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GRANULARITY LEVEL

UMTS NETWORK

MOBILE TERMINAL

TELETRAFFIC CHARACTERISTICS

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(3.2)

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Vhuylfh dvshfwv Wkh frqvlghuhg qhwzrun vhuyhv fdoov ri d vlqjoh w|sh +hlwkhu vshhfk ru ylghr whohskrq|,/ wkdw duh jhqhudwhg dffruglqj wr d vsdwldoo| xqlirup Srlvvrq duulydo surfhvv dw d jlyhq qrplqdo udwh ri r fdoov2vhfrqg2np5 / dqg kdyh h{srqhqwldoo| glvwulexwhg fdoo gxudwlrqv zlwk phdq 4 1 Wkh qrplqdo wud!f ordg/ h{suhvvhg lq Huodqj2np5 / lv htxdo wr r  r @1 Doo whuplqdov duh dvvxphg wr kdyh d xqlirup yhorflw| y zklfk lv hlwkhu 6> 83 ru 453 np2k4 / dqg pryh lq vwudljkw exw udqgrp gluhfwlrq1 Wkh vhuylfh0 dqg yhorflw|0vshflf vljqdo0wr0lqwhuihuhqfh udwlr +vlu, wdujhw lv ghqrwhg +He @Q3 ,B / zkloh wkh fruuhvsrqglqj fduulhu0wr0lqwhuihuhqfh y
4 Vwulfwo|

vshdnlqj/ wkh suhvhqwhg dssurdfk grhv qrw uhtxluh wkh whuplqdo yhorflwlhv wr eh ghwhuplqlvwlf/ dv wkh hhfw ri 

lqfoxghg rqo| lq wkh

phdq

ydoxh ri wkh

udqgrp

lv

fhoo uhvlghqfh wlphv1

udwlr +flu, wdujhw lv ghqrwhg

B y

 j 4 +He @Q3 ,y / zlwk j wkh vhuylfh0vshflf surfhvvlqj jdlq1 Wkh vlu wdujhw
B

ydoxhv fruuhvsrqg zlwk wkh lqfoxghg eohu wdujhw ydoxhv1 Wkh fdoo dfwlylw| idfwru lv ghqrwhg e| 1 Wdeoh 4 vxppdulvhv wkh uhohydqw vhuylfh sdudphwhuv1 Wkh sdudphwhuv duh edvhg rq wkh hydoxdwlrq uhsruw ri wkh 0 sursrvdo ^57`/ dv lw suryhg d ydoxdeoh vrxufh iru wkh dvvxphg vhuylfh dqg yhorflw|0ghshqghqw vlu wdujhw ydoxhv +vwloo vrph h{wudsrodwlrq zdv uhtxluhg,1 4  v|vwhp fkls udwh lqirupdwlrq elw udwh j +He @Qr ,B 6 B +He @Qr ,83 +He @Qr ,B 453 eohuB vshhfk 433 vhfrqgv 3=7 6=;7 Pfsv 45=5 nesv 647=:8 436 6=6 gE 7=3 gE 8=3 gE ylghr 433 vhfrqgv 4=3 6=;7 Pfsv 6;7 nesv 439 5=5 gE 5=9 gE 6=4 gE 43

Wdeoh 4= Vhuylfh fkdudfwhulvwlfv1

Frpphqwv Lq rughu wr sxw wkh qxphulfdo uhvxowv suhvhqwhg lq Vhfwlrq : lq wkh surshu shuvshfwlyh/ lw lv lpsruwdqw wr hoderudwh rq wkh lpshuihfwlrqv ri wkh frqvlghuhg prgho/ zklfk duh +reylrxvo|, xqiruwxqdwh |hw qhfhvdu| wr doorz dqdo|wlfdo wuhdwphqw dqg wkxv nhhs wkh frpsxwdwlrqdo h{shqvhv zlwklq uhdvrqdeoh olplwv1 Iru lqvwdqfh/ wkh w|slfdo sk|vlfdo od|hu dvvxpswlrqv uhjduglqj shuihfw srzhu frqwuro/ wkh vlpsolflw| ri wkh sursdjdwlrq prgho dqg wkh devhqfh ri vorz dqg idvw idglqj fohduo| |lhog olplwhg dffxudf|1 Ixuwkhupruh/ wkh dvvxpswlrq wkdw doo whuplqdov pryh lq d vwudljkw olqh zlwk d xqlirup dqg {hg yhorflw| lv qrw shuihfwo| ydolg lq d uhdo qhwzrun1 Dv d frqvhtxhqfh ri vlpsolfdwlrqv vxfk dv wkhvh/ wkh devroxwh ydoxhv ri wkh qxphulfdo uhvxowv kdyh olplwhg ydolglw|/ zklfk lq idfw lv wuxh iru hyhq wkh prvw ghwdlohg vlpxodwlrq vwxglhv hqfrxqwhuhg lq wkh olwhudwxuh1 Zh vwuhvv/ krzhyhu/ wkdw lqfrusrudwlqj pruh uhdolvwlf ghwdlo lqwr wkh prgho suhfoxghv dqdo|wlfdo wuhdwphqw |hw uhtxluhv pruh wlph0frqvxplqj g|qdplf vlpxodwlrqv1 Wklv zrxog fdxvh wkh douhdg| lqwhqvlyh vhdufk iru wkh rswlpdo vwhhulqj sdudphwhuv wr ehfrph lqdffhswdeo| vorz1 Dv lv wkh udlvrq g*wuh ri yluwxdoo| doo dqdo|wlfdo vwxglhv irxqg lq wklv hog/ wkh qxphulfdo lqdffxudflhv duh rxwzhljkhg e| wkh hqkdqfhg txdolwdwlyh lqvljkw wkdw lv jhqhudwhg e| wuxo| rswlpl}lqj wkh frqvlghuhg udglr qhwzrun1 Wklv doorzv xv wr lghqwli| whuplqdo prelolw| dv d nh| surshuw| lq wkh qhwzrun sodqqlqj surfhvv dqg lqglfdwh wkh erwwrp olqh lpsdfw ri +glv,uhjduglqj wklv surshuw|1

V|vwhp fdsdflw|

D fgpd qhwzrun lv fkdudfwhulvhg e| vriw fdsdflw| lq wkh vhqvh wkdw wkhuh lv qr kdug olplw rq wkh qxpehu ri frqfxuuhqw fdoov wkdw fdq eh doorzhg1 Dowkrxjk lw lv lq sulqflsoh dozd|v srvvleoh wr dgplw dq dgglwlrqdo fdoo wr d fgpd qhwzrun/ wklv h{lelolw| frphv dw d frvw ri d judfhixo ghjudgdwlrq ri wkh udglr olqn txdolwlhv +trv/ eohu, ri h{lvwlqj fdoov1 Lq sudfwlfh/ d qhwzrun rshudwru zloo srvh d plqlpxp uhtxluhphqw rq wkh udglr olqn txdolw| ri dfwlyh fdoov zklfk lqgxfhv wkh qhhg iru fdoo dgplvvlrq frqwuro/ wkxv frqyhuwlqj vriw lqwr kdug fdsdflw|1 Frqvlghu qhwzrun vwdwh +qu > qd , dv vhhq iurp d uhihuhqfh fhoo zkhuh qu dqg qd ghqrwh wkh +djjuhjdwh, qxpehu ri fdoov lq wkh uhihuhqfh dqg dgmdfhqw fhoov/ uhvshfwlyho| +rqo| dgmdfhqw0fhoo lqwhuihuhqfh lv wdnhq lqwr dffrxqw,1 9

Wkh trv h{shulhqfhg e| wkh fdoov lq wkh uhihuhqfh fhoo lv ghqhg e| wkh rxwdjh suredelolw| Sr +qu > qd ,/ l1h1 wkh suredelolw| wkdw dq dfwlyh fdoo grhv qrw phhw lwv vlu wdujhw1 Lq rughu wr ghulyh dq h{suhvvlrq iru Sr +qu > qd ,/ wkh dprxqw ri lqwhuihuhqfh h{shulhqfhg lq wkh uhihuhqfh fhoo iurp wkh qd fdoov lq wkh dgmdfhqw fhoov lv zhoo0 dssur{lpdwhg zlwk d Jdxvvldq glvwulexwhg udqgrp yduldeoh Ld +qd , wdnlqj lqwr dffrxqw udqgrpqhvv fdxvhg e| whuplqdo orfdwlrq dqg fdoo dfwlylw| +vhh h1j1 ^:/ ;`,1 Wkh phdq dqg yduldqfh ri Ld +qd , duh uhdglo| ghwhuplqhg xvlqj vwdqgdug whfkqltxhv +vhh Dsshqgl{ D,/ + Q +3=3<38 qd > 3=3;36 qd , iru  @ 3=7 Ld +qd ,  > Q +3=5596 qd > 3=49<< qd , iru  @ 4=3 xvlqj  @ 6=97 dqg wkh frqvlghuhg wruxv0vkdshg qhwzrun prgho zlwk P @ 51 Jlyhq qu uhihuhqfh fhoo/ wkh dprxqw ri lqwud0fhoo lqwhuihuhqfh Lu +qu lv htxdo wr wkh elqrpldoo| glvwulexwhg qxpehu ri lqwhuihulqj fdoov lq wkh uhihuhqfh fhoo/ Lu +qu 4,  Elq +qu 4> , >

+4, 4 rwkhu fdoov lq wkh

4, h{shulhqfhg e| d jlyhq fdoo lq wkh uhihuhqfh fhoo

dv d uhvxow ri wkh udqgrp fdoo dfwlylw|1 Wkh rxwdjh suredelolw| lv wkhq ghwhuplqhg e| frqglwlrqlqj rq wkh qxpehu ri dfwlyh fdoov lq wkh uhihuhqfh fhoo/  4 B Sr +qu > qd , @ Su ? y Lu +qu 4, . Ld +qd , qu 4   [ qu 4 3 3 @ qu +4 ,qu qu >5 + B ,4 y 3 qu q3 @3 u 

 q3 > u

zkhuh >5 + , ghqrwhv wkh frpsolphqwdu| Jdxvvldq fxpxodwlyh ghqvlw| ixqfwlrq/ zlwk phdq  dqg yduldqfh  5 wdnhq iurp +4,1 Iru vshhfk fdoov zlwk yhorflw| y @ 453 np2k/ Iljxuh 714 vkrzv Sr +qu > qd , dv d ixqfwlrq ri qu dqg qd / zkloh Iljxuh 715 vkrzv wkh lvr0rxwdjh fxuyhv dw ohyhov 4(> 43(> 83(> <3( dqg <<(1
1500

aggregate # calls in adjacent cells

outage probability

1000

500

aggregate # calls in adjacent cells

# calls in reference cell

50

100

150

200

250

300

# calls in reference cell

(4.1)

(4.2)

Iljxuh 7= Rxwdjh suredelolw| S r +qd /qu , iru wkh vshhfk vhuylfh dqg yhorflw| y @ 453 np2k1 Srvlqj dq rshudwru0vshflhg pd{lpxp rq wkh doorzhg rxwdjh suredelolw| ri 4( hqdeohv xv wr frqyhuw wkh fgpd0vshflf vriw fdsdflw| lqwr d kdug fdsdflw|/ dv wkh fruuhvsrqglqj lvr0rxwdjh fxuyh vshflhv d vhw ri ihdvleoh sdluv +qu > qd ,/ zklfk lv zhoo0dssur{lpdwhg zlwk d olqhdu lqhtxdolw| ri wkh irup u qu . d qd  4/ zkhuh u +d , ghqrwhv wkh hhfwlyh lqwhuihuhqfh ri d fdoo lq wkh uhihuhqfh +dgmdfhqw, fhoo/ uhvshfwlyho|1 Dsso|lqj wklv lqhtxdolw| :

wr hdfk fhoo dv d uhihuhqfh fhoo/ |lhogv dq P 5 0glphqvlrqdo vwdwh vsdfh ri ihdvleoh v|vwhp vwdwhv V  iq  +q4 > > qP 5 , 5 QP = ql u . 3
5

[
m

5Dl

qm d  4> l @ 4>

> P 5 j>

zkhuh ql ghqrwhv wkh qxpehu ri fdoov lq fhoo l/ dqg Dl lv wkh vhw ri fhoov dgmdfhqw wr fhoo l1 Wdeoh 5 frqwdlqv wkh hhfwlyh lqwhuihuhqfh ydoxhv iru erwk vhuylfhv dqg doo wkuhh whuplqdo yhorflwlhv +P @ 5,1 Qrwh wkdw wkh hhfwlyh lqwhuihuhqfh ri d ylghr fdoo lv vljqlfdqwo| odujhu wkdq wkdw ri d vshhfk fdoo/ zklfk uh hfwv wkh idfw wkdw ylghr fdoov uhtxluh kljkhu elw udwhv dqg kdyh d kljkhu fdoo dfwlylw| idfwru1 Dv d uhvxow/ ihzhu ylghr fdoov fdq eh dgplwwhg wr wkh qhwzrun1 Ixuwkhupruh/ wkh hhfwlyh lqwhuihuhqfh lv lqfuhdvlqj lq wkh whuplqdo yhorflw|/ dv d uhvxow ri wkh kljkhu vlu uhtxluhphqw1 vshhfk y 6 np2k 83 np2k 453 np2k u 3=33647<::<: 3=336:77864< 3=337;35:38: d 3=333:675477 3=333;:7;<39 3=33445:6<8: u 3=499999999: 3=4;365:;9;< 3=5333333333 ylghr d 3=3:5796:9;4 3=3;4<9:5464 3=4333333333

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Shuirupdqfh rswlplvdwlrq

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 jlyhq fhoo udglxv U +lq phwhuv, dqg wkh qrplqdo iuhvk fdoo duulydo udwh ri r fdoov2vhfrqg2p5 / wkh iuhvk s fdoo duulydo udwh shu +kh{djrqdo, fhoo lv htxdo wr +r > U, @ 6 r U5 6> wkh rhuhg wud!f ordg lv jlyhq e| 5 +r > U,  +r > U,@>  fdoo gxudwlrqv duh dvvxphg wr eh h{srqhqwldoo| glvwulexwhg zlwk phdq 4 / vr wkdw wkh fdoo whuplqdwlrq udwh lv htxdo wr >  y ;  fhoo uhvlghqfh wlphv duh dvvxphg wr eh h{srqhqwldoo|5 glvwulexwhg zlwk phdq 6; U  6=9 zkhuh 6 U lv wkh dyhudjh wudyhuvhg glvwdqfh ri d udqgrpo| orfdwhg xvhu wr wkh hgjh ri lwv fhoo +vhh Dsshqgl{ E,/ vr wkdw wkh fdoo0vshflf kdqgryhu uhtxhvw udwh/ ghqrwhg +y> U,/ lv htxdo wr wkh uhflsurfdo ri wkh phdq/ wr eh hyhqo| vsolw ryhu wkh wkuhh srvvleoh wdujhw fhoov/ l1h1 +y> U, @ + y, @ +5;=; U,1 Iru q> q3 5 V/ wkh Pdunry fkdlq*v wudqvlwlrq udwhv duh dv iroorzv= ;   A li q3 @ q . hl dqg q 5 VB > iru vrph l 5 4> > P5 > +r > U, A l ?   S T+q> q3 , @  ql . m = qhl .hm 5V +y> U, ql li q3 @ q hl > iru vrph l 5 4> > P5 > @ A   A = +y> U, q li q3 @ q h . h > iru vrph l> m 5 4> > P5 >
l l

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q5VqVB 5 P

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> P j/ zkhuh wkh odvw htxdolw| uh hfwv wkdw wkh qhwzrun0zlgh eorfnlqj suredelolw| lv htxdo wr

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txdolwdwlyh

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<

Lw lv vwuhvvhg wkdw Sg lv qrw htxdo wr wkh suredelolw| wkdw dq lqflghqwdo kdqgryhu uhtxhvw lv uhmhfwhg1 Vlqfh kdqgryhu uhtxhvwv duh qrw jhqhudwhg dffruglqj wr d Srlvvrq surfhvv +wkh kdqgryhu udwhv duh vwdwh ghshqghqw,/ wkh sdvwd surshuw| fdqqrw eh dssolhg wr ghwhuplqh Sg 1 Lqvwhdg wkh gursslqj suredelolw| Sg lv d Sdop suredelolw| dvvrfldwhg zlwk wkh surfhvv frxqwlqj wkh wudqvlwlrqv lq zklfk d fdoo ghsduwv iurp wkh v|vwhp +vhh h1j1 ^55`,1 Ohw O eh wkh vhw frqwdlqlqj wkhvh vwdwh wudqvlwlrqv/ l1h1  O  +q> q3 , 5 V V = q3 @ q  hl > iru vrph l 5 4> > P5  =

O frqwdlqv fdoo ghsduwxuh hyhqwv wkdw duh lqgxfhg e| hlwkhu d vxffhvvixo fdoo whuplqdwlrq/ ghqrwhg hyhqw w|sh V ru e| d gursshg fdoo/ ghqrwhg hyhqw w|sh G1 Wkh suredelolw| ri vxffhvvixo whuplqdwlrq lv wkhq htxdo wr wkh Sdop suredelolw| Su iV m Oj ri hyhqw V jlyhq wkdw dq O0wudqvlwlrq rffxuv/ zkloh wkh gursslqj suredelolw| lv htxdo wr wkh Sdop suredelolw| Su iG m Oj ri hyhqw G jlyhq wkdw dq O0wudqvlwlrq rffxuv1 Wr frpsxwh wkhvh Sdop suredelolwlhv/ ohw (v +q> q3 , dqg (g +q> q3 , ghqrwh wkh uhvshfwlyh udwhv dw zklfk vxf0 fhvvixo fdoo whuplqdwlrq dqg fdoo gursslqj fdxvh d jlyhq wudqvlwlrq +q> q3 , 5 O zlwk q3 @ q (v +q> q3 , @  ql > [ (g +q> q3 , @ +y> U, ql = m = qhl .hm 5V @ Wkh Sdop suredelolw| Su iV m Oj lv wkhq frpsxwhg dv wkh udwlr ri wkh udwh dw zklfk wkh hyhqwv ri w|sh V rffxu dqg wkdw dw zklfk jhqhudo fdoo ghsduwxuh hyhqwv rffxu +vhh h1j1 ^55`,= S 3 +q>q3 ,5O +q, (v +q> q , Sv @ Su iV m Oj @ S > 3 3 +q>q3 ,5O +q, +(v +q> q , . (g +q> q ,, zkloh wkh Sdop suredelolw| Su iG m Oj lv jlyhq e| dq htxlydohqw udwlr= S 3 +q>q3 ,5O +q, (g +q> q , > Sg @ Su iG m Oj @ S 3 3 +q>q3 ,5O +q, +(v +q> q , . (g +q> q ,, zkhuh reylrxvo| Sg @ 4 Sv 1 Lq d gluhfw lqwhusuhwdwlrq ri wkh deryh h{suhvvlrq wkh gursslqj suredelolw| lv ghqhg dv wkh iudfwlrq ri ghsduwlqj fdoov wkdw whuplqdwh gxh wr fdoo gursslqj1 Qhwzrun rswlplvdwlrq Iru jlyhq hqylurqphqw sdudphwhuv r > > y> dqg vwhhulqj sdudphwhuv U dqg UUU/ wkh shuirupdqfh phdvxuhv Se dqg Sg fdq qrz eh fdofxodwhg1 Dv wkh rxwdjh uhtxluhphqw SB lv douhdg| phw r e| dq dssursuldwh fkrlfh ri wkh vwdwh vsdfh V/ wkh uhgxfhg remhfwlyh ri d qhwzrun rshudwru lv wr plqlplvh wkh lqyhvwphqw frvwv/ l1h1 wr pd{lplvh U/ vxfk wkdw lwv eorfnlqj dqg gursslqj suredelolw| wdujhwv/ ghqrwhg SB dqg e SB / uhvshfwlyho|/ duh phw/ zkhuh UUU lv xwlolvhg wr edodqfh Se dqg Sg dssursuldwho|1 Vwdwhg irupdoo|= g remhfwlyh= pd{ U vxemhfw wr Se  SB dqg Sg  SB = e g hl / l1h1

Dq lwhudwlyh surfhgxuh lv lpsohphqwhg wr dfklhyh wklv remhfwlyh dqg ghwhuplqh wkh rswlpdo vhwwlqjv ri wkh vwhhulqj sdudphwhuv1 Frqvlvwlqj ri dq rxwhu vkhoo wr dgmxvw fhoo udglxv U dqg dq lqqhu vkhoo wr dgmxvw uhvhuydwlrq ohyho UUU/ wkh surfhgxuh ghfuhdvhv dq lqlwldoo| odujh fhoo udglxv xqwlo d uhvhuydwlrq ohyho fdq eh irxqg vxfk wkdw erwk shuirupdqfh uhtxluhphqwv duh vdwlvhg1 Dowkrxjk vwdqgdug elvhfwlrq phwkrgv fdqqrw eh dssolhg lq ghwhuplqlqj wkh rswlpdo fhoo udglxv/ gxh wr wkh idfw wkdw Sg lv qrw prqrwrqrxv lq U +vhh ehorz,/ wkh surfhgxuh fdq eh vshg xs vljqlfdqwo| e| lqwhooljhqwo| fkrrvlqj lqlwldo ydoxhv iru U1

43

Qxphulfdo uhvxowv

Wklv vhfwlrq suhvhqwv wkh uhvxowv ri d qxphulfdo vwxg| lqwr wkh lpsdfw ri whuplqdo prelolw| rq xpwv qhwzrun sodqqlqj1 Dv wkh sulpdu| sxusrvh ri wklv vwxg| lv wr surylgh txdolwdwlyh lqvljkw/ frqvlghudwlrq ri d 5 5 qhwzrun vx!fhv/ dv lw fdswxuhv wkh sulqflsdo ihdwxuhv ri wkh xpwv qhwzrun wkdw duh uhohydqw iru rxu lqyhvwljdwlrq/ l1h1 lqwhu0 fhooxodu lqwhuihuhqfh dqg whuplqdo prelolw|1 Dq lpsolhg dgydqwdjh lv wkdw ri uhgxfhg frpsxwdwlrqdo frpsoh{lw|1 D glvwlqfwlrq lv pdgh ehwzhhq wkuhh fdvhv uhjduglqj wkh lqvwuxphqwv dqg nqrzohgjh dydlodeoh wr wkh qhwzrun rshudwru=  wkh rswlpdo shuirupdqfh lv ghwhuplqhg dvvxplqj wkh dydlodelolw| ri erwk U dqg UUU dv rswlplvdwlrq sdudphwhuv/ zkloh wkh rshudwru lv dvvxphg wr kdyh shuihfw nqrzohgjh uhjduglqj wkh whuplqdo yhorflw| lq lwv qhwzrun>  d vxerswlpdo shuirupdqfh lv ghwhuplqhg dvvxplqj wkh uhvwulfwhg dydlodelolw| ri rqo| U dv dq rswlplvdwlrq sdudphwhu/ lq rughu wr lqglfdwh wkh v|vwhp shuirupdqfh ghjudgdwlrq lq fdvh dq rshudwru qhjohfwv wr ghsor| dq dssursuldwh udglr uhvrxufh uhvhuydwlrq vfkhph> dv deryh/ wkh rshudwru lv dvvxphg wr kdyh shuihfw nqrzohgjh uhjduglqj wkh whuplqdo yhorflw| lq lwv qhwzrun>  d vhqvlwlylw| dqdo|vlv lv frqgxfwhg/ lq rughu wr lqglfdwh wkh lpsdfw ri d idovh dvvxpswlrq uhjduglqj whuplqdo prelolw|> lq wklv fdvh U dqg UUU duh rswlplvhg iru d +vxssrvhg, whuplqdo yhorflw| ri 6 np2k/ zkloh wkh v|vwhp shuirupdqfh lv hydoxdwhg iru dq +dfwxdo, whuplqdo yhorflw| ri y zklfk lv hlwkhu 6> 83 ru 453 np2k> wklv dqdo|vlv txdqwlhv d wudghr ehwzhhq lqyhvwphqw frvw vdylqjv yhuvxv shuirupdqfh ghjudgdwlrq1 Wkh qxphulfdo uhvxowv duh suhvhqwhg lq judskv ehorz/ ghslfwlqj wkh +vxe,rswlpdo vhwwlqj ri wkh vwhhulqj sdudp0 hwhuv U dqg UUU/ wkh fruuhvsrqglqj qhwzrun lqyhvwphqw frvwv/ dqg wkh fruuhvsrqglqj eorfnlqj dqg gursslqj suredelolwlhv zlwk uhvshfwlyh wdujhw ydoxhv SB @ 4( dqg SB @ 3=4(/ doo vkrzq dv d ixqfwlrq ri wkh qrplqdo e g wud!f ordg r +lq Huodqj2np5 ,1 Jlyhq fhoo udglxv U +lq np,/ wkh fruuhvsrqglqj qhwzrun lqyhvwphqw frvwv duh ghulyhg frqvlghulqj d jlyhq duhd wkdw qhhgv wr eh fryhuhg= lqyhvwphqw frvwv @ qhwzrun vhuylfh duhd fhoo vhuylfh duhd 74865 frvw shu edvh vwdwlrq @ 6 s 5 6 5U '93333>

zkhuh 74865 np5 lv wkh wrwdo duhd ri Wkh Qhwkhuodqgv/ xvhg dv dq h{dpsoh/ dqg '93333 lv wkh dvvxphg frvw shu edvh vwdwlrq1 Sulru wr wkh suhvhqwdwlrq dqg glvfxvvlrq ri wkh qxphulfdo uhvxowv iru wkh wkuhh fdvhv ghqhg deryh/ vrph lqvljkwixo uhvxowv duh surylghg lq rughu wr ghprqvwudwh wkh lpsdfw ri wkh fhoo udglxv rq wkh gursslqj suredelolw|1 Wklv uhodwlrq wxuqv rxw wr eh qrq0prqrwrqrxv/ zklfk suhfoxghv d vwudljkwiruzdug dqg h!flhqw elvhfwlrqdo vhdufk iru wkh rswlpdo vwhhulqj sdudphwhu+v, U +dqg UUU,1 Wkh lpsdfw ri wkh fhoo udglxv rq wkh gursslqj suredelolw| Dv zdv dujxhg lq Vhfwlrq 6/ rq rqh kdqg ghqvhu vlwh sodqqlqj +l1h1 d vpdoohu udglxv U, uhgxfhv wkh wud!f ordg +r > U, shu fhoo dqg frqvhtxhqwo| wkh qxpehu ri fdoov uhtxhvwlqj d kdqgryhu> zkloh rq wkh rwkhu kdqg/ lw uhgxfhv wkh fhoo uhvlghqfh wlph shu fdoo/ wkxv lqfuhdvlqj wkh fdoo0vshflf kdqgryhu uhtxhvw udwh +y> U,1 Wkh qhw hhfw ghshqgv rq h1j1 wkh qrplqdo wud!f ordg r / wkh xqlirup whuplqdo yhorflw| y/ dqg wkh udglr uhvrxufh uhvhuydwlrq ohyho UUU1 Iru wkh ylghr vhuylfh/ Iljxuh 814 vkrzv Sg dv d ixqfwlrq ri wkh fhoo udglxv U iru y 5 i6> 83> 453j np2k1 Zlwk uhjdugv wr wkh wzr rssrvlwh hhfwv ghvfulehg deryh/ wkh jxuh looxvwudwhv wkdw xs wr d vr0fdoohg euhdn0hyhq fhoo udglxv UB wkh iruphu hhfw grplqdwhv/ l1h1 dq lqfuhdvh ri wkh fhoo udglxv dqg wkh fruuhvsrqglqj kljkhu wud!f ordg lqgxfhv kljkhu djjuhjdwh kdqgryhu uhtxhvw udwhv/ zkhuhdv eh|rqg UB wkh odwwhu hhfw grplqdwhv/ l1h1 wkh 44

Dropping probabilities
20% 20%

Dropping probabilities
PrDrop (rho = 0.0078125) PrDrop (v = 3) PrDrop (rho = 0.015625) PrDrop (rho = 0.03125) PrDrop (rho = 0.0625)
8%

16%

16%

dropping probability

12%

dropping probability

12%

PrDrop (v = 50)
8%

PrDrop (rho = 0.125) PrDrop (rho = 0.25) PrDrop (rho = 0.5)

4%

PrDrop (v = 120)

4%

0% 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

0% 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

cell radius

cell radius

(5.1)

(5.2)

Iljxuh 8= Wkh lpsdfw ri wkh fhoo udglxv rq wkh gursslqj suredelolw| iru glhuhqw whuplqdo yhorflwlhv ru qrplqdo wud!f ordgv1 lqfuhdvhg fhoo uhvlghqfh wlphv rxwzhljk wkh lqfuhdvh ri wkh wud!f ordg1 Dv U $ 4/ wkh fdoo0vshflf kdqgryhu uhtxhvw udwh dssurdfkhv }hur/ zkloh wkh qxpehu ri fdoov suhvhqw lq wkh v|vwhp frqyhujhv wr wkh ghwhuplqlvwlf vkrzv wkh lqwxlwlyho| fohdu uhvxow wkdw wkh gursslqj suredelolw| lv juhdwhu iru kljkhu whuplqdo yhorflwlhv1 3=458> 3=58> 3=8j Huodqj2np5 +ylghr vhuylfh,1 Zkloh lw lv reylrxv wkdw dq lqfuhdvhg qrplqdo wud!f ordg ohdgv wr kljkhu gursslqj suredelolwlhv/ lw dovr dsshduv wr orzhu wkh euhdn0hyhq fhoo udglxv UB 1 Wklv fdq eh xqghuvwrrg dv iroorzv1 Frqvlghu h1j1 wkh fxuyh iru r @ 3=8 Huodqj2np5 1 Dv U lqfuhdvhv wrzdugv UB +3=8,  5333/ wkh gursslqj suredelolw| jrhv xs gxh wr dq lqfuhdvh lq wkh +rhuhg, wud!f ordg  wkdw rxwzhljkv wkh hhfw fdxvhg e| d uhgxfwlrq lq wkh fdoo0vshflf kdqgryhu uhtxhvw udwh +y> U,1 Zkhuhdv lqlwldoo|/ l1h1 iru orz U/ wkh fduulhg wud!f ordg jurzv doprvw lq olqh zlwk wkh rhuhg wud!f ordg/ dv U lqfuhdvhv/ wkh jurzwk ri wkh fduulhg wud!f ordg lv uhgxfhg gxh wr dq lqfuhdvlqj iuhvk fdoo eorfnlqj suredelolw|1 Lq sduwlfxodu/ iru U A UB +3=8,/ wkh frqwlqxlqj uhgxfwlrq ri wkh fdoo0vshflf kdqgryhu uhtxhvw udwh +y> U, ehfrphv grplqdqw dqg wkh gursslqj suredelolw| ghfuhdvhv frqvhtxhqwo|1 Qrz frqvlghu wkh fdvh zlwk d orzhu qrplqdo wud!f ordg/ h1j1 r @ 3=33:;4581 Zkloh wkh fdoo0vshflf kdqgryhu uhtxhvw udwh +y> U, lv lqghshqghqw ri r dqg wkxv ghfuhdvhv zlwk U lq wkh vdph zd| dv lw grhv iru r @ 3=8/ wkh fduulhg ordg frqwlqxhv wr lqfuhdvh vljqlfdqwo| zlwk U zhoo eh|rqg UB +3=8,/ lq dffrugdqfh zlwk wkh pruh vorzo| lqfuhdvlqj iuhvk fdoo eorfnlqj suredelolw|1 Lw lv wkhuhiruh qrw vxusulvlqj wkdw wkh fruuhvsrqglqj euhdn0hyhq fhoo udglxv UB +3=33:;458, A UB +3=8,/ ru pruh jhqhudoo|/ wkdw UB +r , A UB +3 , li r r ? 3 1 r Rswlpdo shuirupdqfh +U dqg UUU, Iru erwk vshhfk dqg ylghr fdoov/ d udqjh ri qrplqdo wud!f ordgv r dqg wkuhh glhuhqw whuplqdo yhorflwlhv +6> 83 dqg 453 np2k, zlwk wkh fruuhvsrqglqj vlu uhtxluhphqwv/ wkh rswlpdo fhoo udglxv U dqg uhvhuydwlrq ohyho UUU duh ghwhuplqhg dqg ghslfwhg lq Iljxuhv 9 dqg :1 Wkh qxphulfdo uhvxowv iru wkh vshhfk vhuylfh kdyh ehhq rewdlqhg e| phdqv ri Pdunry fkdlq vlpxodwlrq/ udwkhu wkdq fdofxodwlrq +zklfk lv xvhg iru wkh ylghr vhuylfh,/ gxh wr wkh h{wuhph frpsxwdwlrqdo h{shqvhv1 <8( frqghqfh lqwhuydov kdyh ehhq ghwhuplqhg iru wkhvh vlpxodwlrq uhvxowv/ zlwk d uhodwlyh suhflvlrq qrw zruvh wkdq 7( iru Se dqg 9( iru Sg 1 Wkh vdph rswlplvdwlrq surfhgxuh kdv ehhq dssolhg wr erwk wkh vshhfk dqg ylghr vhuylfhv1 Dvlgh iurp wkh xqvxusulvlqj uhvxow wkdw wkh rswlpdo fhoo udglxv lv ghfuhdvlqj lq erwk wkh wud!f ordg r dqg wkh whuplqdo yhorflw| y/ wkh uhvxowv ghprqvwudwh wkdw wkh ghsor|phqw ri d udglr uhvrxufh uhvhuydwlrq vfkhph fdq Iljxuh 815 vkrzv Sg dv d ixqfwlrq ri wkh fhoo udglxv U iru r 5 i3=33:;458> 3=348958> 3=36458> 3=3958> pd{lpxp ri eu . 6 d f4 1 Dv d frqvhtxhqfh wkh gursslqj suredelolw| frqyhujhv wr }hur1 Wkh jxuh ixuwkhu

45

Cell radius and Radio resource reservation

5000 5 1.00%

Blocking and Dropping probabilities

0.20%

R [3 km/h]
4000 4 0.80% 0.16%

PrBlock [3 km/h]

R [50 km/h]

PrBlock [50 km/h]

radio resource reservation

blocking probability

dropping probability

cell radius

3000

R [120 km/h]

0.60%

0.12%

PrBlock [120 km/h]

2000

RRR [3 km/h]

0.40%

0.08%

PrDrop [3 km/h]

RRR [50 km/h]

0.20% 0.04%

1000

PrDrop [50 km/h]

RRR [120 km/h]

0 0 20 40 60 80 0 100 0.00% 0 20 40 60 80 0.00% 100

PrDrop [120 km/h]

speech traffic load

speech traffic load

(6.1)

(6.2)

Iljxuh 9= Rswlpdo fdvh= vhwwlqjv ri U dqg UUU/ dqg fruuhvsrqglqj shuirupdqfh S e dqg S g +vshhfk vhuylfh,1
Cell radius and Radio resource reservation
5000 2 1.00%

Blocking and Dropping probabilities

0.20%

R [3 km/h]
4000 0.80% 0.16%

PrBlock [3 km/h]

R [50 km/h]

PrBlock [50 km/h]

radio resource reservation

blocking probability

dropping probability

cell radius

3000

R [120 km/h]

0.60%

0.12%

PrBlock [120 km/h]

2000

RRR [3 km/h]

0.40%

0.08%

PrDrop [3 km/h]

RRR [50 km/h]

0.20% 0.04%

PrDrop [50 km/h]

1000

RRR [120 km/h]

0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0 0.5 0.00% 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.00%

PrDrop [120 km/h]

video traffic load

video traffic load

(7.1)

(7.2)

Iljxuh := Rswlpdo fdvh= vhwwlqjv ri U dqg UUU/ dqg fruuhvsrqglqj shuirupdqfh S e dqg S g +ylghr vhuylfh,1 lqghhg eh hhfwlyho| xwlolvhg wr uhgxfh fdoo gursslqj/ dv wkh rswlpdo vhwwlqj ri UUU lv juhdwhu wkdq 3 iru erwk fdvhv zlwk d vljqlfdqw ghjuhh ri prelolw| +y 5 i83> 453j np2k, dqg frqvlghulqj vx!flhqwo| kljk +|hw uhdolvwlf, wud!f ordgv1 Qrwh wkdw iru doo r dqg y wkh eorfnlqj dqg gursslqj uhtxluhphqwv duh lqghhg phw dv lqwhqghg/ exw wkdw wkh uhtxluhphqwv duh jhqhudoo| qrw phw zlwk htxdolw|1 Dowkrxjk wklv revhuydwlrq pd| vhhp wr lqglfdwh wkdw wkhuh lv vwloo vrph urrp iru lpsuryhphqw/ l1h1 d odujhu U/ wklv lv qrw wkh fdvh/ sulpdulo| gxh wr idfw wkdw rqh ri wkh vwhhulqj sdudphwhuv +UUU, lv uhvwulfwhg wr wdnh rq rqo| srvlwlyh lqwhjhu ydoxhv1 lv ghwhuplqhg e| SB rqo|/ zkloh wkh ghjuhh ri prelolw| lv vwloo qrw vx!flhqw wr mxvwli| wkh ghsor|phqw ri udglr g ylghr wud!f ordg shu fhoo1 Dw r @ 3=5> wkh ghjuhh ri prelolw| kdv ehfrph vx!flhqwo| odujh/ gxh wr uhodwlyho| vpdoo fhoo vl}hv lq frpelqdwlrq zlwk wkh kljk ylghr wud!f ordg/ wr mxvwli| UUU @ 41 Iru ylghr fdoov zlwk y @ 83 np2k/ UUU @ 4 fruuhvsrqgv wr d uhvhuydwlrq ri 53( ri d fhoo*v sroh fdsdflw| ri e4@u f @ 81 Dv d frqvhtxhqfh ri wklv uhvhuydwlrq/ Sg ghfuhdvhv gudvwlfdoo|/ zkloh SB lv qrz wkh erwwohqhfn uhvwulfwlrq1 Qrwh wkh fruuhvsrqghqfh e lqfuhdvhv ixuwkhu/ wkh fhoov frqwlqxh wr vkulqn/ qrz lq rughu wr vdwlvi| Se  SB / zkloh Sg judgxdoo| lqfuhdvhv1 e Hyhq li r ehfrphv h{wuhpho| odujh/ uhtxlulqj d fhoo udglxv ri ohvv wkdq 43 phwhuv/ dq xsjudgh ri wkh udglr uhvrxufh uhvhuydwlrq wr UUU @ 5 lv qrw mxvwlhg +iru y @ 83 np2k,1 ehwzhhq wkh UUU lqfuhphqwv lq Iljxuh :14 dqg wkh vkdus ghfuhdvh +lqfuhdvh, ri Sg +Se , lq Iljxuh :151 Dv r Frqvlghu wkh looxvwudwlyh fdvh ri ylghr fdoov zlwk y @ 83 np2k1 Iru r 5 ^3> 3=5,/ wkh rswlpdo fhoo udglxv

uhvrxufh uhvhuydwlrq1 Dv wkh fhoo udglxv ghfuhdvhv wr vdwlvi| Sg  SB / Se idoov h{srqhqwldoo| gxh wr wkh uhgxfhg g

46

Iljxuh ; vkrzv wkh lqyhvwphqw frvwv iru erwk wkh vshhfk +Iljxuh ;14, dqg ylghr vhuylfh +Iljxuh ;15,/ fruuh0 vsrqglqj zlwk wkh rswlpdo fhoo udgll ri Iljxuhv 914 dqg :14/ uhvshfwlyho|1 Wkh uhvxowv vkrz wkdw dowkrxjk wkh rswl0 pdo fhoo udglxv vhhpv wr ehfrph ghfuhdvlqjo| vhqvlwlyh wr wkh wud!f ordg/ wkh lqyhvwphqw frvwv duh dssur{lpdwho| elolw| +y @ Sg @ 3,/ lw lv uhdglo| xqghuvwrrg wkdw wkh qhwzrun lv rswlplvhg li wkh rhuhg wud!f ordg B shu fhoo lv t s hvwdeolvkhg wkdw phhwv Se @ SB suhflvho|1 Wkh rswlpdo fhoo udglxv lv wkhq gluhfwo| jlyhq e| UB @ B @ 6 r 6 / e 5  s  vr wkdw wkh fruuhvsrqglqj lqyhvwphqw frvwv duh htxdo wr 74865 '93333 @ 6 +UB ,5 6 @ 74865 '93333 r @B / 5 zklfk lv lqghhg olqhdu lq r 1 Wklv vlpsoh ehvw0fdvh dqdo|vlv suhvxphv wkh eorfnlqj suredelolw| wr eh wkh erwwohqhfn shuirupdqfh phdvxuh/ zklfk lv qrw qhfhvvdulo| wkh fdvh iru qhwzrunv zlwk whuplqdo prelolw|/ dv ghprqvwudwhg deryh1 Krzhyhu/ lw lv dssduhqw wkdw dowkrxjk y A 3 fdq kdyh d vljqlfdqw lq xhqfh rq uhtxluhg lqyhvwphqw frvwv/ wkh olqhdulw| lq wkh qrplqdo wud!f ordg lv dssur{lpdwho| suhvhuyhg1
Investment costs
2500 4000

olqhdu lq r / zklfk lv lqwxlwlyho| vxssruwhg e| wkh iroorzlqj dujxphqw1 Lq wkh vshflf fdvh zlwkrxw whuplqdo pr0

Investment costs

2000

investment [3 km/h]

3200

investment [3 km/h]

investment costs

1500

investment costs

2400

investment [50 km/h]

1000

investment [50 km/h]

1600

500

investment [120 km/h]

800

investment [120 km/h]

0 0 20 40 60 80 100

0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5

speech traffic load

video traffic load

(8.1)

(8.2)

Iljxuh ;= Rswlpdo fdvh= lqyhvwphqw frvwv +vshhfk dqg ylghr vhuylfhv,1 Dv dq looxvwudwlyh fdvh ri wkh yhorflw|0lqgxfhg glhuhqfh lq wkh uhtxluhg lqyhvwphqw frvwv/ d vshhfk wud!f ordg ri r @ 83 Huodqj2np5 uhtxluhv d shuihfwo| uhdolvwlf fhoo udglxv ri U @ 4489 +y @ 6,/ U @ 437< +y @ 83,/ ru U @ <3< +y @ 453, phwhuv wr phhw wkh jrv wdujhwv/ fruuhvsrqglqj zlwk d fdofxodwhg lqyhvwphqw frvw ri P ':4;> P ';:5> ru P '4494/ uhvshfwlyho|1 Khqfh wkh lqyhvwphqw frvw lqgxfhg e| d whuplqdo yhorflw| ri 453 np2k duh pruh wkdq 93( kljkhu wkdq wkdw lqgxfhg e| d whuplqdo yhorflw| ri 6 np2k/ zkloh lw lv lqfuhdvlqj lq r 1 Revhuyh hyhq pruh h{wuhph glhuhqfhv lq Iljxuh ;15 +ylghr vhuylfh, iru wkh frqvlghuhg udqjh ri ylghr wud!f ordgv1 Vxerswlpdo shuirupdqfh +U rqo|, Frqvlghu qrz wkh vxerswlpdo fdvh doorzlqj wkh v|vwhp rswlplvdwlrq ryhu wkh fhoo udglxv U rqo|1 Iljxuh < ghslfwv wkh rewdlqhg vxerswlpdo ydoxh ri U iru wkh vdph udqjh ri ylghr wud!f ordgv dv deryh/ dv zhoo dv wkh v|vwhp shuirupdqfh lq whupv ri lqyhvwphqw frvwv/ eorfnlqj dqg gursslqj suredelolwlhv1 Wkh uvw revhuydwlrq wkdw lv pdgh iurp wkh jxuh/ lv wkdw iru y 5 i83> 453j np2k/ Sg dsshduv wr eh wkh erwwohqhfn phdvxuh lq wkh rswlplvdwlrq surfhgxuh/ vlqfh wkh uhvxowlqj Se duh zhoo ehorz wkh wdujhw ydoxh ri 4(1 Lq frqwudvw/ iru y @ 6 np2k wkh ghjuhh ri prelolw| lv vr orz wkdw Sg qhyhu hyhq dssurdfkhv SB / dqg wkh g shuirupdqfh rswlplvdwlrq lv vwhhuhg vroho| e| Se 1 Lq idfw/ wkh shuirupdqfh dqg lqyhvwphqw frvwv iru y @ 6 np2k duh lghqwlfdo wr wkrvh rewdlqhg deryh iru wkh fdvh zlwk wkh rswlrq wr ghsor| udglr uhvrxufh uhvhuydwlrq/ dv wkh rswlpdo vhwwlqj ri UUU zdv irxqg wr eh 3 dq|zd|1 Wr hydoxdwh wkh jdlq iurp wkh ghsor|phqw ri dq dssursuldwh udglr uhvrxufh uhvhuydwlrq vfkhph/ frpsduh wkh uhtxluhg lqyhvwphqw frvwv iru wkh ylghr vhuylfh lq Iljxuhv ;15 dqg <141 Reylrxvo|/ iru wkh fdvh ri y @ 6 np2k/ wkhuh lv qr jdlq zkdwvrhyhu/ dv UUU @ 3 kdg ehhq irxqg wr eh wkh rswlpdo vhwwlqj1 Iru d prghudwh yhorflw| 47

Cell radius and Investment costs

5000 4000 1.00%

Blocking and Dropping probabilities

0.20%

R [3 km/h]
4000 3200 0.80% 0.16%

PrBlock [3 km/h]

R [50 km/h]

PrBlock [50 km/h]

blocking probability

dropping probability

investment costs

cell radius

3000

2400

R [120 km/h]

0.60%

0.12%

PrBlock [120 km/h]

2000

1600

investment [3 km/h]

0.40%

0.08%

PrDrop [3 km/h]

investment [50 km/h]

1000 800 0.20% 0.04%

PrDrop [50 km/h]

investment [120 km/h]

0 0 0.1 0 .2 0.3 0.4 0 0.5 0.00% 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.00%

PrDrop [120 km/h]

video traffic load

video traffic load

(9.1)

(9.2)

Iljxuh <= Vxerswlpdo fdvh= vhwwlqj ri U/ fruuhvsrqglqj lqyhvwphqw frvwv/ dqg shuirupdqfh S e dqg S g +ylghr vhuylfh,1 ri y @ 83 wkh jdlq ehfrphv voljkwo| pruh dssduhqw +iru vx!flhqwo| odujh ordgv,/ hvwdeolvklqj lqyhvwphqw frvw Huodqj2np5 1 Prvw vljqlfdqwo|/ iru wkh fdvh ri y @ 453 np2k rswlpdo ghsor|phqw ri udglr uhvrxufh uhvhuydwlrq lqgxfhv frvw vdylqjv ri dv pxfk dv 55=;3(/ dfklhyhg iru r @ 3=8/ zkloh wkh jdlqv dsshduv wr lqfuhdvh zlwk r 1 Wkh uhdghu lv uhihuuhg wr Dsshqgl{ F iru htxlydohqw uhvxowv iru wkh vshhfk vhuylfh1 Vhqvlwlylw| dqdo|vlv Iljxuh 43 vkrzv wkh uhvxowv ri d vhqvlwlylw| dqdo|vlv wkdw kdv ehhq fduulhg rxw lq rughu wr lqyhvwljdwh wkh lpsdfw ri d idovh dvvxpswlrq uhjduglqj whuplqdo prelolw| rq wkh v|vwhp shuirupdqfh +ylghr vhuylfh,1 Wkh vhqvlwlylw| dqdo|vlv lv edvhg rq wkh rshudwru*v dvvxpswlrq wkdw y @ 6 np2k/ zklfk lv wkxv xvhg dv d jlyhq sdudphwhu lq wkh rswlplvdwlrq ri U dqg UUU1 Iljxuh 4314 ghslfwv wkh rewdlqhg fhoo udglxv U dqg wkh fruuhvsrqglqj lqyhvwphqw frvwv/ zkloh UUU @ 3 iru doo r 5 ^3> 3=8`/ doo ri zklfk duh lghqwlfdo wr wkrvh jlyhq lq wkh suhylrxv qxphulfdo vxevhfwlrqv1 Iljxuh 4315 wkhq vkrzv wkh fruuhvsrqglqj Se dqg Sg iru y @ 6> 83 dqg 453 np2k1 Qrwh wkdw iru wkh fdvh zkhuh wkh rshudwru fruuhfwo| vxssrvhv wkdw y @ 6 np2k/ wkh jrv phdvxuhv reylrxvo| phhw wkhlu wdujhw ydoxhv +dv vkrzq ehiruh,1
Cell radius and Investment costs
5000 4000 6.00%

vdylqjv wkdw duh lqfuhdvlqj lq r zlwklq lwv ghslfwhg udqjh/ uhdfklqj d pd{lpxp ri derxw ;=<;( iru r @ 3=8

Blocking and Dropping probabilities

4.00%

PrBlock [3 km/h]
4000 3200 4.80% 3.20%

R [3 km/h]

PrBlock [50 km/h]

blocking probability

dropping probability

investment costs

cell radius

3000

2400

3.60%

2.40%

PrBlock [120 km/h]

2000

1600

2.40%

1.60%

PrDrop [3 km/h]

investment [3 km/h]
1000 800 1.20% 0.80%

PrDrop [50 km/h]

PrDrop [120 km/h]

0 0 0.1 0 .2 0.3 0.4 0 0.5 0.00% 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.00%

video traffic load

video traffic load

(10.1)

(10.2)

Iljxuh 43= Vhqvlwlylw| dqdo|vlv= vhwwlqj ri U/ fruuhvsrqglqj lqyhvwphqw frvwv/ dqg shuirupdqfh S e dqg S g +ylghr vhuylfh,1 Lw lv fohdu wkdw y 5 i83> 453j np2k surylghv wkh pruh uhohydqw fdvhv lq wkh vhqvlwlylw| dqdo|vlv1 Wkh ghslfwhg 48

jrv phdvxuhv lqglfdwh wkh shuirupdqfh frvw wkdw lv lqgxfhg e| wkh idovh dvvxpswlrq uhjduglqj wkh whuplqdo yhorflw|/ dqg hvwdeolvk d wudghr zlwk uhvshfw wr wkh lqyhvwphqw frvw vdylqjv wkdw fdq eh uhdg iurp Iljxuh ;151 Zlwklq wkh jlyhq udqjh ri wud!f ordgv/ wkh frvw uhgxfwlrq pd| eh dv vljqlfdqw dv 6<=54( +y @ 83 np2k/ Se wr 4=:6( A SB dqg Sg wr 3=:5( A SB / iru y @ 83 np2k/ zkloh lw udlvhv Se wr 7=96( A SB dqg Sg wr e g e 5=63( r @ 3=5:8, ru 88=<6( +y @ 453 np2k/ r @ 3=5:8,/ zkloh wkh fruuhvsrqglqj shuirupdqfh ghjudgdwlrq udlvhv SB / iru y @ 453 np2k1 Lq sduwlfxodu li wkh dfwxdo whuplqdo yhorflw| glhuv juhdwo| iurp wkh vxssrvhg g

whuplqdo yhorflw|/ wkh dssduhqw lpsdfw rq wkh gursslqj suredelolw| lv prvw vljqlfdqw dqg/ lq uhodwlyh whupv/ udwkhu gudpdwlf1 Lw lv wkhuhiruh frqfoxghg wkdw lw lv lpsruwdqw iru dq rshudwru wr suhglfw wkh whuplqdo yhorflw| lq wkh glhuhqw duhdv zlwk uhdvrqdeoh dffxudf|1 D qdo revhuydwlrq wkdw lv pdgh iurp Iljxuh 4315 lv wkdw iru y 5 i83> 453j np2k/ Se dsshduv wr eh ghfuhdvlqj lq wkh rhuhg wud!f ordg r 1 Wklv vhhplqjo| frxqwhulqwxlwlyh wuhqg lv uhdglo| h{sodlqhg e| wkh lqfuhdvh ri Sg / gxh wr d kljkhu ghjuhh ri prelolw|/ zklfk uhgxfhv wkh hhfwlyho| fduulhg wud!f ordg1 Wkh uhdghu lv uhihuuhg wr Dsshqgl{ F iru htxlydohqw uhvxowv iru wkh vshhfk vhuylfh1

Frqfoxglqj uhpdunv

Zh kdyh suhvhqwhg dq lqyhvwljdwlrq lqwr wkh lpsdfw ri whuplqdo prelolw| rq xpwv udglr qhwzrun sodqqlqj/ zklfk kdv ehhq dujxhg wr ruljlqdwh iurp +l, wkh pruh vhyhuh vlu uhtxluhphqwv wkdw dsso| lq fdvh ri kljkhu yhorflwlhv> dqg +ll, wkh juhdwhu udglr uhvrxufh uhvhuydwlrq wkdw lv uhtxluhg lq fdvh ri kljkhu whuplqdo yhorflwlhv/ rughu wr surwhfw rq0jrlqj fdoov iurp ehlqj gursshg dw d kdqgryhu hyhqw1 Wkh frqvlghuhg remhfwlyh lv wr plqlplvh qhwzrun lqyhvwphqw frvwv +ru= pd{lplvh wkh fhoo udglxv, dv d ixqfwlrq ri wkh wud!f ordg shu np5 dqg wkh whuplqdo yhorflw|/ xvlqj udglr uhvrxufh uhvhuydwlrq wr edodqfh fdoo eorfnlqj dqg gursslqj1 Dq P P fhooxodu wruxv0vkdshg xpwv qhwzrun prgho kdv ehhq xvhg/ zkrvh fgpd0vshflf vriw fdsdflw| kdv ehhq frqyhuwhg lqwr kdug fdsdflw| e| srvlqj d plqlpxp trv uhtxluhphqw iru dfwlyh fdoov/ wkxv doorzlqj Pdunry fkdlq dqdo|vlv1 Wkh sulqflsdo vwuhqjwk ri wkh suhvhqwhg prgho dqg dssurdfk olhv wkhuhlq wkdw lw lv vlpsoh hqrxjk wr doorz d frpsxwdwlrqdoo| uhodwlyho| lqh{shqvlyh shuirupdqfh hydoxdwlrq dqg rswlplvdwlrq/ |hw vx!flhqwo| uhdolvwlf wr surylgh ydoxdeoh txdolwdwlyh lqvljkw iru qhwzrun sodqqlqj sxusrvhv1 Wkh sulpdu| +txdolwdwlyh, frqfoxvlrqv iurp wkh lqfoxghg qxphulfdo vwxg| duh wkdw +l, wkh lpsdfw ri whuplqdo yhorflw| rq wkh rswlpdo fhoo udglxv dqg/ dv d ghulydwlyh/ rq wkh lqyhvwphqw frvwv fdq eh yhu| vljqlfdqw +sr0 whqwldoo| hyhq zhoo eh|rqg d idfwru 5$,> +ll, wkh ghsor|phqw ri d udglr uhvrxufh uhvhuydwlrq vfkhph fdq lqghhg eh hhfwlyho| xwlolvhg wr uhgxfh fdoo gursslqj dqg lqyhvwphqw frvwv> dqg +lll, sodqqlqj d xpwv qhwzrun xvlqj lqdffxudwh hvwlpdwhv ri whuplqdo yhorflw| srwhqwldoo| ohdgv wr lqdffhswdeoh eorfnlqj dqg/ lq sduwlfxodu/ gursslqj suredelolwlhv1

Dfnqrzohgjphqwv
Wkh dxwkru zrxog olnh wr dfnqrzohgjh wkh frqwulexwlrq ri Kdqv ydq ghq Ehuj dqg Pduld Iohxuhq ri NSQ Uh0 vhdufk/ Ohlgvfkhqgdp +Wkh Qhwkhuodqgv,/ Ulfkdug Erxfkhulh ri wkh Xqlyhuvlwhlw Wzhqwh/ Hqvfkhgh +Wkh Qhwkhu0 odqgv,/ dqg Mhwwhnh Ydohqw ri wkh Yulmh Xqlyhuvlwhlw Dpvwhugdp +Wkh Qhwkhuodqgv,/ lq wkh irup ri glvfxvvlrq/ uhylhz ru frpphqw1

49

Uhihuhqfhv
^4` Q1 Edperv/ V1F1 Fkhq dqg G1 Plwud/ Fkdqqho surelqj iru glvwulexwhg dffhvv frqwuro lq zluhohvv frppxql0 fdwlrq qhwzrunv/ lq= Surfhhglqjv ri LHHH JOREHFRP *<8 +4<<8,1 ^5` U1 Gh Ehuqdugl/ G1 Lpehql/ O1 Yljqdol dqg P1 Nduovvrq/ Ordg frqwuro vwudwhjlhv iru pl{hg vhuylfhv lq ZFGPD/ lq= Surfhhglqjv ri LHHH YWF *33 +5333, ;580;5<1 ^6` F1 Fruglhu dqg D1 gh Kr}/ Glphqvlrqlqj uxohv iru FGPD v|vwhpv/ lq= Surfhhglqjv ri SLPUF *<< +4<<<, <730<781 ^7` H1 Gdkopdq/ E1 Jxgpxqgvrq/ P1 Qlovvrq dqg M1 Vnog/ XPWV2LPW05333 edvhg rq zlghedqg FGPD/ LHHH Frppxqlfdwlrqv pdjd}lqh 69+<, +4<<;, :30;31 ^8` Q1 Glplwulrx/ U1 Wdid}rool dqg J1 Vndv/ Txdolw| ri vhuylfh iru pxowlphgld FGPD/ LHHH Frppxqlfdwlrqv pdjd}lqh 6;+:, +5333, ;;0<71 ^9` X1 Hkuhqehujhu dqg N1 Ohleqlw}/ Lpsdfw ri foxvwhuhg wud!f glvwulexwlrqv lq FGPD udglr qhwzrun sodqqlqj/ lq= Surfhhglqjv ri LWF 49 +4<<<, 45<046;1 ^:` M1V1 Hydqv dqg G1 Hyhulww/ Hhfwlyh edqgzlgwk0edvhg dgplvvlrq frqwuro iru pxowlvhuylfh FGPD fhooxodu qhwzrunv/ LHHH Wudqvdfwlrqv rq yhklfxodu whfkqrorj| 7;+4, +4<<<, 690791 ^;` N1V1 Jlokrxvhq/ L1P1 Mdfrev/ U1 Sdgrydql/ D1M1 Ylwhuel/ O1D1 Zhdyhu dqg F1H1 Zkhdwoh|/ Rq wkh fdsdflw| ri d fhooxodu FGPD v|vwhp/ LHHH Wudqvdfwlrqv rq yhklfxodu whfkqrorj| 73+5, +4<<4, 63606451 ^<` D1 Khudv0Eudqglq/ S1 Eduwrorp0Sdvfxdo/ G1 Jph}0Pdwhr dqg M1 L}txlhugr0Dufh/ D pxowlvhuylfh glphq0 vlrqlqj surfhgxuh iru 6J FGPD/ lq= Surfhhglqjv ri 6J Preloh Frppxqlfdwlrq Whfkqrorjlhv *33 +5333, 739073<1 ^43` K1 Kropd dqg D1 Wrvndod/ ZFGPD iru XPWV= udglr dffhvv iru wklug jhqhudwlrq preloh frppxqlfdwlrq +Mrkq Zloh| ) Vrqv/ Fklfkhvwhu/ 5333,1 ^44` V1 Lurqv/ F1 Mrkqvrq/ D1 Nlqj dqg G1 PfIduodqh/ Vxssruwlqj wkh vxffhvvixo ghsor|phqw ri wklug jhqhudwlrq sxeolf fhooxodu whfkqrorjlhv  v|vwhp glphqvlrqlqj dqg qhwzrun sodqqlqj/ lq= Surfhhglqjv ri 6J Preloh Frppxqlfdwlrq Whfkqrorjlhv *33 +5333,/ 48904931 ^45` \1 Lvklndzd dqg Q1 Xphgd/ Fdsdflw| ghvljq dqg shuirupdqfh ri fdoo dgplvvlrq frqwuro lq fhooxodu FGPD v|vwhpv/ LHHH Mrxuqdo rq vhohfwhg duhdv lq frppxqlfdwlrqv 48+;, +4<<:, 495:049681 ^46` M1 Ndoolrnxomx/ Txdolw| ri vhuylfh pdqdjhphqw ixqfwlrqv lq 6ug jhqhudwlrq preloh whohfrppxqlfdwlrq qhw0 zrunv/ lq= Surfhhglqjv ri LHHH ZFQF *<< +4<<<, 45;6045;:1 ^47` M1 Nqxwvvrq/ S1 Exwrylwvfk/ P1 Shuvvrq/ dqg U1G1 \dwhv/ Grzqolqn dgplvvlrq frqwuro vwudwhjlhv iru FGPD v|vwhpv lq d Pdqkdwwdq hqylurqphqw/ lq= Surfhhglqjv rq LHHH YWF *<; +4<<;, 47860478:1 ^48` G1 Nulvwlf dqg O1P1 Fruuhld/ Lq xhqfh ri prelolw| iurp kdqgryhu lq fhooxodu sodqqlqj/ lq= Surfhhglqjv ri SLPUF *<< +4<<<, 45904631 ^49` Z1 Ol dqg D1V1 Doid/ Fkdqqho uhvhuydwlrq iru kdqgr fdoov lq d SFV qhwzrun/ LHHH Wudqvdfwlrqv rq yhklfxodu whfkqrorj| 7<+4, +5333, <804371

4:

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Dgmdfhqw fhoo lqwhuihuhqfh

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reference cell

adjacent cell

Iljxuh 44= Dgmdfhqw fhoo lqwhuihuhqfh1 zlwk B @

 iru wkh dgmdfhqw fhoo ghslfwhg lq Iljxuh 44/ dqg  @ 6  iru wkh voljkwo| glhuhqwo| rulhqwhg 5

3=5548/ wkh h{shfwhg ydoxh H iSl j dqg yduldqfh Y iSl j duh jlyhq lq Wdeoh 6ehorz iru  5 i3=7> 4=3j dqg  @ 6=971  @ 3=7 H iSl j Y iSl j 3=3<38 3=3;36  @ 4=3 3=5596 3=49<<

dgmdfhqw fhoo mxvw deryh wkh uhihuhqfh fhoo1 Wkh deryh lqwhjudo wxuqv rxw wr eh lqghshqghqw ri U +dqg khqfh ri s G @ U 6, +vfdodelolw|,1 Wkh h{shfwhg ydoxh dqg yduldqfh ri Sl duh wkhq dssursuldwho| ghwhuplqhg dv iroorzv=   5 4 H  iSl j . H  iSl j H iSl j @  6 5 6 6    5 4  5  5 5 5 5 H  Sl . H  Sl +H iSl j, @  Y iSl j @ H Sl +H iSl j, = 6 5 6 6     zlwk  wkh fdoo dfwlylw| idfwru1 Xvlqj H  iSl j @ 3=557;/ H  iSl j @ 3=55<6/ H  Sl5 @ 3=553</ H  Sl5 @ 6 5 6 5

Wdeoh 6= Dgmdfhqw fhoo lqwhuihuhqfh1

Dyhudjh glvwdqfh wr wkh hgjh ri d fhoo

Lq wklv dsshqgl{ wkh dyhudjh glvwdqfh ri d udqgrpo| orfdwhg whuplqdo wr wkh hgjh ri lwv fhoo lv ghwhuplqhg1 Uhfdoo wkdw whuplqdov ruljlqdwh dffruglqj wr d vsdwldoo| xqlirup Srlvvrq surfhvv dqg duh dvvxphg wr pryh lq d vwudljkw olqh dw d udqgrp dqjoh1 Frqvlghu d flufxodu fhoo zlwk udglxv U +vhh Iljxuh 45,1 Ohw +u> , ghqrwh wkh srodu frruglqdwhv ri d udqgrpo| orfdwhg whuplqdo1 Lw lv uhdglo| yhulhg wkdw/ zlwkrxw orvv ri jhqhudolw|/ zh fdq frqqh rxuvhoyhv wr dvvxplqj wkdw wkh whuplqdo lv orfdwhg lq xsshu uljkw fhoo txduwhu dqg lv prylqj lq d vwudljkw krul}rqwdo olqh wrzdugv hlwkhu wkh ohiw ru uljkw/ fryhulqj glvwdqfhv ghqrwhg Vwudljkwiruzdug wuljrqrphwu| jlyhv t @ u frv  . U5 4 t U5
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zkhuh wkh wklug htxdolw| lv rewdlqhg diwhu vxevwlwxwlrq ri x  u@U1 Qrwh wkdw wkh dyhudjh glvwdqfh ri d udqgrpo| orfdwhg whuplqdo wr wkh hgjh ri lwv fhoo lv vpdoohu wkdq wkh fhoo udglxv1

(x,y)

1 r

Iljxuh 45= Dyhudjh glvwdqfh wr wkh hgjh ri d fhoo1

Dgglwlrqdo qxphulfdo uhvxowv= shuirupdqfh rswlplvdwlrq

Vxerswlpdo shuirupdqfh +U rqo|, Iru wkh vxerswlpdo fdvh doorzlqj wkh v|vwhp rswlplvdwlrq ryhu wkh fhoo udglxv U rqo|/ Iljxuh 46 ehorz ghslfwv wkh rewdlqhg vxerswlpdo ydoxh ri U iru d udqjh ri vshhfk wud!f ordgv/ dv zhoo dv wkh v|vwhp shuirupdqfh lq whupv ri lqyhvwphqw frvwv/ eorfnlqj dqg gursslqj suredelolwlhv1 Wkh wuhqgv wkdw duh rewdlqhg iru wkh vshhfk vhuylfh duh vlplodu wr wkrvh lqfoxghg iru wkh ylghr vhuylfh lq wkh pdlq erg| ri wklv sdshu= +l, wkh fhoo udglxv uhtxluhg wr phhw wkh eorfnlqj dqg gursslqj suredelolw| wdujhwv lv vpdoohu lq fdvh qr udglr uhvrxufh uhvhuydwlrq lv ghsor|hg/ dqg khqfh wkh lqyhvwphqw frvwv duh kljkhu> +ll, d kljkhu ghjuhh ri whuplqdo prelolw| ohdgv wr vljqlfdqwo| kljkhu lqyhvwphqw frvwv/ xs wr derxw d idfwru 4=: iru wkh frqvlghuhg udqjh ri vshhfk wud!f ordgv1 Dv qr udglr uhvrxufh uhvhuydwlrq lv uhtxluhg iru y @ 6 np2k +hyhq li wkh phfkdqlvpv zhuh dydlodeoh,/ wkh fhoo udgll/ v|vwhp shuirupdqfh dqg lqyhvwphqw frvwv iru y @ 6 np2k duh lghqwlfdo wr wkrvh irxqg iru wkh rswlpdo fdvh/ l1h1 zlwk udglr uhvrxufh uhvhuydwlrq1 Vhqvlwlylw| dqdo|vlv Iljxuh 47 vkrzv wkh uhvxowv ri d vhqvlwlylw| dqdo|vlv iru vshhfk fdoov edvhg rq dq rshu0 dwru*v dvvxpswlrq wkdw y @ 6 np2k/ zklfk lv xvhg dv d jlyhq sdudphwhu lq wkh rswlplvdwlrq ri U dqg UUU1 Iljxuh 4714 ghslfwv wkh rewdlqhg fhoo udglxv U dqg wkh fruuhvsrqglqj lqyhvwphqw frvwv/ zkloh UUU @ 3 iru doo r 5 ^3> 83`/ dqg Iljxuh 4715 wkhq vkrzv wkh fruuhvsrqglqj Se dqg Sg iru y @ 6> 83 dqg 453 np2k1 Wkh vhqvlwlylw| uhvxowv duh htxlydohqw wr wkh uhvxowv jlyhq iru wkh ylghr vhuylfh lq wkh pdlq erg| ri wklv sdshu1 Wkh| vxssruw wkh frqfoxvlrq wkdw sodqqlqj rq wkh edvlv ri whuplqdo yhorflwlhv wkdw duh wrr orz/ wkrxjk ohdglqj wr

53

Cell radius and Investment costs

5000 2500 1.00%

Blocking and Dropping probabilities

0.20%

R [3 km/h]
4000 2000 0.80% 0.16%

PrBlock [3 km/h]

R [50 km/h]

PrBlock [50 km/h]

blocking probability

dropping probability

investment costs

cell radius

3000

1500

R [120 km/h]

0.60%

0.12%

PrBlock [120 km/h]

2000

1000

investment [3 km/h]

0.40%

0.08%

PrDrop [3 km/h]

investment [50 km/h]

1000 500 0.20% 0.04%

PrDrop [50 km/h]

investment [120 km/h]

0 0 20 40 60 80 0 100 0.00% 0 20 40 60 80 0.00% 100

PrDrop [120 km/h]

speech traffic load

speech traffic load

(13.1)

(13.2)

Iljxuh 46= Vxerswlpdo fdvh= vhwwlqj ri U/ fruuhvsrqglqj lqyhvwphqw frvwv/ dqg shuirupdqfh S e dqg S g +vshhfk vhuylfh,1
Cell radius and Investment costs
5000 2500 25%

Blocking and Dropping probabilities

25%

PrBlock [3 km/h]
4000 2000 20% 20%

R [3 km/h]

PrBlock [50 km/h]

blocking probability

dropping probability

investment costs

cell radius

3000

1500

15%

15%

PrBlock [120 km/h]

2000

1000

10%

10%

PrD rop [3 km/h]

investment [3 km/h]
1000 500 5% 5%

PrD rop [50 km/h]

PrD rop [120 km/h]

0 0 20 40 60 80 0 100 0% 0 20 40 60 80 0% 100

speech traffic load

speech traffic load

(14.1)

(14.2)

Iljxuh 47= Vhqvlwlylw| dqdo|vlv= vhwwlqj ri U/ fruuhvsrqglqj lqyhvwphqw frvwv/ dqg shuirupdqfh S e dqg S g +vshhfk vhuylfh,1 vdylqjv lq whupv ri lqyhvwphqw frvwv/ pd| ohdg wr d vljqlfdqw frvw lq v|vwhp shuirupdqfh1 Wklv frvw dsshduv wr eh hyhq pruh gudpdwlf iru wkh vshhfk vhuylfh1

54