DAFTRA ISI

DAFTAR ISI BAB I. 1.1. 1.2. PENDAHULUAN Apakah instrumentasi dan Pengendalian Proses itu ? Tujuan Penulisan SEJARAH PERKEMBANGAN INSTRUMENTASI & SISTEM KONTROL i. 1 1 1 3 3 5 6 6 8 9 12 12 12 12 12 13 14 15 15 17 17 17 18 19 30 33 37 39 Umum Pengelompokan (Categorization) Pemasangan (Instalation) Pemilihan (Selection) Sifat Fisik Fluida A. Viskositas ( ) B. Rapat Massa (density)
C. Berat Jenis (specific gravity)

BAB II. 2.1. 2.2. 2.3.

Mengapa Diperlukan Pengukuran dan Pengontrolan Sejarah Perkembangan Teknologi Instrumentasi Perkembangan Architecture System control Proses 2.3.1. System Control Tradisional 2.3.2. System Control berbasis Computer 2.3.3. System Control Berbasis DCS

BAB III. 3.1. 3.2.

MEASURING DEVICES (FLOW, LEVEL, PRESSURE & TEMPERATURE)

Umum Pengukuran Aliran Fluida (Flow Measurements) 3.2.1.

3.2.2.

3.2.3. 3.2.4. 3.2.5.

D. Bilangan Reynold 3.2.6. Alat Ukur Aliran Fluida A. Differential Pressure Flowmeters (Head Flow Meter) B. Variable Area Flowmeter (Rotameters) C. Positive Displacement Flowmeters D. Magnetic Meters E. Turbine Meters

F. Coriolis Flowmeters G. Target Flowmeters H. Thermal Flowmeters I. Ultrasonic Flowmeters J. Vortex Flowmeters
3.3.

41 43 45 47 51 54 54 54 55 55 56 59 61 63 64 67 67 67 68 68 70 73 75 76 79 79 79 80 80 81 84 86 89

Pengukuran Level Fluida (Level Measurements) 3.3.1.

3.3.2.

Umum Pengelompokan (Categorization) Alat Ukur Level (Level Measurement Devices) A. B. C. D. E. F. Displacement Type Differential Pressure Type Capacitance Type Ultrasonic Types Radar Type Radiation Type

3.3.3.

3.4.

Pengukuran Pressure (Pressure Measurements) 3.4.1. 3.4.2. 3.4.3. Umum Pengelompokan dan Pemilihan Alat Ukur Alat Ukur Tekanan A. U tube B. Bourdon Tube
C. Diaphragm Pressure Gage D. Bellows Elements

E. McLeod Gages 3.5. Pengukuran Temperature (Temperature Measurements)

3.5.1. 3.5.2.

Umum Macam Prinsip Alat Ukur Temperatur Alat Ukur Tekanan

A. Bimetal Thermometer B. Thermocouple C. Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD)

3.5.3.

D. Thermistor
E. Pyrometer

ii

BAB IV. 4.1. 4.2.

TRANSMITTER, CONVERTER, INSTRUMENT SIGNAL, INDICATOR, CONTROLLER, RECORDER DAN CONTROL VALVE

92 92 93 93 94 94 95 95 95 96 97 97 98 99 99 99 100 100 101 101 102 102 102 102 103 103 103 103 104 104 104 104 104

Umum Instrument Signal Transmission 4.2.1. 4.2.2. 4.2.3. Media Transmisi Jenis Sinyal Instrumen Pemilihan Sinyal Instrumen Pneumatic Transmitter A. Prinsip Kerja B. Jenis-jenis Pneumatic Transmitter 4.3.2. Electronic Transmitter A. Prinsip Kerja B. Jenis-jenis Electronic Transmitter

4.3.

Transmitter 4.3.1.

4.4.

Converter 4.4.1. I/P Transducer (electropneumatic transducer) A. Indoor Mount Type B. Explosion-proof type.
4.4.2.

P/I Transducer (Pneumatic to Current transducer) Pneumatic Indicator Electronic Indicator Pneumatic Recorder Electronic Recorder Pneumatic Controller A. Local Controller B. Panel Controller

4.5.

Instrument Indicator 4.5.1. 4.5.2.

4.6.

Instrument Indicator 4.6.1. 4.6.2.

4.7.

Instrument Controller
4.7.1.

4.7.2.

Electronic Controller A. Single Loop Controller B. Multi Loop Controller

4.8.

Control Valve 4.8.1. Umum

iii

4.8.2.

Control Valve Body A. Globe Valves B. Rotary Valves

105 105 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 116 117 117 Positioners Hand Wheel Limit Switches Solenoid Valve Supply Pressure Regulator Umum Beberapa Defenisi 117 119 119 119 120 120 120 121 122 127 127 128 129 132 132 132 133 135 137 137 138

4.8.3. 4.8.4.

Karakteristik Aliran - Valve Plug Actuator A. Spring and Diaphragm actuators B. Piston or Cylinder actuators C. Electrohydraulic Actuators D. Electric Actuators E. Rack and Pinion Actuators F. Manual Actuators

4.8.5.

Control Valve Accessories A. B. C. D. E.

4.8.6.

Koefisien Valve Sizing (Cv) A. B.

C.
BAB V. 5.1. 5.2. 5.3. 5.4.

FCS Equations

SISTEM CONTROL PROSES

Pendahuluan Aspek-Aspek Desain Sistem Kontrol Proses Elemen-Elemen Sistem Kontrol Proses Algoritma Pengontrolan dari Controller 5.4.1. 5.4.2. 5.4.3.
5.4.4.

ON-OFF Control Proportional Control (P Control) Proportional Integral Control (PI Control) Proportional Integral Derivative Control (PID Control) Flow Control Pressure Control

5.5.

Klasifikasi Aplikasi Sistem Kontrol Proses 5.5.1. 5.5.2.

iv

5.5.3. Liquid-Level Control 5.5.4. Temperature Control 5.6. Klasifikasi Loop Control Process 5.6.1. Simple Control Loop (Basic Control Loop) A. Feedback B. Feedforward 5.6.2. A. B. C. D. BAB. VI 6.1. Closed Closed Loop Loop Control Control

138 139 140 140 140 141 141 142 143 144 145 146 146 147 147 149 149 149 150 150 153 156 156 156 156 158

Complicated Control Loop (Enhanced Regulatory Control) Cascade Control Splite Range Control Ratio Control Auto Selector Control

DCS YOKOGAWA CENTUM-XL KILANG UP-VI BALONGAN 6.1.1. Man Machine Interface (EOPS) A. EOPS (Enhanced Operator Station)
B. EOPC (Enhanced Operator Console)

Sistem Konfigurasi Centum-XL

C. EPRT2 Serial Printer D. ECHU2 Color Hard Copy Unit 6.1.2. Process Control Function (EFCD) A. EFCS Field Control Station B. EFCD Duplexed Field Control Station 6.1.3. Data Communication Facilities A. HF-BUS B. SV -Net 6.2. Sistem Konfigurasi Centum-XL

DAFTAR PUSTAKA