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    Anthoni Teodoro Machuca
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    4 просмотров13 страниц

    DDC

    Загружено:

    Anthoni Teodoro Machuca

    Авторское право:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Скачайте в формате PDF или читайте онлайн в Scribd
    Отметить как неприемлемый контент
    из 13
    A Discrete Dynamic Contour Model Steven Lobregt and Max A. Viergever Absract— A dlscrete dynamic model for defining. contours -D Images is developed. ‘The structure of this todel Is 8 f connected vertices, With a minimum of interaction, a 3 contour model ean be defined, which is then automatlally ‘modified by an energy minimizing process. The internal energy of the model depends on local contour curvature, while the exer al ‘energy Is derived from image features. Solutions are presented 10 ‘void undesirable deformation effects, lke shrinking nd verter ‘ustering, which are common in exlsting ative contour models The deformation process stops when local minimum of the eneray function i reached. The final shape of the model is Feprniucible approximation of the desired contour. Results of ‘pplying the method to computergenerated images, at well 3¢ ‘Sinica images, are presented. 1. Iwtropvcrios ‘ANY applications in medical imaging rely on the Aetnition of object contours. Object contour definition can be accomplished in a number of ways 1) Completely Manual: An operator will have to sit before screen and spend @ considerable amount of time to draw the required contours manually, using some kind of pointing device like @ mouse or graphics tablet. This requires expert knowledge of the operator about the clinica problem, as well as a certain level of skill in drawing contours with the available tots. Manual definition of contours is difficult and time consuming process which presents a serious botleneck in processing large (three-dimensional) data ses, €8, for diagnostic purposes or therapy planning. Moreover, ‘manus contour definition suffers from a very low degree of reproducibility (5) Fully Automatic: ‘The techniques which are presently available for automatic contouring are not sophisticated ‘enough for many typical applications. The use of these techniques is therefore restricted 10 the detection of simple contours of specific objects, lke endocardial contours ofthe let ventricle Automared First Guess, Followed by Manual Editing: The frst guess is usually based on simple techniques ike thresholding or region growing. Inthe manual editing phase, the operator modifies the generated contour, using. ‘ot only image information, but also contextual Knowl edge about local anatomy and pathology. This approach 2 3) Manat esd aly 30,1993 evi Jane 21, 199, The Asai strapon te ow of hs eg 3 aest i with he Deparment of Advanced Deelapment Cnn Digia Syste. Pils Mei! Sytem, S680 DA ant, The Neberande ‘mt sabe lobe pipe ‘Mua Vergve ith Ue Unies, The Netra. is stil very time consuming and leads to results that are not reproducible. 4) Manual Rough Delineation, Followed by Auomated Contour Definition: The user interaction is now limited, since only rough delineation i required © serve as an ial contour The following automatic contour diniton process will fine the contour, controled by (possiby) sppicaton-pecie parameters. The infoence (ofthe operator onthe inal esl inthis case, nde. ‘8 cenain amount of variation in intial eomous (or instance, deawn by different operators) ill stil allow forthe same ial result to be prodded, provided that the same parameter stings are used forthe automatic contour definition process, leading to a high degree of reproducibly “The present paper follows an approach as described under 4, because ofthe high reproducibility combined with limited ‘ser interaction. The proposed dynamic contour model may serve a basis fora automated contour definition method ‘Dynamic contour models have become en vogue with the Sake made! of Tezapoulos and coworkers [2,3 (9) and have, snce then, been snestigated and applied in various ways (6148) (10). (12) (141-107 “Terzopoulos’ Snake model builds a deformable contour consisting of connected spine segments and lets the contout Spproximate a desired form by minimizing an coergy funtion containing internal ad extemal energy. Te inerral energy isthe bending energy of the spline, the external energy 8 calculated by smterating image features, like the presence of lines or edges, along the paths of the spline segments Userdetned constrains, ike Springs tat pall om the spline segments, yield third energy term: the consraint enera hich is used to oclly este the deformation of the contour cording to the users wishes ‘A more roceny imoducedl contour model isthe Geomet: rally Deformed Model (GDM) of Miler ef. (6)(8) (11 which describes contour a8 set of vertices, connected by edges. The energy function defined to control the GDM is quite Giferent from that ofthe Snake model: 8 topology preserving energy term, dependent on a estimation of loc curvature tnd the distance between 8 vertex and its neighbors, an image ‘event eneay term derived from the thresholded pixel values fn locally defined deformation potential diving the vertices outward or inward. The energy function is evaluated only for the vertex positions, not for the tajectory of the connecting edge segment. Tis makes the model discret; the length of the connecting edges defines, in Tact. is resolution (ur approach follows the GDM only by adopting the basic structure of the model: venices connected by edges. The mre-e2ess0600 © 1995 TREE ‘dynamic process controlling the contour refinement difers in nature from that of the GDM, however, and is described in terms of forces and force fields ating on the verices rather than in terms of energies. Tis description ofthe deformation process is completely equivalent with a description in terms ‘of (potential) energy contributions (1), However, description in terms of forces is more convenient for our discrete model because the forces relate directly to the acceleration and displacement of the vertices. Starting ffom an initial shape, which is created with a ‘minimum of user interaction, the dynamic contour model actively modifies its shape, thus approximating some desired contour. The driving force behind the shape deformation is calculated from intemal forces, derived from the shape of the contour mode itself, and an external force field, derived from some image feature energy

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