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MICROWAVE PROPAGATION

HOW THE SYSTEM WORKS ..

SITUATION: CONSIDER YOU ARE A COMMUNICATION

ENGINEER WORKING IN A COMPANY YOU ARE ASSIGN WITH TASK TO ESTABLISH A COMMUNICATION LINK BETWEEN TWO STATIONS TOOLS PROVIDED TO YOU ARE MICROWAVE TRNSMITTER AND RECEIVER

FOLLOWING INFORMATION ABOUT MICROWAVE IS KNOWN MICROWAVE CAN PENETRATE THROUGH ATMOSPHERE IN FREE SPACE MICROWAVE PROPAGATES IN STRAIGHT LINE AND WITHOUT ATTENUATION USING MICROWAVE HIGHLY DIRECTIONAL ANTENNAS CAN BE DESIGNED

PROBLEM
NOW YOU STARTED TRANSMISSION FROM

POINT A TO POINT B WHICH ARE ALONG THE LINE OF SIGHT ..

FOR YOUR SURPRISE YOU RECEIVE COMPLAIN

FROM POINT C THAT THEY ARE RECEIVING YOUR SIGNAL INSTEAD OF OTHER SIGNAL DESIGNATED AT THAT FREQUENCY.

NOW YOU ARE IN STATE OF CONFUSION

BECAUSE SIGNAL IS GOING BEYOND THE LINE OF SIGHT REGION


SO LETS THINK WHAT IS REALLY HAPPENING

REASON : THE RELATIVE PERMITTIVITY OF THE

ATMOSPHERE IS CLOSE TO UNITY ,BUT IS ACTUALLY A FUNCTION OF AIR PRESSURE , TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY . AT MICROWAVE FREQUENCY

THIS RESULT SHOWS THAT PERMITTIVITY

GENERALLY DECREASES AS ALTITUDE INCREASES . THIS CHANGE IN PERMITTIVITY WITH ALTITUDE CAUSES RADIO WAVES TO BEND TOWARDS EARTH(REFRACTION).

THERE IS ONE MORE REASON : WEATHER

CONDITION CAN PRODUCE A TEMPERATURE INVERSION ,WHERE THE TEMPERATURE INCREASES WITH ALTITUDE. THIS CONDITION CAN LEAD TO DUCTING WHERE WAVE CAN PROPAGATE A LONG DISTANCE PARALLEL TO EARTH SURFACE VIA DUCT

IS IT A ADVANTAGE OR DISADVANTAGE ???

ADVANTAGE : COMMUNICATION RANGE IS

INCREASED
DISADVANTAGE: IN RADAR SYSTEM

REFRACTION EFFECT LEADS TO ERROR AND DETERMINING THE ELEVATION OF TARGET CLOSE TO HORIZON .

PROBLEM 2
AT PARTICULAR FREQUENCY B IS NOT ABLE TO

RECEIVE THE SIGNAL SPECIALLY IN BAD WEATHER. AT FREQUENCY SUCH AS 22.2 GHz,183GHz, 60 AND 120GHz
REASON ?????

THIS IS CAUSED PRIMARILY BY ABSORPTION OF

MICROWAVE ENERGY BY WATER VAPOUR AND MOLECULAR OXYGEN LEADING TO ATTENUATION.

NOW AGAIN IS IT ADVANTAGE OR

DISADVANTAGE ?????

ADVANTAGE : REMOTE SENSING OF

ATMOSPHERE IS OFTEN DONE WITH RADIOMETERS OPERATING NEAR 20 OR 55 GHz TO MAXIMIZE THE SENSING OF ATMOSPHERIC CONDITION .
DISADVANTAGE: IN COMMUNICATION SYSTEM HOW TO OVERCOME ...

BY USING THE FREQUENCY NEAR 35 ,94 AND

135 GHz WHERE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM AND RADAR OPERATE WITH MINIMUM LOSS.

WHATEVER WE DICUSSED TILL NOW IS

RELATED TO ATMOSPHERIC EFFECTS REFRACTION AND ATTENUATION

GROUND EFFECTS
THE MOST OBVIOUS EFFECT OF THE PRESENCE

OF THE GROUND ON MICROWAVE PROPAGATION IS REFLECTION FROM THE EARTHS SURFACE .

The presence of reflectors in the

environment surrounding a transmitter and receiver create multiple paths that a transmitted signal can traverse. As a result, the receiver sees the superposition of multiple copies of the transmitted signal, each traversing a different path. Each signal copy will experience differences in attenuation, delay and phase shift while travelling from the source to the receiver. This can result in either constructive or destructive interference, amplifying or attenuating the signal power seen at the receiver. Strong destructive interference is frequently

ANOTHER GROUND EFFECT IS DIFFRACTION, WHEREBY A RADIO WAVE SCATTERS ENERGY IN THE VICINITY OF LINE OF SIGHT BOUNDARY AT THE HORIZON ,THUS GIVING THE RANGE SLIGHTLY BEYOND THE HORIZON . IN RADAR SYSTEM UNWANTED REFLECTIONS OFTEN OCCURS FROM TERRAIN, VEGITATION, BUILDINGS AND SURFACE OF THE SEA .THIS EFFECT DEGRADE OR MASK THE RETURN OF TWO TARGET IN REMOTE SENSING SUCH REFLECTION ARE THE DESIRED SIGNAL .

NOW CONSIDER ONE MORE INTERESTING PROBLEM FACED IN SPACECRAFT . WHEN SPACE CRAFT REENTERS THE ATMOSPHERE IT LOOSES COMMUNICATION CONTACT WITH GROUND FOR SOME PERIOD OF TIME . REASON ???

PLASMA EFFECT
A PLASMA IS A GAS CONSISTING OF IONIZED

PARTICLE. THE IONOSPHERE CONSISTS OF SPHERICAL LAYERS OF ATMOSPHERE WITH PARICLES WHICH HAVE BEEN IONISED BY SOLAR RADIATION .

P LA S M A I C H A R A C T E R I E D B Y I N S P E R S Z O U N I V O LU M E . D E P E N D I G O N T H I T N S D E N S I Y A N D FR E Q U E N C Y W A V E M I H T T G B E R E FLE C T E D , T R A N S M I E D O R TT A BSO R B ED .

A VERY DENSE PLASMA IS FORMED ON SPACE

CRAFT AS IT REENTERS THE ATMOSPHERE, DUE TO HIGH TEMPERATURE PRODUCED BY FRICTION . THE SPACECRAFT WILL ABLE TO COMMUNICATE AFTER ITS VELOCITY DECREASED BELOW PARTICULAR LIMIT.

THANK YOU

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