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ENGINEER WORKING IN A COMPANY YOU ARE ASSIGN WITH TASK TO ESTABLISH A COMMUNICATION LINK BETWEEN TWO STATIONS TOOLS PROVIDED TO YOU ARE MICROWAVE TRNSMITTER AND RECEIVER
FOLLOWING INFORMATION ABOUT MICROWAVE IS KNOWN MICROWAVE CAN PENETRATE THROUGH ATMOSPHERE IN FREE SPACE MICROWAVE PROPAGATES IN STRAIGHT LINE AND WITHOUT ATTENUATION USING MICROWAVE HIGHLY DIRECTIONAL ANTENNAS CAN BE DESIGNED
PROBLEM
NOW YOU STARTED TRANSMISSION FROM
FROM POINT C THAT THEY ARE RECEIVING YOUR SIGNAL INSTEAD OF OTHER SIGNAL DESIGNATED AT THAT FREQUENCY.
ATMOSPHERE IS CLOSE TO UNITY ,BUT IS ACTUALLY A FUNCTION OF AIR PRESSURE , TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY . AT MICROWAVE FREQUENCY
GENERALLY DECREASES AS ALTITUDE INCREASES . THIS CHANGE IN PERMITTIVITY WITH ALTITUDE CAUSES RADIO WAVES TO BEND TOWARDS EARTH(REFRACTION).
CONDITION CAN PRODUCE A TEMPERATURE INVERSION ,WHERE THE TEMPERATURE INCREASES WITH ALTITUDE. THIS CONDITION CAN LEAD TO DUCTING WHERE WAVE CAN PROPAGATE A LONG DISTANCE PARALLEL TO EARTH SURFACE VIA DUCT
INCREASED
DISADVANTAGE: IN RADAR SYSTEM
REFRACTION EFFECT LEADS TO ERROR AND DETERMINING THE ELEVATION OF TARGET CLOSE TO HORIZON .
PROBLEM 2
AT PARTICULAR FREQUENCY B IS NOT ABLE TO
RECEIVE THE SIGNAL SPECIALLY IN BAD WEATHER. AT FREQUENCY SUCH AS 22.2 GHz,183GHz, 60 AND 120GHz
REASON ?????
DISADVANTAGE ?????
ATMOSPHERE IS OFTEN DONE WITH RADIOMETERS OPERATING NEAR 20 OR 55 GHz TO MAXIMIZE THE SENSING OF ATMOSPHERIC CONDITION .
DISADVANTAGE: IN COMMUNICATION SYSTEM HOW TO OVERCOME ...
135 GHz WHERE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM AND RADAR OPERATE WITH MINIMUM LOSS.
GROUND EFFECTS
THE MOST OBVIOUS EFFECT OF THE PRESENCE
environment surrounding a transmitter and receiver create multiple paths that a transmitted signal can traverse. As a result, the receiver sees the superposition of multiple copies of the transmitted signal, each traversing a different path. Each signal copy will experience differences in attenuation, delay and phase shift while travelling from the source to the receiver. This can result in either constructive or destructive interference, amplifying or attenuating the signal power seen at the receiver. Strong destructive interference is frequently
ANOTHER GROUND EFFECT IS DIFFRACTION, WHEREBY A RADIO WAVE SCATTERS ENERGY IN THE VICINITY OF LINE OF SIGHT BOUNDARY AT THE HORIZON ,THUS GIVING THE RANGE SLIGHTLY BEYOND THE HORIZON . IN RADAR SYSTEM UNWANTED REFLECTIONS OFTEN OCCURS FROM TERRAIN, VEGITATION, BUILDINGS AND SURFACE OF THE SEA .THIS EFFECT DEGRADE OR MASK THE RETURN OF TWO TARGET IN REMOTE SENSING SUCH REFLECTION ARE THE DESIRED SIGNAL .
NOW CONSIDER ONE MORE INTERESTING PROBLEM FACED IN SPACECRAFT . WHEN SPACE CRAFT REENTERS THE ATMOSPHERE IT LOOSES COMMUNICATION CONTACT WITH GROUND FOR SOME PERIOD OF TIME . REASON ???
PLASMA EFFECT
A PLASMA IS A GAS CONSISTING OF IONIZED
PARTICLE. THE IONOSPHERE CONSISTS OF SPHERICAL LAYERS OF ATMOSPHERE WITH PARICLES WHICH HAVE BEEN IONISED BY SOLAR RADIATION .
P LA S M A I C H A R A C T E R I E D B Y I N S P E R S Z O U N I V O LU M E . D E P E N D I G O N T H I T N S D E N S I Y A N D FR E Q U E N C Y W A V E M I H T T G B E R E FLE C T E D , T R A N S M I E D O R TT A BSO R B ED .
CRAFT AS IT REENTERS THE ATMOSPHERE, DUE TO HIGH TEMPERATURE PRODUCED BY FRICTION . THE SPACECRAFT WILL ABLE TO COMMUNICATE AFTER ITS VELOCITY DECREASED BELOW PARTICULAR LIMIT.
THANK YOU