This sample chapter is for review purposes only. Copyright The Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter Datums
Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you will be able to: Explain the purpose of datums. Dene common terms related to datum features. Interpret information provided by datum feature symbols. Describe methods for representing datum surfaces on drawings. Explain how to establish datum reference frames. Identify the degrees of freedom of a part. Explain how to establish datum targets. Identify datum target points, areas, and lines. Describe methods for representing datum axes on drawings. Describe methods for representing datum center planes on drawings.

Technical Terms
Actual mating envelope Coaxial Coaxial datum features Coplanar surfaces Datum axis Datum feature Datum feature simulator Datum feature symbol Datum plane Datum reference frame (DRF) Datum reference order Datum target line Datum targets Datums Degrees of freedom High points Normal Order of precedence Primary datum Primary datum plane Rotational Secondary datum Secondary datum plane Simulated datum Simulated datum axis Simulated datum plane Tangent plane Tertiary datum Tertiary datum plane Three degrees of rotation Three degrees of translation Translational

Datums are considered theoretically perfect planes, surfaces, points, lines, or axes. Datums are placed on drawings as requirements for referencing features of an object. These datums are used by the machinist, toolmaker, or quality control inspector to ensure that the part is in agreement with the drawing.

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This chapter is designed to help you identify and read information related to datums on drawings. This chapter also covers the specifications for properly placing datum-related symbols on drawings. This information is covered without regard to specific inspection and tooling techniques. Advanced instruction is recommended after you gain a solid understanding of the basic fundamentals presented here.

Datums
Datums are planes, points, lines, or axes from where measurements are made. A datum is assumed to be exact. A datum feature is an actual feature on a part, such as a surface, that is used to establish a datum. A datum is the true geometric counterpart of a datum feature. Datums are placed on drawings as requirements for referencing features of an object. Location and size dimensions are established from the datum. Examples of datums in manufacturing are machine tables, surface plates, gauge surfaces, surface tables, and specially designed rotation devices. These are referred to as datum feature simulators and are used to contact the datum features and establish what are known as the simulated datums. The datum feature simulator is an imperfect physical feature of adequate accuracy in which the errors are considered irrelevant. A datum feature simulator can be tooling, such as a surface plate or angle block, or a set of points established on the datum feature using a coordinate measuring machine. There are many concepts to keep in mind when datums are established, including the function of the part or feature, manufacturing processes, methods of inspection, the shape of the part, relationship to other features, assembly considerations, and design requirements. Datum features should be selected to match on mating parts, to be easily accessible, and to be of adequate size to permit control of the datum requirements.

Datum feature symbols are commonly drawn using thin lines with the symbol size related to the drawing lettering height. The triangular base on the datum feature symbol can be filled or unfilled, depending on the company or school preference. The filled base helps easily locate these symbols on the drawing. Each datum feature on a part requiring identification must be assigned a different datum identification letter. Uppercase letters of the alphabet, except the letters I, O, and Q, are used for datum feature symbol letters. These letters are not used because they can be mistaken for numbers. Example 3-1 shows the specifications for drawing a datum feature symbol.

2H 2H Any needed length H H Optional shoulder Identification letter 60

H = Letter height

Filled

Unfilled

Symbol Specifications

Examples

Example 3-1. Drawing specications for datum feature symbols.

Datum Feature Symbol

The datum feature symbol is placed on the drawing to identify the features of the object that are specified as datums and referred to as datum features. The datum feature symbol identifies physical features and shall not be applied to centerlines, center planes, or axes. This symbol is placed in the following locations on a drawing: On the outline of a feature surface in the view where the surface appears as an edge. On a leader line directed to the surface. The leader line can be shown as a dashed line if the datum feature is not on the visible surface. On an extension line projecting from the edge view of a surface, clearly separated from the dimension line. On a chain line next to a partial datum surface. On the dimension line or an extension of the dimension line of a feature of size when the datum is an axis or center plane. On the outline of a cylindrical feature or an extension line of the feature outline, separated from the size dimension, when the datum is an axis. Above or below and attached to a feature control frame.

Datum Feature
The datum feature is the actual feature of the part that is used to establish the datum. When the datum feature is a surface, it is the actual surface of the object that is identified as the datum. Look at the magnified view of a datum feature placed on the simulated datum in Example 3-2. Study the following terms: Actual mating envelope: The smallest size that can be contracted about an external feature or the largest size that can be expanded within an internal feature. Datum feature: The actual feature of the part (such as a surface). Datum feature simulator: The opposite shape of the datum feature. The datum feature simulator is one of two types: 1. The theoretical datum feature simulator is a perfect boundary used to establish a datum from a specied datum feature. 2. The physical datum feature simulator is the physical boundary used to establish a simulated datum from a specied datum feature. The manufacturing inspection equipment associated with the datum feature or features is used as the physical object to establish the simulated datum or datums. Physical datum feature simulators represent the theoretical datum feature simulators during manufacturing and inspection.

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Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing A datum feature simulator can be one of the following: Maximum material boundary (MMB). Least material boundary (LMB). The actual mating envelope. A tangent plane. A mathematically defined contour. Perfect form. Basic orientation to each other for all the datum references in the feature control frame. Basic location relative to other datum feature simulators for all the datum references in the feature control frame, unless a translation modifier or movable datum target symbol is specified. Movable location when a translation modifier or movable datum target symbol is specified.

Chapter 3 Datums Tangent plane: A plane that contacts the high points of the specified feature surface.

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When a surface is used to establish a datum plane on a part, the datum feature symbol is placed on the edge view of the surface or on an extension line in the view where the surface appears as a line. Refer to Example 3-3. A leader line can also be used to connect the datum feature symbol to the view in some applications.
Surface datum feature symbols must be clearly separated from dimension line arrowheads

Datum feature simulators shall have the following requirements:

In actual practice, measurements cannot be made from theoretical datum features or datum feature simulators. This is why manufacturing inspection equipment is of the highest quality for making measurements and verifying dimensions even though they are not perfect. Datum plane: The theoretically exact plane established by the simulated datum of the datum feature. Simulated datum: A point, axis, line, or plane consistent with or resulting from processing or inspection equipment, such as a surface plate, inspection table, gage surface, or a mandrel. The simulated datum plane in Example 3-2 is the plane derived from the physical datum feature simulator and coincides with the datum plane when the datum plane is in contact with the simulated datum plane.
Datum plane Theoretical datum feature simulator in contact with simulated datum plane Datum feature symbol placed on edge view of surface or extension line from edge view

Angled Surface
Part

Datum feature

Simulated datum plane Plane derived from the physical datum feature simulator

Physical datum feature simulator Surface of manufacturing or verification equipment

The Drawing

The Meaning

The Drawing

The Meaning

Example 3-2. Datum plane, datum feature, and the simulated datum plane. Datums are to be treated as if they are perfect even though they may not be perfect.

Example 3-3. Methods for placing datum feature symbols on surface datums. The datum feature symbol is placed on the edge view or on an extension line in the view where the surface appears as a line. The datum feature symbol can also be placed on a leader line directed to the surface. The leader line can be shown as a dashed line if the datum feature is not on the visible surface.

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Geometric Control of Datum Surface

The datum surface can be controlled by a geometric tolerance such as flatness, straightness, angularity, perpendicularity, or parallelism. Measurements taken from a datum plane do not take into account any variations of the datum surface from the datum plane. Any geometric tolerance applied to a datum should only be specified if the design requires the control. Example 3-4 shows the feature control frame and datum feature symbol together. Example 3-5 is a magnified representation that shows the meaning of the drawing in Example 3-4. The geometric tolerance of 0.1 is specified in the feature control frame in Example 3-4. The maximum size that the part can be produced is the upper limit of the dimensional tolerance, or MMC. The MMC is 12.5 + 0.3 = 12.8. The minimum size that the part can be produced is the lower limit of the dimensional tolerance, or LMC. The LMC is 12.50.3 = 12.2.
90
Part Direction of measurements

90

Mutually perpendicular planes

Example 3-4. A feature control frame and datum feature symbol.

Example 3-6. The datum reference frame. secondary, and Datum C is tertiary. The geometric tolerance that controls a feature or features relative to datums must include one or more datum references, as shown with the position tolerance relating the location of the two holes to Datums A, B, and C in Example 3-7. An explanation of the symbols on the drawing in Example 3-7 follows.

Datum plane A 0.1 geometric tolerance

12.8 12.2 maximum minimum

Example 3-5. The meaning of the drawing in Example 3-4.

The Datum Reference Frame Concept

Datum features are selected based on their importance to the design of the part. Generally three datum features are selected that are perpendicular to each other. These three datums are called the datum reference frame (DRF). The datums that make up the datum reference frame are referred to as the primary datum, secondary datum, and tertiary datum. As their names imply, the primary datum is the most important, followed by the other two in order of importance. Refer to Example 3-6 and notice how the direction of measurement is projected to various features on the object from the three common perpendicular planes of the datum reference frame. The primary datum must be inspected first, the secondary datum inspected second, and the tertiary datum inspected third regardless of the letters. For example, the letters in the feature control frame might be C, B, A, where C is the primary datum, B is the secondary datum, and A is the tertiary datum. The datum feature symbols on the drawing relate to the datum features on the part. Notice datum feature symbols A, B, and C as you look at Example 3-7. Also, notice the datum reference order A, B, C in the feature control frame. The datum reference in the feature control frame tells you that Datum A is primary, Datum B is

Example 3-7. The datum feature symbols on the drawing relate to the datum features on the part. Look at this drawing as you refer to Examples 3-8 through 3-10 and the related discussion in the text.

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The surface of the part labeled as the primary datum is placed on the surface of an inspection table or manufacturing inspection equipment, as shown in Example 3-8. Now measurements can be made from the primary datum inspection table surface to features that are dimensioned from the primary datum.

Finally, the tertiary datum is established to totally confine the part in the datum reference frame, as shown in Example 3-10. Now, with the part totally confined in the datum reference frame, all measurements made from the simulated datum planes to related features on the part are reliable and have the same origin every time. The surfaces of this inspection equipment are the simulated datums. The datums are the assumed exact planes established by the true geometric counterpart of the datum features. Measurements cannot be made from the datums, because they are only assumed to exist, but do not actually exist. The machine tables, surface plates, or inspection tables are of such high quality that they are used to act as the datums where measurements are taken from and where dimensions are verified. In this way each dimension always originates from the same reliable location. Dimensions are never taken or verified from one surface of the part to another. Dimensions always originate from the datum planes. Refer again to Example 3-7 for review. Notice again the feature control frame associated with the 2X 8.0-8.2 dimension. The last three compartments in the feature control frame provide the datum reference. This is known as the datum order of precedence. The primary datum (A) is given first followed by the secondary (B) and tertiary (C). For instructional purposes, this example labels datum feature symbols conveniently as A, B, and C. In industry and later in this book, other letters are used to identify datums, such as D, E, F, or L, M, N, or X, Y, Z. The letters O, Q, and I are avoided because they may resemble numbers. As the part is positioned on the datum reference frame, as illustrated in Example 3-8 through Example 3-10, there must be three points anywhere on the primary datum feature in contact with the first datum plane. At least two points of contact are required to establish the secondary datum feature against its datum plane. At least one point must contact the datum plane on the tertiary datum

Primary datum plane

Example 3-8. The surface of the part labeled as the primary datum is placed on the surface of the inspection table.

90

The part is then positioned against the secondary datum, as shown in Example 3-9. With the part held against the primary and secondary datums, dimensions can be verified from the secondary datum inspection table surface to features that are dimensioned from the secondary datum.

Tertiary datum plane Secondary datum plane

90

90

Example 3-9. The part is now positioned against the secondary datum.

Example 3-10. The tertiary datum is established to totally conne the part in the datum reference frame.

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Chapter 3 Datums The secondary datum plane constrains two degrees of freedom: One translational in y. One rotational in w. The tertiary datum plane constrains one degree of freedom: One translational in x.

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feature. These points of contact, referred to as high points, take into account possible irregularity in the manufacture of the part within design limits. Positioning the part in the datum reference frame in this manner ensures a common basis for measurements.

Degrees of Freedom
All parts have six degrees of freedom. There are three translational degrees of freedom and three rotational degrees of freedom. The term degrees of freedom means the number of coordinates it takes to exclusively control the position of a part. The term translational refers to uniform movement without rotation, and the term rotational refers to movement around an axis. Considering the datum reference frame in Example 3-11, the part can move without rotation in each of the three directions from the mutually perpendicular planes. This is called the three degrees of translation. The part can also rotate about each of the axes, which is referred to as the three degrees of rotation. Refer again to Example 3-11 and notice that the three translational degrees of freedom are labeled x, y, and z. The three rotational degrees of freedom are labeled u, v, and w. The following demonstrates the degrees of freedom related to the primary, secondary, and tertiary datums: The primary datum plane constrains three degrees of freedom: One translational in z. One rotational in u. One rotational in v.

Multiple Datum Reference Frames

Depending on the functional requirements of a part, more than one datum reference frame can be established. In Example 3-12, datums X, Y, and Z constitute one datum reference frame, while datums L, M, and Y establish a second reference frame. The relationship between the two datum reference frames is controlled by the angularity tolerance on datum feature L. Datum M is the axis of the large hole to which the datum feature symbol is connected. Datum axes are discussed later in this chapter. For parts with inclined datum features, as in Example 3-12, the datum feature simulator plane is oriented at the basic angle of the datum feature. The related datum reference frame plane passes through the vertex of the basic angle and is mutually perpendicular to the other datum planes.

Represents datum axis

Datum axis

Secondary datum

Tertiary datum

Datum axis

Datum axis

Part

Primary datum

Three Mutually Perpendicular Planes

Example 3-11. All parts have six degrees of freedom. The three translational degrees of freedom for this part are labeled x, y, and z. The three rotational degrees of freedom for this part are labeled u, v, and w. Example 3-12. Multiple datum reference frames.

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Target area size, when used 0.8H 3.5H 0.3H Datum Target number H = Letter height 60

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Datum Features Specified Individually

When multiple datum reference frames exist and features need to be positioned to different datums individually, then a note can be placed next to the datum feature symbols identifying how many datum features are to be considered separately. For example, if there are two separate datum features that are identified with the same datum identification letter, but they need to be considered individually, the note 2X INDIVIDUALLY is placed next to the datum feature symbols. An example of this can be seen on the SAW GUIDE FIXATION BLOCK drawing in the Prints for Print Reading Exercises section on page 433. This drawing has four holes at different angles. The holes on the right side need to be positioned to different datums than the holes on the left side. Instead of calling out two more datums and having to cut another section to show the holes on the left side, the datums are used individually and the locations of two holes on each side are positioned to the two datums individually. Using this method, only two holes are checked for position at a time to different datums.

Movable Datum Target Symbol

Datum Target Symbol Symbol Specifications

Datum Target Symbols

In many situations it is not possible to establish an entire surface, or entire surfaces, as datums. When this happens, datum targets can be used to establish datum planes. Datum targets are designated points, lines, or surface areas that are used to establish the datum reference frame. This procedure is especially useful on parts with surface or contour irregularities, such as some sheet metal, sand cast, or forged parts that are subject to bowing or warpage. However, datum targets can be used on most parts. Use datum targets to minimize the variation in the way features are measured. This method can also be applied to weldments where heat can cause warpage. The datum target symbol is drawn as a circle using thin lines. The circle is divided into two parts with a horizontal line. The bottom half provides the datum reference letter and the specific datum target number on that datum. The top half is left blank if a datum target point or line is identified. When identifying a datum target area, the top half contains the shape and size of the area. The dimension for the datum target area can be placed outside the datum target symbol with a leader and a dot pointing to the upper half if the dimension is too big to fit inside. See Example 3-13. When the datum target area is circular, a diameter symbol precedes the size value. When the datum target area is square, a square symbol precedes the size value. The datum target area can also be rectangular in shape, which is dimensioned with a length and width value, such as 10 X 25. The rectangular dimension is placed outside the datum target symbol and a leader points to the top half of the datum target symbol. A spherical datum target area can be used by placing the spherical diameter symbol in front of the size value. The spherical diameter is generally placed outside the datum target symbol and a leader points to the top half of the datum target symbol. A movable datum target symbol is used to indicate that the datum target is not fixed at its basic location and is free to translate. Refer to Example 3-13.
Datum target symbol without area size Datum target symbols with circular target area Datum target symbol with square target area

Datum target symbol with rectangular target area

Movable datum target symbol without area size

Movable datum target symbol with spherical target area

Examples
Example 3-13. Drawing specications for datum target symbols and example applications.

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On the drawing, the datum target symbol is connected with a leader to the datum target point, line, or area. This leader line generally has no shoulder or arrowhead associated with leaders. Example applications of datum target points and datum target lines are shown in Example 3-14. Example applications of datum target areas are shown in Example 3-15. Additional uses are provided where they relate to specific applications.
90 Area shown Area not shown

2H

Target line

Circular Datum Target Area

Circular Datum Target Area

Target area H = Letter height

Datum Target Point

Symbol Specifications

Dashed leader indicates opposite side of part

Square Datum Target Area

Rectangular Datum Target Area

Example 3-15. Example applications of datum target areas.

Datum Target Line

Datum Target Line

Example 3-14. The datum target point and datum target line and examples of their use.

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Datum Target Points

Datum planes are established by the datum points as follows: The primary datum plane must be established by at least three points on the primary datum surface. These points are used to provide stability on the primary plane, similar to a three-legged stool. The secondary datum plane must be located by at least two points on the related secondary datum surface. Two points provide the required stability for the secondary plane. The tertiary datum plane must be located by at least one point on the related tertiary datum surface. One point of contact at the tertiary datum plane is all that is required to complete the datum reference frame and provides complete stability of the part in the datum reference frame. Baseline or chain dimensioning can be used to locate datum target points. The location dimensions must originate from datums. Datum target points are established on the drawing using basic or tolerance dimensions. Established tooling or gauging tolerances apply when datum targets are located with basic dimensions. Datum targets are established on the part with fixtures and with pins. These pins contact the part where the datum targets are specified. Example 3-16 shows a pictorial drawing of the datum target points on the primary, secondary, and tertiary datums.

As you have seen, each datum target point is identified with a datum target symbol. The information inside the datum target symbol identifies the datum target point, as shown in Example 3-17.

Identifies the datum feature where the point is located

Identifies the specific point on the datum

Example 3-17. The information inside the datum target symbol identies the datum target point, target line, or target area. The datum target points can be located with basic dimensions or tolerance dimensions. Refer to Example 3-18 for a multiview representation using basic dimensions to locate the datum target points. The datum feature symbols appear on

Two points of contact on secondary datum

One point of contact on tertiary datum

Three points of contact on primary datum

Example 3-16. Datum target points on primary, secondary, and tertiary datums.

Example 3-18. Locating datum target points using baseline dimensioning with basic dimensions. Chain dimensions and tolerance dimensions can also be used.

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the view where the datum surface is a line and the datum points are located on the surface view of the related datum. The datum target symbol can be placed on the view where the surface appears as an edge if the drawing arrangement dictates such placement, as shown in Example 3-19.

When datum target points are used on a drawing to identify a datum plane, the datum plane is established by locating pins at the datum tangent points as shown in the magnified representation in Example 3-20. The locating pins are rounded or pointed standard tooling hardware.

The Drawing

X1,X2 Part Datum feature X3

Datum plane X Locating pins

The Fixture Setup

Example 3-20. Datum target points on a drawing and the points established with locating pins.

Example 3-19. The datum target symbol can be placed on an edge when a surface view is not available, such as point Z1 in this drawing. Note: Datum target point Z1 is located at the edge where datum surfaces X and Z meet. Otherwise, there would be a side view and location dimensions provided.

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Chapter 3 Datums When the area is too small to accurately or clearly display on a drawing, then a datum target point is used at the center location. The top half of the datum target symbol identifies the diameter of the target area, as shown in Example 3-22.

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Datum Target Areas

Areas of contact can also be used to establish datums. When this is done, the shape of the datum target area is outlined by a phantom line with section lines through the area. Circular areas are dimensioned with basic or tolerance dimensions to locate the center. The diameter of the target area is provided in the upper half of the datum target symbol, as shown in Example 3-21, or with a leader and dot pointing to the upper half. The locating pins for target areas are flat end tooling pins with the pin diameter equal to the specified size of the target area.

The Drawing

X1,6

X2,6

X3,6 Datum feature

The Drawing

Part

X3,12 Part

X2,12

X1,12 Datum feature

Datum plane X

3X 6 locating pins

Datum plane X

3X 12 locating pins

Fixture base

The Fixture Setup

Example 3-22. When the datum target area is too small to show, the datum target point is used and the target area size is given in the top half of the datum target symbol.

Fixture base

The Fixture Setup

Example 3-21. Datum target areas are located to their centers. The locating pins for target areas are at end tooling pins with the pin diameter equal to the specied size of the target area.

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Datum Target Lines

A datum target line is indicated by the target point symbol X on the edge view of the surface and by a phantom line on the surface view. Refer to Example 3-23. If the locating pins are cylindrical, then the datum target line is along the tangency where the pins meet the part. The pins can also be knife-edged. A surface is often placed at 90 to the pin to create the datum reference frame.

Partial Datum Surface

A portion of a surface can be used as a datum. For example, this can be done when a part has a hole or group of holes at one end where it is not necessary to establish the entire surface as a datum to effectively locate the features. This can be accomplished on a drawing using a chain line dimensioned with basic dimensions to show the location and extent of the partial datum surface. The chain line dimension is considered a minimum distance. The datum feature symbol is attached to the chain line. The datum plane is then established at the location of the chain line, as shown in Example 3-24.

Chain line

The Drawing

Simulated datum (fixture surface)

Part

Datum feature

The Drawing
Datum plane Fixture base Part

The Fixture Setup

Example 3-24. A partial datum surface established with a chain line.

Coplanar Surface Datums

Locating pin

The Fixture Setup

Example 3-23. Specifying a datum target line.

Coplanar surfaces are two or more surfaces that are on the same plane. The relationship of coplanar datum features establishes the surfaces as one datum plane in correlated feature control frame specifications. A phantom line is placed between the surfaces if a void, such as a slot, exists. The phantom line between surfaces is omitted when the area between the surfaces is higher than the datum features. The surfaces are treated as a single, interrupted surface. The number of surfaces can be specified as continuous by using a note, such as 2 SURFACES, below the related feature control frame. See Example 3-25A and Example 3-25B. This concept is also discussed in Chapter 9 with an application for profile tolerances of coplanar surfaces.

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It is also possible to display multiple coplanar surfaces as a single datum by placing the datum feature symbol on the phantom line, or by attaching the datum feature symbol to a feature control frame that is connected to the phantom line by a leader. In Example 3-26, there are a total of 6 raised surfaces behind the two that can be seen in the front view. This is identified with the note 6 SURFACES below the feature control frame. In this application, the surfaces are all controlled by a flatness geometric tolerance of 0.05 and they are also Datum D. A top view is also required to provide dimensions to the 6 raised features.

The Drawing

0.6 tolerance zone

Datum feature L

Datum feature M

The Meaning
A

Example 3-26. Specifying multiple coplanar surfaces as a single datum.

For your reference, the continuous feature symbol can be used to identify any group of two or more interrupted features as a single feature. Example 3-27 shows sample drawings using the continuous feature symbol with dimension values.

Extension lines can be used or omitted

The Drawing

0.6 tolerance zone

Datum feature L

Datum feature M

The Meaning
B Example 3-25. Coplanar surface datums represented using a note to indicate the number of coplanar surfaces.

Example 3-27. Sample drawings using the continuous feature symbol.

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Datum Axis
A cylindrical object can be a datum feature. When the cylindrical datum feature is used, the center axis is known as the datum axis. There are two theoretical planes intersecting at 90. These planes are represented by the centerlines of the drawing. Where these planes intersect is referred to as the datum axis. The datum axis is the origin for related dimensions, while the X and Y planes indicate the direction of measurement. A datum plane is added to the end of the object to establish the datum frame, as shown in Example 3-28.
Y

Placement of the Datum Feature Symbol for a Datum Axis

When the datum is an axis, the datum feature symbol can be placed on the drawing using one of the following methods (also shown in Example 3-29).

Secondary datum axis

The Drawing
Secondary datum axis

Part Primary datum

The Meaning
Example 3-28. Datum axis. Example 3-29. Methods of representing the datum axis.

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Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing The symbol can be placed on the outside surface of a cylindrical feature. The symbol can be centered on the opposite side of the dimension line arrowhead, but it must line up and be centered with the arrowhead. The symbol can replace the dimension line and arrowhead when the dimension line is placed outside of the extension lines. The symbol can be placed on the dimension line. The symbol can be placed on a leader line shoulder. The symbol can be placed below and attached to the center of a feature control frame.

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Coaxial Datum Features

Coaxial means two or more cylindrical shapes that share a common axis. Coaxial datum features exist when a single datum axis is established by two datum features that are coaxial. When more than one datum feature is used to establish a single datum, the datum reference letters are separated by a dash and placed in one compartment of the feature control frame. These datum reference letters are of equal importance and can be placed in any order. See Example 3-32. A datum axis established by coaxial datum features is normally used as a primary datum.

Simulated Datum Axis

The simulated datum axis is the axis of a perfectly cylindrical inspection device that contacts the datum feature surface. For an external datum feature, as shown in Example 3-30, the inspection device is the smallest circumscribed cylinder. The inspection device for an internal datum feature is the largest inscribed cylinder, as shown in Example 3-31. For a review on simulated datums and datum feature simulators, refer to the discussion earlier in this chapter.
Datum feature (part)

The Drawing

Datum axis A-B Simulated datum Smallest circumscribed cylinder Datum feature A Datum feature B

Datum axis Datum feature simulator Simulated pair of coaxial circumscribed cylinders

Example 3-30. Simulated datum axis for an external datum feature.

Datum feature (part)

The Meaning
Example 3-32. Coaxial datum features.

The Datum Axis of Screw Threads, Gears, and Splines

Simulated datum Largest inscribed cylinder

When a screw thread is used as a datum axis, the datum axis is established from the pitch cylinder unless otherwise specified. If another feature of the screw thread is desired, then a note such as MAJOR DIA or MINOR DIA is placed next to the datum feature symbol. For example, the note MAJOR DIA is specified when the datum axis is established from the major diameter cylinder. A specific feature such as the major diameter should be identified when a gear or spline is used as a datum axis. When this is done, the note MAJOR DIA, MINOR DIA, or PITCH DIA is placed next to the datum feature symbol as appropriate. The use of a screw thread, gear, or spline should be avoided for use as a datum axis unless necessary.

Datum feature simulator Datum axis

Example 3-31. Simulated datum axis for an internal datum feature.

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Datum Axis Established with Datum Target Symbols

Datum target points, lines, or surface areas can also be used to establish a datum axis. A primary datum axis can be established by two sets of three equally spaced targetsa set near one end of the cylinder and the other set near the other end, as shown in Example 3-33. Notice the datum target points in the circular view are rotated as needed to align with an imaginary line projected from the center for clarity.

When two cylindrical features of different diameters are used to establish a datum axis, then the datum target points are identified in correlation to the adjacent cylindrical datum feature. Refer to Example 3-34.

Primary datum axis

Example 3-34. Two cylindrical features of different diameters used to establish a datum axis. Cylindrical datum target areas and circular datum target lines can also be used to establish the datum axis of cylindrical shaped parts, as shown in Example 3-35. In this application, the datum target area is a designated width band that goes all around the part. This datum target area is shown as two phantom lines with section lines between. The datum target line is a phantom line that goes all around the part. Example 3-33. Establishing a primary datum axis with target points.

Example 3-35. Establishing datum axes with a cylindrical datum target area and a circular datum target line.

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A secondary datum axis can be established by placing three equally spaced targets on the cylindrical surface. Refer to Example 3-36.

that is attached to the movable datum target symbol C1 until contact is made. This example shows how to define the direction of the movement. When the datum feature simulator is required to move and when the movement is not normal to the true profile, the movable datum target symbol is used and the movement direction is defined. If the 45 basic angle is not given, the datum target can move normal to the surface or radial toward the center of the round feature.

Example 3-36. Establishing a secondary datum axis with datum target points.

Movable Datum Target Symbols and Datum Target Points

The movable datum target symbol can be used to indicate movement of the datum feature simulator. When datum targets establish a center point, axis, or center plane on a regardless of material boundary basis, the datum feature simulator moves normal to the true profile and the movable datum target symbol can be used for clarity. The term normal is used in ASME Y14.5 and in mechanical engineering applications to represent a feature that is perpendicular to a plane surface and radial to a curved surface. In Example 3-37, datum C uses movable target symbols. The part is fixed against datum target points A1, A2, and A3 primary, datum target lines B1 and B2 secondary, and datum target points C1 and C2 tertiary. Because datums B and C are referenced in the feature control frame as RMB, the datum simulator makes contact with the part. If the actual part is manufactured to the small size tolerance, then datum target points C1 and C2 are movable in order to contact the feature part. In this case, the movable target points move along the basic 45 angle

Example 3-37. Using movable datum target symbols with datum target points.

Movable Datum Target Symbols and Datum Target Spheres

The movable datum target symbol can be used with a spherical diameter specified for the datum target size, and a circular phantom line is used to represent the spherical datum feature simulator as shown in Example 3-38. The spherical datum feature simulators are used to establish the datum axis in this example. The conical shaped ends on the part allow the spherical datum feature simulators to restrict the movement of the part and define the datum axis. In this example, the spherical datum targets move horizontally normal to the axis to contact the actual surface of the part, with datum A specified at RMB in the feature control frame.

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Datum Center Plane

Elements on a rectangular, symmetrical part or feature can be located and dimensioned in relationship to a datum center plane. Axis and center plane datum feature symbols must align with or replace the dimension line arrowhead or be placed on the feature, leader shoulder, dimension line, or feature control frame. The representation and related meaning of datum center plane symbols are shown in Example 3-39.

Datum center plane

Datum center plane

The Drawing

Datum plane

Datum center plane

Datum center plane

Part

Datum center plane

Datum axis

Datum feature simulator

Example 3-39. Placement of center plane datum feature symbols.

The Meaning
Example 3-38. The movable datum target symbol can be used with a spherical diameter specied for the datum target size, and a circular phantom line is used to represent the spherical datum feature simulator.

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Datum center plane A

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Be sure you notice the difference between the datum feature symbol associated with the datum axis discussed earlier and the datum center plane. The drawings look similar. The datum axis is on a cylindrical feature such as an external shaft or an internal hole. Look carefully at the drawing views and notice that the cylindrical datum feature is dimensioned with a diameter (refer to Example 3-29). The datum center plane is the plane that splits a symmetrical feature such as a slot or tab. The dimension associated with the center plane datum does not have a diameter symbol because the feature is not round. The datum feature symbol is placed in one of the following ways. The symbol is centered on the opposite side of the dimension line arrowhead. The symbol replaces the dimension line and arrowhead when the dimension line is placed outside of the extension lines. The symbol is placed on a leader shoulder. The symbol is placed below and attached to the center of a feature control frame.

Part

Datum feature A

Datum feature simulator of datum feature A Parallel planes at maximum separation (RMB) Datum feature simulator

Simulated Datum Center Plane

The simulated datum center plane is the center plane of a perfect rectangular inspection device that contacts the datum feature surface. For an external datum feature, the datum center plane is established by two parallel planes at minimum separation, as shown in Example 3-40. For an internal datum feature, the datum center plane is established by two parallel planes at maximum separation, as shown in Example 3-41.
Datum feature simulator Part

Example 3-41. Simulated datum center plane for an internal datum feature.

The Center of a Pattern of Features as the Datum Axis

The center of a pattern of features, such as the holes in the part shown in Example 3-42, can be specified as the datum axis when the datum feature symbol is placed under and attached to the middle of the feature control frame. In this application, the datum axis is the center of the holes as a group. This will be discussed further in Chapter 7 in regard to location tolerances.

Datum feature A

Datum feature simulator of datum feature A Parallel planes at minimum separation (RMB) Datum axis B

Datum axis B Datum center plane A Datum feature simulator

Example 3-40. Simulated datum center plane for an external datum feature.

Example 3-42. The datum axis at the center of a pattern of features as a group.

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Secondary datum feature B

115

Applying a Translation Modifier to a Datum Reference

The translation modifier is added to the feature control frame following the datum feature reference and any other applicable modifiers. The translation modifier is used to specify that the basic location of the datum feature simulator is unlocked and free to translate within the specified geometric tolerance. Example 3-43 shows the translation modifier used in an application and the resulting datum reference frame.

Primary datum feature A

Tertiary datum feature C

Datum feature simulator of datum feature B Expanding cylinder perpendicular to datum plane A

A d lo jus ca ta ti bl on e

Translation modifier

Datum feature simulator of datum feature A

Datum feature simulator of datum feature C Expanding cylinder perpendicular to datum plane A Location distance adjustable from datum axis B Translation modifier

Datum axis B

Datum plane A

The Drawing
Example 3-43. Establishing a datum reference frame with a translation modier. (Continued)

Datum axis C Datum reference frame

The Meaning
Example 3-43. (Continued)

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Using a Contoured Surface as a Datum Feature

Some applications require a compound or contoured surface to be identified as a datum feature. The feature on the part containing the compound surface is defined by a three-dimensional mathematical coordinate system. In this application, the datum feature datum simulator results from the mathematical data and is used to establish the datum reference frame. Aligning the high points of the datum feature with its datum feature simulator restricts movement of the part to the datum reference frame. Example 3-44 shows the use of a contoured surface as a datum feature and the three-dimensional mathematical coordinate system. The phantom oval line is used to define the limit of the datum target area and the hatched area defines datum target area A1. The word TRUE is added before the dimension when the feature displayed on a 2D view is shown foreshortened. In this example, the holes are shown as ellipses and the note TRUE is added before the 6.0/6.1 dimension value, as in TRUE 6.0/6.1. The 10 mm basic dimension also has the note TRUE before it to clarify that it is the width of the datum target area, because it does not show true width in the displayed view. The note [BSC] placed in the feature control frames means that datum target area A1 is defined by the 3D CADD model as basic. See note 1 in the example referring to the model for complete product definition. In addition, there are basic dimensions from the origin of the mathematically defined data to locate the hole centers with the x, y, and z axis directions and coordinates. This is an example of using a mathematically defined feature or a contoured surface as a datum feature. A practical application is when a part is designed to copy the contours of an actual object that has few or no flat surfaces to use as datums. In this approach, a CADD model that defines the basic shape of the plate is used and the engineer applies a profile tolerance on the shape of the plate to control its size. The bottom surface is datum target area A, and the CADD model defines the basic location of the holes in the plate. A position tolerance relative to datum target area A on the holes is used to control the hole locations. This application has many uses for parts that are not square. Chapter 7 explains location tolerances.

Basic

All around

The Drawing
Origin of mathematically defined data

10 8X 5.85 (6.0-.15) MMB Datum feature simulator of datum feature B

Datum feature simulator of datum feature A fixed at basic Datum feature A must remain in contact with the simulated datum feature

The Meaning
Example 3-44. Establishing a contoured surface and a mathematically dened feature as a datum feature.

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Chapter Test
Name _________________________________

6. Describe the method used for datum feature identication. Indicate which letters cannot be used for datum identication and explain why they cannot be used. __ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 7. List at least ve items that can be considered as datum features on an object or part. 1) ____________________________________________________________________ 2) ____________________________________________________________________ 3) ____________________________________________________________________ 4) ____________________________________________________________________ 5) ____________________________________________________________________ 8. Identify the datum feature, the part, the simulated datum plane, the physical datum feature simulator, and the datum plane on the following illustration. B)

1. Dene datum. __________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 2. Dene datum feature. ___________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 3. Describe datum feature simulators. Include the term simulated datums in your description and give at least three examples of datum feature simulators used in manufacturing. _________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 4. Identify at least ve locations where a feature control frame can be placed on a drawing. 1) ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 2) ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 3) ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 4) ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 5) ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 5. Dene datum plane. _____________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ A)

C)

D)

E)

9. There are two types of datum feature simulators. Name and describe each type. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 10. Name at least four items that can be used as a datum feature simulator. 1) ____________________________________________________________________ 2) ____________________________________________________________________ 3) ____________________________________________________________________ 4) ____________________________________________________________________

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11. Identify at least three required conditions for datum feature simulators. 1) ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 2) ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 3) ____________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 12. Dene simulated datum. _________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 13. Dene actual mating envelope. ___________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 14. Dene tangent plane. ____________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 15. Given the following drawing and related meaning, ll in the blanks at Part I A and B and at Part II A, B, C, and D. Provide the actual dimensions as related to the drawing at Part II B, C, and D. A)

16. Name the three datums of a complete datum reference frame. ________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 17. When referring to the datum reference frame in the feature control frame, the ____________ datum is given rst followed by the ____________ and ____________ datums. This is known as the datum ____________. 18. Dene degrees of freedom. _______________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 19. Identify how many degrees of freedom are found on every part, and identify how many are translational and how many are rotational. ____________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 20. Dene translational. _____________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 21. Dene rotational. _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 22. Dene datum targets. ___________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 23. The primary datum plane must be established by at least ______ point(s) on the primary datum surface. 24. The secondary datum plane must be established by at least ______ point(s) on the secondary datum surface.

B)

Part I

25. The tertiary datum plane must be established by at least ______ point(s) on the tertiary datum surface. 26. How is a datum target area represented on a drawing?_______________________ _______________________________________________________________________ B) C) _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 27. The circular datum target area is dimensioned with ____________ dimensions or ____________ dimensions to locate the ____________ from datums and the diameter of the area is provided in the ____________ half of the datum target symbol.

A) D)

Part II

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Chapter 3 Datums 36. List at least ve ways the datum feature symbol can be placed on the drawing when the datum is an axis.

123

28. How are datum target areas treated on a drawing when the target area is too small to draw? __________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 29. Describe how to properly display the symbols for a circular datum target area, a square datum target area, a rectangular datum target area, and a spherical datum target area. ______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 30. What does a movable datum target symbol indicate? ________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 31. How are datum target lines represented on a drawing? ______________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 32. When a portion of a surface is used to establish a single datum, this is referred to as a(n) ____________ datum surface. 33. Two or more surfaces that are on the same plane are referred to as ____________ surfaces. 34. Depending on the functional requirements of a part, more than one datum reference frame can be established. This is referred to as a(n) ____________ datum reference frame. 35. Describe the basic function of the continuous feature symbol. _________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________

1) ____________________________________________________________________ 2) ____________________________________________________________________ 3) ____________________________________________________________________ 4) ____________________________________________________________________ 5) ____________________________________________________________________ 37. Label the elements A, B, C, and D below that represent the xture setup for a datum axis. This setup is for a datum feature at regardless of material boundary (RMB). A)

B)

C) D) 38. A primary datum axis can be established by two sets of three equally spaced target points. True or False? 39. Cylindrical datum target areas and circular datum target lines can be used to establish the datum axis of cylindrical shaped parts. True or False? 40. List at least three ways to place the datum feature symbol on the drawing for a datum center plane. 1) ____________________________________________________________________ 2) ____________________________________________________________________ 3) ____________________________________________________________________ 41. Explain the basic function of the translation modier. ________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________

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Chapter 3 Datums 43. Identify the items in the drawing below labeled A through C.

125

42. Identify the items in the drawing below labeled A through F. A) B) C)

A)

D) E) F)

B) C)

G)

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44. For the drawings below, identify on the blank lines (A through G) whether the datum feature symbols represent a datum surface, datum axis, or datum center plane.

45. Label the elements A, B, C, D, and E below that represent the xture setup for a datum center plane. This setup is for a datum feature at regardless of material boundary (RMB). B) A) C)

D)

E)

A)

B)

C)

D)

E)

F)

G)

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Print Reading Exercises

Name _________________________________

Refer to the print of the HUB-STATIONARY ATU found on page 419. 12. Describe Datum A. ______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 13. Describe Datum B. ______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 14. Describe Datum C. ______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 15. Give the dimension from Datum A to the left face of the part. _________________ 16. Give the horizontal and vertical location dimensions from Datum C to the six .352+.005/.001 holes. __________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________

The following print reading exercises use actual industry prints with related questions that require you to read specic dimensioning and geometric tolerancing representations. The answers should be based on previously learned content of this book. The prints used are based on ASME standards. However, company standards can differ slightly. When reading these prints, or any other industry prints, a degree of exibility is required to determine how individual applications correlate with the ASME standards. Refer to the print of the SLEEVE-DEWAR REIMAGING found on page 417. 1. Describe Datum A. ______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 2. Describe Datum B. ______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 3. Give the location dimension of the .107.001 hole from Datum A. ____________ Refer to the print of the BRACKET found on page 418. 4. Identify the datums that make up the primary datum reference frame. _________ _______________________________________________________________________ 5. Describe Datum D. ______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 6. Identify the primary, secondary, and tertiary datum references associated with the positional geometric tolerance placed with the .875.005 dimension: Primary _______________________________________________________________ Secondary _____________________________________________________________ Tertiary ________________________________________________________________ 7. Give the location dimensions to the three .437.005 holes from Datum C. _______________________________________________________________________ 8. Give the location dimensions to the three .437.005 holes from Datum B. _______________________________________________________________________ 9. Give the location dimensions to the four .187.003 holes from Datum A. _______________________________________________________________________ 10. Give the location dimensions to the four .187.003 holes from Datum C. _______________________________________________________________________ 11. Are the location dimensions in question 7 placed using baseline or chain dimensioning? _______________________________________________________________________

Refer to the print of the PEDAL-ACCELERATOR found on page 420. 17. How many points of contact are used to establish the following datums? Datum A ______, Datum B ______ , Datum C ______. 18. Identify the following items for each of the datum target areas: the datum reference, specied number on the datum, and the area size and shape. ________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 19. What is the distance between datum target points B-1 and B-2? _______________ 20. What does the box around the 74.00 dimension mean? _______________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 21. Describe Datum D. ______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 22. Give the location dimensions between the datum target areas A1 and A2. _______________________________________________________________________ 23. Give the location dimensions between the datum target area A1 and datum target point A3. _________________________________________________________ 24. Give the location dimensions between the datum target points A3 and C1. _______________________________________________________________________

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25. Give the location dimensions between the datum target points B1, B2, and C1. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Refer to the print of the DOUBLE V-BLOCK found on page 424. 26. Identify the datum reference frame. _______________________________________ 27. Describe Datum D. ______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 28. Give the dimension from Datum C to the bottom of the 1.60 wide slot. _______________________________________________________________________ 29. Give the location dimension to the 12.70/12.65 feature from Datum B. _______________________________________________________________________ 30. Give the location dimension to the 12.70/12.65 feature from Datum C. _______________________________________________________________________ Refer to the print of the BRACKET ASSY-EL GIMBAL found on page 429. 31. Give the location dimension from Datum D to the three .109+.004/.001 COUNTERSINK .172100 features. ______________________________________ 32. Describe Datum B. ______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 33. Describe Datum C. ______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 34. What is the wall thickness of the material? _________________________________ 35. Give the vertical location dimension from Datum B to the three .086-56UNC-2B features. _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Refer to the print of the FEMORAL A-P SAW GUIDE STD. found on page 430. 36. Describe Datum A. ______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 37. Describe Datum B. ______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 38. Describe Datum C. ______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________

39. What is the relationship between Datums A, B, and C? _______________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Refer to the print of the FEMORAL BEVEL CUTTER found on page 431. 40. Describe Datum A. ______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 41. Describe Datum B. ______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Refer to the print of the CEMENT RESTRICTOR found on page 432. 42. Describe Datum A. ______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 43. Describe Datum B. ______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 44. Describe Datum C. ______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Refer to the print of the SAW GUIDE FIXATION BLOCK found on page 433. 45. Describe Datum A. ______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 46. Describe Datum B. ______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 47. Describe Datum C. ______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 48. Describe Datum D. ______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 49. Describe Datum E. ______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 50. Describe the use of the note 2X INDIVIDUALLY placed below the feature control frame for the .193+.005/.000 feature. _____________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________

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Refer to the print of the STANDARD REAMER GUIDE found on page 434. 51. Describe Datum A. ______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 52. Describe Datum B. ______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________