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Horizontal elements
defining space
Base Plane Elevated Base Plane Depressed Base Plane Overhead Plane
BASE PLANE A horizontal plane laying as a figure on a contrasting background defines a simple field of space.
For a horizontal plane to be seen as a figure, There must be a perceptible change in color, tone, or texture between its surface and that of the surrounding area.
ELEVATED BASE PLANE A horizontal plane elevated above the ground plane establishes vertical surfaces along its edges that reinforce the visual separation between its field and the surrounding ground.
Elevating a portion of the base plane creates a specific domain within a larger spatial context.
The degree to which spatial and visual continuity is maintained between an elevated space and its surroundings depends on the scale of the level of change.
The degree to which spatial and visual continuity is maintained between an elevated space and its surroundings depends on the scale of the level of change.
The degree to which spatial and visual continuity is maintained between an elevated space and its surroundings depends on the scale of the level of change.
http://famouswonders.com/the-forbidden-city/
Teotihuacn, Mexico
http://famouswonders.com/teotihuacan-in-mexico/
HSM screenshot
DEPRESSED BASE PLANE A horizontal plane depressed into the ground plane utilizes the vertical surfaces of the lowered area to define a volume of space.
Lowering a portion of the base isolates field of space from a larger context.
The depressed field can be an interruption of the floor plane and remain an integral part of the surrounding area. Increasing the depression depth weakens its visual relationship with the surrounding space and strengthens its definition as a distinct volume of space. Once the original base plane is above our eye level, the depressed field become a separate and distinct room itself.
Creating a stepped, terraced or ramped transition from one level to the next helps promote continuity between a sunken space and the area that rises around it.
http://www.flickriver.com/photos/doctorcasino/4926761165/
http://www.landscapingdubai.com/outdoor-woodworks/designer-dubai
Catcher Block s bachelor pad from the movie Down with Love
http://www.beltstl.com/2009/04/mid-century-fetish-down-with-love/
Barbara Novak's Manhattan apartment from the movie Down with Love
http://www.beltstl.com/2009/04/mid-century-fetish-down-with-love/
Barbara Novak's Manhattan apartment from the movie Down with Love
911 Memorial, New York, NY Architect Michael Arad + Landscape Architect Peter Walker
http://www.911memorial.org/
911 Memorial, New York, NY Architect Michael Arad + Landscape Architect Peter Walker
http://www.911memorial.org/
911 Memorial, New York, NY Architect Michael Arad + Landscape Architect Peter Walker
http://www.911memorial.org/
A sunken courtyard, while protected from surfacelevel win and noise by the mass surrounding it, remains a source of air, light, and views for the underground spaces opening onto it.
The ground plane can be lowered to define sheltered outdoor spaces for underground buildings.
OVERHEAD PLANE A horizontal plane located overhead defines a volume of space between itself and the ground plane.
An overhead plane defines a field of space between itself and the ground plane. The edges of the overhead plane establish the boundaries of this field, its shape, size and height above the ground plane determines the formal qualities of the space.
An overhead plane has the ability to define a discrete volume of space virtually by itself.
Visually reinforcing the boundaries of the defined volume of space of an overhead plane.
Wood Truss
Steel Joist
Masonry Vault
The major overhead element of a building is its roof plane, not only sheltering interior spaces but has a major impact on the overall form of a building and the shaping of its spaces.
The ceiling plane of an interior space can reflect the form of the structural system supporting the overhead floor or roof plane. Since it need not resist any weathering forces nor carry any major loads, the ceiling plane can also be detached from the floor or roof plane and becomes a visually active element in space.
The ceiling can be manipulated to define and articulate zones of space within a room. It can be lowered or elevated to alter the scale of a place, define a path of movement through it or allow natural light to enter it from the above.
The form, color, texture and pattern of the ceiling can be manipulated as well to improve the quality of light and sound within a space or give a directional quality or orientation.
TWA Terminal at JFK Airport, Eero Saarinen, New York, NY, 1962
http://www.yossimilo.com/artists/ezra_stol/?show=0&img_num=7
This building represents a new idea in 20th-century architecture, and yet we are willing to strangle it by enclosing it within another building. Imagine, tying a bird's wings up. This will make the building invisible. If you're going to strangle a building to death, you might as well tear it down. [Philip Johnson]
TWA Terminal at JFK Airport, Eero Saarinen, New York, NY, 1962
http://www.yossimilo.com/artists/ezra_stol/?show=0&img_num=7
Sinfonia Varsovia Concert Hall Warsaw, Poland (2016) Atelier Thomas Pucher
http://www.archdaily.com/150421/winner-of-the-sinfonia-varsovia-concert-hall-competition-atelier-thomas-pucher/#more-150421
Sinfonia Varsovia Concert Hall Warsaw, Poland (2016) Atelier Thomas Pucher
http://www.archdaily.com/150421/winner-of-the-sinfonia-varsovia-concert-hall-competition-atelier-thomas-pucher/#more-150421
Mepantigan Dome Green School in Bali, Indonesia Yulianto Maliang, 2007 Maliang,
http://www.greenschool.org/
Mepantigan Dome Green School in Bali, Indonesia Yulianto Maliang, 2007 Maliang,
http://www.greenschool.org/
Addendum
Anthropometrics is the measurement of the size and proportion of the human body.
http://entertainment.webshots.com/photo/2782365620073673480kamqlK
http://www.theatre.vt.edu/destop/asressa_website/Images/Anthropometrics_Large.PNG
Ergonomics is the science of making the work environment safer and more comfortable for workers using design and anthropometric data.
http://saveyourself.ca/resources/images/ergonomics-comic-strip.jpghttp://saveyourself.ca/resources/images/ergonomics-comic-strip.jpg
http://www.ergonomicoffices.net/ergonomic-office-9/
Surf Chair
http://lylover.com/portfolio/surfchair/
The windows of the observation deck are located around the apex of the arch.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gateway_Arch_windows.jpg
References:
Salvan, George S. Architectural Theories of Design. JMC Press, Inc, 1986. Ching, Francis D.K. Architecture: Form, Space and Order, 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2007. http://www.lib.utexas.edu/engin/guides/anthropometry.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/proxemics