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Description
Short Description and Meaning General Structural Salt Workflow Edge Detection (Structural)
Iso-Frequency
PATENTED Spectral decomposition at user-selected frequencies. Obtained by cosine correlation transform (CCT) analysis that estimates the contribution of each frequency to the input seismic. By exploiting the tuning effects provides indications on stratigraphic thickness. N.B.: it works in time domain.
Selected frequencies can provide sharper image of small faults than the input data for input to workflows such as Ant Tracking.
Selected frequencies, also combined with other Identification of thin beds and subtle stratiattributes in a ANN, can graphic features (e.g. pinch-out, reefs, chandetect possible fractures zones For channel mapping and nels, etc.). via attenuation analysis, or, thickness estimation Can be used along stratal slices for seismic geoconversely can highlight submorphology analysis seismic faults
Can be used as input to facies mapping in particular for seismic geomorphology analysis
Can improve the image of subtle stratigraphic S/N can improve at selected features as well as frequencies sub-seismic faults
3D Curvature
Structural attribute that describes how bent a curve is at a particular point. Enables the detection of subtle structural changes in dip-saturated data. Equivalent to the second-order derivative when the dip is zero.
Detects subtle changes in structural trend and/or tectonic features and lineaments, convex up (positive curvature) or concave down (negative curvature) structures
Fault lineament detection, in particular in dip saturated data. Helps indentifying upthrown and downthrown sides of a fault
Detection of subtle depositional elements for seismic geomorphology such as channel incisions, gullies, incised valleys, drainage patterns and gas vents (negative curvature) or channel fills, splays, lobes, lens, isolated bars, mounds and wedges (positive curvature)
High curvature zones especially on the Maximum Curvature are often associated with high fracture density zones.
Must be a density change in channel fill and surrounds. Useful for channel development
Shows karsts and sinkholes, in addition to fracture corridors) and stratigraphic (carbonates build-ups/ reefs, channels, etc.) features
Signal coherency analysis: Estimates trace to trace variance (1-semblance). Amplitude Invariant (but not orientation invariant); i.e. it will produce the same response for the same seismic signature, whether in a low or high-amplitude region.
Reveals discontinuities in seismic data either related to stratigraphic Can help outline salt extents terminations or structural lineaments
Can discriminate between low and high continuity of seismic reflections. Interpretation of progradational versus aggradational stacking patterns on stratal slices.
Karst and sinkhole delineation. Good discriminator for seis- Detection and mapping of buildups/reefs within layer cake mic facies analysis depositional environments
Same as variance with an added principle component based guiding. Improves continuity of non-vertical events.
Reveals discontinuities in seismic data. As above, useful for structural and stratigraphic terminations.
Can discriminate between low and high continuity of seismic reflections. Interpretation of progradational versus aggradational stacking patterns on stratal slices.
Filter
Apply a frequency filter over time gates to seismic data. Various methods and tapers are available
Edge detection attribute: Estimates difference between sample dip and local dip. A threshold can be applied.
Discriminates rapid changes in Use in softer lithologies local orientation. where the downthrown Input to Ant Tracking side of the fault shows dip WARNING: the interior of a salt accumulation can be chaotic Delineate laterally continuous discontinuities based on a conditioned input
PATENTED Fault enhancing attribute. Connects attribute responses by using principles of swarm intelligence (ants)
Fracture corridors, Karst delinea- Filter using a stereonet to tion eliminate azimuthal features
RMS Amplitude
Measure of reflectivity within a time window: The square root of the sum of the squared amplitudes divided by the number of live Samples
Remove Bias
Removes DC bias for the seismic traces. DC bias occurs when the average of the trace values departs from zero and may be caused by processing artifacts and/or geological factors. Physical attributes that reflects physical property contrast and provides better tie to well domain for geological analysis: Assumes zero phase data. Generated by integration of seismic trace and subsequent low cut filter to remove arbitrary long wavelength trends
Stratigraphic layering. High contrast indicates possible sequence boundaries, Reveals unconformity surfaces
Provides better tie to lithology and can be related to porosity (non linear)
Derivative based attribute for stratigraphic and structural Provides information about the local application: The gradient for each voxel is calculated analytically by orientation field of the reflectors and its changes in the three directions the spatial derivatives in t/d, x and y directions
A measure of compass direction of the normal to the plane of the Captures structural orientation local seismic event
A measure of the inclination of the seismic event measured from the horizontal plane
Performs data smoothing by local averaging with a Gaussian weighted averaging filter. Use as input for variance, dip deviation or chaos
Use to remove noise from the data Used as possible data conditioning step before generation of variance attribute in Ant tracking workflow.
Performs data smoothing by local averaging with a Gaussian weighted averaging along flow surfaces following the local dip/ azimuth
Enhance discontinuities
Provides increased layer continuity without sacrificing vertical resolution Increased signal/noise ratio
PATENTED Frequency attenuation-based algorithm which compares frequencies above and below selected points of analysis
Indicator of open fractures if gas is present Useful for identifying; Channel infill , Gas chimneys, Reef internal texture, Sink holes, Salt diapir, Shale diapir Good stratigraphic indicator: Reef internal texture Sink holes Channel infill in particular subtle features
Maps the chaoticness of the local seismic signal from statistical analysis of dip/azimuth estimate.
Channel infill
Identify stacked reefs and useful Good discriminator for seisfor depiction of karsting and mic facies analysis fractures
Local Flatness
Maps the flatness of the local seismic signal, 3D. Flatness is the degree to which local reflectors are flat/planar (not necessarily horizontal).
Detection and mapping of buildGood discriminator for seis- ups/reefs within mic facies analysis Layer-cake depositional environments.
Mainly represents the acoustic impedance contrast, hence reflectivity. Indicates the group, rather than phase component of the seismic wave propagation.
Instantaneous Frequency
Bed thickness indicator and can detect lateral changes in lithology Laterally increasing instantaneous frequency can indicate bed thinning or pinch outs.
Fracture zone indicator, since fractures may appear as lower frequency zones
Description of the phase angle at any instant along a trace independent of amplitude. It reveals weak and strong events with equal strength
Discriminator for geometrical shape Good indicator of continuities, angular unconformities, faults, pinch-outs, sequence boundaries, onlap patterns Can detect thick beds when seismic data is not too noisy . Can enhance continuity of events May help distinguish different kinds of bright spots (due to gas, limestone..)
Sign of the seismic trace where reflection strength has a local maximum value
Graphic Equalizer
Seismic data bandwidth filtering : Applies a bandwidth filter with frequency indexed weighting as per defined in the equalizer
High pass filter enhances terminations and discontinuities for fault mapping. Low pass filter enhances signal/noise to improve seismic event continuity.
High pass filter enhances terminations and discontinuities for fault mapping
Enhances low amplitude sections for improved horizon interpretation Drawback is that relative amplitude information is lost Useful for Stratigraphic analysis, facies estimation, QC interpretation (zero crossing) Second derivative can be used to help guiding the pick by providing continuity in areas of where reflections are poorly resolved on the raw amplitude May help resolve subtle stratigraphic patterns such as shingled/low angle prograding fore-sets
Second derivative
Second derivative measures the variation in the tangents of the selected seismic amplitude, directly above and below the reflection. High values indicate rapid shift from peak to trough (short wavelength)
Reflection Intensity
Karst delineation
In combination with Envelope, useful for (NearFar) / Near Can indicate fluid content and absorption character of a reservoir Helps identify time dependant weaknesses in seismic amplitudes When combined with other inversion attributes such as Poissons ratio /Vp-Vs and density Changes in dominant frequency of an event may be indicative of hydrocarbons
Enables the balancing of amplitudes as a function of time. If the gain is >1 amplitudes will increase with time and if gain is <1 amplitudes will decrease with time
Genetic inversion
Dominant Frequency
Square root of the sum of the squares of instantaneous frequency and bandwidth. Reveals time varying spectral properties of the seismic
Reveals spectral properties. Can identify features in low frequencies Can be used for channel development especially when channels appear as sand bodies in shale
Sweetness
Sweetness is the combination of envelope and instantaneous frequency. Sweetness=Envelope/SQRT (Inst. Freq)
Classical attribute for hydrocarbon sand detection (highly correlated with envelope)
General Structural
Salt Workflow
Formation Orientation
General Stratigraphic
Fracture Indicator
Channels
Texture Attribute
Carbonates
Noise Reduction
Lithology Indicator
AVO Workflows
Hydrocarbon Indicator
*Mark of Schlumberger