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Petrel* 2010 Attribute Matrix

Seal

Description
Short Description and Meaning General Structural Salt Workflow Edge Detection (Structural)

Trap Reservoir Charge


Formation Orientation General Stratigraphic Fracture Indicator Channels Texture Attribute Carbonates Noise Reduction Lithology Indicator AVO Workflows Hydrocarbon Indicator

Iso-Frequency

PATENTED Spectral decomposition at user-selected frequencies. Obtained by cosine correlation transform (CCT) analysis that estimates the contribution of each frequency to the input seismic. By exploiting the tuning effects provides indications on stratigraphic thickness. N.B.: it works in time domain.

Can enhance subtle structural features.

Delineate Salt extents as separable from sediment on frequency content

Selected frequencies can provide sharper image of small faults than the input data for input to workflows such as Ant Tracking.

Selected frequencies, also combined with other Identification of thin beds and subtle stratiattributes in a ANN, can graphic features (e.g. pinch-out, reefs, chandetect possible fractures zones For channel mapping and nels, etc.). via attenuation analysis, or, thickness estimation Can be used along stratal slices for seismic geoconversely can highlight submorphology analysis seismic faults

Can be used as input to facies mapping in particular for seismic geomorphology analysis

Can improve the image of subtle stratigraphic S/N can improve at selected features as well as frequencies sub-seismic faults

3D Curvature

Structural attribute that describes how bent a curve is at a particular point. Enables the detection of subtle structural changes in dip-saturated data. Equivalent to the second-order derivative when the dip is zero.

Detects subtle changes in structural trend and/or tectonic features and lineaments, convex up (positive curvature) or concave down (negative curvature) structures

Fault lineament detection, in particular in dip saturated data. Helps indentifying upthrown and downthrown sides of a fault

Discerns flexure and position of anticline / syncline hinges

Detection of subtle depositional elements for seismic geomorphology such as channel incisions, gullies, incised valleys, drainage patterns and gas vents (negative curvature) or channel fills, splays, lobes, lens, isolated bars, mounds and wedges (positive curvature)

High curvature zones especially on the Maximum Curvature are often associated with high fracture density zones.

Must be a density change in channel fill and surrounds. Useful for channel development

Can be used as texture attribute for seismic facies analysis

Shows karsts and sinkholes, in addition to fracture corridors) and stratigraphic (carbonates build-ups/ reefs, channels, etc.) features

Directional curvature can enhance the geology by suppressing footprints

Variance (Edge Method)

Signal coherency analysis: Estimates trace to trace variance (1-semblance). Amplitude Invariant (but not orientation invariant); i.e. it will produce the same response for the same seismic signature, whether in a low or high-amplitude region.

Reveals discontinuities in seismic data either related to stratigraphic Can help outline salt extents terminations or structural lineaments

Fault detection from continuous variance response. Gas chimney mapping

Can discriminate between low and high continuity of seismic reflections. Interpretation of progradational versus aggradational stacking patterns on stratal slices.

High variance can suggest faults or fractures swarms

Useful for channel sweep at Z values for channel development

Karst and sinkhole delineation. Good discriminator for seis- Detection and mapping of buildups/reefs within layer cake mic facies analysis depositional environments

Dip Guided Variance

Same as variance with an added principle component based guiding. Improves continuity of non-vertical events.

Reveals discontinuities in seismic data. As above, useful for structural and stratigraphic terminations.

Can help outline salt extents

Fault detection from continuous variance response. Gas chimney mapping

Can discriminate between low and high continuity of seismic reflections. Interpretation of progradational versus aggradational stacking patterns on stratal slices.

High variance can suggest faults or fractures swarms

Filter

Apply a frequency filter over time gates to seismic data. Various methods and tapers are available

Frequency filtered data is useful input for frequency based attributes.

Filtered seismic can show channels clearer

Time gated frequency filter. Mute unwanted frequencies

Dip deviation Ant Tracking

Edge detection attribute: Estimates difference between sample dip and local dip. A threshold can be applied.

Discriminates rapid changes in Use in softer lithologies local orientation. where the downthrown Input to Ant Tracking side of the fault shows dip WARNING: the interior of a salt accumulation can be chaotic Delineate laterally continuous discontinuities based on a conditioned input

Possible fracture indicator by local high dip deviation response

PATENTED Fault enhancing attribute. Connects attribute responses by using principles of swarm intelligence (ants)

Fault attribute enhancement and fault extraction

Large (seismic scale) fracture swarms detection

Fracture corridors, Karst delinea- Filter using a stereonet to tion eliminate azimuthal features

RMS Amplitude

Measure of reflectivity within a time window: The square root of the sum of the squared amplitudes divided by the number of live Samples

Detects amplitude variations for channels with density changes to surrounds

Classical attribute for bright spot detection (highly correlated to Envelope)

Remove Bias

Removes DC bias for the seismic traces. DC bias occurs when the average of the trace values departs from zero and may be caused by processing artifacts and/or geological factors. Physical attributes that reflects physical property contrast and provides better tie to well domain for geological analysis: Assumes zero phase data. Generated by integration of seismic trace and subsequent low cut filter to remove arbitrary long wavelength trends

Removes DC bias from the trace

Relative Acoustic Impedance

Reveals discontinuities and improves structural delineation

Stratigraphic layering. High contrast indicates possible sequence boundaries, Reveals unconformity surfaces

Can differentiate between tight or shaly and good porosity limestone

Provides better tie to lithology and can be related to porosity (non linear)

Gradient Magnitude Local Structural Azimuth


Event, Gradient, Principle component

Derivative based attribute for stratigraphic and structural Provides information about the local application: The gradient for each voxel is calculated analytically by orientation field of the reflectors and its changes in the three directions the spatial derivatives in t/d, x and y directions

Input for edge detection like variance as it is amplitude sensitive

Good stratigraphic discriminator

Good discriminator for facies analysis

Discriminates weak coherent noise.

A measure of compass direction of the normal to the plane of the Captures structural orientation local seismic event

Use a wrapping colour map Captures stratigraphic orientation

Local Structural Dip


Event, Gradient, Principle component

A measure of the inclination of the seismic event measured from the horizontal plane

Captures structural dip

Define dipping direction of events

Shows the dip orientation of events

Captures stratigraphic dip

Help identify channel edges

Structural Smoothing Structural Smoothing


Options: dip guide, edge enhance

Performs data smoothing by local averaging with a Gaussian weighted averaging filter. Use as input for variance, dip deviation or chaos

General smoothing. Increased signal/ noise ratio for structural Interpretation

Use to remove noise from the data Used as possible data conditioning step before generation of variance attribute in Ant tracking workflow.

Estimating local signal magnitude (absolute amplitude)

Can illuminate flat spots or fluid contacts

Performs data smoothing by local averaging with a Gaussian weighted averaging along flow surfaces following the local dip/ azimuth

Enhance discontinuities

Provides increased layer continuity without sacrificing vertical resolution Increased signal/noise ratio

Delineate channel edges

Original Amplitude T* attenuation Chaos

The original amplitude of the seismic data

PATENTED Frequency attenuation-based algorithm which compares frequencies above and below selected points of analysis

Open Fracture indicator

Indicator of open fractures if gas is present Useful for identifying; Channel infill , Gas chimneys, Reef internal texture, Sink holes, Salt diapir, Shale diapir Good stratigraphic indicator: Reef internal texture Sink holes Channel infill in particular subtle features

Can indicate open Fractures

Can show gas presence

Maps the chaoticness of the local seismic signal from statistical analysis of dip/azimuth estimate.

Delineate Salt extents

Faults and fractures identification

Channel infill

Identify stacked reefs and useful Good discriminator for seisfor depiction of karsting and mic facies analysis fractures

Local Flatness

Maps the flatness of the local seismic signal, 3D. Flatness is the degree to which local reflectors are flat/planar (not necessarily horizontal).

Determines to which degree local orientation is planar

Detection and mapping of buildGood discriminator for seis- ups/reefs within mic facies analysis Layer-cake depositional environments.

Envelope (Reflection Strength)

Mainly represents the acoustic impedance contrast, hence reflectivity. Indicates the group, rather than phase component of the seismic wave propagation.

Detect lithological changes, Sequence boundaries, Thin-bed tuning effects

Spatial correlation to porosity and other lithologic variations

In combination with Reflection Intensity, useful for (NearFar) / Near

Detect bright spots

Instantaneous Frequency

Time derivative of the phase

Bed thickness indicator and can detect lateral changes in lithology Laterally increasing instantaneous frequency can indicate bed thinning or pinch outs.

Fracture zone indicator, since fractures may appear as lower frequency zones

Rock property indicator

Hydrocarbon indicator by low frequency anomaly

Cosine of Instantaneous Phase Instantaneous Phase Apparent Polarity

Cosine function applied to the instantaneous phase

Continuity boundary of sediment at salt face

Improves lateral continuity of layers

Improves reflector continuity as it does not contain amplitude information.

Description of the phase angle at any instant along a trace independent of amplitude. It reveals weak and strong events with equal strength

Continuity boundary of sediment at salt face

Can help when used in combination to isolate faults

Discriminator for geometrical shape Good indicator of continuities, angular unconformities, faults, pinch-outs, sequence boundaries, onlap patterns Can detect thick beds when seismic data is not too noisy . Can enhance continuity of events May help distinguish different kinds of bright spots (due to gas, limestone..)

Sign of the seismic trace where reflection strength has a local maximum value

Graphic Equalizer

Seismic data bandwidth filtering : Applies a bandwidth filter with frequency indexed weighting as per defined in the equalizer

High pass filter enhances terminations and discontinuities for fault mapping. Low pass filter enhances signal/noise to improve seismic event continuity.

High pass filter enhances terminations and discontinuities for fault mapping

Show onlap, truncations, unconformities

Show onlap and channel edges via frequency filtering

Reduce frequencies from noisy seismic

Trace AGC First derivative

Vertical amplitude balancing using an RMS filter along a given window

Enhances low amplitude sections for improved horizon interpretation Drawback is that relative amplitude information is lost Useful for Stratigraphic analysis, facies estimation, QC interpretation (zero crossing) Second derivative can be used to help guiding the pick by providing continuity in areas of where reflections are poorly resolved on the raw amplitude May help resolve subtle stratigraphic patterns such as shingled/low angle prograding fore-sets

Boosts weak events but also boosts noise

Time rate of change of the amplitude

Second derivative

Second derivative measures the variation in the tangents of the selected seismic amplitude, directly above and below the reflection. High values indicate rapid shift from peak to trough (short wavelength)

May enhance terminations and discontinuities

Reflection Intensity

Relates the energy of a seismic trace within a moving window

Delineation of amplitudes while retaining frequencies

Can help isolate channels features

Karst delineation

In combination with Envelope, useful for (NearFar) / Near Can indicate fluid content and absorption character of a reservoir Helps identify time dependant weaknesses in seismic amplitudes When combined with other inversion attributes such as Poissons ratio /Vp-Vs and density Changes in dominant frequency of an event may be indicative of hydrocarbons

Instantaneous Quality Time Gain

A quality factor that is assigned based on the instantaneous envelope

Can be used for fracture Detection

Can be used for fracture detection

Enables the balancing of amplitudes as a function of time. If the gain is >1 amplitudes will increase with time and if gain is <1 amplitudes will decrease with time

Genetic inversion

Neural Network approached inversion process.

Better define lithology boundaries

Can define channel edges

Inversion is effective for noise reduction

Dominant Frequency

Square root of the sum of the squares of instantaneous frequency and bandwidth. Reveals time varying spectral properties of the seismic

Reveals spectral properties. Can identify features in low frequencies Can be used for channel development especially when channels appear as sand bodies in shale

Sweetness

Sweetness is the combination of envelope and instantaneous frequency. Sweetness=Envelope/SQRT (Inst. Freq)

Can help delineate subtle discontinuities

Can enhance subtle Features

Classical attribute for hydrocarbon sand detection (highly correlated with envelope)

Short Description and Meaning

General Structural

Salt Workflow

Edge Detection (Structural)

Formation Orientation

General Stratigraphic

Fracture Indicator

Channels

Texture Attribute

Carbonates

Noise Reduction

Lithology Indicator

AVO Workflows

Hydrocarbon Indicator

Copyright Schlumberger 2010. All rights reserved.

*Mark of Schlumberger

Further Reading: Interpreters Guide to Seismic Attributes

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