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sTD>d+ e&+ sc ] eed \yTq yT\TssTT. H
$XwD sc 1960 ~rjs+, 1970 <X+ =*HH
nTe+{ yT\TssTT #sT=+~. 1960 H{ k$jT{
eed eT* esT\T sy*q neds+ +<q $wjT+
HjT+ <w e+~. H n_bjT+ k$jT{ eed
$|\ yTq +<Tq deTd\T m<Tse+ <T . $jTe++ e+
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n~sV+q Ks |H <]rXsTT. ~ #]
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sb+~+#+<T M\T> k$jT{ eed s|\ q ]+~.
s+&T s\ ee~ k$jT{ sc yq&q >MTD
eekj<] de+ qT+&, nH $<\T> \Vq+>
q eed qT+& Xe +yT q b]X$T ] eed> n_e~
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sc Xg $Cq s+>+, |]X<H s+>+, | + u>[
Xg |]X<q |<mTq |T&T\T |{sT. |]X<q\
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eed |s_e~ KeqsT\ $j>+, y{ deTL
sTe+ nysyTq b<q> e]+~. 1930\
bs + u y T 1950\ H{ < X eqs T \ $w j T +
dTd+|qyTq <X+> es+<T $Xw w ]+~.
nsTT eT+ 1920\ H{ sV =qk>< T .
1960\ H{ n~s jT++>+ eedq T eT]+ esTy|
+& ds | ] # sj
T + rdT+~. nsTT B u eqsT\
eT<T nedsyT+~. 1973 H{ d+u+ |]dT\T
e]bjsTT. 1973 #eTTsT d+u+ #eTTsT <s\T
|]bjsTT. ||+# y|+> #eTTsT \\| |q+
d+ y+|s yTT<+ ~. B+ sc q #eTTsT \\
s|]+~. d\\+ $| <j\T b>T|&sTT.
14
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T sc <+ &T\ =qe#q
n_ bj Hj T + e+~. <V s D
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|]Cq+ T nsTT #eTTsT neT\ <s eq
<jT+ =H<+. eed nedsyTq dsT\T n+<T
uT b ~>TeT #dT+<+... nq <sD
HjT+ e+~.
& >T]+#*q |]DeT+ @$T+f k$jT{
] eed ||+# ] eed nTq Xgk+
|]Cq+ k~+q eed eTT&ds T \ ds| s <sT>
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H |d+ sc d+|q esZ\T djT+>
e\dy<+ y| q&TdTq rsT >T]+ |k$+#qT. sc
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eTT+< T > ns + # d T rd T q s j \T e.
#qsV+ b|\ rdTq sj\T <X
|]d #sTT. nsTT $<+> d+|q esZ\T
djT+> e\dy<+ y| yTT>Z+ yTT+> b\esZ+
<<+H esT e+~. <+ 1980 <X+ e],
1990 =*H H{ b\esZ+ <X|Ps+>H ||+#
#+q, ||+ # sTy es+Z q n+s>+ y\
|jT ++~. eT+ ||+ # d+|qT\ T kq+
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sjT HjT&T #| qT ||+ #+ nq +| jTT &s s
usT du+ k~+#+ y] \+> e]+~.
|X : >s#y d+|qT\ b< + eV+#&?
yT: >s#y qT @$T #dTH& \TdT
bj&T. qT m+#Tq esZ+ e+
ne>Vq <X |Ps+> m+#Tq<. u]dt *H eT]+
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>s#yqT >< ~+ m*HqT ><+#sT. >s#y dsq
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k$jT{ eed k~+q ke $j\H
b]X$TsD, d|sY|esY VA<\ bT yTT+>
k$jT{ eedH >+ #j* e+~. |*+> <X+
$qyT+~. '
|X: MT |d+ k$jT{ |q+ >T]+
|k$+#sT. HqT 1991 H{ |]De\T |k$dTHqT.
\+ sc ]\ yH\T k$jT{ eed b*
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d|sY|esY> r] ~<+ |Xq jTT< \+ H{
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15
nsTTq n =~ \+H n+f |< \+H s+&T s\

yT<$esZ+ $s$++~. { bX <X\ nqT
d+<+#&q, d+|qTq es+Z > eTs{ |]De\
|P]> <syT |<]+ n+#T\ #]q yT<$ esZ+.
us< X + L& nTe+{ b*\T |dT H sTT. n+<Te\
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se+ bf d<+ ne>Vq m& #T
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de\T eTqT>& k+#*q nedsyT <q ne>Vq n~.
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se+ <X+ b]X$T s+> q sD\T
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sTT. <+ bf b]X$T keTs + |<m Tq < +d+
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b\ d+s+ esZ b+~ |<
mTq esT\T e#sTT.
HVA sb+~+qn_e~ ePV+
|< q+> |uT |T&, < $j
+#+<T sMT< eq |D[
eed\| <s|& +~. k+
q+s+ D yT sb+~+q n_e~
qeTH, n_e~ | n+<] u>
keT+ +&\q \+ m+ =+
+&~. =\T HVA q n_e~ qeTH
#T +>dt _q esZ\qT dMT]+#
>*>sT. n_e~ ePV+ yTs y>
e+yTq b]X$T $<H de+
s+> >MTD b++ eekjT
d+dsD\ neT\T s>* +~.
sh |uT sj
b bw+q
< s +>+, < HjT + eVdTq
sh ksTT +>dt H + eekjT
d+dsD\ y\&+~. <+ 60
<X+ s <Xy|+> eekjT
d+dsD\L, < |sjT|<+>
*q ud+dsD\ #{\L +>dt
HjT + T b&+~. deTjT+
H HVA nd$T+#sT. +>dt HjT
+ eT+> s>$T y<T\ #T
e]+~. <+ bf n|{ esL
neT q +< sh d++<q,
+>dtH CrjT HjT+, sh
HjT+ eT< +& d++<q
deT\ <q~. HVA Vj+
|<q <w CrjT sj|
+&+ sh ksTT HjT sh
ksTT neds\ H|<+ sjT $~
$<H\T sb+~+#+ nedsyT
q+ d#, d+ +&$. HVA
s b |>Z\T, |uT |>Z\T
#|{ q +~s >+B Vj+ d#
sT y+ ~. CrjT ksTTq, sh ksTT
q +>dt HjT+ nd
sTT +~s >+B uq +<+>
e]+~. CrjT sj $<q
|syTq #s\ kq+ e +<+>
s#sTT q& |CX eJ $].

] s+>+| nH yk\T sXsT.
20
e] dT
#s \T yTT<\jsTT. +>dt n+sZ
dTds <X dTds nq H<+ eTT+<T
=+~. esT b sD
|]$T+ <T. <X+ nqTd]+#*q
]_e~ $<q+ |<mTq &<T&T
\ H+~. n~s+| |T b&T
H+<T ke HjT+ b|~q
n|{ esL nqTd]d eq $<H\
kq+ meT&{y $<H\T sMT<
e#sTT. b]X$T_ e ~ s+&
|+#es |D[ #|+q esZ+qT+&
|uT+ y<=\+~. eekjT d+ds
D ud+dsD\ |< | yjT+
<s >MTD sT<>+, <y\D+
+Z #+, b]X$T_e~ nedsy T q
]sT eqsT\T dw+#{ <T\T
k+ |]Cq+ $j>+ <s
eekjT < |+#+ |uT
\+> e]+~. deT>_e~ \+>
]w zTu+\qT d+|T{+
# d T e+ ] $< H\ \ +>
e]+~. zTu+ <s+> n~
s eq +>dt +~s>+B H
+ |CkeT+ K b\&+~.
|]d T sC+>+ d VMT q
|CkeTus |]s+#TH+<T
|ejT sjT <eT+ neds
yT+~.
k+q+s+
u+> sjT +
<Xy|+> eekjT s+>+
eq esT\ >H u+> L&
eekjTs+>+ esZ\ @sT, d+|T
{+ e+ u d+dsD\ |P] nsTT
+~. $T*q sc\ e~]> ~|
\+ >, ~| \ #T u
+BsD > u+> e. <+
sh y|+> y$<u]yTq u d++
<\T, esZ d+s\T sMT< e#sTT.
~| \+ +<+> ke dMTs
D\T be+ sjT b\T esZ+
b|~q |\qT dMT]+#{ es+Z
dT>eTeT+ nsTT+~. k+bs
\+ L& $|e uy\ \yTq
|H<T\T *q u+> k+ q+
s+ |qT \T|=+~. \yTq
yeT| O<e +<+> e]+~.
k+q+s+ <X $uq H|<+
sc_e~ nedsyTq eT* eqsT\T,
21
u+>qT dTds q&|q |t |+{

k+bs \+ L& $|e
uy\ \yTq |H<T\T *q u+>
k+q+s+ |qT \T|
=+~. \y T q yeT| O< e
+<+> e]+~.
$X\yTq uu>+ H{ sT bkH

eX+ e+, <X $uq H|<+
u+> sdT \ eTT| m<Tse{
sD+ +>dt nqTd]+q $<H nq
n_bjT+ u+> $<~\T
+>dt <seTjsT. MT+< s<T
e+{ #s\ s+>+ \_ b+~H |q
|s=q #] sD\ e\ u+>
+>dt b ySqTH+<T |]$T
neX e#sTT. $T*q sc >
k+ eTT+<T u+> +>dt
b @ ksTTq |uT+ #eTD
<T . |]$TT\T q|{ k+
q+s+ =* <X+qs \+ <X
y|+> q kqTL\ |eH\ H|<+
u+> d+ +>dt b n~
s s>*+~.
1960\ H{ qT+& sh+ +>dt
|q+ bs+uyT+~. +~s >+B
H+ |q+ d+|PsyT+~.
n~s, b| |H b&T
e{ +~s >+B |Ck$T
|< T \qT > s+X, |CkeT $sT<
|<T\T ne\+_+#+ n|& $s
$dTq yT<$ es+Z +>dt <syT + ~.
sD |s+> #dT+f _d sjYT,
nT\|Twt e+{ ysT u+> |dd
HjT+ eV+q|&T y] d+
| $<H HVA q+ neX+
+~s >+B e<T. < &T
\yTq k HjT es+>
eTs >|qT jsT #jT+, dt HjT+ eTTseTT
eTT #jT+, n<qT #dT
q$Tq +qT b n<\T #jT+
nq +~s >+B $<q+ sh +>dt
eT]+ eTT\ <] rd+~. ysd
sh ksTT +>dt y|\+ 1967
H{ sjT XSq+ @s&+~. CrjT

eTdT <eT+ eq N* n|&
sMT< eq us eTdT b
(e]dT) |P]ksTT XSH
|P]+#+<T d<eTjT |]d b
sTT+~. sh sjT s+>+ d|(m+)
sT>T X> ne]+#{, +>dt
y|\+ @s&q XSH |P]+
sjT nds kq+ dTds k~+#
{ sc <<| <X\+|>
deTjT+ |{+ ~. <X\+ CrjT
ksTT +>dt |C<sD e+,
+>dt N*\T sh sj\qT
|u$+ #XsTT.
<X\| nds
1960 <X+ H{ +>dt <Xy
|+> |L\ |eH\T m<Tsy*
e+~. HVA bs+_+q n_e~
$<H\ qT+& y< =\>+, ] d+u+ ,
Vs d+u+, +>dt d+k>
sD\T, #H ùsY jTT<+ |L\
|eH\ y> |+#sTT. $$< sc
|\T |ejT sjT X\ y|
q&e+ bs+uyT+~. $TH&T
&m+, s d| (m+) ~X> <X
<] #bsTT. |eTu+> +>dt
|q+ $T*q # +f eT]+ y>+>
]+~. u+> +>dt =*s+
H\T n+]+q s y] kH
|P]+# ksTT @ H m<><T. _d
sjYT, nT\ |Twt e+{ H\T b
sh y| jT++> sb+~+#+
\ b bw+#sT. 1962 _d sjYT
eTsD+ s u+> +>dt eTTs
eTT\T |#]sTT. CrjT ksTT
1967 +>dt z$T #$#d u+>
n+ < |PsyT +>dt N*bsTT
\Vq|&+~. z{$T b\sTT+~. <
s sjT nds H+~ u+>.

77 eTT+<T ]q n mq yeT| b\T
eT&+ e+T zT d+b~+#T \yTq X>
OHsTT. |C+<q\ <s yeT|\T, |+ d|
(m+) |\ eT]+ <>Zs+~. \+ sh+ nds
bT nDy L& +>dt # \ k<q+>
e]+~. d# |bdTq u+> |\T nDyqT
re+> es+#sT. =*k] sh+ 1967 d+s
|uT+ @s&+~.
1968-1971 eT< \+ sh+

@s&q s +&T d+s |uT \ |< q+>
es Z d + s \ T. y | q s T y ,
ukeT esZ b<+ eV+#
b\ eTsy| q X \ qT es+#
yeT| b\T d+s |uT+ \
u>keTT\T e+ y{ eT< deTq
jT+ =se&+, esZ keTsd + |+#+
dV yT+ ~. nsTT deTqjT b
esZ <<+ L&q $<H\T nqTd]+
#\ yeT|\T ssTT+#+ sD+.
$< H\ yeT| \T | \
eT]+ <>sZ j
sTT. 71 m\ eTT+<T
yeT| \T eT&+ e+T zT k~+
#e |q #|=HeTT. n|{ yeT
|\ |CsD X @s& |]$TT\qT
s+&T d+s |uT |j>\ <s
e~*+#T >*>sTT. sh+ esZ dMT
sD\T e], XeTJe\+<s |+
>q, <|& <sT\+<s eTs |+ >q
N*bsTTq yesD+ H\=+~. d+s+
u>keTT\T eT |+#T
H+<T ] $T+ sT mT\ T ydT
HsT. |C |j q+, X$TesZ |j
q+, |Ck$T $\Te\ |]sD,
sC+>+ VMT q dV\T |
\ n+<TuT eyT \+>
m+#Tq us eTdT b (e]dT)
n+<TqT>TD+> |CdMTsD, <s
esZ X \ b+~ esT k<H \ +>
\+ bs{\T # d + ~.
\+ ]q b]X$T +<qH
CdT \jTH |t ~ deTsY (eT+&Tyd
$ >]+# d+V+>) |sTb+<&T.
m& @ q deTd H b n&
|eTjT d b duT\T, Xj_
w\ |H~ $d]++~. \+H
d|(m+) us<X+ $|y ],
s yT |H~ nq b seT
ks+X #sD |{+~.

|]d T sh+ \yTq X>
q d|(m+) |<q ||+> m~
+~. |\eTT+<T sjT ] |
ej ++~. 77 eTT+<T ]q
n mq yeT| b\T eT&+
e+T zT d+b~+#T \yTq
X> HsTT. |C+<q\ <s yeT
|\T, |+ d|(m+) |\
eT]+ <>Zs+~. \+ sh+
nds bT nDy L& +>dt
# \ k<q+> e]+~. d#
|bdTq u+> |\T nDyqT
re+> es+#sT. =*k] sh+
1967 d+s |uT+ @s&+~.
d+s |uT + u>k$T> q us
eTdT b (e]dT) $$< esZ\
|\ #sTejT+<T M\T> VA+
XK bT eekjT XK, ]XK
e+{ eT+ XK\T #|{+~.
\+H sh |uT+ =*k] X+
u<\ deTdqT s+&T s\T> $u
+~. { esbZ s{\T, s +&~ e>
$wj\T, #{\ \+|Tq, <|&\T,
ns# d++~+q X+u <\
deTd. CdT H + VA+XK
X+u<\ deTd\| re+> d+~+
#~. esZbs{\ $wjT+ C+
# |]$TT\T $~++~. <s
sC+> j T + + es Z bs{\
$w j T + d + | < ] +#
#jT>*+~ d|(m+) H+
| C + O< eT+. V Q X
||+#+H ~ yeT| \ =
nqTue+. CrjT ksTT sC+>
jT++ esZ <e\ | nDy yK ]
nqTd]d +&> ]w b++
e+ sC+> jT++ esZ bs{\
| d < s D nqTd ] +#
e] dT
#jT>\>+ b+ yeT| <eT+
k~+q | $jT+> #|y*.
u+> esZ bs{\qT sC+>
jT++ C+ |]~ qT+& $TqVsTT+
#++ <s b\H eed @s&q
XSH u #jT { |C <e\qT
d|(m+) k<q+> eT\T=+~.
$<yTq mT>& |\ D |j
H\, <e |* \ #|+#+
eT]+ eT+~ |C+ <eT+
|y+# bV+~. n<deTjT+
|C <eT+ k+> b\H jT++
>+ b L& bwd eTT+<T k+~.
ese q <X+ ]w b++ sC+>
jT+ \Vq+ #d |C <eT+
kq+ $T+#Te+ nq~ u+>
|j>+H k<yT+~. < eTT+<T
\ +>D kj T T< bs \+
|]$T b++ |j> neT\T
#d+~ eTdT b.
> 1971 bkH ]q
jTT<+, +><X $se+ CrjTk
sTT y\Tyq |C<sD +>dt
+~s >+B H + ] n~s
e+~. u+\ CrsTsD, sus
D\ s<T e+{ #\ bT 71 bkH
]q jTT<+, < H|<+, d~+q
$jT+ L& CrjT ksTT +>dt
b H\=q ndsqT =*
+~. +~s >+B +>dt b
sT>T H> essT. HVA eTsD+
s CrjT ksTT +>dt
$<yTq <sD \u+ e+ < yTT<{
k] e+ +~s >+B qT
$Tq >q |]d @s&+~. 71
]q Xdqdu m |+
u+> |Ck$T $\Te\ bs
y X s T . es m b\ b
nqTd ] +q n| C k$T # s \
sdq> CdT d+ m+m |<$
sJHe #j* e+~. Bs\+>
u+> yeT|\ m<T>T<\qT n&T
y\ +>dt #dq n |jT\T
$|\+ e+, CrjT ksTT |]q
|C<sD <qT eq n~s
deT+> |C|j> #s\ $j
+#{ <T\T +<T|, n~s
<T]j>, sjT s+X,
||\ @]y +>dt |j+#T
22
e] dT
=+~. <TsT~ eT]+ $d] + es
<X neds |]d y| H{+~.
\+ dTdsyTq d+s+ @s&+<T
neX+ b sTT+~. b\H jT++>+
sc_e ~ d++~+q ke ]
n+X\| <w +B]+# keTs
sTT+~.
esZbs{\T
sjT nds , b\H jT++
>+ y|\+ $q u+>
esbZ s{\T |+EHsTT. d+s |uT
\ H+ neT\T ]q u
d+dsD\ | \T |]s+ #TH eT+
sh+ | >eT+ esZbs y~>
e]+~. sh+ d+s |uT \qT s<T
#dq |k +<+ sh| b\q
$~++~. sh b\H |>Z\T #|{+~.
sh+ sT>TTq bs+ n|{ es
k~+q $j\qT d+|T{+#dTe
{ nq $wj ns+ #dT
b = X\T q b++
b ~ ]+ kjTT< #s \ b\&+
q{ <eT+ $s$ ++~. sh+
ndsqT eT]+ |+ bw+#+
q{ <eT+ qe+T b bw+
+~. |> <eT+ bs+u+ nsTTq
=~ d|(m+)qT q |<q
Xe> m+#T=+~. H&T ]k, ;VsY,
Cs+& d]V<T b+ +<+>
#dT eysTTdT\ T u+> se
\T Hs| q f H&T q T u>[ ydT \T
uTqT ds> rdTHsT. <Xy|
+> neds |]d +< |\ V
\T q*bT+f qT u+>
+>dt *d yeT|\T |+
d|(m+) ss\qT }# jT+
bs+_++~. |]DeTyT <T
u+> nsbddT b\q> ]sT\
+~. \+ +<+ +>dt
|uT+ u+>qT <] #TH+
<T nH #s \T #|{ + ~. n+<T s +&T
eTTKyTq |]b\H|syTq esT\T
HsTT. { |uT+ nqTd]+# nD
y $<q+ sC+>|]$TT\ jT
+T+< |{ + #+. +<T u>+>
bdT\T @ |]d T \T\ b\&H
<| HjT$#sD +&< |{+#
+ <e\| bdT\T $sT#T|&
{ s rdqf+~. s+&+~ >&#]
23
sjT nds, b\H jT++>+ y|

\+ $q u+> esZbs{\T |+E
HsTT. d+s |uT\ H+ neT\T ]q
u d+dsD\ | \T |]s+ #TH e T+ sh+
| >eT+ esZbs y~> e]+~. sh+
d+s |uT\qT s<T #dq |k +<+ sh|
b\q $~++~.
$u > q { d e Td | ] cs
u<\T n|+#+. +<+ q{
nq |< q s#q+ # $d
yTq ~. sh+ |< q sjT de+
| #dT q yeT| \T, d|m + ss\
L& e]+# $<+> e] Ms+<]
@]yd u< >&#s $u> n|
+#sT. $<+> bdT\ n<T|
nDy n~s\T e+, Hsd T \ T,
sjT Hsd T \ eT< ^qT #]|jT+
<s nsbddT b\q srd+~
+~s >+B H+ +>dt |uT
+. sy q uT d+<\| ydT
q e d<s X+sY s.
\+ ]q esDVAeT+
>T]+ \TH+<T eT#T s+&T
<VsD\T |k$+#T+f d]bT+~.
1972 ]q Xdqdu m +>dt
|<m Tq ]Z+>T, ne\ b\& $
jT+ k~++< n|{ fyT |t
+&j \ $] > q d dT
$|\+> sXsT. m\ eTT+<T,
s ssTT >+&\ esDVAeT+
dw+ || b\ #+~q ss\ T,
HjT\qT Ve]q rsTqTL&
fyT|t +&j d$es+> r]+
+~. d dT e nsej <X +
es sh+ #$#dq V+d +f
\+ #$#dq V+d y<Tq,
;u+q n~+> +< n_bjT
|&+~. X+sY |Twt nH s#sTT #|{q
n<jTq+ \+ ;sYu+
H d+ sE eT&TH\T>T
sjT V\T]>jT s]+#sT.
1971 pH sh| b\q $~+q
=~ H\H o|PsYùsq>sY b++
q q H|+ 150eT+~ jTTe\qT
bdT\T }# XsT. |Twt n|{
V+<kH k+&sY | |~>
$wj y\T>T #sT. ||>

b++ Xy\T, #T\T, q
yTT+&\T # #<sT> |& HjT
sXsT. Xy\qT, yTT+&qT b>T#d
|| > n+<s #dT+ &> ] rdT [
VQ^ q~ $dsXs *b&T. |Twt
eH, \+ sh+ uj
+ sksTT #]+~. sT
jTTeq yses +& |]d
b sTT+~. bd T | t y
q&ejTdT\T s+f Xs+ <T. B,
+~s>+B qTdq u+> |Ck
e K #dq rsT. syTq V
+& bT 60 <X+ es d|
(m+) <s+ ]q ud+dsD\qT
+>dt H+ sh|b\q s>
<&+ bs+_++~. <+ bT
u+> H\=q sjT nds H|
< + |<m Tq |T&T\T e\d bj
sTT. b]X$T s+>+ <+~.
\+ yTT+> |uT |]b\H
jT++>yT |y+ kq e~]>
e]bsTT+~.
u+> dTds k~+q
yeT| |uT+
s+< es+ |C+
<e }|]\~+~ d|(m+).
+>dt < s+ sT>TTq |Ck$T
eed K es+> sh+H
<Xy |+ > |C+ X \ qT dMT]+
|CkeT |]sD <e ]++~
u s e Td T b e]d T .
O<e u+> |\T <]+#sT.
deT]+#sT. eT<#sT. <eT+
| u>keTT\jsT. |+
1971`77 eT<\+ u$TV
sTTq |<, eT<s> sT\+<s
($T> 32e |J)
Xd |]#jT yke[ ` 19
e] dT
\ ` +
uy<T\qT z&+#&+ <s X+sT &T Xd $Cq n_e~ mq V
*+#& |d< usrjT Xdy & || \#+ < s $eT]+#sT. $eTs
ds q ~. K>Xd+ , jTTs<+, >D + , skjTqXd+ e+{ s+>\ bNq
us< X + ||+ #+H n>>$T> O+&~. >T $T< n, <+ HXqeTjT<
n, yd$ Cq+ ndq Cq+ <, $XdyT CH b|~ n #| q
n< + $Cq |s> |< ++> eeV]++~. X+sT &T eTqTy<
|P]> deT]+#&T. n+<]q |se OH& z | #|P H +| eeV]
||+ #+ esXeT <s \qT b{+#&+ nedse T H= #b&T. eTq |&T
L& Te+{ eTVqTue\T sd\ T H O+{sT.
m+.$.mdt. Xs#
+ eTfq \TdT nB
ejTq \TdT *d e\N $\|+#T
rjT<q+ me] \TdT nHsT eTqdT
$ #s jT >sT. X+sT n<
d<++ ys T < |eT nqsTT+
q bH #sD+ #=|+#
sjTq. uey<T\T u ||+#|
ydy >T]+#& |sT.
||+ #+ n+ ejT. |s V d +.
d \TdTe&yT eTT, y+
n O|wT\ #bsTT. y<q
d e + u ey< | y T < e\qT
m+<TL =s> y #d+~.
||+#+ ]> sb\ yqT
<s+ #d+~. |sekq+> |\qT
uey< |uy ] O+#&+
b\esZ\ +~s+> e]+~.
n+> H{ deC_e~ L&
++ @s&+~. ||+ #yT ejT
nqTH O n_e~| <w
|&+ <TsTT+<? b, ||+#+
ejT <, ydeyTq n+^]dH?
n|&T uey<| |H< \+<T
T +~. B | ] cs + > eTT+< T
=+< n<+.
X+sT &T bse] d +, yeV]

< \ > q ~ yd e + <
d+ n s+&T s\ d | yT\e e# \TdTq~. ~ n+<]
b~+#&T. |s V f ndq d +. nqTueyT. eT] yT\TH nqTu$
>T n+ $T< nq~ bse] dTq<+, ]q<+ yde+ <
d+. |sV n+{ OH&T. m|&T \TdT+ ~? B sE ds u+
n+{ OH&T. n+f q, Hq, O<VsD> #b&T X+sT &T. (sE `
n+<]q OH&T. |ses &T, ds + ` beTT). yT\e Oq|&
>V+#>*q y& JeqT \_+qf. <s+> Oq &T #d beTT nqT
>T $T< nsTT eTq+ sp bs & +. n > beTTqT L &
#dTq ~, #dT q ~, \TdT+Tq~, eTq k] & bs|& e #T. < <>sZ
#T sT>TTq~ <+ @$T{? bsTT #d nd\T n~ &, by
<+ + <? nq d+<V + edT+ ~. \TdT+~. n<$<+> ||+#
<+ eeV] d + nH&T X+sT &T. ydeeT ueT|&TTH+. k<q <s
eeV ] d \ > q & + d ] n~ yde+ < \TdT+< nH&T
b&T. eTq+ < \>q|&T X+sT &T.
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24
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25
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dsT\ n<q| $\Te#LsTT+~.
O<VsD eTq+ & ={ =q qdt
|| s Y H rd T +<+. || s T qT
29
esY #| q $\Te | s +&T nu +s\T #TT+

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31
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#*q deTjT+ dqyT+~.
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Postal Regd. No H/SD/407/07-10-12
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Marxistu, monthly organ of Communist Party of India (Marxist) A.P . State Committee.
Printer & Publisher B.V. Raghavulu. RNI Reg.No. APTEL/2006/17554. Vol.5, No.10, February-2011
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