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Outline
Valve
Types
Operations
See Animation
Valve
Mechanical
devices that are used in industrial piping for flow control by varying the pipe opening in three positions:
Construction
Body; connected to the pipe Bonnet; mounted on the body to form a tight enclosure Stem; attached the structure (gate or disk) that resist the flow
The body of the valve is flanged with bolt holes in them to be held together with pipe; with a gasket in between to provide a leak-proof connection
Valves,Types and Operations
Construction
Gate or Disk; controls the opening Stuffing Box; located in bonnet and filled with packing, holds the stem and avoids leaks Hand Wheel; lifts gate or disk on rotating and vice versa Seat Rings; perpendicular to flow, make close fit with valve for complete shut down
Valves,Types and Operations
Construction
Yoke (For OS & Y); supports hand wheel and bushing Flange (for NRS only); resists the stem to move up or down
Types
Gate
Valve Globe Valve Plug Valve Ball Valve Diaphragm Valve Butterfly Valve Check Valve
Valves,Types and Operations
Gate Valve
Complete Open / Close Emergency Shut Down
See Animation
Gate Valve
Regulates
Gate
Outside Stem and Yoke (OS & Y) and Non-Rising Stem (NRS)
10
Stem is Threaded at the hand wheel and screwed through stem bushing Solidly connected with the hand wheel and turns along with it Bottom is solidly connected to the gate, neither of which can turn
Valves,Types and Operations
11
hand wheel and bushing are also supported by an outside yoke. Stem can be seen when the valve is open, therefore needs stem clearance.
Valves,Types and Operations
12
threaded on the bottom, with a gate threaded on the inside. Used in areas, where not much overhead clearance exists.
Valves,Types and Operations
13
part of the stem that passes through the bonnet has a flange on it, due to which the stem cannot move up or down; instead engages the gate on turning wheel and pulls it up or down and vice versa.
Valves,Types and Operations
14
Types of Gate
Solid
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Made of one part and bears pressure of the flow on one side only. Complete shut off is accomplished through a close fit between gate and seat rings. On lowering or raising of gate there is more friction between gate and seat rings which tends to wear out one seat rings quicker (against the side of flow).
Valves,Types and Operations
16
Made out of many parts. When lower wedge or spreader reaches the stop, it forces the upper spreader to the lower one. This pushes the discs outward against the seat rings and ensures a very tight closing. Although one side of disc is more worn but tight closing produced by the wedging action, it still allows complete shutoff.
Valves,Types and Operations
17
discs are attached to the spreader in such a way that they rotate when the gate is raised or lowered, this causes an even wear. As the upper wedge is raised, it releases the wedging pressure and disc become freer.
Valves,Types and Operations
18
high temperatures, pipe expansions can wrap the body of the valve, causing extreme pressure on the gate. These gates are not used with material with coarse particles and in vertical positions.
Valves,Types and Operations
19
solid split gate is made of one piece, with flexible outer edges. These edges bear pressure on the gate when a valve body wraps up.
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Gate valves malfunction due to erosion of gate or seat rings which makes tight closure difficult. This happens due to the friction between gate and seat rings on rising or dropping the gate very often. It could be avoided by using gate valves in pipes who are not much disturbed during normal operation i.e. are completely open or completely closed.
Valves,Types and Operations
Globe Valve
21
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Globe Valve
The line of flow changes its direction, which creates higher pressure drop and turbulence. Seat rings are parallel to the line of flow and stem guides the disc into the seating. Opening is controlled by a disc. Flow starts as soon as the contact of disc and seat is broken.
Valves,Types and Operations
23
See Animation
Globe Valve
Very little wear due to friction and even wear; however partial opening of valve exposes all parts of disc to flow. Even wear permits complete closure even after long use. Flow from under the disc creates less turbulence than flow from the disc.
Valves,Types and Operations
24
Globe Valve
Globe
valves are also installed on turnings, called Angle Globe Valves. Flow through angle valve has fewer changes of direction and therefore is less turbulent.
Valves,Types and Operations
25
Types of Disc
Three
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Plug Disc
Cone
shaped Used for heavy throttling service Continues to give positive shut off even after some wear
27
Composition Disc
Made of softer materials. When completely closed, seat ring can make a contact with the soft part of disc. Fine particles in flow often accumulated on seats or discs can be embedded on the soft part of the disc ensuring a tight closure.
Valves,Types and Operations
28
Conventional Disc
Smaller
disc-to-seat area than plug discs. Can crush small particles more easily but if nicked or worn, tight closure is not possible with them.
Plug Valve
29
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Plug Valve
Controls the opening through a hollow plug, which is turned/rotated and aligned with the pipe to permit a straight line of flow. Plug is turned a quarter turn, to stop the flow. The valve can be opened or closed more quickly than previous examples and produce little turbulence and pressure drop
Valves,Types and Operations
31
Plug Valve
Friction develops between the body and the plug, which wears the plug giving it a loose fit. The shank of the plug has a lubricant fitting that makes it possible to apply special lubricant to the plug itself. Lubrication is done often to reduce friction and also prevent leakage.
Valves,Types and Operations
Ball Valve
32
33
See Animation
Ball Valve
Good shut-off capabilities. Quarter-turn (90) completely opens or closes the valve. Minimal valve operation time and decreases the likelihood of leakage due to wear from the gland seal.
Valves,Types and Operations
34
Ball Valve
Ball
35
Ball Valve
Recommended for use in the fully open or fully closed position. Not suited to regulate flow by being kept partially open because ball valves make use of a ring-shaped soft valve seat. When used in the partially open position, pressure is applied to only a portion of the valve seat, which can cause it to deform.
If deforms, its sealing properties are impaired and will leak as a result.
Valves,Types and Operations
Diaphragm Valve
36
37
See Animation
Diaphragm Valve
Pinching' method to stop the valve flow using a flexible diaphragm. Available in two types:
The most common is the weirtype because the straight-way type requires additional stretching, which can shorten the diaphragm's life-span.
Valves,Types and Operations
38
Diaphragm Valve
Advantages:
Valve components can be isolated from the process fluid. Construction helps prevent leakage of the fluid without the use of a gland seal (packing) Diaphragm becomes worn more easily Regular maintenance is necessary Not suited for very high temperature fluids Mainly used on liquid systems.
Valves,Types and Operations
Disadvantages:
Check Valve
39
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Check Valve
Ensure that flow goes in desired direction and does not reverses. Valve is automatically opened by the flow pressure and is closed when the pressure falls. It allows flow from one side only, and on reverse flow, disc gets closed restricting flow.
Valves,Types and Operations
41
Similar to globe valve structure, with flow raising the disc and gravity pulling it down. Direction of flow is always kept from under the disc to minimize turbulence. It works in both horizontal and vertical positions, but with slight structural modifications.
Valves,Types and Operations
42
check valve with flow not in a straight line. Similar to lift check valve with the disk replaced with a ball.
Operations
43
44
Operations
Accumulation
of Sludge/ Fouling
45
Operations
Stem
Breakage
46
Operations
Raising the Broken Stem by using a Jack Screw
47
Operations
Raising the Broken Stem by using an Overhead Hoist
48
Operations
Packing
Leakage
Opening the valve to max. limit Achieving Back-Seating Dangerous and only opted in emergency
49
Operations
Gaskets
Leakage
50
Thank You
Prepared by Osama Hasan
School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME) National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST)
osama_hasan@hotmail.com