MINI PROJECT REPORT

On

GLOBAL ALERT AND CONTROL SYSTEM FOR UPS BATTERY MANAGEMENT FOR CORPORATE AUTOMATION (GSM)
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements For the award of the degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN

ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

BY

Y.SAI NITISH P.CHANDRA SHEKER

(08C71A04A9) (08C71A0482)

Under the Guidance of

P.SURESH REDDY
Asst.Prof Department of ECE

ELLENKI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

PATELGUDA, PATANCHERU, MEDAK DISTRICT-502305
AFFILIATED TO JNTU

ELLENKI COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

PATELGUDA, PATANCHERU, MEDAK DISTRICT-502305 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This

is

to

certify that project report entitled

GLOBAL ALERT AND

CONTROL SYSTEM FOR UPS BATTERY MANAGEMENT FOR CORPORATE AUTOMATION (GSM) of third year in partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of the degree of bachelor of technology in Electronics & Communication Engineering under Jawaharlal Nehru technology of University during the period of 2008-2012.

INTERNAL GUIDE

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

Mr.P.SURESH REDDY Asst.Prof DEPARTMENT OF ECE

Mr.T.SRAVAN KUMAR Assoc.Prof DEPARTMENT OF ECE

EXTERNAL GUIDE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Taking up the execution of project work was a rich experience by itself as it involved more of my efforts. It was the first opportunity for me to apply my knowledge and skill to work up on and an idea, which certainly will be helpful after stepping in to the actual field work.

My sincere thanks to external project guide SRINIVAS of KREST TECHNOLOGIES HYDERABAD, for the guidance and support pertaining to use lab facilities and carry out this project work.

I express my profound attitude to our guide Mr.P.SURESH REDDY Asst.prof of ECE department for her support and encouragement in completing the project .I thanks her project guidance and help through the development of this project for providing me with required information. Without her guidance, co-operation and encouragement, I couldnt have learned many things during my project tenure.

I would like to thank Mr.T.SRAVAN KUMAR Assoc.Prof, Head of the department of electronics and communication engineering for his valuable guidance in bringing shape to this dissertation.

I express my special thanks to Principal Prof.MR.AMZAN SHAIK on behalf of our ECE department for his kind co-operation.

Y.SAI NITISH P.CHANDRA SHEKER

(08C71A04A9) (08C71A0482)

ABSTRACT

In this project, we are using two transformers. One is as mains supply to corporate and second transformer as secondary (UPS) supply. In the beginning we are giving the main supply by transformer one, but if due to some reason mains supply is not working. Then by power detector circuit this information goes to microcontroller and buzzer will produce an alarming sound. Microcontroller will send the message to authorized person by GSM modem. If person wants to continue the power supply by second

transformer then that person has to send message to gsm modem. Whenever the gsm modem receives sms message to change the power supply connection it gives instruction to microcontroller. The microcontroller simply connects the second power supply and disconnects the existing supply using relay based control circuit.

INDEX
CH.NO
1.

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION

PAGE NO

2.

BLOCK DIAGRAM 2. 1 BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION

3.

SCHEMATIC 3. 1 SCHEMATIC DESCRIPTION

4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

HARDWARE COMPONENTS MICROCONTROLLER GSM MODEM BUZZER LED RELAY LCD POWER SUPPLY TRANSFORMERS SOFTWARE ABOUT KIEL EMBEDDED C SOURCE CODE CONCLUSION (OR) SYNOPSIS ABBREVATIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Every system is automated in order to face new challenges in the present day situation. Automated systems have less manual operations, so that the flexibility, reliabilities are high and accurate. Hence every field prefers automated control systems. Especially in the field of electronics automated systems are doing better performance increasingly. Probably the most useful thing to know about the global system for mobile communication is that it is an international standard. If you travel in parts of world, GSM is only type of cellular service available. Instead of analog services, GSM was developed as a digital system using TDMA technology. In our project the microcontroller continuously monitors the voltage and if the voltage drops below the present value then this system alerts the local user and the remote personal through gsm in the form of sms message. If we want change the existed battery with another battery just we have to send the sms to gsm modem connected. Whenever the gsm modem receives sms message to change the battery connection it gives instruction to microcontroller .The microcontroller simply connects the new battery and disconnects the existing battery using relay based control circuit.

INTRODUCTION TO GSM TECHNOLOGY

An embedded system is a special-purpose system in which the computer is completely encapsulated by or dedicated to the device or system it controls. Unlike a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer, an embedded system performs one or a few predefined tasks, usually with very specific requirements. Since the system is dedicated to specific tasks, design engineers can optimize it, reducing the size and cost of the product. Embedded systems are often mass-produced, benefiting from economies of scale.

What is GSM
Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) is a set of ETSI standards specifying the infrastructure for a digital cellular service. The standard is used in approx. 85 countries in the world including such locations as Europe, Japan and Australia1

GSM Call Routing Mobile Subscriber Roaming

When a mobile subscriber roams into a new location area (new VLR), the VLR automatically determines that it must update the HLR with the new location information, which it does using an SS7 Location Update Request Message. The Location Update Message is routed to the HLR through the SS7 network, based on the global title translation of the IMSI that is stored within the SCCP Called Party Address portion of the message. The HLR responds with a message that informs the VLR whether the subscriber should be provided service in

Fig:Gsm call routing GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile telephone system that is widely used in many parts of the world. GSM uses a variation of Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) and is the most widely used of the three digital wireless telephone technologies. GSM digitizes and compresses data, then sends it down a channel with two other streams of user data, each in its own time slot. GSM operates in the 900MHz, 1800MHz, or 1900 MHz frequency bands.

GSM together with other technologies is part of an evolution of wireless mobile telecommunication that includes High-Speed Circuit-Switched Data (HCSD), General Packet Radio System (GPRS), Enhanced Data GSM Environment (EDGE), and Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS). GSM security issues such as theft of service, privacy, and legal interception continue to raise significant interest in the GSM community. The purpose of this portal is to raise awareness of these issues with GSM security.

Digital containers offer an alternative way of securely delivering content to consumers. They can offer many advantages, particularly for content delivery over mobile phone networks: 1. Scalability 2. Micro transactions/Micro payments compatibility 3. Content channel neutrality (heterogeneous networks, uni cast

/multicast/broadcast etc) 4. Possibility of DRM 5. Consumer anonymity Etc.

CHAPTER 2
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

POWER SUPPLY MICRO CONTROLLER Y

LCD

RELA

Transformer Transformer 2

BUZZER

LED INDICATOR

GSM MODEM

M AX2 32

Power detector ckt

Fig: block diagram of microcontroller

2.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION:

Micro Controller: In this project work the micro-controller is plays major role. Microcontrollers were originally used as components in complicated process-control systems. However, because of their small size and low price, Micro-controllers are now also being used in regulators for individual control loops. In several areas Microcontrollers are now outperforming their analog counterparts and are cheaper as well.

Gsm Modem Here we are using GSM MODEM to communicate with the mobile phone to which we are going to send the message. Whenever an authorized person wants to know the status of parameter or whenever parameters values increases above the threshold value then a message will be sent through modem. This fault is indicated by displaying in LCD. This project will facilitates us to monitor as well as control different parameters at a time which increase accuracy and speed.

POWER SUPPLY This section is meant for supplying Power to all the sections mentioned above. It basically consists of a Transformer to step down the 230V ac to 18V ac followed by diodes. Here diodes are used to rectify the ac to dc. After rectification the obtained rippled dc is filtered using a capacitor Filter. A positive voltage regulator is used to regulate the obtained dc voltage. But here in this project two power supplies are used one is meant to supply operating voltage for Microcontroller and the other is to supply control voltage for Relays.

LCD: Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) have materials, which combine the properties of both liquids and crystals. Rather than having a melting point, they have a temperature range within which the molecules are almost as mobile as they would be in a liquid, but are grouped together in an ordered form similar to a crystal. 5 Buzzer: A buzzer or beeper is a signaling device, usually electronic, typically used in automobiles, household appliances such as a microwave ovens, & game shows. The word "buzzer" comes from the rasping noise that buzzers made when they were electromechanical devices, operated from stepped-down AC line voltage at 50 or 60 cycles. Other sounds commonly used to indicate that a button has been pressed are a ring or a beep... Leds: A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices, and are increasingly used for lightning. Introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.

CHAPTER 3
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM:

3.1 SCHEMATIC DESCRIPTION

The system requirements and control specifications clearly rule out the use of 16, 32 or 64 bit micro controllers or microprocessors. Systems using these may be earlier to

implement due to large number of internal features. They are also faster and more reliable but, 8-bit micro controller satisfactorily serves the above application. Using an inexpensive 8bit Microcontroller will doom the 32-bit product failure in any competitive market place. A capacitor (formerly known as condenser) is a device for storing electric charge. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two conductors separated by a non-conductor. Capacitors used as parts of electrical systems, for example, consist of metal foils separated by a layer of insulating film. 7 A resistor is a two-terminal passive electronic component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. When a voltage V is applied across the terminals of a resistor, a current I will flow through the resistor in direct proportion to that voltage. A diode is a two-terminal electronic component. A semiconductor diode, the most common type today, is a crystalline piece of semiconductor material connected to two electrical terminals.[1] A vacuum tube diode (now little used except in some high-power technologies) is a vacuum with two electrodes: a plate and a cathode. The AT89S51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 4Kbytes of in-system programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industryStandard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program Memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a Monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S51 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a Highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. The required operating voltage for Microcontroller 89C51 is 5V. Hence the 5V D.C. power supply is needed. This regulated 5V is generated by stepping down the voltage from 230V to 12V using step down transformer. Now the step downed a.c voltage is being rectified by the Bridge Rectifier using 1N4007 diodes. The rectified a.c voltage is now filtered using a C filter. Now the rectified, filtered D.C. voltage is fed to the Voltage Regulator. This voltage regulator provides/allows us to have a Regulated constant Voltage which is of +5V. The rectified; filtered and regulated voltage is again filtered for ripples using an electrolytic capacitor 100F. Now the output from this section is fed to 40th pin of 89c51 microcontroller to supply operating voltage. The microcontroller 89C51 with Pull up resistors at Port0 and

crystal oscillator of 11.0592 MHz crystal in conjunction with couple of 30-33pf capacitors is placed at 18th& 19th pins of 89c51 to make it work (execute) properly. 8

Gsm Modem
A GSM modem can be an external modem device, such as the Wavecom FASTRACK Modem. Insert a GSM SIM card into this modem, and connect the modem to an available serial port on your computer. A GSM modem could also be a standard GSM mobile phone with the appropriate cable and software driver to connect to a serial port on your computer. Phones such as the Nokia 7110 with a DLR-3 cable, or various Ericsson phones, are often used for this purpose. When you install your GSM modem, or connect your GSM mobile phone to the computer, be sure to install the appropriate Windows modem driver from the device manufacturer. To simplify configuration, the Now SMS/MMS Gateway will communicate with the device via this driver. An additional benefit of utilizing this driver is that you can use Windows diagnostics to ensure that the modem is communicating properly with the computer.

CHAPTER 4
Hardware Components
MICROCONTROLLER GSM MODEM BUZZER LED RELAY LCD POWER SUPPLY TRANSFORMERS 4.1 MICRO CONTROLLER 89C51 Introduction A Micro controller consists of a powerful CPU tightly coupled with memory, various I/O interfaces such as serial port, parallel port timer or counter, interrupt controller, data acquisition interfaces-Analog to Digital converter, Digital to Analog converter, integrated on to a single silicon chip. If a system is developed with a microprocessor, the designer has to go for external memory such as RAM, ROM, EPROM and peripherals. But controller is provided all these facilities on a single chip. Development of a Micro controller reduces PCB size and cost of design.

One of the major differences between a Microprocessor and a Micro controller is that a controller often deals with bits not bytes as in the real world application. Intel has introduced a family of Micro controllers called the MCS-51. The Major Features: Compatible with MCS-51 products 4k Bytes of in-system Reprogrammable flash memory Fully static operation: 0HZ to 24MHZ 10 Label1 128 * 8 bit timer/counters Six interrupt sources

Functional block diagram of micro controller The 89C51 oscillator and clock: The heart of the 89C51 circuitry that generates the clock pulses by which all the internal all internal operations are synchronized. Pins XTAL1 and XTAL2 are provided for connecting a resonant network to form an oscillator. Typically a quartz crystal and capacitors are employed. The manufacturers make 89C51 designs that run at specific minimum and maximum frequencies typically 1 to 16 MHz 11

Fig 3.7.2: - Oscillator and timing circuit

Types of memory:
The 89C51 have three general types of memory. They are on-chip memory, external Code memory and external Ram. On-Chip memory refers to physically existing memory on the micro controller itself. External code memory is the code memory that resides off chip. This is often in the form of an external EPROM. External RAM is the Ram that resides off chip. This often is in the form of standard static RAM or flash RAM

Code memory
Code memory is the memory that holds the actual 89C51 programs that is to be run. This memory is limited to 64K. Code memory may be found on-chip or off-chip. It is possible to have 4K of code memory on-chip and 60K off chip memory simultaneously. If only off-chip memory is available then there can be 64K of off chip ROM. This is controlled by pin provided as EA 12

a) Internal RAM

The 89C51 have a bank of 128 of internal RAM. The internal RAM is found on-chip. So it is the fastest Ram available. And also it is most flexible in terms of reading and writing. Internal Ram is volatile, so when 89C51 is reset, this memory is cleared. 128 bytes of internal memory are subdivided. The first 32 bytes are divided into 4 register banks. Each bank contains 8 registers. Internal RAM also contains 128 bits, which are addressed from 20h to 2Fh. These bits are bit addressed i.e. each individual bit of a byte can be addressed by the user. They are numbered 00h to 7Fh. The user may make use of these variables with commands such as SETB and CLR.

Fig 3.7.3: - Pin diagram of AT89C51 Pin Description:

VCC: Supply voltage. GND: Ground.

13 Port 0: Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When ones are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pullups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification. Port 1: Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification. Port 2: Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memories that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @DPTR). In this application, it uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memories that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special

Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.

14 Port 3: Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C51 as listed below: Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.

Tab 6.2.1 Port pins and their alternate functions

RST:

Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device.

15 ALE/PROG: Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.

PSEN: Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89C51 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.

EA/VPP: External Access Enable EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH.

EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP.

XTAL1: Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.

16

XTAL2: It is the Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

Oscillator Characteristics: XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figs 6.2.3. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven as shown in Figure 6.2.4.There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.

Fig 6.2.3 Oscillator Connections

Fig 6.2.4 External Clock Drive Configuration

17

8051 Register Banks and Stack

RAM memory space allocation in the 8051 There are 128 bytes of RAM in the 8051. The 128 bytes of RAM inside the 8051 are assigned addresses 00 to7FH. These 128 bytes are divided into three different groups as follows: 1. A total of 32 bytes from locations 00 to 1FH hex are set aside for register banks and the stack. 2. A total of 16 bytes from locations 20 to 2FH hex are set aside for bit-addressable read/write memory. 3. A total of 80 bytes from locations 30H to 7FH are used for read and write storage, or what is normally called Scratch pad. These 80 locations of RAM are widely used for the purpose of storing data and parameters nu 8051 programmers.

Register banks in the 8051

A total of 32bytes of RAM are set aside for the register banks and stack. These 32 bytes are divided into 4 banks of registers in which each bank has registers, R0-R7. RAM locations 0 to 7 are set aside for bank 0 of R0-R7 where R0 is RAM location 0, R1 is RAM location 1, and R2 is location 2, and so on, until memory location7, which belongs to R7 of bank0. The second bank of registers R0-R7 starts at RAM location 08 and goes to location 0FH. The third bank of R0-R7 starts at memory location 10H and goes to location 17H. Finally, RAM locations 18H to 1FH are set aside for the fourth bank of R0-R7. Fig shows how the 32 bytes are allocated into 4 banks. As we can see from fig 1, the bank 1 uses the same RAM space as the stack. This is a major problem in programming the 8051. we must either not use register bank1, or allocate another area of RAM for the stack.

18 Default register bank If RAM locations 00-1F are set aside for the four register banks, which register bank of R0-R7 do we have access to when the 8051 is powered up? The answer is register bank 0; that is , RAM locations 0, 1,2,3,4,5,6, and 7 are accessed with the names R0, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, and R7 when programming the 8051. It is much easier to refer to these RAM locations with names such as R0, R1 and so on, than by their memory locations as shown in fig 2. The register banks are switched by using the D3 & D4 bits of register PSW.

FIG: RAM Allocation in the 8051

19

Fig:

8051 Register Banks and their RAM Addresses

PSW Register (Program Status Word)

This is one of the most important SFRs. The Program Status Word (PSW) contains several status bits that reflect the current state of the CPU. This register contains: Carry bit, Auxiliary Carry, two register bank select bits, Overflow flag, parity bit, and user-definable status flag. The ALU automatically changes some of registers bits, which is usually used in regulation of the program performing. P - Parity bit. If a number in accumulator is even then this bit will be automatically set (1), otherwise it will be cleared (0). It is mainly used during data transmission and receiving via serial communication. 20

- Bit 1. This bit is intended for the future versions of the microcontrollers, so it is not supposed to be here. OV Overflow occurs when the result of arithmetical operation is greater than 255 (decimal), so that it can not be stored in one register. In that case, this bit will be set (1). If there is no overflow, this bit will be cleared (0). RS0, RS1 - Register bank selects bits. These two bits are used to select one of the four register banks in RAM. By writing zeroes and ones to these bits, a group of registers R0-R7 is stored in one of four banks in RAM. RS1 0 0 1 1 RS2 0 1 0 1 Space in RAM Bank0 00h-07h Bank1 08h-0Fh Bank2 10h-17h Bank3 18h-1Fh

F0 - Flag 0. This is a general-purpose bit available to the user. CY - Carry Flag is the (ninth) auxiliary bit used for all arithmetical operations and shift instructions. DPTR Register (Data Pointer) These registers are not true ones because they do not physically exist. They consist of two separate registers: DPH (Data Pointer High) and (Data Pointer Low). Their 16 bits are used for external memory addressing. They may be handled as a 16-bit register or as two independent 8-bit registers. Besides, the DPTR Register is usually used for storing data and intermediate results which have nothing to do with memory locations.
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SP Register (Stack Pointer)

The stack is a section of RAM used by the CPU to store information temporarily. This information could be data or an address. The CPU needs this storage area since there are only a limited number of registers. Program counter: The important register in the 8051 is the PC (Program counter). The program counter points to the address of the next instruction to be executed. As the CPU fetches the OPCODE from the program ROM, the program counter is incremented to point to the next instruction. The program counter in the 8051 is 16bits wide. This means that the 8051 can access program addresses 0000 to FFFFH, a total of 64k bytes of code. However, not all members of the 8051 have the entire 64K bytes of on-chip ROM installed, as we will see soon.

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Types of instructions Depending on operation they perform, all instructions are divided in several groups:

Arithmetic Instructions Branch Instructions Data Transfer Instructions Logical Instructions Logical Instructions with bits

The first part of each instruction, called MNEMONIC refers to the operation an instruction performs (copying, addition, logical operation etc.). Mnemonics commonly are shortened form of name of operation being executed. For example: INC R1; Increment R1 (increment register R1)

LJMP LAB5

; Long Jump LAB5 (long jump to address specified as LAB5)

JNZ LOOP; Jump if Not Zero LOOP (if the number in the accumulator is not 0, jump to address specified as LOOP) Another part of instruction, called OPERAND is separated from mnemonic at least by one empty space and defines data being processed by instructions. Some instructions have no operand; some have one, two or three. If there is more than one operand in instruction, they are separated by comma. For example: RET - (return from sub-routine) JZ TEMP - (if the number in the accumulator is not 0, jump to address specified as TEMP) ADD A, R3 - (add R3 and accumulator) CJNE A, #20, LOOP - (compare accumulator with 20. If they are not equal, jump to address specified as LOOP)

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TIMERS On-chip timing/counting facility has proved the capabilities of the microcontroller for implementing the real time application. These includes pulse counting, frequency measurement, pulse width measurement, baud rate generation, etc, having sufficient number of timer/counters may be a need in a certain design application. The 8051 has two timers/counters. They can be used either as timers to generate a time delay or as counters to count events happening outside the microcontroller. Let discuss how these timers are used to generate time delays and we will also discuss how they are been used as event counters.

PROGRAMMING 8051 TIMER The 8051 has timers: Timer 0 and Timer1.they can be used either as timers or as event counters. Let us first discuss about the timers registers and how to program the timers to generate time delays. TIMER 0 REGISTERS The 16-bit register of Timer 0 is accessed as low byte and high byte. the low byte register is called TL0(Timer 0 low byte)and the high byte register is referred to as TH0(Timer 0 high byte).These register can be accessed like any other register, such as A,B,R0,R1,R2,etc.for example, the instruction MOV TL0, #4Fmoves the value 4FH into TL0,the low byte of Timer 0.These registers can also be read like any other register.

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TIMER 1 REGISTERS Timer 1 is also 16-bit register is split into two bytes, referred to as TL1 (Timer 1 low byte) and TH1 (Timer 1 high byte).these registers are accessible n the same way as the register of Timer 0.

TMOD (timer mode) REGISTER Both timers TIMER 0 and TIMER 1 use the same register, called TMOD, to set the various timer operation modes. TMOD is an 8-bit register in which the lower 4 bits are set aside for Timer 0 and the upper 4 bits for Timer 1.in each case; the lower 2 bits are used to set the timer mode and the upper 2 bits to specify the operation.

MODES: M1, M0: M0 and M1 are used to select the timer mode. There are three modes: 0, 1, 2.Mode 0 is a 13-bit timer, mode 1 is a 16-bit timer, and mode 2 is an 8-bit timer. We will concentrate on modes 1 and 2 since they are the ones used most widely. We will soon describe the characteristics of these modes, after describing the reset of the TMOD register. GATE Gate control when set. The timer/counter is enabled only While the INTx pin is high and the TRx control pin is. Set. When cleared, the timer is enabled. C/T Timer or counter selected cleared for timer operation (Input from internal system clock).set for counter Operation (input TX input pin). 25

M1 M0

Mode bit 1 Mode bit 0

M1 0

M0 0

MODE 0

Operating Mode 13-bit timer mode 8-bit timer/counter THx with TLx as 5 - Bit pre-scaler.

16-bit timer mode 16-bit timer/counters THx with TLx are Cascaded; there is no prescaler

8-bit auto reload 8-bit auto reload timer/counter; THx Holds a value that is to be reloaded into TLx each time it overflows.

Split timer mode.

C/T (Clock / Timer) This bit in the TMOD register is used to decide whether the timer is used as a delay generator or an event counter. If C/T=0, it is used as a timer for time delay generation. The clock source for the time delay is the crystal frequency of the 8051. This section is concerned with this choice. The timers use as an event counter is discussed in the next section. 27

Serial Communication Computers can transfer data in two ways: parallel and serial. In parallel data

transfers, often 8 or more lines (wire conductors) are used to transfer data to a device that is only a few feet away. Examples of parallel data transfer are printers and hard disks; each uses cables with many wire strips. Although in such cases a lot of data can be transferred in a short amount of time by using many wires in parallel, the distance cannot be great. To transfer to a device located many meters away, the serial method is used. In serial communication, the data is sent one bit at a time, in contrast to parallel communication, in which the data is sent a byte or more at a time. Serial communication of the 8051 is the topic of this chapter. The 8051 has serial communication capability built into it, there by making possible fast data transfer using only a few wires. Serial data communication uses two methods, asynchronous and synchronous. The synchronous method transfers a block of data at a time, while the asynchronous method transfers a single byte at a time. In data transmission if the data can be transmitted and received, it is a duplex transmission. This is in contrast to simplex transmissions such as with printers, in which the computer only sends data. Duplex transmissions can be half or full duplex, depending on whether or not the data transfer can be simultaneous. If data is transmitted one way at a time, it is referred to as half duplex. If the data can go both ways at the same time, it is full duplex. Of course, full duplex requires two wire conductors for the data lines, one for transmission and one for reception, in order to transfer and receive data simultaneously. Asynchronous serial communication and data framing The data coming in at the receiving end of the data line in a serial data transfer is all 0s and 1s; it is difficult to make sense of the data unless the sender and receiver agree on a set of rules, a protocol, on how the data is packed, how many bits constitute a character, and when the data begins and ends.

28

Start and stop bits Asynchronous serial data communication is widely used for character-oriented transmissions, while block-oriented data transfers use the synchronous method. In the asynchronous method, each character is placed between start and stop bits. This is called framing. In the data framing for asynchronous communications, the data, such as ASCII characters, are packed between a start bit and a stop bit. The start bit is always one bit, but the stop bit can be one or two bits. The start bit is always a 0 (low) and the stop bit (s) is 1 (high). Data transfer rate The rate of data transfer in serial data communication is stated in bps (bits per second). Another widely used terminology for bps is baud rate. However, the baud and bps rates are not necessarily equal. This is due to the fact that baud rate is the modem terminology and is defined as the number of signal changes per second. The data transfer rate of given computer system depends on communication ports incorporated into that system. For example, the early IBMPC/XT could transfer data at the rate of 100 to 9600 bps. In recent years, however, Pentium based PCS transfer data at rates as high as 56K bps. It must be noted that in asynchronous serial data communication, the baud rate is generally limited to 100,000bps. RS232 Standards To allow compatibility among data communication equipment made by various manufacturers, an interfacing standard called RS232 was set by the Electronics Industries Association (EIA) in 1960. In 1963 it was modified and called RS232A. RS232B AND RS232C were issued in 1965 and 1969, respectively. Today, RS232 is the most widely used serial I/O interfacing standard. This standard is used in PCs and numerous types of equipment. In RS232, a 1 is represented by -3 to -25V, while a 0 bit is +3 to +25V, making -3 to +3 undefined. For this reason, to connect any RS232 to a microcontroller system we must use voltage converters such as MAX232 to convert the TTL logic levels to the RS232 voltage levels, and vice versa. MAX232 IC chips are commonly referred to as line drivers.

29

RS232 pins
Pin Functions: Pin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Description Data carrier detect (DCD) Received data (RXD) Transmitted data (TXD) Data terminal ready(DTR) Signal ground (GND) Data set ready (DSR) Request to send (RTS) Clear to send (CTS) Ring indicator (RI)

Note: DCD, DSR, RTS and CTS are active low pins. The method used by RS-232 for communication allows for a simple connection of three lines: Tx, Rx, and Ground. The three essential signals for 2-way RS-232 Communications are these: TXD: carries data from DTE to the DCE. RXD: carries data from DCE to the DTE SG: signal ground

30 8051 connection to RS232

The RS232 standard is not TTL compatible; therefore, it requires a line driver such as the MAX232 chip to convert RS232 voltage levels to TTL levels, and vice versa. The interfacing of 8051 with RS232 connectors via the MAX232 chip is the main topic.

The 8051 has two pins that are used specifically for transferring and receiving data serially. These two pins are called TXD and RXD and a part of the port 3 group (P3.0 and P3.1). Pin 11 of the 8051 is assigned to TXD and pin 10 is designated as RXD. These pins are TTL compatible; therefore, they require a line driver to make them RS232 compatible. One such line driver is the MAX232 chip.

MAX232 converts from RS232 voltage levels to TTL voltage levels, and vice versa. One advantage of the MAX232 chip is that it uses a +5V power source which, is the same as the source voltage for the 8051. In the other words, with a single +5V power supply we can power both the 8051 and MAX232, with no need for the power supplies that are common in many older systems. The MAX232 has two sets of line drivers for transferring and receiving data. The line drivers used for TXD are called T1 and T2, while the line drivers for RXD are designated as R1 and R2. In many applications only one of each is used.

CONNECTING C to PC using MAX 232 31

INTERRUPTS

TX D RXD

A single microcontroller can serve several devices. There are two ways to do that: INTERRUPTS or POLLING. POLLING: In polling the microcontroller continuously monitors the status of a given device; when the status condition is met, it performs the service .After that, it moves on to monitor the next device until each one is serviced. Although polling can monitor the status of several devices and serve each of them as certain condition are met.

INTERRUPTS: In the interrupts method, whenever any device needs its service, the device notifies the microcontroller by sending it an interrupts signal. Upon receiving an interrupt signal, the microcontroller interrupts whatever it is doing and serves the device. The program associated with the interrupts is called the interrupt service routine (ISR).or interrupt handler.

INTERRUPTS Vs POLLING: The advantage of interrupts is that the microcontroller can serve many devices (not all the same time, of course); each device can get the attention of the microcontroller based on the priority assigned to it. The polling method cannot assign priority since it checks all devices in round-robin fashion. More importantly, in the interrupt method the microcontroller can also ignore (mask) a device request for service. This is again not possible with the polling method. The most important reason that the interrupt method is preferable is that the polling method wastes much of the microcontrollers time by polling devices that do not need service. So, in order to avoid tying down the microcontroller, interrupts are used. 32 INTERRUPT SERVICE ROUTINE

For every interrupt, there must be an interrupt service routine (ISR), or interrupt handler. When an interrupt is invoked, the microcontroller runs the interrupts service routine. For every interrupt, there is a fixed location in memory that holds the address of its ISR. The group of memory location set aside to hold the addresses of ISR and is called the Interrupt Vector Table. Shown below:

Six Interrupts in the 8051: In reality, only five interrupts are available to the user in the 8051, but many manufacturers data sheets state that there are six interrupts since they include reset .the six interrupts in the 8051 are allocated as above. 1. Reset. When the reset pin is activated, the 8051 jumps to address location 0000.this is the power-up reset. 2. Two interrupts are set aside for the timers: one for Timer 0 and one for Timer 1.Memory location 000BH and 001BH in the interrupt vector table belong to Timer 0 and Timer 1, respectively. 3. Two interrupts are set aside for hardware external harder interrupts. Pin number 12(P3.2) and 13(P3.3) in port 3 are for the external hardware interrupts INT0 and INT1,respectively.These external interrupts are also referred to as EX1 and EX2.Memory location 0003H and 0013H in the interrupt vector table are assigned to INT0 and INT1, respectively. 4. Serial communication has a single interrupt that belongs to both receive and transmit. The interrupt vector table location 0023H belongs to this interrupt.

33 Interrupt Enable Register

D7
EA ET0

D6

D5

D4
ET2

D3
ES

D2

D1
ET1

D0
EX1

-EX0

EA

IE.7

disables all interrupts. If EA=0, no interrupts is acknowledged. If EA=1, each interrupt source is individually enabled disabled By setting or clearing its enable bit.

-ET2

IE.6 IE.5

Not implemented, reserved for future use.* Enables or disables Timer 2 overflow or capture interrupt (8052 Only)

ES

IE.4

Enables or disables the serial port interrupts.

ET1 EX1 ET0

IE.3 IE.2 IE.1

Enables or disables Timers 1 overflow interrupt Enables or disables external interrupt 1 Enables or disables Timer 0 overflow interrupt.

EX0

IE.0

Enables or disables external interrupt.

34 4.2 GSM Modems

A GSM modem can be an external modem device, such as the Wavecom FASTRACK Modem. Insert a GSM SIM card into this modem, and connect the modem to an available serial port on your computer. A dedicated GSM modem (external or PC Card) is usually preferable to a GSM mobile phone. This is because of some compatibility issues that can exist with mobile phones. When you install your GSM modem, or connect your GSM mobile phone to the computer, be sure to install the appropriate Windows modem driver from the device manufacturer. To simplify configuration, the Now SMS/MMS Gateway will communicate with the device via this driver. An additional benefit of utilizing this driver is that you can use Windows diagnostics to ensure that the modem is communicating properly with the computer. The Now SMS/MMS gateway can simultaneously support multiple modems, provided that your computer hardware has the available communications port resources.

Fig:16 GSM smart modem SMART MODEM (GSM/GPRS) INTRODUCTION: Analogics GSM Smart Modem is a multi-functional, ready to use, rugged and versatile modem that can be embedded or plugged into any application. The Smart Modem can be customized to various applications by using the standard AT commands. The modem is fully type-approved and can directly be integrated into your projects with any or all the features of Voice, Data, Fax, SMS, and Internet etc. 35 Smart Modem kit contains the following items:

Analogics GSM/GPRS Smart Modem SMPS based power supply adapter. 3 dBi antenna with cable (optional: other types) Data cable (RS232) User Manual

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION: The connectors integrated to the body, guarantee the reliable output and input connections. An extractible holder is used to insert the SIM card (Micro-SIM type). Status LED indicates the operating mode.

Fig 17: Block diagram of modem with key connections Installing the modem: To install the modem, plug the device on to the supplied SMPS Adapter. Inserting/ Removing the SIM Card: To insert or Remove the SIM Card, it is necessary to press the SIM holder ejector button with Sharp edged object like a pen or a needle. With this, the SIM holder comes out a little, then pulls it out and insert or remove the SIM Card 36

Fig 19: Inserting/Removing the sim card into the modem Make sure that the ejector is pushed out completely before accessing the SIM Card holder do not remove the SIM card holder by force or tamper it (it may permanently damage). Place the SIM Card Properly as per the direction of the installation. It is very important that the SIM is placed in the right direction for its proper working condition Connecting External Antenna: Connect GSM Smart Modem to the external antenna with cable end with SMA male. The Frequency of the antenna may be GSM 900/1800 MHz. The antenna may be (0 dbi, 3 dbi or short length L-type antenna) as per the field conditions and signal conditions. Connectors: Connector SMA 15 pin or 9 pin D-SUB USB (optional) Function RF Antenna connector RS232 link Audio link (only for 15 DSUB) Reset (only for 15 D-SUB) USB communication port (optional) 2 pin Phoenix tm SIM Connector RJ11 (For 9 D-SUB and USB only) Power Supply Connector SIM Card Connection Audio link Simple hand set connection (4 wire) 2 wire desktop phone connection

37

Description of the interfaces: The modem comprises several interfaces: LED Function including operating Status External antenna (via SMA) Serial and control link Power Supply (Via 2 pin Phoenix tm contact) SIM card holder Services provided by GSM
GSM was designed having interoperability with ISDN in mind, and the services provided by GSM are a subset of the standard ISDN services. Speech is the most basic, and most important, teleservice provided by GSM. In addition, various data services are supported, with user bit rates up to 9600 bps. Specially equipped GSM terminals can connect with PSTN, ISDN, Packet Switched and Circuit Switched Public Data Networks, through several possible methods, using synchronous or asynchronous transmission. Also supported are Group 3 facsimile service, videotext, and teletex. Other GSM services include a cell broadcast service, where messages such as traffic reports, are broadcast to users in particular cells. A service unique to GSM, the Short Message Service, allows users to send and receive point-to-point alphanumeric messages up to a few tens of bytes. It is similar to paging services, but much more comprehensive, allowing bi-directional messages, store-and-forward delivery, and acknowledgement of successful delivery. Supplementary services enhance the set of basic teleservices. In the Phase I specifications, supplementary services include variations of call forwarding and call barring, such as Call Forward on Busy or Barring of Outgoing International Calls. Many more supplementary services, including multiparty calls, advice of charge, call waiting, and calling line identification presentation will be offered in the Phase 2 specifications.

38

AT commands features:
Line settings: A serial link handler is set with the following default values Auto baud, 8 bits data, 1 stop bit, no parity, flow control. Command line Commands always start with AT (which means attention) and finish with a <CR> character. Information responses and result codes Responses start and end with <CR><LF>, If command syntax is incorrect, an ERROR string is returned. If command syntax is correct but with some incorrect parameters, the +CME ERROR: <Err> or +CMS ERROR: <SmsErr> strings are returned with different error codes. If the command line has been performed successfully, an OK string is returned. In some cases, such as AT+CPIN? or (unsolicited) incoming events, the product does not return the OK string as a response. Architecture of the GSM network A GSM network is composed of several functional entities, whose functions and interfaces are specified. Figure 1 shows the layout of a generic GSM network. The GSM network can be divided into three broad parts. Subscriber carries the Mobile Station. The Base Station Subsystem controls the radio link with the Mobile Station. The Network Subsystem, the main part of which is the Mobile services Switching Center (MSC), performs the switching of calls between the mobile users, and between mobile and fixed network users. The MSC also handles the mobility management operations. Not shown is the Operations intendance Center, which oversees the proper operation and setup of the network.

39

Fig 20: General architecture of a GSM network

4.3 BUZZER
The "Piezoelectric sound components" introduced herein operate on an innovative principle utilizing natural oscillation of piezoelectric ceramics. These buzzers are offered in lightweight compact sizes from the smallest diameter of 12mm to large piezoelectric sounders. Today, piezoelectric sound components are used in many ways such as home appliances, OA equipment, audio equipment telephones, etc. And they are applied widely, for example, in alarms, speakers, telephone ringers, receivers, transmitters, beep sounds, etc.

FIG: Types of Buzzers

4.4 LIGHT EMITING DIODES

It is a semiconductor diode having radioactive recombination. It requires a definite amount of energy to generate an electron-hole pair. 40

4.5 RELAYS
Relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil of the relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts. The coil current can be on or off so relays have two switch positions and they are double throw (changeover) switches.

Relays allow one circuit to switch a second circuit which can be completely separate from the first. For example a low voltage battery circuit can use a relay to switch a 230V AC mains circuit. There is no electrical connection inside the relay between the two circuits; the link is magnetic and mechanical.

The coil of a relay passes a relatively large current, typically 30mA for a 12V relay, but it can be as much as 100mA for relays designed to operate from lower voltages. Most ICs (chips) cannot provide this current and a transistor is usually used to amplify the small IC current to the larger value required for the relay coil. The maximum output current for the popular 555 timer IC is 200mA so these devices can supply relay coils directly without amplification. 41

Most relays are designed for PCB mounting but you can solder wires directly to the pins providing you take care to avoid melting the plastic case of the relay. The supplier's catalogue should show you the relay's connections. The coil will be obvious and it may be connected either way round. Relay coils produce brief high voltage 'spikes' when they are switched off and this can destroy transistors and ICs in the circuit.

The relay's switch connections are usually labelled COM, NC and NO:

COM = Common, always connect to this; it is the moving part of the switch. NC = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is off. NO = Normally Open, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is on. Connect to COM and NO if you want the switched circuit to be on when the relay coil is on. Connect to COM and NC if you want the switched circuit to be on when the relay coil is off.

Advantages of relays:

Relays can switch AC and DC, transistors can only switch DC. Relays can switch high voltages, transistors cannot. Relays are a better choice for switching large currents (> 5A). Relays can switch many contacts at once.

Disadvantages of relays:

Relays are bulkier than transistors for switching small currents. Relays cannot switch rapidly (except reed relays), transistors can switch many times per second. 42

Relays require more current than many chips can provide, so a low power transistor may be needed to switch the current for the relay's coil.

4.6 Liquid crystal display

An LCD consists of two glass panels, with the liquid crystal material sand witched in between them. The inner surface of the glass plates are coated with transparent electrodes which define the character, symbols or patterns to be displayed polymeric layers are present in between the electrodes and the liquid crystal, which makes the liquid crystal molecules to maintain a defined orientation angle. One each polarizers are pasted outside the two glass panels. This polarizers would rotate the light rays passing through them to a definite angle, in a particular direction. When the LCD is in the off state, light rays are rotated by the two polarizers and the liquid crystal, such that the light rays come out of the LCD without any orientation, and hence the LCD appears transparent. When sufficient voltage is applied to the electrodes, the liquid crystal molecules would be aligned in a specific direction. The light rays passing through the LCD would be rotated by the polarizers, which would result in activating/ highlighting the desired characters. The LCDs are lightweight with only a few millimeters thickness. Since the LCDs consume less power, they are compatible with low power electronic circuits, and can be powered for long durations.

43 TABLE 1:Pin description for LCD:

Pin
1 2

symbol
Vss Vcc

I/O
---

Description
Ground +5V supply power

VEE

--

Power supply to control contrast

RS

RS=0 register

to

select

command

RS=1 to select data register 5 R/W I R/W=0 for write R/W=1 for read 6 7 E DB0 I/O I/O Enable The bus 8 DB1 I/O The bus 9 DB2 I/O The bus 10 DB3 I/O The bus 8-bit data 8-bit data 8-bit data 8-bit data

11

DB4

I/O

The bus

8-bit

data

12

DB5

I/O

The bus

8-bit

data

13

DB6

I/O

The bus

8-bit

data

14

DB7

I/O

The bus

8-bit

data

44

TABLE 2: LCD Command Codes Code (hex)

1 2 4 6 5 7 8 A C E F 10 14 18 1C 80 C0 38

Command to LCD Instruction Register

Clear display screen Return home Decrement cursor Increment cursor Shift display right Shift display left Display off, cursor off Display off, cursor on Display on, cursor off Display on, cursor on Display on, cursor blinking Shift cursor position to left Shift cursor position to right Shift the entire display to the left Shift the entire display to the right Force cursor to beginning of 1st line Force cursor to beginning of 2nd line 2 lines and 5x7 matrix

45 The LCDs dont generate light and so light is needed to read the display. By using backlighting, reading is possible in the dark. The LCDs have long life and a wide operating temperature range. This section describes the operation modes of LCDs then describe how to program and interface an LCD to 8051 using Assembly and C.

LCD operation In recent years the LCD is finding widespread use replacing LEDs (seven-segment LEDs or other multi segment LEDs).This is due to the following reasons: 1. 2. The declining prices of LCDs. The ability to display numbers, characters and graphics. This is in Contract to LEDs, which are limited to numbers and a few characters. 3. Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, there by relieving the CPU of the task of refreshing the LCD. In the contrast, The LED must be refreshed by the CPU to keep displaying the data. 4. Ease of programming for characters and graphics.

Uses: The LCDs used exclusively in watches, calculators and measuring instruments are the simple seven-segment displays, having a limited amount of numeric data. The recent advances in technology have resulted in better legibility, more information displaying capability and a wider temperature range. These have resulted in the LCDs being extensively used in telecommunications and entertainment electronics.

46 LCD INTERFACING

Sending commands and data to LCDs with a time delay:

Fig 21: Interfacing of LCD to a micro controller To send any command from table 2 to the LCD, make pin RS=0. For data, make RS=1.Then sends a high to-low pulse to the E pin to enable the internal latch of the LCD.

4.7 Power supply The power supplies are designed to convert high voltage AC mains electricity to a suitable low voltage supply for electronic circuits and other devices. A power supply can by broken down into a series of blocks, each of which performs a particular function. A d.c power supply which maintains the output voltage constant irrespective of a.c mains fluctuations or load variations is known as Regulated D.C Power Supply

47 For example a 5V regulated power supply system as shown below:

4.8 Transformer:
A transformer is an electrical device which is used to convert electrical power from one Electrical circuit to another without change in frequency. Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss of power. Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains electricity is AC. Step-up transformers increase in output voltage, step-down transformers decrease in output voltage. Most power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains voltage to a safer low voltage. The input coil is called the primary and the output coil is called the secondary. There is no electrical connection between the two coils; instead they are linked by an alternating magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer. The two lines in the middle of the circuit symbol represent the core. Transformers waste very little power so the power out is (almost) equal to the power in. Note that as voltage is stepped down current is stepped up. The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the turns ratio, determines the ratio of the voltages. A step-down transformer has a large number of turns on its primary (input) coil which is connected to the high voltage mains supply, and a small number of turns on its secondary (output) coil to give a low output voltage.

48

An Electrical Transformer Regulator: Voltage regulator ICs is available with fixed (typically 5, 12 and 15V) or variable output voltages. The maximum current they can pass also rates them. Negative voltage regulators are available, mainly for use in dual supplies. Most regulators include some automatic protection from excessive current ('overload protection') and overheating ('thermal protection'). Many of the fixed voltage regulator ICs has 3 leads and look like power transistors, such as the 7805 +5V 1A regulator shown on the right. The LM7805 is simple to use. You simply connect the positive lead of your unregulated DC power supply (anything from 9VDC to 24VDC) to the Input pin, connect the negative lead to the Common pin and then when you turn on the power, you get a 5 volt supply from the output pin.

Fig 6.1.6 A Three Terminal Voltage Regulator

49 78XX: The Bay Linear LM78XX is integrated linear positive regulator with three terminals. The LM78XX offer several fixed output voltages making them useful in wide range of applications. When used as a zener diode/resistor combination replacement, the LM78XX usually results in an effective output impedance improvement of two orders of magnitude, lower quiescent current. The LM78XX is available in the TO-252, TO-220 & TO263packages, Features: Output Current of 1.5A Output Voltage Tolerance of 5% Internal thermal overload protection Internal Short-Circuit Limited No External Component Direct Replacement for LM78XX

50

CHAPTER 5
SOFTWARE

5.1 ABOUT KEIL SOFTWARE: It is possible to create the source files in a text editor such as Notepad, run the Compiler on each C source file, specifying a list of controls, run the Assembler on each Assembler source file, specifying another list of controls, run either the Library Manager or Linker and finally running the Object-HEX Converter to convert the Linker output file to an Intel Hex File. Once that has been completed the Hex File can be downloaded to the target hardware and debugged. Alternatively KEIL can be used to create source files; automatically compile, link and covert using options set with an easy to use user interface and finally simulate or perform debugging on the hardware with access to C variables and memory. Unless you have to use the tolls on the command line, the choice is clear. KEIL Greatly simplifies the process of creating and testing an embedded application.

Simulator/Debugger: The simulator/ debugger in KEIL can perform a very detailed simulation of a micro controller along with external signals. It is possible to view the precise execution time of a single assembly instruction, or a single line of C code, all the way up to the entire application, simply by entering the crystal frequency. A window can be opened for each peripheral on the device, showing the state of the peripheral. This enables quick trouble shooting of misconfigured peripherals. Breakpoints may be set on either assembly instructions or lines of C code, and execution may be stepped through one instruction or C line at a time. The contents of all the memory areas may be viewed along with ability to find specific variables. In addition the registers may be viewed allowing a detailed view of what the microcontroller is doing at any point in time. The Keil Software 8051 development tools listed below are the programs you use to compile your C code, assemble your assembler source files, link your program together, create HEX files, and debug your target program. Vision2 for Windows Integrated Development Environment: combines Project Management, Source Code Editing, and Program Debugging in one powerful environment.
C51 ANSI Optimizing C Cross Compiler: creates relocatable object modules from your C

source code,

 BL51 Linker/Locator: combines relocatable object modules created by the compiler and

assembler into the final absolute object module, 51 LIB51 Library Manager: combines object modules into a library, which may be used by the linker, OH51 Object-HEX Converter: creates Intel HEX files from absolute object modules. What's New in Vision3? Vision3 adds many new features to the Editor like Text Templates, Quick Function Navigation, and Syntax Coloring with brace high lighting Configuration Wizard for dialog based startup and debugger setup. Vision3 is fully compatible to Vision2 and can be used in parallel with Vision2. Building an Application in Vision2 To build (compile, assemble, and link) an application in Vision2, you must:
1. Select Project - (forexample, 166\EXAMPLES\HELLO\HELLO.UV2).

2. Select Project - Rebuild all target files or Build target. Vision2 compiles, assembles, and links the files in your project Creating Your Own Application in Vision2 To create a new project in Vision2, you must: 1. Select Project - New Project. 2. Select a directory and enter the name of the project file. 3. Select Project - Select Device and select an 8051, 251, or C16x/ST10 device from the Device Database. 4. Create source files to add to the project. 5. Select Project - Targets, Groups, and Files. Add/Files, select Source Group1, and add the source files to the project. 6. Select Project - Options and set the tool options. Note when you select the target device from the Device Database all special options are set automatically. You typically only need to configure the memory map of your target hardware. Default memory model settings are optimal for most applications. 7. Select Project - Rebuild all target files or Build target. Debugging an Application in Vision2 To debug an application created using Vision2, you must: 1. Select Debug - Start/Stop Debug Session. 2. Use the Step toolbar buttons to single-step through your program. You may enter G, main in the Output Window to execute to the main C function. 3. Open the Serial Window using the Serial #1 button on the toolbar. Debug your program using standard options like Step, Go, Break, and so on.

52

Starting Vision2 and creating a Project Vision2 is a standard Windows application and started by clicking on the program icon. To create a new project file select from the Vision2 menu Project New Project. This opens a standard Windows dialog that asks you For the new project file name. We suggest that you use a separate folder for each project. You can simply use The icon Create New Folder in this dialog to get a new empty folder. Then Select this folder and enter the file name for the new project, i.e. Project1. Vision2 creates a new project file with the name PROJECT1.UV2 which contains A default target and file group name. You can see these names in the Project Window Files. Now use from the menu Project Select Device for Target and select a CPU For your project. The Select Device dialog box shows the Vision2 device Database. Just select the micro controller you use. We are using for our examples the Philips 80C51RD+ CPU. This selection sets necessary tool Options for the 80C51RD+ device and simplifies in this way the tool Configuration Building Projects and Creating a HEX Files Typical, the tool settings under Options Target are all you need to start a new Application. You may translate all source files and line the application with a Click on the Build Target toolbar icon. When you build an application with Syntax errors, Vision2 will display errors and warning messages in the Output Window Build page. A double click on a message line opens the source file On the correct location in a Vision2 editor window. Once you have successfully generated your application you can start debugging.

53 After you have tested your application, it is required to create an Intel HEX file to download the software into an EPROM programmer or simulator. Vision2 creates HEX files with each build process when Create HEX files under Options for Target Output is enabled. You may start your PROM programming utility after the make process when you specify the program under the option Run User Program #1. CPU Simulation: Vision2 simulates up to 16 Mbytes of memory from which areas can be Mapped for read, write, or code execution access. The Vision2 simulator traps And reports illegal memory accesses. In addition to memory mapping, the simulator also provides support for the Integrated peripherals of the various 8051 derivatives. The on-chip peripherals Of the CPU you have selected are configured from the Device. Database selection: You have made when you create your project target. Refer to page 58 for more Information about selecting a device. You may select and display the on-chip peripheral components using the Debug menu. You can also change the aspects of each peripheral using the controls in the dialog boxes. Start Debugging: You start the debug mode of Vision2 with the Debug Start/Stop Debug Session command. Depending on the Options for Target Debug Configuration, Vision2 will load the application program and run the startup Code Vision2 saves the editor screen layout and restores the screen layout of the last debug session. If the program execution stops, Vision2 opens an Editor window with the source text or shows CPU instructions in the disassembly window. The next executable statement is marked with a yellow arrow. During debugging, most editor features are still available.

54 Disassembly Window The Disassembly window shows your target program as mixed source and assembly program or just assembly code. A trace history of previously executed instructions may be displayed with Debug View Trace Records. To enable the trace history, set Debug Enable/Disable Trace Recording. If you select the Disassembly Window as the active window all program step commands work on CPU instruction level rather than program source lines. You can select a text line and set or modify code breakpoints using toolbar buttons or the context menu commands. You may use the dialog Debug Inline Assembly to modify the CPU instructions. That allows you to correct mistakes or to make temporary changes to the target program you are debugging.

5.2 Embedded C: What is an embedded system? An embedded system is an application that contains at least one programmable computer and which is used by individuals who are, in the main, unaware that the system is computer-based. Which programming language should you use? Having decided to use an 8051 processor as the basis of your embedded system, the next key decision that needs to be made is the choice of programming language. In order to identify a suitable language for embedded systems, we might begin by making the following observations: Computers (such as microcontroller, microprocessor or DSP chips) only accept instructions in machine code (object codes). Machine code is, by definition, in the language of the computer, rather than that of the programmer. Interpretation of the code by the programmer is difficult and error prone. All software, whether in assembly, C, C++, Java or Ada must ultimately be translated into machine code in order to be executed by the computer.

Embedded processors like the 8051 have limited processor power and very limited memory available: the language used must be efficient. 55

Summary of C language Features: It is mid-level, with high-level features (such as support for functions and modules), and low-level features (such as good access to hardware via pointers). It is very efficient. It is popular and well understood. Even desktop developers who have used only Java or C++ can soon understand C syntax. Good, well-proven compilers are available for every embedded processor (8-bit to 32bit or more).

Basic C program structure: //- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - //Basic blank C program that does nothing // Includes //- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - #include <reg51.h> Void main (void) { While (1); { Body of the loop } // Infinite loop // SFR declarations

// match the braces

56

6. SOURCE CODE

1. 2.

Click on the Keil u Vision Icon on Desktop The following fig will appear

3. 4.

Click on the Project menu from the title bar Then Click on New Project

5.

Save the Project by typing suitable project name with no extension in u r own folder sited in either C:\ or D:\

57

6. 7. 8.

Then Click on Save button above. Select the component for u r project. i.e. Atmel Click on the + Symbol beside of Atmel

9.

Select AT89C51 as shown below

58

10. 11.

Then Click on OK The Following fig will appear

12. 13. 14.

Then Click either YES or NOmostly NO Now your project is ready to USE Now double click on the Target1, you would get another option Source group 1 as shown in next page.

59

15.

Click on the file option from menu bar and select new

16.

The next screen will be as shown in next page, and just maximize it by double clicking on its blue boarder.

60

17. 18.

Now start writing program in either in C or ASM For a program written in Assembly, then save it with extension . asm and for C based program save it with extension .C

19. Now right click on Source group 1 and click on Add files to Group Source

20.

Now you will get another window, on which by default C files will appear.

61

21. 23.

Now select as per your file extension given while saving the file

22. Click only one time on option ADD

Now Press function key F7 to compile. Any error will appear if so happen.

24. 25.

If the file contains no error, then press Control+F5 simultaneously. The new window is as follows

62

26. 27.

Then Click OK Now Click on the Peripherals from menu bar, and check your required port as shown in fig below

28.

Drag the port a side and click in the program file.

63

29. 30.

Now keep Pressing function key F11 slowly and observe. You are running your program successfully

64

CHAPTER 7

7. Conclusion
The project global alert and control system for ups battery management for corporate automation (gsm) has been successfully designed and tested. It has been developed by integrating features of all the hardware components used. Presence of every module has been reasoned out and placed carefully thus contributing to the best working of the unit. Secondly, using highly advanced ICs and with the help of growing technology the project has been successfully implemented.

7.1 FUTURE ASPECTS

65

ABBREVATIONS

Symbol
ACC

Name
Accumulator

Symbol
TL1

Name
Timer/counter 1 low byte

B register

TH2

Timer/counter 2 high byte

PSW

Program word

status

TL2

Timer/counter 2 low byte

SP DPTR DPL

Stack pointer Data pointer 2 bytes Low byte

SCON SBUF MAX

Serial control Serial data buffer MAXIM manufacturer ) (IC

DPH

High byte

TTL

Transistor Transistor Logic

to

P0

Port0

ATM

Automatic Machine

Teller

P1

Port1

RS 232

Recommended Standard

P2 P3 IP

Port2 Port3 Interrupt control priority

AC DC LCD

Alternating Current Direct Current Liquid Display Crystal

IE

Interrupt control

enable

PC

Personal Computer

TMOD

Timer/counter mode control

RPS

Regulated Supply

Power

TCON

Timer/counter control

RMS

Root Mean Square

T2CON

Timer/counter control

EEPROM

Electrically

Erasable

Programmable ROM ROM Read Only Memory

T2MOD

Timer/counter mode2 control

TH0

Timer/counter 0high byte

RAM

Random Memory

Access

TL0

Timer/counter 0 low byte

BIOS

Basic

Input

Output

System SRAM Static RAM

TH1

Timer/counter 1 high byte

TL1

Timer/counter low byte

1 EPROM

Erasable Programmable ROM

DRAM ISR

Dynamic Random Access Memory Interrupt Service Routine

Bibliography
The 8051 Micro controller and Embedded Systems -Muhammad Ali Mazidi Janice Gillispie Mazidi The 8051 Micro controller Architecture, Programming & Applications -Kenneth J.Ayala Fundamentals of Micro processors and Micro computers -B.Ram Micro processor Architecture, Programming & Applications -Ramesh S. Gaonkar

Electronic Components -D.V. Prasad Wireless Communications - Theodore S. Rappaport Mobile Tele Communications - William C.Y. Lee

References on the Web: www.national.com www.atmel.com www.microsoftsearch.com www.geocities.com