Terms ana tomy anatomy physio logy physiology atoms molecules DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) hemoglobin glucose vitamins

cells cells organelles tissues muscle, nerve, blood epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous organ organ serous membrane smooth muscle tissue layers epithelial tissue layer system organismal level organism chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, system , organismal metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, reproduction metabolism responsiveness movement growth -size of existing cells -number of cells -amount of material surrounding the cells differentiation - the formation of new cel ls for growth, repair, or replacement -production of a new individual homeostasis homeo stasis interstitial fluid dynamic nervous and endocrine nerve impulses hormones feedback system/feedback loop

Definition up process of cutting the science of structure and the relationships among the structure nature study of the science of body functions the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions two or more atoms joined together the genetic material passed on from one generation to another carrise oxygen in the blood blood sugar needed for a variety of chemical processes the basic structural and functional units of an organism smallest living units in the body specialized structures inside the cell groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a specific function examples of types of cells 4 types of tissues different kinds of tissues join together to form body structures have a recognizable shape layer around the outside of the stomach that protects it and reduces friction when the stomach contract to churn and mix food and push it to the small interstine contributes fluids and chemicals that aid digestion related organs that have a common function largest level of organization one human being levels of organization life processes the sum of all the chemical proceses that occur in the body body's ability to detect and respond to changes in its inter/external environment motion of the whole body increase in body size 3 possible "growths"

the process whereby unspecialized cells become specialized cells two possible meanings of reproduction

controlled condition stimulus receptor, control center, effector receptor input input

maintenance of relatively stable conditions sameness standing still a large part of the internal environment consisting the fluid surrounding body cells homeostasis can change over a narrow range that is compatible with maintaining cellular life proceses 2 systems that contribute a lot in homeostasis nervous system- homeostasis endocrine system- homeostasis a cycle of events in which a condition in the body is continually monitored, evaluated, changed, remonitored,... a monitored condition any disruption that causes a change in a controlled condition three basic components that make up a feedback system a body structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition information sent by a receptor a form of nerve impulses or chemical signals

control center control center output effector

response negative feedback system blood pressure baroreceptors positive feedback system disorder disease symptoms signs diagnosis symptoms, signs, medical history, physical examination, lab tests ispection palpation auscultation percussion vital signs aging anatomical position upright prone supine head, neck, trunk,upper and lower limb head skull face neck trunk chest, abdomen, pelvis upper limb shoulder, armpit, arm, forearm, wrist, hand arm forearm lower limb thigh leg groin directional terms anterior posterior superior cephalic/cranial superior inferior inferior anterior anterior posterior posterior medial lateral proximal distal

sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintined; evaluates the input it receives from receptors and generates an output information that is relayed from the control center to an effector a body structure that receives output from the control center and produces a response that changes the controlled condition changes the controlled condition reverses a change in a controlled condition the force exerted by blod as it presses against the walls of blood vessesls pressure-sensitive nerve cells located in the walls of certain blood vessels strengthens a change in a controlled condition any abnormality of structure and/or function an illness characterized by a recognizable set of symptoms and signs subjective changes in body functions that are not apparent to an observer objective changes that can be observed and measured identification of a disease or disorder evaluations needed for a diagnosis observing the body for any changes that deviate from normal feeling body surfaces with hands listening to body sounds often using a stethoscope tapping on body surfaces and listening to the resulting echo temperatire, pulse, respiratory rate and blood pressure a normal process characterized by a progressive decline in the body's ability to restore homeostasis specific stance anatomical position face down face up body regions skull and face part of the head that encloses and protects the brain front portion of the head that includes the eyes, nose, mouth, forehead, cheeks, and chin supports the head and attaches it to the trunk chest, abdomen, pelvis trunk shoulder, armpit, arm, forearm, wrist, hand upper lumb portion of the limb from the shoulder to the elbow portion of the limb from the elbow to the wrist buttock, thigh, leg, ankle, and foot portion of the limb from the hip to the kneel portion of the limb from the knee to the ankle marked by a crease on each side, where the trnk attaches to the thighs words that describe the position of one body part relative to another front back cephalic/cranial superior toward the head/upper part of the structure caudal away from the head/ lower part of the structure ventral nearer to/front of the body dorsal back of the body nearer the midline/midsagittal plane farther the midline/midsagittal plane near the attachment of limb to trunk/ origin/ beginning far the attachment of limb to trunk/ origin/ beginning

superficial deep sagittal, frontal, transverse, oblique sagitt planes sagittal plane midsagittal plane parasagittal frontal plane frontal plan transverse plane transverse plane sagittal, frontal, transverse oblique plane section cranial, vertebral, thoracic, pleural, pericardial, mediastinum, abdominopelvic, abdominal, pelvic body cavities cranial cavity vertebral cavity thoracic cavity thoracic cavity pleural cavity pleura pericardial cavity pericardium mediastinum mediastinum mediastinum abdominal cavity peritineum right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, right lumbar, left lumbar, umbilical, right inguinal/iliac, hypogastric (pubic), left inguinal/iliac media stinum diafram diaphragm diaphragm abdomin viscera serous membrane parietal and visceral parietal layer visceral later oral cavity nasal cavity orbital cavities middle ear cavities synovial cavities nine-region division quadrants left upper, left lower, right upper, right lower

toward or on the surface of the body away from the surface of the body 4 major planes arrow imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts a vertical plane that divides the body/organ into right and left sides equal left and right sides unequal left and right sides coronal plane anterior and posterior portions superior and inferior portion cross-sectionsal/horizontal plane all at right angles to one another angle between transverse and sagittal/frontal cut of the body or an organ made alng one of the planes body cavities spaces within the body that contain, protect, separate, and support internal organs cranial bones and contains the brain vertebral column, spinal cord, beginnings of spinal nerves chest cavity contains pleural and pericardial cavities and mediastinum each surrounds a lung serous membrane of pleural cavity surrounds the heart serous membrane of pericardial cavity central portion of thoracic cavity between the lungs sternum to vertevral column/ neck to diaphragm contains the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, blood vessels stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small and large intestine serous membrane of the abdominal cavity 9 regions

middle partition partion/wall a dome shaped muscle that powers breathing separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity belly organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities covers the viscera layers that compose the serous membrane lines the walls of the cavities covers and adheres to the viscera within the cavities tongue teeth nose eyeballs small bones of the middle ear freely movable joints and contain synovial fluid anatomical studies clinicians quadrants