin i c th thu hi sn phm t cht thi. Cng ngh chn lp hp v sinh Chn lp hp v sinh l bin php tiu hy cht thi c p dng rt rng ri trn th gii. Trc y, nhiu quc gia tin tin nh Anh, Nht cng dng bin php chn lp, k c mt s loi cht thi ht nhn, ly nhim hoc c hi, nhng trc khi chn lp phi c cch ly an ton bng cc vt liu ph hp nh ch, btng nhiu lp chng phng x. Theo cng ngh ny, cht thi rn cng nghip v cht thi nguy hi dng rn hoc sau khi c nh dng vin c a vo cc h chn lp c t nht 2 lp lt chng thm, c h thng thu gom nc r r x l, c h thng thot kh, c ging khoan gim st kh nng nh hng n nc ngm. Vic xy dng h chn lp CTR phi theo ng cc quy chun thit k v kch thc, dc, cc lp chng thm y v vch, x l nc r r, kh gas v cc quy nh tiu chun lin quan khc. Ngoi mt s gii php cng ngh nu trn, chng ta cng nn nghin cu, cn nhc cc cng ngh mi, tin tin hin nay ang c mt s nc p dng mang li hiu qu c th a vo p dng. V d nh cng ngh x l bng phng php nhit phn v kh ha c th thu hi nng lng, nng cao t l ti ch, thu c gi tr ca cht thi cao hn v gii quyt tnh trng thiu ni chn lp hin nay. Bin son: ThS. Trn Quang Ninh
49

50

TI LIU THAM KHO


1. 2. 3. 4.
5.

6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.


16.

17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

Waste treatment technology in Japan, Golobal Environmental Center Foundation; Decision- Makers Guide To Solid Waste Management, EPA, USA, 1989; Environmental Management in Developing Countries, Volum 2, 1995, Institute for Scientific Co-operation, Tubingen, Federal Republic of Germany; Facts and Fugures on the Environment of Germany 1988/1989, Federal Environmental Agency; Municipal Solid Waste Management in China, Prof. Marco J. Castaldi; Prof. Nickolas J. Themelis, Environmental Engineering Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, 9/2005; Warmer Bulletin No: 43/2005, 39/2006, 42/2006, 106/2006; Recycling Organic Waste: From urban pollutant to Farm Resource, Gary Garner, Worldwatch Paper, 1997; Environment Strategy in the East Asia and Pacific Region, World Bank, 2005; Advanced Seminar on Municipal Waste Management and planning within a sustainable development framework, Spain, October, 2004; Handling Municipal Solid Waste, Shuk-wai Fredafung, International Institute Industrial Environmental Economics, Sweden, September 1999; Municipal Solid Waste Management in Hong Kong, Waste Reduction Group, Environmental Protection Department, June, 2006; Tuyn tp cng trnh khoa hc, Trng i hc Xy dng, H Ni, 2/2000; Qun l cht thi rn, GS-TS Trn Hiu Nhu, TS. ng Quc Dng, TS. Trn Th Kim Thi, Tp 1, Nh Xut bn Xy dng, H Ni, 2001; Bo co hin trng Mi trng Quc gia nm 2005, B Ti nguyn v Mi trng. Bo co hin trng Mi trng Quc gia nm 2004, Phn Cht thi rn, B Ti nguyn v Mi trng; Ngh nh s 59/2007/N-CP ca Chnh ph, ngy 9/04/2007 v qun l cht thi rn; Xy dng mt x hi ti ch, inh Xun Hng, Trn Quang Ninh, s 7/2005 (209); Nng cao nhn thc mi trng, B Ti nguyn v Mi trng, Cc bo v Mi trng, H Ni, 2003 Kinh t cht thi, D n Kinh t cht thi, NXB Chnh tr Quc gia, 2005; Bo co Hin trng Mi trng Vit Nam, 2003, B Ti nguyn v Mi trng; Kinh t v Qun l cht thi Vit Nam, Nguyn Danh Sn, Vin Chin lc v Chnh sch KH&CN, 2004; Chin lc Bo v Mi trng Quc gia n nm 2010 v nh hng n nm 2020.
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