Robe-Detail Design Report

ROBE TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT - FINAL DETAIL DESIGN REPORT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................1 1.1FORMATION OF ROBE TOWN WATER SUPPLY AND SEWERAGE SERVICE................................................................................1 1.2PROJECT COMPONENTS...................................................................................................................................................1 2. PRESENT STATUS.................................................................................................................................................1 1.1ROBE TOWN WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION.................................................................................................................1 2.1.1.Water Supply.........................................................................................................................................................1 3. POPULATION AND WATER DEMAND PROJECTION ................................................................................1 1.2POPULATION PROJECTION.................................................................................................................................1 1.2.1Base Population and Growth Rate........................................................................................................................1 1.2.2Population Projection............................................................................................................................................1 1.3WATER DEMAND PROJECTION.........................................................................................................................1 1.3.1Domestic Water Demand.......................................................................................................................................1 1.3.2Non-Domestic Water Demand...............................................................................................................................3 1.3.3Non Revenue Water...............................................................................................................................................5 1.4AVERAGE DAY WATER DEMAND....................................................................................................................5 1.5MAXIMUM DAY WATER DEMAND...................................................................................................................6 1.6PEAK HOUR WATER DEMAND..........................................................................................................................6 1.7SUMMARY OF WATER DEMAND......................................................................................................................7 4. ANALYSIS OF THE EXISTING WATER SOURCES ......................................................................................1 1.8EXISTING WATER SOURCE................................................................................................................................1 1.9GROUNDWATER SOURCE...................................................................................................................................1 1.10REGIONAL GEOLOGY........................................................................................................................................1 1.10.1Local Geology......................................................................................................................................................1 1.10.2Structural Geology..............................................................................................................................................2 1.11HYDROGEOLOGY...............................................................................................................................................2 1.11.1Water Point Inventory ........................................................................................................................................2 1.11.2Recharge Area and Catchments..........................................................................................................................4 1.12THE PROPOSED WATER SOURCE...................................................................................................................4 1.13LOLA RIVER.........................................................................................................................................................5 5. INTAKE WORKS....................................................................................................................................................1 1.14LOCATION............................................................................................................................................................1 1.15GENERAL..............................................................................................................................................................1 1.16PROJECT IMPROVEMENTS...............................................................................................................................1 1.16.1Intake Structures..................................................................................................................................................2 1.16.2Aerator, Raw Water Gravity Main and Header Tank.........................................................................................4 6. RAW WATER MAIN..............................................................................................................................................1 1.17ROUTE ALIGNMENT ....................................................................................................................................................1 1.18SELECTED PIPE MATERIAL ...........................................................................................................................................1 1.19HYDRAULIC DESIGN ...................................................................................................................................................1 1.20INSTALLATION OF PIPES ...............................................................................................................................................1 7. NEW WATER TREATMENT WORKS...............................................................................................................1 1.21GENERAL..............................................................................................................................................................1 1.22TREATMENT SYSTEM........................................................................................................................................1 1.23TREATMENT WORKS UNITS............................................................................................................................7 7.5.1.Aeration Unit........................................................................................................................................................7 7.5.2.Chemical Mixing and Dosing Building................................................................................................................9 7.5.3.Rapid Mix ..........................................................................................................................................................13 7.5.4.Flocculation .......................................................................................................................................................16 ARMA Engineering PLC i
ROBE TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT FINAL DETAIL DESIGN REPORT CHAPTER 1
7.5.5.Filters, Filter Gallery and Control Room...........................................................................................................26 7.5.6.Filter Backwashing Unit.....................................................................................................................................28 7.5.7.Chlorine Mixing and Chlorine Dosing Room.....................................................................................................38 7.5.8.Clear Water Tank...............................................................................................................................................41 7.5.9.Pump House Design Sizing of Pump House ......................................................................................................42 7.5.10.Building Works.................................................................................................................................................43 7.5.11.Electrical Works...............................................................................................................................................44 7.5.12.Site Works.........................................................................................................................................................46 8. DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM AND STORAGE RESERVOIRS...........................................................................1 1.24EXISTING DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM ...............................................................................................................1 1.25PROPOSED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM..............................................................................................................1 1.26DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM DESIGN CRITERIA.................................................................................................1 8.3.1.Water Demand......................................................................................................................................................1 8.3.2.Pipelines...............................................................................................................................................................1 8.3.3.Accessories...........................................................................................................................................................3 8.3.4.Pipeline Appurtenant Structures...........................................................................................................................4 1.27CLEAR WATER GRAVITY MAIN......................................................................................................................4 8.4.1.Route Alignment ..................................................................................................................................................4 8.4.2.Selected Pipe Material .........................................................................................................................................5 8.4.3.Hydraulic Design .................................................................................................................................................5 8.4.4.Installation of Pipes .............................................................................................................................................5 1.28DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM....................................................................................................................................7 8.5.1.Goba Road Main Subsystem (GBR-Main-1-3)....................................................................................................7 8.5.2.Western Main Subsystem (West-Main-1 to West-Main-13).................................................................................7 8.5.3.Goba Road Branch Subsystem (GBR-BR-1-to ADM-BR-3).................................................................................7 8.5.4.Eastern Main Subsystem (East-Main-1 TO East-BR-2).......................................................................................7 8.5.5.Eastern Main Subsystem (East-Main-2 TO AAR-BR-10).....................................................................................7 8.5.6.Western Branch Subsystem (wst-br-1-2 TO wst-BR-6)........................................................................................7 8.5.7.Eastern Main Subsystem (East-Main-6 TO East-SBR-5).....................................................................................7 8.5.8.Eastern Main Subsystem (East-Main-9 TO East-Main-16).................................................................................8 8.5.9.Addis Ababa Road Subsystem (AAR-BR-1TO AAR-BR-4)..................................................................................8 8.5.10.Addis Ababa Road Subsystem (AAR-BR-7 TO AAR-BR-4)...............................................................................8 1.29STORAGE RESERVOIRS.....................................................................................................................................8 8.6.1.Goba Road Service Reservoir (GRSR).................................................................................................................9 8.6.2.Bulk Meters...........................................................................................................................................................9 1.30NETWORK ANALYSIS...................................................................................................................................................9 8.7.1.General.................................................................................................................................................................9 8.7.2.System Simulation.................................................................................................................................................9 1.31RESULTS AND CONCLUSION.........................................................................................................................10 9. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE SCHEME.........................................................................................1 1.32IMPACTS DURING THE CONSTRUCTION PERIOD ......................................................................................1 1.33LONGTERM IMPACT .........................................................................................................................................2 10. PROJECT COSTS.................................................................................................................................................1 1.34COST ESTIMATES.........................................................................................................................................................1 1.35CRITERIA FOR COSTING................................................................................................................................................2 1.35.1General................................................................................................................................................................2 1.35.2Pipeline Costs......................................................................................................................................................2 1.35.3Supply of Pipes & Fittings...................................................................................................................................2 1.35.4Civil and Construction Works.............................................................................................................................2 1.35.5Pumping Plant, Compressors Costs....................................................................................................................2 1.35.6Treatment Works Costs........................................................................................................................................2 1.35.7Storage Reservoir Costs......................................................................................................................................2 1.35.8EEPCO Power Line Connection and road Crossings........................................................................................2 1.35.9Total Gross Costs................................................................................................................................................2
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ROBE TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT FINAL DETAIL DESIGN REPORT CHAPTER 1
APPENDICES Appendix '1' Appendix '2' Appendix '3' Appendix '4' HYDRAULIC CALCULATIONS DESIGN OF STRUCTURES ELECTROMECHANICAL DESIGN REPORTS Raw water Quality analysis result
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ROBE TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT - FINAL DETAIL DESIGN REPORT CHAPTER 1
1.
INTRODUCTION
Robe town is situated in Bale Zone of south east Oromia Regional State at latitude of 7o 08' N and longitude 380 36' E. at a road distance of 430 km from Finfine in Sinana Woreda. The town is situated at the foot of Bale Mountain on a plain terrain with an average ground elevation from 2419 - 2560m ASL. The total proposed area of the town is 8024 hectares according to area measured from the base map of the town. For administrative purpose the town is divided into three kebeles, 01, 02, &03, i.e., Oda Robe, Caffee Donsa, and Baha Biftu. The power supply for town is from National Grid line which serves for 24 hrs. The town is accessible by asphalt road and all weather gravel road covering a distance of 427km.
1.1
Formation of Robe Town Water Supply and Sewerage Service In 1937 water for domestic use of Robe town was obtained from Bamo River of Goba town area. Later on the production of water for domestic use from this river stopped in 1968. In the same year from Shaya River production of water for domestic use started to function. The water from Shaya river was pumped scheme and was supplied to the town without adequate treatment but with only intermittent disinfection besides most of the township was not supplied. Due to inadequacy of this supply the town inhabitants were
obtaining water from shallow wells and traditional dug wells. To alleviate the problem the water supply of the town has been incorporated in the Robe Meliyu Water supply project.
At present the water supply and sewerage enterprise is administered by the Town Water Board. The Town Water Board has been established based on the Regions proclamation for the administration and management of urban water supply schemes. The water supply system is administered under the Town Water Board whose chairperson is the zonal water resources office head and the utility head being the secretary. The Town Water Board consist members from the municipality, Zone Water resources office, Zone women affair, EEPCO office at Robe, Community representative and Water Supply and sewerage Service as secretary.
It is the intention of the RWSSE to provide service to areas which are not covered at present but which are part of the town.
1.2
Project Components
Existing Water Supply Robe town water supply is from Robe-Maliyu water Supply project, constructed to serve rural population from spring source. The implementation of the project was started in 1996 G.C., and phase one of the project was completed in 1997 G.C. the project was implemented by four organizations; the Oromia water resources Bureau and Oromia Health bureau were implementers of the project by assigning their staff. Oromia Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Bureau was involved by making overall coordination and assisted by supervising foreign procurement. WaterAid was the main financer of the project. The project was implemented through community participation in providing labour and financial contribution. The construction of the project has taken about six years. The scheme was designed to serve 18 rural kebeles and Robe town population for 15 to 20 years. The town water supply pays 0.75Birr/m3 of water received from the rural water board measured by bulk water meter installed at the entrance to the town.
ROBE TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT FINAL DETAIL DESIGN REPORT CHAPTER 1 The system consists the following units. a) Raw Water Gravity Main ND 150 mm uPVC 2 km, up to junction point, b) Distribution Network consists of DCI, uPVC, HPDE and Gs pipes with diameter ranging from ND 50 to ND 300, totaling 39.8km, c) Three Storage Reservoirs each having volume of 150m3 This Report covers the Draft Final Designs for augmentation of the present Water Supply System to cater for water demands for increased population up to the Year 2030. The Draft Final Design Project components detailed in this Report are as follows: -
New 'Raw' Intake Weir Constructed across Lola River , located at x,y coordinates of 601484 & 779560 at an elevation of 2790masl. New 'Raw' Gravity Water Main, approximate length 762 metres. DCI pipe nominal size 400 mm diameter
New Treatment Works at the New Treatment Plant Site, located at (x,y) coordinates ranges of x coordinates 601980, 602,160 and y coordinates 779560, 779680 for a capacity 12,001 m3/d briefly comprising of: Chemical Dosing Building incorporating stilling well and inlet works
Distribution Pipe to Clarifiers- DN of 400 & 300mm
Upflow Sludge Blanket Clarifier - 3Nr each L 9.1 m, W = 8 m, Hmax = 6.7m, inclined length 6.02 m Rapid Gravity Sand Filters 4 Nr each 4.3 m x 6.6 m (WxL) Filter Gallery and Pipework Chlorine Dosing and pH Correction Room Generator Room - floor area 50 m2 Backwash Collection Pond and Sludge Drying Beds Site Works including Access Road, Fencing, etc. Operators dwelling house, Workshop, Administration building
Water Mains: Varying in diameter from 150 mm to 400 mm in materials uPVC and lined DCI pipes - approximate length 106.00 km. Associated works included like installation of valves, fire hydrants, flow meters, etc. and construction of chambers, etc. Storage & Service Reservoirs: TP Clear Water Reservoir (R.C.) 1 Nr capacity 2500 m3 Service Reservoir nearby Goba road (R.C.) - 1000 m3
ROBE TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT - DRAFT DETAIL DESIGN REPORT CHAPTER 2
2.
PRESENT STATUS
The system consists the following units. d) Raw Water Gravity Main ND 150 mm uPVC 2 km, up to junction point, e) Distribution Network consists of DCI, uPVC, HPDE and Gs pipes with diameter ranging from ND 50 to ND 300, totaling 39.8km, f) Three Storage Reservoirs each having volume of 150m3
1.1
2.1.1.
Robe Town Water Supply and Sanitation Water Supply The first water supply for the town was started in 1937 water for domestic use of Robe town
was obtained from Bamo River of Goba town area. Later on the production of water for domestic use from this river stopped in 1968. In the same year from Shaya River production of water for domestic use started to function. The water from Shaya river was pumped scheme and was supplied to the town without adequate treatment but with only intermittent disinfection besides most of the township was not supplied. Due to
inadequacy of this supply the town inhabitants were obtaining water from shallow wells and traditional dug wells. To alleviate the problem the water supply of the town has been incorporated in the Robe Meliyu Water supply project. Robe town water supply is from Robe-Maliyu water Supply project, which is gravity system from Spring source. The implementation of the project was started in 1996 G.C., and phase one of the project was completed in 1997 G.C. The project was implemented through community participation in providing labour and contributed costs. The construction of the project has taken about six years. The scheme was designed to serve 18 rural kebeles and Robe town population for 15 to 20 years. The distribution system consist the following . The distribution pipes are DCI, uPVC and GS and the size varies from 50mm to 300mm. The total distribution line length in the town is as indicated below. S/n 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Diameter in mm 300 250 250 200 150 100 80 65 50 50 Total Length in m 1374 198 1002 504 6192 3936 4080 2196 2544 11426 39,878 Type uPVC DCI uPVC uPVC uPVC uPVC uPVC HPDE uPVC HPDE Remark
The total existing customers are 5026 out of this private connection are 4380, Commerce 533 and governments 81. The number of public water points is 16. All the public water points are constructed with concrete and have four faucets. The water points were constructed in 1997 G.C.
ROBE TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT - FINAL DETAIL DESIGN REPORT CHAPTER 2 There is no distribution pipes layout drawing available. The distribution lines also do not follow the present master plan of the town.
Mio capped spring
Spring outlet box
Raw Water Main The Raw Water Rising Main is DN 150mm DCI and it, conveys water from the spring to the benefiting community and to reservoirs located in the town from which distribution net work is laid within the town
Existing 150m3 each reservoirs Existing Treatment Plant There is no treatment facility except shock chlorination.
Distribution Network
The existing Water Distribution Network consists of two types of pipe material, i.e DCI unPlasticised Polyvinyl Chloride (uPVC) and HDPE pipes, ranging in diameters from 50 mm to 300 mm. The total length is approximately 39.79 km.
Water Storage
The water tank/Storage reservoirs are three masonry with capacity of 150m3 located in the west southeast of the town.
ROBE TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT - DRAFT DETAIL DESIGN REPORTCHAPTER 4
3.
1.2 1.2.1
POPULATION AND WATER DEMAND PROJECTION

POPULATION PROJECTION Base Population and Growth Rate
The base population as indicated in the Feasibility Study and preliminary engineering design Report is that of the year 2007 CSA draft report. This figure is projected using the medium growth rate for Oromia towns as indicated in the 1998 CSA analytical report. Accordingly, the CSA report for 2007 has been project to year 2010 to be used as base year.
1.2.2
Population Projection
CSA has also produced regional growth rates for different periods up to year 2030 and for three alternative scenarios with high, medium and low growth rates. The efforts of implementing government policies on population regulation in the Robe town are anticipated to be successful to a moderate extent. Hence, the population of the town is expected to show medium growth rate. Table 3.1 shows the projected population for the Robe town for different years. Year 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 Growth Rate 4.6 4.4 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.6 3.6 Projected Population 61,230 76,297 94,126 114,965 139,021 166,438 199,263
1.3
WATER DEMAND PROJECTION

Water demand projection is based on the determination of domestic water demand, non-domestic water demand and Non Revenue Water and their projections accordingly. Thus the water demand projection for ROBE town has been computed as indicated hereunder.
1.3.1
Domestic Water Demand

Domestic water demand includes water for drinking, for food preparation, for washing and cleaning and miscellaneous domestic purposes. The amount of water used for domestic purposes varies depending on the lifestyle, living standard, climate, mode of service and above all on the affordability of the users.
1.3.1.1 Mode of Service The Feasibility Study and preliminary engineering design carried out under this Project have identified three major mode of services for domestic water consumers. Accordingly, these three services have been adopted for the water demand study of the ROBE town and are as follows: House Connections (HC) Yard Connections (YC) Yard Connections Shared (YCS) Public Fountains (PF)
1.3.1.2 Projection of Service Level Considering the overall future development trend of the town, the target service level has been projected up to the design horizon, year 2030. The present and projected service levels in percentage are presented in Table 3.2. Table 3.2: Projected Service Level Mode of Service House Connection Yard Connection Yard tap shared Public Fountain Year 2010
3.2% 29.0% 29.0% 11.0%
2015
7.7% 33.2% 28.1% 10.3%
2020
12.1% 37.4% 27.1% 9.5%
2025
16.6% 41.6% 26.2% 8.8%
2030
21.0% 45.8% 25.2% 8.0%
2035
23.0% 50.4% 20.1% 6.5%
2040
25.0% 55.0% 15.0% 5.0%
The table indicate that yard tap shared and public fountain users decrease while yard connection and house connection increase. 1.3.1.3 Domestic Demand Adjustment Factors In determining the socio-economic and climatic factors for the Robe town, the design criteria have presented the following guidelines. In the case of socio-economic factor determination, it is more of a personal judgment while in the latter case the mean annual precipitation is the governing factor. Table 3.3: Socio Economic Factors Group Description A Towns enjoying high living standards and with high potential for development B Towns having a very high potential for development, but lower living standards at present C Towns under normal Ethiopian conditions D Advanced rural towns Table 3.4: Climatic Effects Factors Group Mean Annual Precipitation - mm A 600 or less B 601-900 C 901 or more Factor 1.10 1.05 1.00 0.90
Factor 1.10 1.05 1.00
The development potential is considered in group C. Accordingly a socio-economic factor of 1.00 is utilized. The town has a mean annual rainfall of 1,490 mm and there is no dry month in a year which makes its climatic factor 1.0. 1.3.1.4 Per Capita Demand and Its Projection In determining per capita water demand, previous studies on urban water supply schemes have been utilized. In principle water demand depends on water usage for different purposes. In line to this the consultant has studied water usage for different purposes for the four towns under this project. The basis for the study is the national Water Policy, previous study such as the Oromia
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ROBE TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT - FINAL DETAIL DESIGN REPORT CHAPTER 3 six towns water supply project, the Environmental Support Project (ESP) and 25 towns water supply project. It is expected that as the people get more and more education and enjoy higher living standard their water demand will increase. Previous studies indicate that a demand growth rate of 1% for public tap users and 2% for yard and house connections were assumed realistic. Demand Responsive Approach state that the beneficiaries should decide on the service level that they want and can afford. Table 3.5: Consumption of Water for Different Purposes (lpcd) Service level Year Usage Drinking Cooking Ablution Washing Dishes Washing Clothes House cleaning Bath or shower Flushing Toilet Watering animals Total HTU 201 202 0 9 3 5 6 3 5 5 6 7 40 3 5 6 6 10 6 15 9 0 60 YTU 2010 3 4 5 3 4 2 4 2029 3 4 5 4 6 5 8 0 35 NTU 201 202 0 9 3 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 4 4 4 4 3 3 PTU 201 0 2029 2 2 1 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 3 3
25
20
25
15
20
1.3.1.5 Consumption by Mode of Service Following the above procedure the projected per capita water demand, for the four mode of services in the two Project stages with the consideration of socioeconomic and climatic factor, is shown in Table 3.6. in estimating the projected water demand for ROBE town is done using the adjusted per capita demand for the mode of services considered for the township and estimation is made for each mode of service. Table 3.6: Projected Per Capita Water Demand by Mode of Service (lpcd) Mode of Service Year Adjusted (socioeconomic & climatic, 1.00&1) 2011 2030 2040 HTU YTU NTU PTU Average 35 30 20 20 26.25 60 35 25 20 35 60 35 25 20 35 60 35 25 20 35
1.3.2
Non-Domestic Water Demand

Non-domestic water demand can be broadly divided into two main categories: Public water demands; and Industrial water demands.
1.3.2.1 Public Water Demand The water required for schools, hospitals, hotels, public facilities, offices, commercial establishments, military camps and other public purposes is classified as public water demand. Educational Water Demand Day school The number of students attending schools is expected to grow faster than the total population. The assumptions adopted in the determination of the school water demand in the ROBE town include:
1. 85 percent of the students in the age group of 7 to 12 will attend school by the year 2015 and
100 per cent by year 2030;
2. 85 percent of the students in the age group of 13 to 14 will attend school by the year 2015
and 98 per cent by year 2030;
3. 75 percent of the students in the age group of 15 to 18 will attend school by the year 2015
and 95 per cent by year 2030; 4. Factors of 10% and 5% are adopted in order to include the demand of staff and pupils, respectively, from the surrounding areas; and
5. The ratio of school age children to the total population of the Robe town is considered to be
same as the ratio of school age children to the total population in Oromia region. The above assumptions are based on the 1994 Population and Housing Census Report and the Analytical Report of the same published in 1998. It is considered that 5 liters to be the normal daily demand per pupil in a day school. The working day demand of the teachers and other workers in day schools is taken to be equal to 5 l/day. From the total number of students, and allowing for teachers and administrative staff, the day school demand for the Robe town is estimated to 121 m 3/day and 220 m3/day for year 2015 and 2030, respectively. University 60 liters is considered to be the daily demand per pupil and residing staff in a boarding school. Also, the working day demand for staff residing outside the premises of the boarding school is assumed at 5 l/day per employee. The total estimated demand for Meda Wolabu University is 389 m3/day and 600 m3/day for year 2015 and 2030, respectively. Health Water Demand Health, water demand for ROBE town has been estimated to be 5% of average domestic day demand. Accordingly, the total water demand for health institutions in the Robe town is estimated at 81.5 m3/day and 256.2 m3/day for years 2015 and 2030, respectively. Commercial Water Demand Hotels, bars, restaurants, traditional winery houses, small shops, and workshops are among the existing commercial activities in the Robe town. The demand for such category varies 20%-40% of the domestic water demand as indicated in the guideline for urban water supply by ministry of water and mines. The adopted commercial demand is 20% of average domestic day demand. This is because Robe is commerce center for the for Bale zone and Somali regions which
ROBE TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT - FINAL DETAIL DESIGN REPORT CHAPTER 3 boarders it in the low lands hence, there is high activity in this center. The total water demand for commercial sector in the Robe town is estimated at 326 m3/day for year 2015 and 1025 m3/day year 2030, respectively. Other Public Uses Other public uses include water demand for public offices, mosques, abattoirs, public facilities and prison houses and it is estimated to be 20% of average domestic day demand. The estimated demand for other public uses is 326 m3/day and 1025 m3/day for year 2015 and year 2030 respectively. Fire Requirements The annual volume required for firefighting purpose is small. However, during periods of need, the demand may be exceedingly large and in many cases govern the design of distribution storage and pumping requirements. In this case the fire fighting water requirements is considered to be met by stopping supply to consumers and directing it for this purpose. This demand is taken care of by increasing the volume of storage tanks by 10 percent. 1.3.2.2 Industrial Water Demand Industrial water demand for ROBE town is estimated to be 10% of average domestic day demand. Accordingly, industrial domestic demand is estimated to 163 m 3/day and 512 m3/day for year 2015 and year 2010 respectively.
1.3.3
Non Revenue Water

Non Revenue Water includes water losses in the water supply system, illegal connections, overflow from reservoirs, improper metering and losses in the treatment plants. The amount is expressed as a percentage of the sum of domestic demand, public demand, and the industrial demand covered from the water supply system. The percentage usually varies from 10 to 30 % depending on the age of the pipes and the complexity of the system. Here, the percentage is based on the expected condition of the system in each stage of development, the contribution of the existing system to the new development being the main factor. Here, non revenue water varying from of 20% to 25% has been adopted.
1.4
AVERAGE DAY WATER DEMAND

The average day demand is the sum of the domestic demand, public demand, industrial demand and non revenue water. The water demand in a day varies with time according to the consumers' life style which is expected to improve with time. Hence, the adopted hourly flow factors, fractions of average daily demand, for the design period Table 3.7.
ROBE TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT - FINAL DETAIL DESIGN REPORT CHAPTER 3 Table 3.7: Recommended Hourly Demand Factors Time 00-01 01-02 02-03 03-04 04-05 05-06 06-07 07-08 08-09 09-10 10-11 11-12 12-13 13-14 14-15 15-16 16-17 17-18 18-19 19-20 20-21 21-22 22-23 23-24 Total Year 2029 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 1.20 1.30 1.40 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.60 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.40 1.20 1.00 0.50 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.30 24.0
1.5
MAXIMUM DAY WATER DEMAND

Table 3.8: Maximum day and peak hour as presented in the design guideline of the Ministry of Water and Energy May 2003. Settlement category Maximum-day factor Peak-hour factor Rural (<2,000) 34 1.2 Small towns (2,000 10,000) 2.5 3.0 Medium towns (10,000 50,000) 1.15 1.8 2.2 Large towns (50,000 80,000) Very large towns (> 80,000) 1.1 1.5 1.8 1.5
The water consumption varies from day to day. The maximum day water demand is considered to meet water consumption changes with seasons and days of the week. The ratio of the maximum daily consumption to the mean annual daily consumption is the maximum day factor. The maximum day factors as indicated above vary from 1.1 to 1.2 depending on the population size of the town. In this Project the maximum day factor adopted is 1.1.
1.6
PEAK HOUR WATER DEMAND

Peak hour demand occurs particularly when all the water taps are opened at a particular rush hour. Such an event is likely to happen during morning hours when most people use water for bathing, cooking and it could also occur towards the end of the day due to peoples' need for water for the same purpose after working hours. It is greatly influenced by the size of the town, mode of service and social activity pattern. The peak hour factor in a day used is 1.7 up to year
ROBE TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT - FINAL DETAIL DESIGN REPORT CHAPTER 3 2017. From Year 2017 onwards a peak factor of 1.5 has been used based on the guideline shown in the above table as Robe town is assumed to be very large town.
1.7
SUMMARY OF WATER DEMAND

The total demand projections of the ROBE town for each demand category are summarized in Table 3.9. Table 3.9: Summary of Projected Water Demand Item 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 2 2.1 2.2 2.2.1 2.2.1. 1 2.2.1. 2 2.2.1. 3 2.2.1. 4 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.9.1 2.9.2 Year Population Growth Population Rural Population Medawolabu University population College Student - from Robe Total population Demand Domestic Demand Non-Domestic Public Schools Health Commercial Other Public & Gov institutions Industrial Medawolabu University Total Demand Unaccounted-for Water Average Day Demand Mean Percapita Demand Max. Day Factor Max. Day Demand - Mains Capacity Unit % No No No No No m/da y m/da y m/da y m/da y m/da y m/da y m/da y m/da y m/da y m/da y % m/da y l/s l/c/d 2011 4.4% 63,984 1,287 5,295 1,896 70,566 2015 4.4% 76,297 1,445 6,475 2,261 84,217 2030 3.8% 139,021 2,234 10,000 4,120 151,255 2040 3.6% 199,263 2,987 10,000 5,905 212,250
1,168 743 627 101 58 234 234 117 318 2,229 18% 2,635 30.5 37 1.10
1,630 1,017 854 121 81 326 326 163 389 3,035 20% 3,642 42.2 43 1.10
5,125 3,039 2,526 220 256 1,025 1,025 512 600 8,763 20% 10,516 121.7 70 1.10
7,832 4,623 3,840 315 392 1,566 1,566 783 600 13,055 25% 16,318 188.9 76 1.10
m/da y l/s
2,899 34
4,007 46
11,568 134
17,950 208
ROBE TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT - FINAL DETAIL DESIGN REPORT CHAPTER 3 Table 3.9: Summary of Projected Water Demand continued Item 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 Year Peak Hour Factor Peak Hour Demand- Distribution Capacity Abstraction and treatment loses (SW) Abstraction and treatment loses (GW) Total Water production (SW) Unit 2011 1.7 57.0 7% 3% 2015 1.70 78.8 7% 3% 2030 1.50 227.6 7% 3% 2040 1.50 353.2 7% 3%
l/s % % m/da y l/s m/da y l/s
2.14.1 2.14.2 2.15 Total Water production (GW) 2.15.1 2.15.2
3,102 35.9
4,287 49.6
12,377 143.3
19,207 222.3
2,986 34.6
4,127 47.8
11,915 137.9
18,489 214.0
4.
1.8
ANALYSIS OF THE EXISTING WATER SOURCES

EXISTING WATER SOURCE
Robe town water supply is from Robe-Maliyu water Supply project, which is gravity system from Spring source. The implementation of the project was started in 1996 G.C., and phase one of the project was completed in 1997 G.C. The project was implemented through community participation in providing labour and contributed costs. The construction of the project has taken about six years. The scheme was designed to serve 18 rural kebeles and Robe town population for 15 to 20 years. At present the scheme is inadequate to serve Robe town and the rural communities and hence this project has been envisaged to study and design new water supply scheme specifically for Robe town.
1.9
GROUNDWATER SOURCE
The geomorphology of the area and the region in its vicinity is composed of extensive flat land and a long belt of a Chain Mountain starting from Sebesibe Washa to the summit of Tulu Dimtu which stands high up in the center of Senete plateau. This area distinctively represents the second higher topographic region in the Country. The present topographic setting of the surface is the result of the aforementioned geological activities that shapes the surface the way it manifests itself. The mountains in this area were built up by volcanic activities. The Senet plateau is marking the regional catchments divide line (Weyib River basin and Genale River basin). The altitudes of the plateau start from about 4600m a.s.l at the summit of Tulu Dimtu and start to fall to the south and to the north directions. In the north direction it becomes 2780m at the proposed intake and finally made the Robe plain and Weyib Catchments basin. The plateau is the beginning places for the streams and drainages that are flowing to Shaya and Weyib, the two prominent Rivers in the region. The drainages are joined each other dendritically to form the Shaya and Weyib rivers. Shaya is the second largest river next to Weyib and is the tributary for the later. Dendritically joined drainage pattern depicts that the fracturing of the subsurface formation are interconnected hydraulically. However, the density of the streams and drainages are dispersed indicating that the abundance of secondary porosities is insignificant.
1.10
REGIONAL GEOLOGY
The geology of this area when viewed at a large scale encloses the Arsi - Bale units that covered an extensive area due to huge eruption that comprises compositionally diversified rock formations (from Acidic to Basic). According to the Hydro geological map of Ethiopia scaled to one to two million, the geological time scale that marks the geological activity in this area is Upper Oligocene to Upper Miocene. The geological occurrences that were evolved during this time are mainly the basaltic rocks that often connected to the main volcanic center to form volcanic edifices. This geological unit as described by the same source has got the thickness of 100m to 600m. The map notifies that it become siliceous in composition in the upper portion of the stratification. But this thickness seems to be more than the stated figure above (100m to 600m), for the reason that the elevation difference at Senete plateau (4600m) and Robe (2480m) is far more than that. Since the geology of the area from Senete plateau to Robe plain is continuously basaltic rock.
1.10.1 Local Geology There is no significant difference between the regional geology and the local geology since the volcanic eruption exhibits more or less homogeneous mode of occurrences due to the edifice
ROBE TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT - FINAL DETAIL DESIGN REPORT CHAPTER 3 (huge) mode of eruption. But the geology around the plain land contains scoria and scoracious basalt while the geology in the high land and plateaus lacks these formations. The scoracious basalt and scoria are available around Robe towns and may have covered substantial area overlying the basaltic rock formation. Hence the probable stratigraphic sequence might exhibit following succession. Black cotton soil Scoria/scoracious basalt Basaltic rock The basalt that will be helpful for construction during the implementation of the water supply system is available at and around river intake site. 1.10.2 Structural Geology There are two major faults that regional affect the block. The first fault runs in the east-west direction whose up thrown part contains Dinsho-Goba ridge while the down throw part contains the Robe plain land. The second fault runs in the north-south direction making the slope that dips toward the Robe Town from Dinsho to Robe. In addition to these faults there exist several minor faults that facilitate convenient situation for the developments of cliffs through sliding around the mountainous area. At the intended river intake, this structure was clearly observed that was formed by fracturing and later followed by landslide to form almost ninety degree down fall from the horizontal surface which creates a favorable condition for the development of water fall.
1.11
HYDROGEOLOGY
There are some occurrences of groundwater system and surface water from the upper weathered parts of basaltic rock formation. These occurrences of groundwater is manifesting through several perennial springs along the fault plane whose discharges are considerably large. Several Rivers starts from the foot of Senete plateau and flow to Shaya Weyib basin.
1.11.1 Water Point Inventory The occurrences of groundwater that were observed as spring and productive bore holes are recorded with its coordinate points below:
ROBE TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT - FINAL DETAIL DESIGN REPORT CHAPTER 3 Table 4.1 Shows locations of water point Inventories Water points 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Oda Tebel two near Mio Ulandhula Burqitu Halqitii RRC Compound Robe town NCA Compound Robe Town Agarfa Robe (instate of teacher Source type spring spring spring spring spring DW DW DW DW X (m) 0599343 0597980 0594356 0594553 0608481 Y (m) 0785563 0785844 0785262 0786323 0770003 Z (m) 2652 2614 2898 2886 2770 Depth (m) SWL (m) Approximate Yield (l/sec) 22 More than 75 Approx. 5 Approx. 3 Approx. 5 Estimate-d to 4 t0 5 Estimated to 3.5 2 Estimated to be 2.5 Specific Capacity (l/m) Remark Currently supplying The Town Occupied for Ginir
78 84 96 96
13 12 0 13
There are more springs than listed above, but most of them possessed less discharges while the others with the big discharges were occupied by the existing water supplies of Mio Gasara, Robe Town water supply and by the future plan for Ginir water supply scheme. As one can observe from the above table the groundwater resource is not sufficient for Robe town water supply since the demand of the Town is much bigger than the discharge of the boreholes drilled before. The aquifer for both the bore holes (deep seated groundwater) and the springs (the groundwater flow around the recharge area) were the fractured basaltic rock formation whose yield is very less for the Town that needs higher discharge to support the design demand. However, the groundwater in this area receives a major infiltration having an extensive recharge area combined with the substantial precipitation prevailing in the region. Its yield in storage area (Robe Plain) is very poor probably pertinent to the out pouring of the major groundwater in the recharge area as springs through the aforementioned East West trending fault plane that cut across groundwater flow line. This is the situation that might describe the big discharges of the groundwater as springs in the recharge area and the low discharges in the storage area. Among the surface water source Shaya river is located relatively nearby Robe town but this source requires pumping hence it is not considered as a first priority. For this reason Lola River is the preferred source for Robe Town water supply project as it does not require pumping, low turbidity even during rainy season . 1.11.2 Recharge Area and Catchments There is an extensively wide catchments area that brings a lot of tributaries for Lola River. All the rivers in this area start from Senete Plateau with bimodal rainfall and substantially brings a big discharge to the river almost constantly throughout the year.
1.12
THE PROPOSED WATER SOURCE

The proposed water source is Lola river which has an estimated catchment area of 26 km2 at the proposed intake site and at upstream of the proposed intake it has three major tributaries among which Adoda is one. Based on the preliminary assessment the intake is assumed to be gravity. Lola river is un-gauged and its minimum and maximum flows are not known however, during the preliminary assessment elders leaving nearby the stream has been asked about the severe drought flow. Their response is that the stream is perennial and they have not seen any remarkable dry period flow during the recent drought that has occurred in the country. In the absence of recorded stream flow data the Consultant has estimated the flow using twenty two year rainfall data and empirical formulae. Thus in this chapter adequacy or otherwise requirement for other additional water source is conducted. The, peak discharge is estimated by the following equation, which is derived by the triangular unit hydrograph concept. Q = 0.2083*A*R/(0.5*Tc^0.5+0.6*Tc) where, A = catchment area (km2)
ROBE TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT - FINAL DETAIL DESIGN REPORT CHAPTER 3 R = Runoff depth (mm) Tc = Time of concentration (hrs) Q = Peak discharge (m3/sec) Tc is determined by Kirpich's formula: Tc = 0.0195*(L/S^0.5)^0.77/60 where, L = River length (meters) S = slope of the river bed Runoff has been estimated using Khoslas formula for estimating un-gauged stream. R = Pm - Lm Where Lm = monthly loss Pm = monthly precipitation, Lm = 0.48* Tm, for Tm > 4.50C Tm = monthly mean temperature After estimating the peak discharge based on the above formulae the mean minimum flow of Lola river has been estimated, Table 4.2 Refers.
1.13
LOLA RIVER
Minimum flow of the Lola stream as determined from twenty two year rainfall data and the formulae mentioned above is as indicated in Table 4.2.
Lola river at the proposed intake site

ROBE TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT - FINAL DETAIL DESIGN REPORT CHAPTER 4 Table 4.2 : Estimated flow in m3/s
Source Lola River estimated mean flow in m3/s Year 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Mean m3/s Max m3/s Min m3/s Mean +mean Low Mean High Max 1.62 1.15 2.26 Jan 1.64 1.53 1.43 1.75 1.41 1.49 1.70 1.80 1.49 1.58 1.56 1.88 1.67 1.75 1.57 1.65 1.64 1.88 1.73 1.82 1.86 1.77 1.66 1.88 1.41 Feb 2.16 1.70 1.73 1.76 1.48 1.97 1.84 1.79 1.39 1.93 2.26 1.83 1.75 1.89 1.75 1.87 1.87 1.76 2.14 2.16 2.19 2.08 1.88 2.26 1.39 Mar 1.83 1.82 1.61 1.70 0.75 1.53 1.91 1.95 1.36 1.90 1.94 1.87 1.72 1.67 0.83 1.82 1.83 1.95 2.11 2.17 2.08 2.02 1.75 2.17 0.75 Apr 1.62 1.66 1.54 1.56 1.11 1.52 1.62 1.88 1.51 1.82 1.75 1.72 1.75 1.72 1.38 1.71 1.70 1.91 1.96 2.09 1.92 1.73 1.69 2.09 1.11 May 1.29 1.56 1.52 1.61 1.33 1.71 1.63 1.49 1.46 1.65 1.50 1.56 1.54 1.82 1.43 1.76 1.77 1.86 1.80 1.86 1.84 1.61 1.62 1.86 1.29 Jun 1.50 1.64 1.64 1.84 1.58 1.93 2.14 1.87 1.99 2.09 1.74 1.66 1.69 2.07 1.74 1.85 1.93 2.24 2.15 2.03 1.93 2.06 1.88 2.24 1.50 Jul 1.77 1.53 1.60 1.59 1.51 1.81 1.68 1.60 1.72 1.74 1.90 1.61 1.58 1.75 1.53 1.91 1.76 1.99 1.83 1.67 1.65 1.84 1.71 1.99 1.51 Aug 1.66 1.56 1.44 1.44 1.49 1.87 1.75 1.50 1.72 1.48 1.82 1.69 1.58 1.63 1.51 1.81 1.78 1.93 1.85 1.80 2.03 1.78 1.69 2.03 1.44 Sep 1.56 1.35 1.42 1.37 1.38 1.54 1.57 1.41 1.65 1.54 1.69 1.56 1.47 1.55 1.46 1.57 1.65 1.68 1.89 1.94 1.92 1.67 1.58 1.94 1.35 Oct 1.30 1.02 1.45 1.27 1.22 1.36 1.38 1.35 1.38 1.31 1.54 1.13 1.50 1.46 1.43 1.60 1.54 1.54 1.46 1.63 1.65 1.61 1.42 1.65 1.02 Nov 0.94 1.00 1.10 0.51 1.11 1.27 1.41 0.93 1.15 1.11 1.07 1.02 1.40 0.62 0.95 1.46 1.22 1.49 1.44 1.27 1.46 1.38 1.15 1.49 0.51 Dec 1.30 1.40 1.43 0.82 1.65 1.21 1.58 1.36 1.34 1.24 1.62 1.16 1.46 0.90 1.41 1.47 1.61 1.55 1.84 1.40 1.34 1.61 1.40 1.84 0.82
Low Min 0.51
ROBE TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT - DETAIL DESIGN REPORT
CHAPTER 4
The minimum estimated flow is considered as the draught flow of the stream and 50% of the drought flow must be allowed to flow over the intake weir for downstream users. Thus the raw water abstraction from the source for design year should not be more than 50% drought flow. This is checked as indicated below. Qi=CwLhdi3/2 Where: Qi L hdi Cw Discharge (m3/s) Length of over flow section of the weir (m) Head over weir crest (m) Weir discharge coefficient (1.5 for broad crested weir)
Table 4.3 Analysis of Raw Water Abstraction Discharge (m3/s) 0.51 1.05 1.53 2.16 10.80 Length (L) (m) 0.5 0.5 7.0 15.0 21.8 Head Over crest (hd) (m) 0.77 1.25 0.28 0.21 0.48 Flow through div. Intake (l/s) 222 222 222 222 222 % of river flow 43.6% 21.2% 14.6% 10.3% 2.1% low flow Low Mean Average Flood flow 5 x FF
The minimum flow estimated using empirical formulae and rainfall record of twenty two years as seen from Table 4.2, is 0.51m3/s which occurs in November and the peak day demand for year 2040 is 222.3 l/s which is 43.6% and 21.2% of the minimum and low mean flow, respectively. As the flow over the weir is over 50% of the minimum flow the Consultant proposes construction of simple grated weir intake across the river. Thus, it is assumed that Lola river is adequate to supply the water supply demand up to year 2040 with no storage facility.
ROBE TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT - FINAL DETAIL DESIGN REPORTCHAPTER 5
5.
1.14
INTAKE WORKS
LOCATION
The proposed Intake is grated weir to be constructed across Lola river located at X,Y, coordinates 601,313m, 779,640m and at an elevation of 2790masl. It is approximately 730 m from the proposed treatment Plant Site which is located at (X, Y) coordinates 601,998, 779634m.
1.15
GENERAL
The proposed intake structure is grated weir which will be constructed across Lola River located at about 9.5 km west of Robe town. The raw water potential of this river is expected to deliver the Year 2030 maximum day water demand of 143.3 l/s and the additional demand of 79.0 l/s to augment the total demand of 222.3 l/s for Year 2040 including abstraction and treatment losses. The estimated minimum monthly flow of Lola River as presented in the previous chapter over the weir is expected to provide an average of 510 l/s. The maximum intake required is 222.3l/s for year 2040, this flow is 43.3% of the minimum estimated flow thus the River is assumed to supply the maximum day demand of Robe town without the requirement of impounding structure. The water from the weir intake will be gravitated to the treatment plant via 400 mm diameter DCI pipe. The raw water gravity main is designed to convey the year 2040 demand.
1.16
PROJECT IMPROVEMENTS
The future water supply system should therefore consist of the following main elements: Construction of weir intake at Lolaa River, Raw water collection sump and raw water intake, Raw water Gravity main Raw Water treatment facilities consisting of, rapid mix, coagulation/flocculation, rapid sand filtration, disinfection and clear water reservoir. Construction of elevated clear water tank for backwashing and treatment plant compound and nearby villages demand, Clear water pumping station, for backwashing Clear water Gravity main, Clear water reservoirs Standby generator house at treatment plant site, Access road construction which also benefits the rural population situated between the intake and Robe town Operators Building, Store and workshop, administration building, Guard houses, and Distribution network systems.
1.16.1 Intake Structures General The intake structure is broad crested weir with suction pipe intake and it is designed to accommodate the year 2040 demand. The salient data of the intake structure is as shown below. Description Maximum Velocity Maximum day demand (Year 2040) Required Abstraction with 7% abstraction loss Safety Factor Design Abstraction of 1.7 times required Opening (space b/n bars) Bar width (dia) Width of crest (inlet) Effective area per 0.5m Area over crest (grated crest) Length of opening Unit m/s m/da y m/da y l/s Ls m/s cm cm m m2 m m Qty. 0.08 17,950 19,207 222.3 1.7 0.378 5.6 2.4 0.50 0.28 4.72 13.00
As it has been mentioned in the previous chapters that the intake proposed is broad crusted weir with the capacity to impound water adequate to augment the minimum flow. The overall design of the intake structure is to enable raw water abstraction during the minimum flow. The estimated stream flow data is as shown in Chapter Four. The minimum flow occurs in November and December. The minimum estimated flow in these months is much higher than the maximum day demand. Thus the weir is designed without the requirement to impound water for the two month maximum day consumption. The intake weir is sized to accommodate maximum flow conditions. Accordingly, the weir structure has to be designed for flow depth of 1 m over the weir crest. In line to the above mentioned conditions the weir dimension is as indicated below. Weir dimensions Weir Crest Level Top width Height Bottom width Foundation height Length of Crest Opening length Maximum Flood Level Flow width at weir axis Weir length Upstream Approach Width Length Downstream Apron
masl m m m m m m masl m m m m
2794.3 1.50 2.80 3.20 1.10 22.00 0.50 2794.78 22 22 13.2 2
ROBE TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT - FINAL DETAIL DESIGN REPORT CHAPTER 5 Width Length m m 13.2 3
Diversion channel: Guides trapped water at the top of the weir to intake pipe line that conveys water to the aerator. Shape Width Floor slope Max Flow in channel= = Velocity, Flow, Q= A= Slope, s for preventing settling= Roughness coefficient, n= Hydraulic radius, R = A/P = Take width of channel, W= Assume, D= R= V= A= Calculated W= Calculated D= Groove for gratings= Free board= Total Depth= Upper edge Invert Level= Lower edge Invert Level=
For minimum flow, @ Q= A= D= Minimum water level=
Rectangular 0.50 0.5% 800 0.187
m m3/hr m3/s
VA Q/V 0.50% 0.013 WD/(W+2D) W=width of rectangular channel D=Flow depth m 0.50 xW 0.70 m 0.15 m/s 1.00 m2 0.22 m 0.56 m 0.39 m 0.15 m 0.35 m 0.89 masl 2,793.41 masl 2,793.40
2015 0.050 2030 0.143 2040 0.222
0.05 0.10 2,793.50
0.14 0.29 2,793.69
0.22 0.44 2,793.85
m3/s m2 m masl
Diversion pipe: Connecting inlet channel at weir with inlet chamber of aerator. Case 1: As OPEN CHANNEL FLOW Manning Coefficient Velocity Range 0.013 0.018 0.75 -3 m/s
ROBE TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT - FINAL DETAIL DESIGN REPORT CHAPTER 5 Case 1: As OPEN CHANNEL FLOW (Continued Diversion Pipe Line Ground Level Invert Level Length (M) Slope Peak Flow Rate - Qr (m3/S) Computed Pipe Dia. (Mm Proposed Pipe Dia. (Mm) Proposed Pipeline Details - Ultimate Full Bore Condition Q (m3/S) V (m/S) Computed Angle of Flow In Radians Calculated Proportional Discharge Proportional Discharge (Qr/Q) Actual Velocity (m/s) Velocity Check DEPTH OF FLOW (Mm) Proportional Depth Of Flow (%) Desired Gradient HGL Case 2 As Pressure flow (full flow) Design Year= Design Flow= Min WL in outlet/ diversion Chamber= Pipe Diameter= Length= Specific loss= Velocity= Loss in pipe= Outlet loss= Bend 90 degree= Bend 45 degree= Loss in 90 degrees= Loss in 45 degrees= Inlet loss= Total Loss= Alow Free head= Maximum WL in Inlet Chamberl= 2030 0.143 2,793.50 0.40 527.00 0.0042 1.15 2.24 0.034 4 3 0.108 0.081 0.067 2.53 3.77 2,787.21 2040 0.222 2,793.50 0.40 527.00 0.0096 1.78 5.05 0.081 4 3 0.259 0.194 0.162 5.74 1.83 2,785.93 2015 0.050 2,793.50 0.40 527.00 0.0006 0.40 0.31 0.004 4 3 0.013 0.010 0.008 0.35 5.49 2,787.66 Unit m3/s masl m m m/m m/s m m NO NO m m m m m masl FROM Flow Diversion Channel 2,794.30 2,793.85 527 1 in 200 (0.50%) 0.2223 467 500 0.27 1.36 4.12 0.89 0.83 1.54 OK 367 73 838 2,791.58 masl TO Inlet of Aerator 2,785.95 2,791.21
Diversion pipe is designed as pressure Flow and DN 400mm pipe shall be used 1.16.2 Aerator, Raw Water Gravity Main and Header Tank Cascade Aerator for removal of Iron and volatile organic constituents is provided nearby the intake. from the aerator the raw water shall be gravitated to Raw Water Header Tank located in the proposed treatment plant compound. Sizing of the aerator the raw water gravity pipe line is done as indicated hereunder. The aerator is designed to serve the maximum demand of year
ROBE TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT - FINAL DETAIL DESIGN REPORT CHAPTER 5 2040. It is Shall be located upstream of TP at geographical coordinate of UTM 601800, 779662 & 2786masl Description Flow MWL Aerator Steps Step height Step Width Total steps width Length Water depth Volume m m m m m m 4 0.5 0.8 4.0 6.0 0.15 3.6 Unit m/day masl Amount 19,207 2785.93
Sharp crested weir shall be provided at the outlet of the receiving chamber of the Aerator
q= Take length of wier= Maximum flow, Q= Head over weir, h= Weir Top level= Take Free fall head= Water level on first step= 2nd Weir Top level= Floor Level of first step= WL 2nd step= 3nd Weir Top level= Floor 2nd step= WL 3rd step= 4th Weir Top level= Floor 3rd step= WL 4th step= Flow collection chamber Weir length= Maximum flow, Q= Head over weir, h= 5th Weir Top level= Fre fall head= WL in Collection chamber= Flow Diversion Chamber Width= Length= Depth= Volume=
1.7718 4.00 0.222 0.10 2,785.83 0.50 2,785.43 2,785.33 2,785.33 2,784.93 2,784.83 2,784.83 2,784.43 2,784.33 2,784.33 2,784.07 1.00 0.222 0.251 2,783.82 0.54 2,783.53 Rectangular 1.60 1.50 1.20 11.4
Lh^(3/2) 4.00 0.050 0.04 2,785.83 0.50 2,785.37 2,785.33 2,785.33 2,784.87 2,784.83 2,784.83 2,784.37 2,784.33 2,784.33 2,783.87 1.00 0.050 0.092 2,783.82 0.34 2,783.53 m m m M3
m m3/s m masl m masl masl masl masl masl masl masl masl masl masl m m3/s m masl m masl
ROBE TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT - FINAL DETAIL DESIGN REPORT CHAPTER 5 Retention time @
Year Flow (m/day) m/min Det time (min)
2015 4287 3.0 3.8
2020 6255 4.3 2.6
2025 9014 6.3 1.8
2030 12377 8.6 1.3
2035 15731 10.9 1.0
2040 19207 13.3 0.9
2045 27593 19.2 0.6
Raw water gravity Main Design Year= Design Flow= Max WL in outlet Chamber= Pipe Diameter= Length= Specific loss= Velocity= Loss in pipe= Outlet loss= Bend 90 degree= Bend 45 degree= Loss in 90 degrees= Loss in 45 degrees= Loss in Valve= Inlet loss= Total Loss= Available Free head= Maximum WL in Header at TP= Maximum Ground Elevation at Treatment Works=
2030 0.143 2,783.53 0.40 186.00 0.0042 1.15 0.79 0.034 2.000 0.054 0.040 0.067 0.99 9.86 2,772.69 2,772.50
2040 0.222 2,783.5 3 0.40 186.00 0.0096 1.78 1.78 0.081 2.000 0.129 0.097 0.162 2.25 9.10 2,772.1 8 2,772.5 0
2015 0.050 2,783.5 3 0.40 186.00 0.0006 0.40 0.11 0.004 2.000 0.006 0.005 0.008 0.13 10.50 2,772.9 0 2,772.5 0
m3/s masl m m m/m m/s m m NO NO m m m m m m masl masl
Thus DN 400mm diameter DCI pipe shall be used which serves the year 2040 demand. Header Tank Header Tank at Treatment Plant To regulate flow and provide smooth flow to the TP. Q from Intake TP m/day Unit Design Capacity m3/day No. of Units Plant Operating Hr Q frm intake m/hr Q to TP m/hr These No. of Units Operate For hrs and one additional unit operates for Raw water tank capacity, m3 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 4,287 6,255 9,014 12,377 15,731 19,207 27,593 4,107 2 13 330 330 1 23 1 86 4,107 2 18 261 347 1 24 13 512 4,107 3 18 376 501 2 24 5 322 4,107 4 18 516 688 2 24 24 -29 4,107 4 23 655 684 3 24 20 289 4,107 5 22 800 873 4 24 16 449 4,107 7 23 1150 1200 4 24 65 -9594
ROBE TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT - FINAL DETAIL DESIGN REPORT CHAPTER 5 Assuming TP will operate as per the above schedule the header tank should have 600m3 Capacity to serve the year 2040.
ROBE TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT - FINAL DETAIL DESIGN REPORT CHAPTER 5 Q design= Detention time Volume= Shape= Maximum Water Depth= Area= Diameter= Ground Level= Maximum Water Level= Minimum Water Level= Floor slab= Free board= Reservoir wall height= Top slab sofit level= 0.222 45.0 600.0 Circular 4.40 136.36 13.20 2771.00 2772.18 2768.78 2767.78 0.60 5.00 2772.78 2030 0.143 2,772.18 2,768.78 0.40 36.00 0.0042 1.15 0.15 0.034 4.000 1.000 0.108 0.017 0.020 0.067 0.40 1.00 2,767.38 2,768.50 m3/s minute m m m2 m masl masl masl masl m m masl 2040 0.222 2,772.18 2,768.78 0.40 36.00 0.0096 1.78 0.34 0.081 4.000 1.000 0.259 0.040 0.049 0.162 0.94 0.59 2,767.26 2,768.50 2015 0.050 2,772.18 2,768.78 0.40 36.00 0.0006 0.40 0.02 0.004 4.000 1.000 0.013 0.002 0.002 0.008 0.05 1.45 2,767.28 2,768.50
Connecting line TW.01: From Raw Water Tank to Rapid Mixing Unit
Design Year= Design Flow= Max WL RWT= Min WL RWT= Pipe Diameter= Length= Specific loss= Velocity= Loss in pipe= Outlet loss= Bend 90 degree= Bend 45 degree= Loss in 90 degrees= Loss in 45 degrees= Loss in Valve= Inlet loss= Total Loss= Free head= Maximum WL in Reciving chamber at Rapid Mixer= Maximum Ground Elevation at Rapid mixer=
Thus, DN 400 Pipe shall be used until Year 2040
m3/s masl masl m m m/m m/s m m NO NO m m m m m m masl masl
6.
1.17
RAW WATER MAIN

Route Alignment The raw water gravity main is divided in to two parts the first part having a length of 527m conveys the raw water from intake sump to aerator and the second part conveys raw water from aerator to raw water header tank 186 m long. The raw water pipe is 400mm DCI pipe; it is designed to convey the year 2040 demand. When conveying the maximum demand of year 2030 the velocity will be 1.15m/s while the velocity in year 2040 it increases to 1.78m/s. The Route of the Raw Water Main is shown in Figures 6.1.
1.18
Selected Pipe Material Protected lined Ductile Cast Iron (DCI) pipes, DN 400mm proposed for the raw water gravity main. The external protection against corrosion for Ductile Cast Iron pipes shall be zinc and bitumen coating as per BS 4772/ISO 8179/EN545 and BS 3416/ISO 2531/EN545 Standards, respectively. Jointing will be decided based on the approved make proposed by the Supplier.
1.19
Hydraulic Design The normal raw water outlet level at the Intake is taken as 2281.73 m and the top water level at the inlet of Raw Water Header Tank at Treatment Works is 2276 m. An economic analysis was carried out and the pipeline size adopted is 400 mm. The friction losses are based on Hazen Williams formula using roughness coefficient of 120 for a flow of 0.222 m/s (17,950 m/day), year 2040 demand. The inflow to the treatment plant is regulated using electromagnetic water meter and regulating gate valve. Thus, the electromagnetic water meter and regulating gate valve shall be installed at the entrance of the raw water chamber of the treatment plants. The detailed hydraulic calculations are presented in Appendix '1'.
1.20
Installation of Pipes Pipes are to be joined and embedded in trenches. The pipe trench will be backfilled mostly by the excavated material. The minimum depth of cover is taken as 1.0 m above the crown of the pipe. The trench excavation for the raw water rising main varies between 1.40 to 2.00 m. Where rock is encountered, pipes will be laid on granular bed material borrowed from approved pits to minimize damage to the pipe coating and improve on drainage underneath the pipe. Where pipes are exposed at river, stream and other aerial crossings, the pipes shall be provided with additional approved protective coating.
Provision has been made to have thrust blocks at horizontal and vertical bends to counter thrust forces of flowing water at such places. For pipes laid at steep gradients, adequate traverse supports have been provided to hold pipe in place as per details on drawings. Where the pipe line crosses deep drainage gullies, rivers and streams, provision is made to construct appropriate crossing structures.

Velovit y m/s 1.78 1.78 1.78 1.78
CHAINAGE 221 523 722
Section Length 221 303 199
Invert Level 2797.7 8 2786.1 7 2781.5 6 2762.5 9
HGL 1 2797.7 8 2795.9 9 2793.5 3 2791.9 1
Flow, Q m3/day m3/s 19,181 19,181 19,181 19,181 0.222 0.222 0.222 0.222
L3/s 222 222 222 222
Dia ND 400 400 400 400
HWC
HL m 0 1.79 2.46 1.62
unit head loss m/10 0.0081 0.0081 0.0081 0.0081
Pressure m 0.0 9.8 12.0 29.3
Remark PN PN 10 PN 10 PN 10 PN 10 Material DCI DCI DCI DCI Aerator RWT Lola Intake
120 120 120 120
Figure 6.1
7.
1.21
NEW WATER TREATMENT WORKS

GENERAL
The New Water Treatment Works, capacity 12,377.0 m3/day, has been sited nearby the intake. The land for these Works shall be acquired by RWSSE. The New Water Treatment Works, capacity 12,377 m3/day will cater for the maximum day water demand of Robe Township up to the Year 2030.
1.22
TREATMENT SYSTEM
Raw water quality analysis has been conducted (Appendix 6 Refers) as it is river water it is necessary, that to obtain potable water quality, full treatment of raw water is necessary. . The treatment process adopted for final design is as follows: Aeration for removal of iron, and manganese Chemical dosing of raw water to assist in floc formation and trapping of suspended impurities. Flocculation and clarification in upflow clarifier units Filtration using Rapid Gravity Sand Filters Disinfection by chlorination and pH correction of Treated Water The Layout Plan and Typical Section of the Treatment Units is shown in Figures 7.1 &7.2
Figure 7.1
Figure 7.2
DESIGN CRITERIA
a) General Plant Design Capacity Treated Water used for Backwashing of Filters and domestic use at site (approximately 7%) Net treated water available for distribution : : 11,568 m3/d
: 810 m3/d 12,377 m3/d
b)
Aeration and Stilling Well Retention Time Nr c) Plain Sedimentation Detention time Length / Width Ratio (L/W) Water depth Length to depth ratio (L/D) Velocity Surface loading Coagulation - Sedimentation d-1 Rapid Mixing / Flow Measurement Type Point of Application Flow Measurement Parshall Flume Equation W is width ha Chemicals (i) (ii) a) Aluminium Sulphate Soda Ash 0.5 4 1.5 5 0.3 20 : 1.0 to 2.0 minutes : 1 to to to to to 3 6 2.5 20 0.45 80 hrs to 1 m to 1 m/min m/m/day
d)
Hydraulic Downstream of Flow Q = 2.27 W ha2/3 0.46 Water depth
Rapid Mixing / Flow Measurement Type Point of Application : Parshall flume/ Hydraulic : in the Parshall Flume at a point where the jump had occurred Measurement Weir : 0.5 metres
Mixing Head
b)
Flocculation coagulation and sedimentation Type : Upflow Sludge Blanket Clarifier

4
ROBE TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT - FINAL DETAIL DESIGN REPORT CHAPTER 7 Maximum Velocity at Inlet Maximum Velocity at Outlet Detention Time Velocity Gradient GT Value c) Filtration Type Rate of Filtration Rate of Backwash Water (with water alone) Backwash Time Rate of Filtration Control d) Disinfection and pH Correct Disinfection by either Hypochlorite Powder Form Storage Dosing Method Dosing Rate or Chlorine Gas pH Correction by Soda Ash e) Clear Water (Retention) Tank Retention Time f) Chemical Storage : 30 minutes : Fine Granular Material : 30 days : Gravity Solution Feeders : 2.0 to 5.0 mg/l : Conventional - Rapid Gravity Sand Filters : 5 m3/m2/hr : 50 m3/m2/hr : 10 minutes : Manually controlled valve : 0.6 m/s : 0.2 m/s : 15 - 30 minutes : 20 - 100 s-1 : 10,000 - 100,000
(i)
Aluminium Sulphate Al2(SO4)3, 18H20 Form : Lumps Storage : 30 days Dosing Method : Gravity Solution Feeders Dosing Rate : Average 40 mg/l Soda Ash Form : Powder Storage : 30 days Dosing Method : Gravity Solution Feeders Dosing Rate : Average 40 mg/l
(ii)
1 month (30 days) storage for all chemicals used on Site.
g)
Mechanical Equipment (i) Air Scour for New Filters Number : 2 (1 duty, 1 standby) Capacity : Allowing the availability of 1.5 m3 of free air/min/m2 of Filter Bed Standby Generator Number : 1 Capacity : Pumps (All Pumps Positive Suction Centrifugal Pumps) a) Backwash Pumps Number : 2 (1 duty, 1 standby) Flow Rate : 300 m3/hr (50 minutes pumping) Dynamic Head : 26 m Electric Motor : 22 kW b) Re-circulation Pumps Number : 2 (1 duty, 1 standby) Flow Rate : 167 m3/hr (12 hr pumping) Dynamic Head : 9.0 m Electric Motor : 4 kW Instrumentation Equipment for Flow Measurement, etc. a) Incoming Raw Water b) Treated Water from New Treatment Works c) Pumped Supply to elevated Tank d) Re-circulated Backwash Water e) Alarm System for overflow from Stilling Well, Filters etc.
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
V-Notch or triangular: Q = 13265 tan(/2)h2.47 Where Q = flow (m3 s-1) = notch angle or angle of triangular weir h = head (m)
1.23 7.5.1.
TREATMENT WORKS UNITS Aeration Unit Cascade Aeration Unit is provided as part of the treatment plant unit trains. The aeration unit has inlet and outlet part. The outlet part serves as a stilling well from which the aerated raw water conveyed to the raw water header tank via 400mm DCI pipe. An electromagnetic water meter shall be installed at the outlet of the raw water gravity main to the raw water header tank inlet. The stilling well is also provided with an overflow weir and scour arrangement. For detail Chapter five refers. From the aerator unit, the raw water flows by gravity into the raw water header tank from which it flows to the rapid mix in this case to the Parshall Flume, which is used as a hydraulic mixer, and flow-measuring unit in case of the failure of the water meter. The inlet channel and the cascade of the Aerator are designed to: 1.
Facilitate the measurement of the incoming raw water, hence the requirement of tranquil flow in the inlet channel. Measurement of incoming raw water is done using bulk raw water meter. In addition, a calibrated steel measuring scale is provided fixed to the Channel just upstream of the weir. Incase of failure of the measuring equipment, this scale can be used to take head measurement reading, which can then be read against the corresponding discharge on the discharge versus head chart calibrated for the full width weir.
2.
Allow maximum air water contact for oxidation of iron and volatile organic compound (VOC) for dosing of the raw water and the rapid mixing of the raw water with Chemical Solutions. This is done by creating turbulence downstream of the weir which occurs due to the fall of the raw water as it flows over the cascade steps. In addition to the cascade steps, round river gravel lairs in the floor of the cascade to enhance maximum air water contact. The aerated raw water then flows to the Parshall Flume where rapid mixing takes place. Details are shown in Figure 7.3.
Figure 7.3
7.5.2.
Chemical Mixing and Dosing Building It is proposed that the chemical storage and mixing building be constructed next to the inlet channel (Rapid mix). It allows for centralised dosing of chemicals to assist flocculation and sedimentation. This building will store chemicals for daily use, the main storage for chemicals shall be provided at main store. The proposed storage shall allow 3 months storage capacity for Alum, Soda Ash and polyelectrolyte. The chemical storage and mixing building is designed to allow for dosing by Alum, Soda Ash and chlorine solution. a) Alum Mixing Tanks: Three mixing tanks are provided, each with a capacity to hold enough solution for 8 hours of dosing. This allows adequate time for another mixing tank to be prepared for the next shift of dosing while one is in operation. It also ensures that the mixing tank is not used for extended periods of time, thereby preventing excessive settling of the chemicals in the solution and accumulation of sludge solution in the tank. Having more than two tanks ensures continuity in production of the plant in the event of failure of a tank's mixing equipment or closure of a tank for maintenance. Providing 4 tanks (one for soda ash) allows for repairs to be carried out without a disruption in the performance of the treatment works. Design Calculations: Assumed solution strength, St Assumed Dosage Quantity, d Design Year Gross Water Demand , Q unit % mg/l m3/day m3/hr m3/s l/s Kg/d months tones m m3 m3/ton m3 5 40 2040 19,207 800 0.222 222
Storage: Weight of required Alum = Qd Period of storage required Hence storage required Dimensions of one 50 Kg bag of alum Volume of one 50 Kg bag Hence storage requirement for each tone = Storage space required for Alum Mixing Tanks: Quantity of Alum solution required = QdSt Daily Solution requirement Dead storage allowance No. of Tanks to be provided
768 3 69.1
0.70x0.35X0.175
0.043 0.86 59
l/s m3/d % m3
0.17784 15.4 10 3
5.63, say 5.1 1.65 1.758, say 1.8 1.758, say 1.8 0.2 6.2
9
Depth of each tank Hence for each tank, Wall thickness Total Length of Alum mixing units
m m m m m
b) Soda Ash Mixing Tanks: Two mixing tanks are proposed, each with a capacity to hold enough solution for 12 hours of dosing. This allows for better operation in that a tank for alum and a tank for soda ash can be prepared together and then used for a 12 hour shift, hence keeping a uniform cycle of mixing tank preparation and use for both alum and soda ash. A 12 hour cycle also ensures adequate time for another mixing tank to be prepared for the next shift of dosing while one is in operation. It also ensures that the mixing tank is not used for extended periods, hence preventing excessive settling of the chemicals in the solution and accumulation of sludge in the tank. Having more than two tanks also ensures continuity in production of the plant in the event of failure of a tank's mixing equipment or closure of a tank for maintenance. Providing 2 tanks allows for repairs to be carried out without a disruption in the performance of the treatment works Design Calculations: Assumed solution strength, St Assumed Dosage Quantity, d Gross Water Demand for supply area (2039), Q Unit % mg/l m3/day m3/hr m3/s l/s amount
5 15 19,207 800 0.222 222
Storage: Weight of required Soda Ash = Qd Period of storage required Hence storage required Assuming the volume of one 50 Kg bag Hence storage requirement for each tone Storage space required for Soda Ash Mixing Tanks: Quantity of Soda Ash solution required = QdSt Daily Solution requirement Dead storage allowance No. of Tanks to be provided Volume of each tank Depth of each tank = Hence for each tank, L= W= Total Length of Soda Ash mixing units Provide a mixing building as follows: m m m 1.61, take 1.8 1.61, take 1.8 4.20 l/s m3 % m3 m
0.06669 5.8 10 2
Kg/d months tones m3 m3/ton m3
288 3 25.9 0.043 0.86 22
3.17, say 4.2 1.61, say 1.6
10
Design Calculations: Plan Dimensions: Total Length, L = Total Width, W = HEIGHT OF PROPOSED CHEMICAL BUILDING:
Unit m m
amount 10.6 6.9
Height chemical store m Taking elevation of floor slab of mixing channel (above floor level) Height of mixing chamber= Base slab of chamber= Taking depth for dosing seat above chemical store roof slab Depth of mixing tanks (for dead storage) & freeboard) m m m m m m Free space between tank to ceiling Hence ceiling height of mixing building Height of new Chemical mixing and dosing building (high above floor level) m m m
3.0 3.2 2.05 0.2 0.8 1.65+0.40 2.050 1.35 4.40 7.60
For dosing purposes, provisions have been made to allow for flexibility in the system, i.e. dosing can be done in the conventional manner, using alum and soda ash as well as by the use of polyelectrolyte. This has been done so as to ensure that in the event of failure to obtain polyelectrolyte (which are not manufactured locally); dosing may be carried out in the more conventional manner using chemicals which are locally available without interrupting the production at the Treatment Works. Dosing of Alum and Soda Ash is carried out just upstream of the point where hydraulic jump starts in the Parshall Flume. This point is clearly indicated in the drawing of the Parshall Flume. The turbulence created by the hydraulic jump helps in the mixing of the chemical solutions with the raw water. Alum and Soda Ash are obtained in solid form. These chemicals are then put into mixing tanks where they are dissolved in water to form a solution of the required strength to treat the incoming raw water. The rapid mix has been designed for estimated flow of year 2040. Thus, it is provided with flow splitting chamber with two outlet pipes one outlet meant for future use, i.e. the treatment plant proposed to be built for year 2040 demand. There are three mixing tanks measuring 1600mm (L) x 1600mm (B) x 1650mm (D) for Alum and two mixing tanks measuring 1600mm (L) x 1600mm (B) x 1600mm (D) for Soda Ash. The chemicals are manually loaded into the tanks and mixing is carried out by electrically driven mixers. These mixers are provided with manual overrides. Gravity dosing is provided for regulating flow of mixed chemicals to the dosing point at the Inlet Channel. Alum and Soda Ash solutions of the required strength are conveyed to the dosing point by
ROBE TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT - FINAL DETAIL DESIGN REPORT CHAPTER 7 pipes laid in a concrete duct from the chemical mixing tanks which are housed in the chemical mixing room. For dosing with polyelectrolyte, a unit with an injector pump is provided. This unit analyses the incoming raw water, automatically assesses the quality of the raw water and then injects the appropriate amount of chemicals directly into the raw water mains by means of an injector pump. The injected water then flows into the Stilling Well, then to the Inlet Channel and over the Weir where the fall of the water induces rapid efficient mixing of the raw water and the polyelectrolyte solution. The mixing is further enhanced by the motion of the water round the baffle walls. Chlorine Assumed solution strength, St = Assumed Dosage Quantity, d = Gross Water Demand , Q = unit % mg/l m3/day m3/hr m3/s l/s ppm mg/l Kg/m3 Kg/day months tones m3/ton m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 Length= Width= Height= m m m m3 amount 5 5
19,207 800 0.222 222 5 5.0 0.005 96.0 3 8.64
Storage: Recommended Breakpoint chlorination =
Average dosing rate required = Period of storage required = Hence storage required = Assuming storage volume required per ton = Storage space required for Chlorine =
0.86
7.43
Storage for Alum Storage for Soda Ash Storage for Chlorine Total Available space
59 22 7.43 89
10.60 6.90 1.50 110
The details of this Building are shown in Tender drawings.
12
7.5.3.
Rapid Mix
The raw water from the intake will be gravitated to the aerator, from the aerator it will flow to the Parshall Flume, which is used as rapid mixer. Chemicals will be applied just upstream of the jump at the end of section B, Figure 7.4 Refers. The hydraulic rapid mixing process will be done in the part of the Parshall Flume where hydraulic jump has occurred. After the rapid mix the water will flow to the treatment plant. Thus, maximum day flow of 12,377 m3/day will be conveyed to the Upflow Sludge Blanket Clarifiers. For hydraulic jump to occur the Parshall Flume needs to be sized based on the following table.
Throat Width W (mm) 150 300 460 610 910 1,220 1,520 A (mm) 620 1,370 1,450 1,530 1,680 1,830 1,860 B (mm) 600 1,340 1,420 1,500 1,650 1790 1,940 C (mm) 390 600 750 900 1,200 1,520 1,830 D (mm) 400 850 1,030 1,210 1,570 1,940 2,150 E (mm) 600 900 900 900 900 900 900 F (mm) 300 600 600 600 600 600 600 G (mm ) 600 900 900 900 900 910 910 Free flow capacity (m3/day) Min Max (m3/day) (m3/day) 122 274 367 1,030 1,500 3,190 3,920 9,550 39,500 60,200 81,100 123,000 166,000 210,000
13
Year 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045
Flow m3/day Max Avg 4,287 3,897 6,255 5,686 9,014 8,194 12,377 11,252 15,731 14,301 19,207 17,461 27,593 25,084
Flow m3/s Max Avg 0.050 0.045 0.072 0.066 0.104 0.095 0.143 0.130 0.182 0.166 0.222 0.202 0.319 0.290
Width m 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Depth (ha) m Max Avg 0.175 0.164 0.225 0.211 0.287 0.269 0.354 0.333 0.416 0.390 0.475 0.446 0.605 0.567
Depth (hb) m Max Avg
Critical depth (Yc) m Max Avg
0.122 0.157 0.201 0.248 0.291 0.332 0.423
0.115 0.148 0.188 0.233 0.273 0.312 0.397
0.141 0.181 0.231 0.285 0.335 0.383 0.487
0.132 0.170 0.217 0.268 0.314 0.359 0.457
Figure 7.4: Parshall Flume Plan & Section


W
300
A
1,370
A1
1,340
C
600
C1
850
F
600
G
900
K
80
N 150
Level @ Throat = Maximum WL after flume= Min WL after flume= Inlet Chamber Width Length Depth 1 Depth 2 2.20 1.30 2.23 1.00 m m m m
2766.78 2767.11 2766.90
masl masl masl
FLOW Collecting and splitting chambers Collection Chamber The coagulant injected water will be combined in a chamber located downstream of the Parshall Flume. Design Year Flow Detention time Volume Selected size Width Length Depth Splitting Chambers The ultimate design flow shall be divided in to three independent lines before it is conveyed to the respective clarifiers. Design Year Flow Flow per line Number of lines Flow per line when one is not working Design Flow per line Flow Splitting Weir Rectangular weir q=1.7718* Lh^(3/2) Take length of weir= Flow, Q= Head over weir, h= Weir Top level= Fix weir level @= Water level in Splitting chambers= Actual flow, Qact= Head over weir, Hact= Water level before weir= Available Free fall head=
2030 12377 4126 3 6,189 6,189 2040 19207 4126 5 4,802 6,189 2015 4287 4126 2 4,287 6,189
2030 12377 0.5 4.6 7.2 2.00 2.20 1.71
2040 19207 0.5 7.2 7.2 2.00 2.20 1.71
2015 4287 0.5 1.6 7.2 2.00 2.20 1.71
Unit m/day min m m m m m
m/day m/day m/day m/day
0.70 0.072 0.149

2,766.96 2,766.78 2,766.88 0.048
0.70 0.072
0.70 0.048
0.149
2,766.96 2,766.78 2,766.88 0.074
0.114
2,766.78 2,766.78 2,766.88 0.025
0.114 2,767.03 0.15
0.153 2,767.20 0.32
0.074 2,766.90 0.02
m m3/s m masl masl masl m3/s m masl m
7.5.4.
Flocculation Basically flocculation shall be carried in the Upflow Sludge Blanket Clarifiers at large. It is worth mentioning that, flocculation process will start in the channels and pipes conveying the coagulant dosed water from the hydraulic rapid mixer to the clarifiers and in the bottom section of the clarifiers. In line to this the piping system and appurtenance work have been designed to fit the flocculation requirement. Thus the Main Design Parameters are: 1. Detention time 15 to 30 min provided to ensure adequate period for flocc formation and growth; this time includes the detention time spent in the lower 0.5 to 1 m of the clarifier bottom Ranging from 0.8m/s at the entry (when living the mixer) to 0.5m/s at about 1 m above the bottom of the clarifier, this is for prevention of breakage of floccs Tapering velocity gradient (G) from 100/s to 10/s to encourage efficient formation of flocs.
2. Flow velocities -
3. Velocity Gradient -
At least two separate lines of clarifiers are to be provided so that one may be shut down for routine maintenance and cleaning without considerably affecting the quantity of production at the treatment works. Accordingly two separate lines are provided to convey chemical dosed and mixed water to the clarifiers. Thus the channels and pipes system that conveys the chemical dosed water to the clarifiers has been designed as indicated hereunder. Description Design year Design Capacity of the Plant No. Channels Design Flow, Q Unit m3/day No. m3/day m3/hr m3/s m/s2 Kg/m3 kg/m.s minutes m/s m/s s-1 Quantity 2030 12,3771 1 12,377 516 0.143 9.81 998.2 0.013 0.00101 3-6 0.8 0.5 10 - 100
Gravitational Force, g Density of water Manning Coefficient (n) Dynamic viscosity, Detention time, t Maximum Entry Velocity Maximum Exit Velocity Velocity Gradient, G
16
Design Calculations and Checks: Chamber length Depth of Flow, H Velocity Width Area Volume of chamber Flow Per Chamber Detention time, t Wetted Perimeter Hydraulic Radius (R=A/P) Maximum free fall Velocity v= (1/n*(R0.66667*S1/2), Q/Ac Desired G at 1st Section = Number of bends or baffles Head loss, h = v12/2g , free fall Power, P = Qpgh Applied G at Channel =(P/u V)0.5
Pipe from splitting chamber to Tee for second phase Flow to in pipe segment Max Flow in segment Pipe Diameter specific loss Pipe Length Velocity in Pipe
m m m/s m m m m/s min m m m m/s /s m W /s SBC.01 6402 0.0741 0.35 0.00240 6.0 0.78 0.02 16.2 0.6 167 SBC.01 4126 0.0478 0.35 0.00107 23.0 0.50 0.040 18.6 2.2 91
1.00 1.30 0.65 1.00 1.30 1.30 0.072 0.3 3.60 0.36 0.15 0.06 70 1 0.148 104.0 281 SBC.02 6402 0.0741 0.35 0.00240 5.0 0.78 0.02 15.5 0.5 178 SBC.02 4126 0.0478 0.35 0.00107 31 0.50 0.048 22.6 3.0 87 SBC.03 6402 0.0741 0.35 0.00240 6.0 0.78 0.02 16.2 0.6 167 SBC.03 4126 0.0478 0.35 0.00107 34 0.50 0.052 24.1 3.3 85
Loss in pipe=Power, P = Qpgh Volume Applied G =(P/u V)0.5 Pipe from splitting chamber to inlet pipe Flow to a Clarifier Max Flow to a Clarifier Pipe Diameter specific loss Pipe Length Velocity in Pipe
m W m /s
m/s m m/m m m/s W m /s
Total Loss=
Power, P = Qpgh Volume Applied G =(P/u V)0.5
17
ROBE TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT - FINAL DETAIL DESIGN REPORT CHAPTER 7 Design Calculations and Checks continued
Distribution pipe to Clarifiers Flow per clarifiers Pipe diameter specific loss Pipe Length Velocity in Pipe Head loss Power, P = Qpgh Volume Applied G =(P/u V)0.5 Detention time m/s m m/m m m/s m W m /s s
0.0478 0.40 0.00056 7.50 0.38 0.016 7.4 0.9 88 19.7 4.84 7.92 62.7 0.0008 2.74 154.40 0.048 1.05 0.999999 8 1.80 24 3233 76757 6.0 23.0 7.50 0.056 0.660 2,766.16
0.0478 0.40 0.00056 7.50 0.38 0.016 7.4 0.9 88 19.7 4.84 7.92 62.7 0.0008 2.74 154.40 0.048 1.05 0.9999998 1.80 24 3233 76757 5.0 31.0 7.50 0.064 0.660 2,766.16
0.0478 0.40 0.00056 7.50 0.38 0.016 7.4 0.9 88 19.7 4.84 7.92 62.7 0.0008 2.74 154.40 0.048 1.05 0.9999998 1.80 24 3233 76757 6.0 34.0 7.50 0.067 0.660 2,766.15
In Clarifier @ Depth Width Area Velocity Volume Q Specific Gravity of flocs (Ss) Porosity of blanket ( ) Depth of blanket (h) G =( g/u (Ss-1)(1- )h(V/Q))0.5 Detention time Gt Provide: Diameter 350 mm main pipe Diameter 300 mm main pipe Diameter 400 mm inlet pipe Total loss Take free head of Maximum Water level in USB
m m m m/s m/hr m m/s m
m /s s
m m m m masl
Connecting line TW.02 Line Name Design Year= Design Flow= Max WL in Collection Chamber= Segment 1 Pipe Diameter= Length= Specific loss= Velocity= Loss in pipe= Outlet loss= Tee= ARMA Engineering PLC
Rapid Mixing Unit to Upflow Sludge Blanket Clarifiers TW.02-1 TW.02-2 TW.02-3
2030 0.048 2,766.88 0.35 6.00 0.0011 0.50 0.01 0.006 1
2030 0.048 2,766.88 0.35 5.00 0.0011 0.50 0.01 0.006 1
2030 0.048 2,766.88 0.35 6.00 0.0011 0.50 0.01 0.006 1
m3/s masl m m m/m m/s m m NO 18
ROBE TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT - FINAL DETAIL DESIGN REPORT CHAPTER 7 Design Calculations and Checks continued
Connecting line TW.02 Bend 45 degree= Loss in Tee= Loss in 45 degrees= Loss in Valve= Inlet loss= Loss in Segment 1= Segment 2 Pipe Diameter= Length= Specific loss= Velocity= Loss in pipe= Reducer= Bend 90 degree= Bend 45 degree= Loss in 90 degrees= Loss in 45 degrees= Loss in Valve= Inlet loss= Loss in Segment 1= Rapid Mixing Unit to Upflow Sludge Blanket Clarifiers NO 0.006 0.006 0.006 m m 0.004 0.004 0.004 m m 0.02 0.02 0.02 m Thus, DN 350 Pipe shall be used
0.35 23.00 0.0011 0.50 0.02 0.006 1.000 0.005 0.004 0.04
0.35 31.00 0.0011 0.50 0.03 0.006 1.000 0.005 0.004 0.05
0.35 34.00 0.0011 0.50 0.04 0.006 1.000 0.005 0.004 0.05
m m m/m m/s m m NO NO m m m m m
Thus, DN 350 Pipe shall be used Segment 3 Pipe Diameter= Length= Specific loss= Velocity= Loss in pipe= Outlet loss= Bend 90 degree= Bend 45 degree= Loss in 90 degrees= Loss in 45 degrees= Loss in Valve= Inlet loss= Loss in Segment 2= Total Loss= Free head= Maximum WL in UFSB= Mean Ground Elevation UFSB=
0.40 7.50 0.0006 0.38 0.00 1.000 0.002 0.002 0.007 0.016 0.08 0.65 2,766.15 2,764.50
0.40 7.50 0.0006 0.38 0.00 1.000 0.002 0.002 0.007 0.016 0.09 0.64 2,766.15 2,764.5
0.40 7.50 0.0006 0.38 0.00 1.000 0.002 0.002 0.007 0.016 0.09 0.64 2,766.15 2,764.50
m m m/m m/s m m NO NO m m m m m m m masl masl
Thus, DN 400 Pipe shall be used
19
ROBE TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT - FINAL DETAIL DESIGN REPORT CHAPTER 7 The chemical dosed raw water will be conveyed to the clarifiers via two channels. From the two channels the water will be conveyed by two ND 400mm DCI pipe which are connected to the outlet of the two channels furthermore, from these main pipes the water will be distributed by ND 350mm DCI pipes to the two group clarifiers.
Upflow Sludge Blanket Clarifiers (USB)

Upflow Sludge Blanket Clarifiers (USB) has been adapted for the new treatment plant. Sludge blanket clarifiers incorporate both flocculation and sedimentation in one unit. Chemically dosed water enters a central delay/distribution chamber where mixing and initial floc formation occurs. Flow is then distributed across the bottom of the clarifier through distribution arms. Launders collect clarified water at the top of the clarifier. 1. Inlet to each Clarifier will be via Ductile Cast Iron pipe and will be controlled by valve. This will also allow for isolating each of the Clarifiers for maintenance purposes. 2. A space will be left above the sludge blanket layer for future installation of tube settlers 3. Sludge draw-off hooper will be provided to periodically draw sludge by gravity. 4. Access to each of the basins will be provided by side walkways with hand railing. 5. Decanting into a channel will be over a series of V-notches which can be adjusted to ensure uniform flow over the width of the basin. Main Design Parameters: 1. Detention time 2. Up flow rate 3. Up flow Velocities 4. Maximum width/length of Clarifier 5. Min width at bottom 6. Slope of hooper7 Space for tube settlers 1 hour of detention time has been provided to ensure adequate period for settling 60 m/day-m 2 m/hr 10 m 1 m by 1 m 1.4:1 1m Quantity 2030 12,377 12,377 516 0.143 1000 1.67 2.79 1-2 0.3 - 0.6 0.4 7.08 20 120 -200 1:1
20
Table 7.5 Design Data for Upflow Sludge Blanket Clarifier Description Unit Design year m3/day m3/hr Design Flow, Q m3/s Gravitational Force, g m/s2 Kg/m3 Density of water Upflow rate, vs m/hr Detention time, t hr Maximum Entry Velocity m/s Maximum Exit Velocity m/s Max Weir loading rate m/hr-m Additional Volume for sludge % of volume available for settling accumulation slope range (V:H) % Length to Width ratio = L/W
Table 7.6 Design Calculations and Checks: Description Up flow rate (vs) Total Surface Area req'd = Q/vs No. of Sedimentation Clarifiers to be provided Hence area Clarifier Taking: required per Sedimentation
Unit m/hr m2 No. m2
Quantity Remark 2.30 224.2 3 1 rows 74.7 8.7 8.7 1 ok 1 172 1 1.4 5.32 2.5 1
Width, W m Length, L m L/W Detention time, t Required Volume of Clarifier Taking: Square hooper bottom Hooper slope Depth to sludge blanket top level Maximum sludge blanket depth Concentrated sludge depth @ hooper bottom Blanket level Stable blankets starts @ Settling Velocity Area (Q/vs) Side width Height from bottom Min settling velocity flocs Area (Q/vs) Side width Height from bottom Depth of blanket (0.9 to 2.7) Side sludge concentrator cone top level Height of cone base of cone Space for future installation of tube Supporting beam depth
hrs m3 m V:H m m m
m/hr m m m m/hr m m m m m m m m m
6.0 28. 7 5.3 5 3.0 5 2.7 4 62. 7 7.9 2 4.8 4 1.80

4.8 1.2 0.6 0.9 0.35
21
ROBE TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT - FINAL DETAIL DESIGN REPORT CHAPTER 7 Collector trough Free board Water depth above sludge blanket Total water depth m m m m
0.25 0.30 1.50 6.82
22
ROBE TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT - FINAL DETAIL DESIGN REPORT CHAPTER 7 Table 7.6 Design Calculations and Checks continued: Volume of top blanket Volume above Total volume of clarifier New Detention Time New Overflow Rate Inlet pipes Flow per-line Providing steel pipe with diameter Velocity m3 m3 m3 hr m/hr m/s m m/s
199.4 112.2 311.6 1.81 2.30 0.050 0.40 0.39 0.048 0.40 0.38 7.00 24.6 34.4 5.0 120 4.3
Ok! Ok!
Flow rate per-clarifier m/s Provide inlet steel pipe with diameter m Velocity m/s Outlet pipes Weir loading rate m/m-hr Required length of weir per clarifier m Providing two troughs per clarifier, available weir length m New Weir loading rate m/m-hr m/m-day Trough spacing m c/c q= for V-notch of 60 degree 1.45*h^(2.47)
maximum flow, Q Head over weir, h Weir Top level Take Free fall head at weir Water level in collecting trough m3/s m masl m masl
m/s
Ok!
0.001 0.06 2,766.10 0.11 2,766.05 0.024
Troughs
Maximum flow per trough
Velocity, = Flow, Q= V*A Area = Q/V Slope, s for preventing settling = 0.10% Roughness coefficient, n= 0.013 Hydraulic radius, R = A/P = WD/(W+2D), W=width of rectangular channel, D=Flow depth Take width of trough, W m 0.25
Assume, D= R= V= A= Calculated W= Calculated D= Total Length o channel= Wall height= Wall thickness= Head loss in channel s= W m m/s m2 m m m m m m 0.75 0.08 0.43 0.06 0.27 0.20 8.00 0.36 0.20 0.008
23
ROBE TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT - FINAL DETAIL DESIGN REPORT CHAPTER 7 Table 7.6 Design Calculations and Checks continued:
WL at outlet in the trough= Floor level of trough masl masl 2,766.05 2,765.84
Weir at outlet to collecting channel

Weir type q= 1.77177877* Lh^(3/2) Take length of weir= maximum flow, Q= Head over weir, h= Weir Top level= Take Free fall head at weir= Water level in collecting channel=
m
m/s
m masl m masl
0.27 0.024 0.135 2,765.91 0.29 2,765.76
Connecting line TW.03 Connects UFSBclarifier with Filter inlet Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 3 Design Flow= 0.048 0.096 0.048 max Start HGL= min Start HGL= Pipe Diameter= Length= Specific loss= Velocity= Loss in pipe= Outlet loss= Bend 90 degree= Bend 45 degree= Loss in 90 degrees= Loss in 45 degrees= Loss in Valve= Inlet loss= Tee T/T= Total Loss= Head at Seg end= Start ground level= End ground level= Take Free head of
2,765.7 6 2,765.7 6 0.25 10.00 0.0055 0.98 0.05 0.025 1.000 0.020 0.015 0.11 2,765.6 5 2,763.5 0
2,765.50
2,765.65 2,765.65 0.35 16.00 0.0038 1.00 0.06 1.000 0.020 0.061 0.077 0.22 2,765.43 2,765.50
2,765.50
2,765. 43 2,765. 43
0.25 10.00
0.005 5 0.98 0.05 2.000 0.039 0.015 0.049 0.025 0.18 2,765. 24 2,765. 50
2,765. 50 1.71 2,763. 53
= =
Maximum Water level in the filter
24
Provide: No. of Clarifiers Length of each Clarifier Width of each Clarifier Max Clarifier Height Height to Rim of hooper Hieght above rim Wall Thickness Base width Inclined Length Space b/n Clarifiers Space b/n Rows Total Length of all Clarifiers, L Total Width of Clarifiers, W Maximum Water Level Maximum depth Clarifier floor level Ground Level Check: Effect when one basin is out of service: Operation at 100% of Capacity, Q New Surface Area of Flow, vn = (n-1)LW = Detention Time = (n-1)LWH/Q = Operation at Qtot - Flow in the plant Number unit operating Flow per line Volume of unit New Detention Time = Overflow Rate provided Details shown in Tender drawings.
m m m m m m m m m m m m masl m masl masl m/hr m2 hrs of Capacity m/hr m/hr m hrs m/hr
3 8.70 8.60 7.12 5.32 1.80 0.25 1.00 6.54 0 3 26.9 9.1 2766.16 6.84 2759.32 2761.58
258 74.8 1.2 75% 387 2 193 312 1.6 2.58
ok!
ok! ok!
25
7.5.5.
Filters, Filter Gallery and Control Room general 1. Entry to each filter will be controlled by a penstock to isolate/regulate flow. 2. Flow into filters to be in such a way as to utilise the whole surface area for uniform filtration. 3. Discharge from each filter into a common water channel. 4. Level in clear water channel to such so as to ensure minimum of 100mm of water over filter bed retained before back wash commences. 5. Backwashing of filters to be by combination of air and water to economise on use of treated water. Details provided under backwashing of filters. 6. Backwash water to be discharged into a pond for reuse for treatment. 7. Pipework arrangement to provide for complete drainage of water from a filter during maintenance/repair works 8. A filter gallery overlooking all filters and controls for valves, etc, will be designed for ease of operation of filters
Design Parameters:
Design year: 2,030 Description Required production Design Flow, Q Unit m3/day m3/day m3/hr m3/s m3/m2/hr % Quantity 12,377 12,377 516 0.143 4-6 40
Surface Loading Allowed Filter Bed expansion
Design Calculations and Checks: arranged in one row
1. No.of Filters The number of filters are such that if one is not operated for maintenance purposes, the others can be overloaded without affecting the output of the treatment works. Take width of each filter bed Q per filter (backwashing 1 filter-most Critical) 2. Filtration rate 3. Area required per filter 4. Length of each filter bed 5. Filtration rate when all filters are in operation
= =
4.3 171.91
m m3/hr
= = = =
5.9 29.14 6.8 4.41
m3/m2/hr m2 m m3/m2/hr
26
Provide: No.of Filters Width per Filter bed = Length per Filter bed = Back Wash Collection channel Total Width of filtration unit, W Total Length of filtration unit, L Planimetric area of filter beds alone = Planimetric area of filter gallery (planimetric area+71.2% for piping, channels and walkways) = Total length of filter gallery = Total width of filter gallery =
= = = = = =
4 4.3 6.8 0.6 18.7 8.25 116.96
m m m m m m2
200.20 18.7 4.45
m2 m m
6. The filter media will consist of:
sand
Gravel 4 Gravel 3 Gravel 2 Gravel 1 Layer Depth (mm) Passing square mesh Retained 1 100 38mm 15.5mm 2 75 20mm 9.5 3 75 12m 4.5 4 50 5mm 2.5 Total 300
Top sand layer 600mm, Effective size 0.6 mm Uniformity coefficient 1.5
Media selection Media selected effective size, d Specific gravity, Sg Uniformity coefficient Porosity ratio, e Media depth = = = = = Sand 0.0006 2.65 1.5 0.4 0.60 m
Head loss through media Velocity, v Temperature Density of water, r Dynamic Viscosity, shape factor, Kinematic viscosity, n Reynolds number, Nr = = = = = = = = 5.9 0.0016389 20 998.2 1.00E-03 1 1.00E-06 dvr / m/hr m/s degree C kg/m3 N.s/m2 (kg/m.s) m2/s
27
= Friction coefficient, f = = = = = = = = 0.8467764 150(1-e)/Nr +1.75 108.0 f/ ( 1 e)/e3 ( L/d) (v2/g) 0.240 0.04 2.50 0.036 2.70
Head loss in media, hl Loss at inlet Terminal head loss Head loss in under drain= Total head above media= Total loss up to manifold=
m m m m m
2.816
7. A system of laterals and collection channel to be provided under the filter media to collect filtered water. The same laterals to be used for backwashing by water 8. A separate air main system to be provided to agitate the filter media before backwashing by water. This will ensure less quantity of water being used for backwashing Maximum Water level Free board Sand Gravel Under drain slab Manifold (concrete) Maximum water depth abov media Height of filter bed Sand top level 7.5.6. Filter Backwashing Unit The Backwashing of filters will be done by a combination of water and air to ensure economy in usage of treated water. For this purposes, arrangements will be provided to use backwash by gravity from an elevated tank within the site and air compressors provided in the pump house. ELEVATED WATER TANK DESIGN: General: Treated water will be pumped from the Clear water tank to an elevated tank to backwash filters by gravity. This elevated tank will also have additional capacity to cater for "domestic" demand at the treatment works site, domestic usage includes: 1. Domestic consumption by operators who are provided shelter on site. 2. Chemical mixing. 3. Wash room/Toilet flushing. 4. Tea making. 5. Cleansing of filter walls and flushing of sedimentation tanks and flocculation basins. Considerations taken into account for design include: 1. A backwashing period of at least 10min per filter to ensure adequate time for an efficient wash to be carried out.
2,763.53 0.45 0.6 0.3 0.15 0.75 2.70 4.95 2,760.83
m above top of sand m m m m m m m masl
ROBE TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT - FINAL DETAIL DESIGN REPORT CHAPTER 7 2. The Pipework and storage required is based on backwashing by water alone to allow for noninterruption in the operation of the treatment plant incase of breakage in service from mechanical plant (compressors). Design Parameters:
Back wash rate Period of Backwashing = = 50 10 m3/m2/hr min
Design Calculations: Filter bed dimensions = Area of filter bed to be washed = Volume of water required for backwashing No. of filters to be backwashed at one given time Hence, Volume required to backwash filters Allowance for "domestic" usage on site & Safety 30% Hence required volume of EWT Take Volume of Standard Reservoir Provide a 300 m capacity elevated Concrete tank. The height of the tower to ensure supply by gravity to backwash filters. Diameter Area Depth Free Board Total Heght Sloping bottom heigt Bottom dia Slope Bottom Volume Top Volume Top Height Total height = 4.3 x6.4 = 29.24 = = =
24.37 1 243.7
m m2 m3/min
m3 m3 m3 m3
= 73.10 = 316.8 = 300
= = = = = = =
= = = =
8.20 52.81 5.68 0.41 6.09 0.74 6.00 0.67 1.100 30.00 270.00 5.11 6.26
m m m m m m m m3 m3 m m
29
Determination of Maximum Water level in Back wash water tank Location X Y Z (Ground) Back Wash Line Filter Media Top level X Y Z (Ground) Loss in under drain system Q Back wash line diameter Length in filter galery Length out side galery Total L Specific loss= Velocity= Loss in pipe= Outlet loss= Bend 90 degree= Bend Tee degree= Loss in 90 degrees= Loss in Tees= Loss in Valve= Inlet loss= Loss in backwash piping Total Loss during Back washing Trough top level Water depth above trough Maximum water level above trough Min water Level in Back wash water tank
= 601985 = 779606 = 2771.50 = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
masl masl masl m m3/s m m m m m/m m/s m m NO NO m m m m m m masl m masl masl
2760.83 602076 779626 2762.70 2.58 0.41 0.40 24.00 100.00 124.00 0.0292 3.25 3.62 0.270 6.000 3.000 1.294 1.941 0.162 0.539 7.83 10.40
2765.05 0.050
2765.10 2775.51
30
Mixing water pipe line.01 Soda Ash mixing tank top level Mixing Tank volume Tank filling time Q pipe diameter Length Specific loss= Velocity= Loss in pipe= Outlet loss= Bend 90 degree= Bend Tee degree= Loss in 90 degrees= Loss in Tees= Loss in Valve= Inlet loss= Total loss Free head at mixing tank Min water Level in Back wash water tank
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
2773.99 5.18 15.00 0.006 0.100 72.00 0.0095 0.74 0.68 0.014 6.000 3.000 0.067 0.101 0.008 0.028 0.90 2.85 2777.74
masl m3 min m3/s m m m/m m/s m m NO NO m m m m m m masl
Mixing water pipe line.02 Chlorine Mixing Tank top level Mixing Tank volume Tank filling time Q pipe diameter Length Specific loss= Velocity= Loss in pipe= Outlet loss= Bend 90 degree= Bend Tee degree= Loss in 90 degrees= Loss in Tees= Loss in Valve= Inlet loss= Total loss Free head at mixing tank Min water Level in Back wash water tank Minimum Water level in BWT Take Water Depth of Maximum Water level Floor level
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
2262.85 2.31 15.00 0.003 0.050 154.00 0.0623 1.32 9.60 0.045 6.000 4.000 0.214 0.427 0.027 0.089 10.40 3.00 2276.25 2777.74 5.11 2,782.86 2,777.00
masl m3 min m3/s m m m/m m/s m m NO NO m m m m m m masl masl m masl masl
31
b. BACK WASH WATER PUMPING STATION DESIGN Operation Hour per day Pumping rate for operation pipe diameter Length Specific loss= Velocity= Loss in pipe= Outlet loss= Bend 90 degree= Bend Tee degree= Loss in 90 degrees= Loss in Tees= Loss in Valve= Inlet loss= Total loss Free head at BWT Pump center line level Maximum Water level Static head difference Allow NPSH Pump head Use pump with Pumping rate pump Head
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
4 0.0208 0.150 125.00 0.0142 1.19 1.78 0.036 2.000 2.000 0.058 0.173 0.022 0.072 2.14 5.00 2760.50 2782.86 22.36 3.00 32.50 21 35.0
hr m3/s m m m/m m/s m m NO NO m m m m m m masl masl m m m l/s m
c. AIR COMPRESSORS AND AIR MAIN DESIGN: General: Agitation by air scour will be done by blowing air through the filter media. Air compressors be housed in the pump house used for this purpose. The size of the air compressor is governed by the rate of discharge of air required during backwashing and the head loss of the fluid while being transmitted from the compressor to the filter bed. Under the proposals for the treatment works, all filters will be designed to be backwashed by a centralised water and air system. Assumptions: i. The compressors are to be designed for the worst scenario. ii. Air main size to be designed for each set of filters. Main Design Parameters:
1. Air requirement 2. Average time for air scour 0.9 - 1.5 m of free air/min/m of filter bed provided for air scour (ensures efficient air scour) 2 minutes for satisfactory agitation.
32
ROBE TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT - FINAL DETAIL DESIGN REPORT CHAPTER 7 Design: Volume of air required for m3 of free air/min/m2 of filter bed 0.9 - 1.5 efficient air scour, Va Standard Density of air lb/ft3 (*note - units left in imperial form so as 0.07638 to use formulas provided which are meant to (piping Handbook (5th ed) be used in imperial units by SABIN CROCKER pg 3157)
Design Calculations: Proposed Filters: Estimated Pipe Length from proposed pump house to the proposed filters, L
80 262.47
m ft (1m = 3.28084 ft) m m2 m3/min ft3/min (1m3 35.3147ft3) m3/s =
Filter bed Dimensions Area of filter bed, A Volume of air required, Q = VaA
4.3 x 6.8 29.24 43.860 1548.903 0.731
Head loss Calculation: Expressing head-loss in terms of pressure loss, using HARRIS Formula for compressed air: Pressure drop, P = LQ2/(2390pcd5.31) Where: P = Pressure drop (lb/in2) pc = density of actual fluid at flow conditions (lb/ft3) Q = flow rate (ft3/min) d = diameter of pipe (in) L = Pipe Length (ft) 80mm diameter main Pipe diameter, d 80 3.150 5.00539 34.52272 0.34523 ARMA Engineering PLC mm in (1 in = 25.4mm) lb/in2 KN/m2 (1lb/in2 = 6.897112576 KN/m2) bars (1KN/m2 = 0.01bars) 33
119
lb/ft3
Head loss, P
100mm diameter main Pipe diameter, d 100 3.937 1.53054 10.55633 0.10556 mm in (1 in = 25.4mm) lb/in2 KN/m2 (1lb/in2 = 6.897112576 KN/m2) bars (1KN/m2 = 0.01bars)
Head loss, P
Summary:
Diameter 80mm 100mm P (bars) P (bars) 0.34523 0.10556
Q (m3/s) 0.731
Provide: 1 Air Compressor capable of discharging air with the following specifications: Q = or > P = or > 0.731 0.34523 m3/s bars
Under-drainage System A pipe grid system has been adapted as under-drainage system. This system contains the manifold and perforated laterals. The two primary function of under-drainage system are: (1) to collect filtered water and to send it on its way to a clear water reservoir, and 2) to uniformly distribute air and wash water during scouring and back washing. The under-drains are sized for up flow requirement. As a design guide the following range values are used.
Recommended Ratio of area of orifice to area of bed served: Ratio of area of lateral to area of orifice served: Ratio of area of manifold to area of lateral served: Diameter of orifices: Spacing of orifices: Spacing of laterals: 0.0015 2 1.5 0.6 7.5 7.5 0.005 4 3 2 30 30 0.003 3 2.1 cm c m c/c c m c/c
20 20
34
Design Calculations: Width per Filter bed = Length per Filter bed = Area of Bed Area of orfice Area of laterals Spacing of laterals Number of laterals Area per lateral Diameter of lateral Use lateral of DN Area of manifold Diameter of manifold Width Depth Spacing of orifice Length of lateral Number of orifices per lateral Total Number of orifices Area of an orifice diameter of orifice Use orifice diameter of Two openings at 60 degree angle
Check No of orifice per lateral Area of an orifice Total area of orifice Area of a lateral Total area of laterals Area of Manifold Ratio of area of orifice to area of bed served: Ratio of area of lateral to area of orifice served: Ratio of area of manifold to area of lateral served: Head Losses During Filtration Q max Orifice Diameter q =Q/(number of orifices) Velocity hl Lateral Diameter q =Q/(number of Laterals) Velocity hl 42 0.000079 0.089064 0.007854 0.212058 0.445321 0.0030 2.4 2.1 4.3 6.8 29.24 0.08772 0.26316 0.25 27 0.00974667 0.111 100 0.4453 0.753 0.60 0.74 0.2 4.2 21 567 0.00015471 0.014 10
m m m m m m m m mm m m m m m m m m mm
OK! OK! OK!
0.0477524
0.01 4.211E-05 0.54 0.029
0.1 0.00177 0.23 0.005
35
Manifold Width Depth Area Velocity hl Total Loss During Back Washing Q max Orfice Diameter q =Q/(number of orfices) Velocity hl Lateral Diameter q =Q/(number of Laterals) Velocity hl Manifold Width Depth Area Velocity hl Total Loss Trough top level Water Depth over trough, h in mm Discharge per meter length of weir, q (l/s) Trough length per filter, L Q q h Maximum water level above trough 24.37 0.41 m/min m/s
0.60 0.74 0.44532076 0.11 0.001

0.036
0.01 0.00035812 4.56 2.119

0.1 0.01504 1.92 0.374
0.60 0.74 0.44532076 0.91 0.085 2.578 2765.05
0.0567 20 406.1 20.3 50.4 0.0504 2,765.10
h^(3/2) m l/s l/s mm m masl
36
Connecting line TW.04
Connects Filter with post chlorination unit
Segmen t1 Design Flow= max Start HGL= min Start HGL= Pipe Diameter= Length= Specific loss= Velocity= Loss in pipe= Outlet loss= Bend 90 degree= Bend 45 degree= Loss in 90 degrees= Loss in 45 degrees= Loss in Valve= Inlet loss= Tee T/T= Total Loss= Head at Seg end= Start ground level= End ground level=
0.048
Segmen t2
0.048
Segme nt 3
0.096
Segm ent 4
0.143
m3/s masl m m m m/m m/s m NO NO m m m m m m m masl masl masl
2,760.83 2,760.83 0.40 3.00 0.0006 0.38 0.00 0.004 0.002 0.004 0.01 2,760.82 2,761.84
2,761.84
2,760.8 2 2,760.8 2 0.30 6.00 0.0023 0.68 0.01 0.007 0.024 0.04 2,760.7 8 2,761.8 4
2,761.84
2,760. 78 2,760. 78
0.30 5.00
2,760. 58 2,760. 58
0.40 22.00
0.0081 1.36 0.04 1.000 0.038 0.028 0.095 0.20 2,760. 58 2,761. 84
2,761.8 4 0.56 1.19
0.004 2 1.15 0.09 2.000 0.054 0.020 0.067 0.067 0.30 2,760. 27 2,761. 84
2,760. 80
Total loss in Filtered water collection pipe= Take Free fall of Maximum Water level in receiving chamber at chlorination point
Design Year Flow Detention time Volume Selected size Width Length Depth Design Year Flow Flow per line Number of lines Flow per line when one is not working Design Flow per line 2030 12377 0.1 0.9 3.8 1.20 1.20 1.57 2040 19207 0.28 3.8 3.8 1.20 1.20 1.57 2030 12377 12377 1 12,377 19,207
m m masl
2,759.08 2015 4287 0.5 1.6 3.8 1.20 1.20 1.57 2040 19207 19207 1 19,207 19,207 2015 4287 4287 1 4,287 19,207
m/day min m m m m m
m/day m/day m/day m/day
Flow Splitting Weir Rectangular weir q= Take length of weir= Flow, Q= Head over weir, h= Weir Top level= ARMA Engineering PLC 1.7718 0.60 0.222 0.188 2,758.90 Lh^(3/2)
0.60 0.143 0.60 0.050
0.140
2,758.90
0.069
2,758.90
m m3/s m masl 37
Max WL in receiving chamber= Take Free fall head=
Water level after chlorination weir=
2,759.08 0.50
2,758.58
2,759.04
0.45 2,758.58
2,758.97
0.38 2,758.58
masl m masl
7.5.7.
Chlorine Mixing and Chlorine Dosing Room A few alternatives were considered for disinfection of treated water, i.e. Ozonization, UltraViolet Light; On-Site Generation of Hypochlorite Solution; Solutions prepared from Hypochlorite Powder and Gas Chlorination. Ozonisation: Ozone can be generated by passing thoroughly filtered and dried air between plates with a high electric voltage. This method has been used very effectively in Europe. Ozone is particularly effective removing viruses. Ozone works rapidly and efficiently and does not remain in the water for more than about 30 minutes as the ozone reverts to oxygen. Therefore there are no secondary tastes and odours from ozonization. However the fact that ozone is quickly converted back to oxygen means that the method has no residual effect in the water which would guard against contamination in the distribution network. Furthermore the cost of the equipment required is higher than that of equivalent chlorinators and requires a high level of operation and maintenance skill, especially the air-filtering and drying apparatus. Ultra-Violet Light: This method is used at a few small installations. The method involves applying a given intensity of ultra-violet radiation for a specific period of time through a thin film of water. The water to be sterilized must be clear of soluble iron and other substances that absorb UV light and the equipment must be checked regularly to ensure the lamps are kept clean at all times to prevent the loss of intensity over time. UV disinfection has the advantage that no by-products are formed in the water. However, this advantage results in the disadvantage that the effectiveness of the disinfection cannot be determined by measuring a residual level as is the case with normal chlorination methods. In addition, UV disinfection has no remnant effect and can therefore only be used in distribution networks that are very small and well maintained otherwise it must be supplemented by a disinfectant with a remnant effect such as chlorination, which would reduce the advantage offered by UV. On-Site Generation of Hypochlorite Solution: In this method brine is passed through an electrolysis apparatus where it is subjected to a D.C. current. The brine is then broken down into sodium hypochlorite, with hydrogen gas as a by-product. The sodium hypochlorite is then conveyed to the chlorination point and dosed into the treated water while the hydrogen gas is safely vented into the atmosphere. Capital cost for installation and subsequent maintenance are too high. Existing disinfection system is by using Hypochlorite Solutions.
Thus, disinfection by Hypochlorite Solution has been allowed for as described hereunder: 7.5.6.1 Chlorine Mixing Room General: 1. Adequate exhaust fans will be provided at appropriate locations to ensure circulation of air. 2. Epoxy tiling/coating to be provided to mixing tanks and flooring. 3. Corrosion free fittings and natural lighting to be ensured. 4. Motorised mixers will be provided for each mixing tank.
5. Plastic or other suitable pipes to be used for dosing by chemical solution. All piping to
be accessible for cleaning, etc. 6. All sludge from mixing tanks to be discharged to pits. Treated water from the treatment works will be disinfected and pH value corrected before being stored in the clear water tank whose Capacity will ensure adequate time for chlorine contact and storage for supply to the reticulation network. It is proposed that the chlorine dosing building be a two storey structure having: 1. A ground floor will be used for storing hypochloride powder and Soda Ash 2. An upper floor will be used to house mixing tanks and dosers for chlorination and pH correction by soda ash.
Design Calculations:
Chlorine (by solution): Available chlorine, ClA Maximum Dosage Quantity,d 65 4 4 0.004 % ppm mg/l Kg/m3
Gross Water Demand for supply area (80.24 km2), Q
12,377 516 0.143 143
m3/day m3/hr m3/s l/s
Storage: (1 weeks storage to be provided at chlorine mixing and dosing room, the rest of the chlorine will be stored at the chemical storage and mixing building)
Ground floor dimensions of proposed chlorination room 7.5 m x5m
Upper floor dimensions of proposed chlorination room
7.5 m x5m
Area available per floor Amount of free chlorine required = Qd Amount of hypoclorite required, A = Qd/ClA Period of storage provided Hence storage required Chemical packaging No.of drums to be stored
37.50
m2
49.5
Kg/d
of free Cl2 of hypochlorite
76.2 7 0.5 25 21
Kg/d days tones Kg drums drums
39
Area required per drum 0.6 x 0.6 ok! storage space adequate = 0.36
Area required for storage (assuming double stacking)
m2
Provide storage room on upper: Floor
Length Width
6 3.7
m m
Room available on upper floor for: mixing tanks and dosers
Length Width Depth
6 6 3
m m m (min floor height)
Mixing Tanks: % available Cl2
Strength of Chlorine solution Chlorine requirement, ClR : (2/0.65) per 98 l of water
3.1
Kg per l/d solution of
98 l of water
Hence solution required = A/ClR No.of shifts per day for chlorine tank usage Hence required tank volume Allowance for dead storage Provide Two chlorine tanks each of volume Provide two chlorine mixing tanks: each measuring
2408
1 2.41 10
shifts/day m3 %
2.6
m3
Depth Length Width
1.1 1.6 1.6
m m m
Take
D= L= W=
1.1 1.6 1.6
Total dimensions of chlorine dosing: units
Length Width Depth
3.1 1.6 1.1
m m m
Soda Ash Soda ash dosing is provided for the purpose of pH correction Assumed solution stregnth, St Assumed Dosage Quantity,d Gross Water Demand for supply area (2027), Q 5 7.5 % mg/l
12,377 516
m3/day m3/hr
40
0.143 143 Storage: Provided at chemical building Mixing Tanks: Quantity of Alum solution required = QdSt Daily Solution requirement Dead storage allowance No. of Tanks to be provided Volume of each tank Depth of each tank = Provide two chlorine mixing tanks: each measuring m3/s l/s
0.021489 1.9 10 1 2.04 1.14
l/s m3 %
m3 m
say say
2 1.2
m3 m
Length Width Depth
1.4 1.5 1.4
m m m
Total dimensions of chlorine dosing: units
Length Width Depth
1.4 1.5 1.4
m m m ok! available length = 6m ok! available width = 6m ok! available floor height = 3m
Hence total dimensions of mixing : tanks and dosing units
Length Width Depth
2.6 2.6 1.4
m m m
7.5.8.
Clear Water Tank Clear Water Tank Design Sizing of Clear Water Tank: General: 1. 2. 3. 4. Tank divided into equal halves to allow for maintenance. Circulation provided by baffle walls to avoid stagnation of treated water. Ventilation and separate access provided. All outflow for distribution from this new tank. A sampling point provided to record residual chlorine before distribution.
Filtered water, after chlorination (for disinfection) and soda ash (for pH correction) will be retained in a clear water tank for a minimum retention time of 30minutes to allow for contact time. However, the clear water tank is a combination of a contact tank and a storage reservoir, 2500m3 capacity, for the distribution system. Hence, more than adequate contact time is provided.
41
Design: Design Year Maximum day demand Maximum hour factor Maximum hour demand Water required for Daily chemical dilution and feed 0.20% of MDD Filter back wash Balancing for distribution 25.40% of MDD Total 28.28% of MDD Reserve volume, 15% of total Total Volume Existing reservoir in distribution system New reservoir in distribution system Total in Distribution Clear water Tank at TP Recommended Provide Tank with dimensions: Length Width water Depth Free board Contact time Details of this Tank are shown in tender drawings 7.5.9. Pump House Design Sizing of Pump House
General:
2,030 12,377 1.7 21,042
m3/day m3/day m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m m m m Minutes; ok!
25 317 3,144 3,500 525 4,030 450 1000 1450 2,580 2500 25.0 25.0 4.25 0.55 300
The proposed Pump House will be located adjacent to the clear water tank and it will house the following: 1. Two number centrifugal pumps (1 duty, 1 standby) to pump water to the elevated tank within the treatment works site. 2. Two compressors (1 duty, 1 standby) to provide air scour for backwashing the filters. The Proposed pump house will have one floor, at the same level as the clear water tank floor. A floor mounted switchgear control panel and all the units, pumps and compressors panel would be installed on this floor.
42
Design Parameters: Maximum Plinth dimensions taken Number of units for (2 pumps & 2 Compressors) Design Calculations: Area Required for plinths Provide floor space of area Provide: Length Width Hence Provide a Pump House with floor measuring 9.0m x 5.0m Details are shown in tender drawings. 7.5.10. Building Works
= = = = = =
2x1 4
8 40 9 5
m2 m2 m m
There are six buildings spread over the Treatment Works Site. These include the following: Chemical Dosing and Mixing Building Filter Gallery and Control Room Pump House Generator / Switch room. Chlorine Mixing Room Operator dwelling house, Administration room Meter Room and Guardroom.
Majority of buildings are single or two-room structures, with the exception of Chemical Mixing and Dosing Building. The design and location of the buildings is generally determined by their functional requirements. The Architectural Designs of the buildings has been limited to harmonising the visual appearance of various buildings externally, and meeting the functional requirements internally. This has been achieved by appropriate choice of materials and fittings. Externally, the buildings are finished and dressed stone walls and coloured concrete roof tiles. Stone is the cheapest building blocks available, and requires practically no maintenance. Precast concrete louver blocks have been provided to enhance natural ventilation in buildings where chemicals are used for treatment of water. Concrete roofing tiles are readily available, hardwearing, and although marginally more expensive than corrugated iron roofing sheets, the elegance of concrete tile roof in comparison with corrugated sheet roof, justifies the choice. Windows are steel casement, painted with anti-corrosive paint in buildings where chemicals are used. Metal louvred doors have been specified in a number of buildings to fulfill dual functions of providing adequate ventilation as well as security in buildings where expensive
ROBE TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT - FINAL DETAIL DESIGN REPORT CHAPTER 7 switchgear and electrical control panels will be installed. Timber doors are provided in other buildings. Acrelin floor tiles have been specified in buildings where chemicals are used extensively. These include Chemical Mixing and Dosing and Chlorine Mixing Buildings. Hardened cement screed and grano finish used in other buildings, with PVC tiles in offices. Granola Internally, walls are generally finished with plaster and paint, except in staff rest rooms where glazed tiles will be provided. Ceilings throughout will be chipboard and painted. 7.5.11. Electrical Works
7.5.10.1General The following report is a brief outline of the various services included for the Electrical Works at the Scheme Design Stage. The detail design work is presented in the Electromechanical Detail Design report. 7.5.10.2Regulations and Standards Design is carried out in accordance with the following documents: (i) The current edition of the Regulations for the Electrical Equipment of Buildings issued by the Institution of Electrical Engineers of Great Britain. (ii) The Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCO). (iii) Relevant British Standard Specification and Codes of Practice published by the British Institution (hereinafter referred to as B.S. and C.P. respectively). (iv) Regulations of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. (v) Interior lighting design is carried out in accordance with the Lighting Industry Federation Limited and the Electricity Council of Great Britain. (vi) Telephone connection requirements as required by Ethiopian Telecommunication corporation. 7.5.10.3Incoming Electricity Supply The power supply to the Treatment Works shall be derived from the National Power Grid System at 11 kV from an existing overhead power line to the old intake. At the plot boundary, EEPCO will erect their pole mounted transformer (100 kVA). The incoming service cables shall be four single core and the size shall be decided by EEPCO. The incoming service cables will be connected by EEPCO to the main switchboard located within the Generator / Switch Room. 7.5.10.4Standby Generator Set
100 kVA generator set is housed in the generator room adjacent to the switch room for the essential loads during failure of supply from EEPCO.
7.5.10.5Main Switchboard The main switchboard is cubicle type, floor mounted housed in the Switch Room adjacent to Generator Room. The busbars are split into essential and non-essential supplies i.e. EEPCO and Generator Supplies.
44
ROBE TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT - FINAL DETAIL DESIGN REPORT CHAPTER 7 In the event of a normal (EEPCO) power supply failure, the automatic change-over contactors in the main switchboard will break the connections of the normal (EEPCO) incoming mains supply and make the connections to the diesel generating plant. When the normal (EEPCO) supply is restored the reverse action will take place. The generator will also operate if there is loss of one or more phases on the normal (EEPCO) supply cable. 7.5.10.6Telephone Incoming Services The incoming service cable will be provided by Ethiopian Telecommunication Corporation (ETC). The Contractor will provide manholes and ducts from the plot boundary to the main door front (MDF) at the Chemical Mixing & Dosing Building. The service cable of ETC will run via manholes and ducts upto the MDF. The Client will apply to ETC for telephones and pay to Telkom direct. 7.5.10.7Electrical Distribution All the buildings at the Treatment Works are supplied by underground cables from the Main Switchboard housed in the Switch Room. The underground cables (PVCSWAPVC) will be having copper conductors of 600/1000 volts grade to B.S. 6346. Termination of cables will be carried out by means of brass compression type glands of the correct size which will secure the cable inner sheath and ensure effective electrical continuity between the cable armouring wires and the metal enclosure on which the cable is terminated. 7.5.10.8Lighting and Power Installation Wiring for lighting and power installation in buildings will be carried in black rigid super high impact heavy gauge Class 'A' PVC conduit (non-metallic conduits and accessories). The Contractor will supply, install, connect, test and commission the lighting fittings and electrical accessories as shown on the drawings and set out in the schedule. 7.5.10.9Lightning Protection Lightning protection is provided for the following buildings: (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) Generator / Switch Room Chemical Mixing / Dosing Building Chlorination Room Administration room Operator dwelling room Pump House
The lightning protection will be carried out in accordance with British Standard / C.P. 326 1965 / Ministry of Urban Development and Infrastructure, Technical Instruction No. 58. 7.5.10.10 Security Lighting 125 watt MBF/U post top lanterns mounted on 5.0 metres columns are provided for security lighting. Control of security lighting will be automatic by photocell with a manual over-ride switch fixed on the panel of the Main Switchboard. 7.5.10.11 Control Cables / Marshalling Boxes Control cables are provided under this Contract including marshalling boxes. The control cables will be used to indicate on the remote indicator panel, the water levels in the clear water tank and elevated backwash tank.
ROBE TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT - FINAL DETAIL DESIGN REPORT CHAPTER 7 Control of pumps for backwash water lagoon, clear water tank and elevated backwash tank will be carried out by means of electrodes. The electrodes in the tank will be stainless steel of 6 mm diameter and shall be suspended from top using special electrode holders. 7.5.10.12 Pump House Essential and non-essential control panels for the pumps in the pump house are connected from the essential and non-essential bus bars of the Main Switchboard. Both control panels for pumps in the Pump House are connected on the normal (EEPCO) supply. In the event of EEPCO power supply failure, the change-over supply from the EEPCO to the diesel generating plant will take place at the main switchboard and the essential control panel in the pump house will be connected to the generator supply. Provision is allowed in the control panels for pumps to switch 'ON' a pump or move on the non-essential control panel if the pumps are not in use at the essential control panel. The operator must check the load available on the generator before switching 'ON' pump on non-essential control panel. 7.5.10.13 Testing and Commissioning After installation, each part of the system will be tested in accordance with the relevant B.S. and I.E.E. Standards and the requirements of the EEPCO. In addition to these tests, the whole of the installation shall be subjected to complete functional tests to the satisfaction of the Engineer/Client. 7.5.12. 7.5.10.14 Site Works Roads Access road to the Treatment and intake will be constructed. It will allow easy access as well as maneuvering of heavy vehicles which will be used to deliver and off load chemicals into the Chemical Storage Building. Access road within the treatment plant compound will be constructed. It is designed to provide easy access to the Chemical Mixing & Dosing Building, Upflow Sludge Blanket Clarifiers, Filter Gallery, Generator Switch Room, Pump House, Clear Water Tank. A car park outside the environs of the Chemical Mixing & Dosing Building will be provided and the road around this area will be paved using concrete. The access road will have gravel paved surface. Ramps are also be constructed from the road edges to the building floors of the Pump House, Generator Switch Room and Chlorine Mixing Room. These will ease the transportation of heavy machinery into the Buildings as well as the off loading of chemicals in the Chlorine Mixing Room. 7.5.11.1 Fencing and Gates Chain-link fence will be erected around the perimeter of the Treatment Works Site. Cidar (tid) hedge will be planted inside the chain-link fence. The entire Treatment Works Site will be grassed and landscaped with approved plants. A 6m wide gate with two 915mm wide pedestrian gates on either side will be constructed for access at the New Treatment Works Site. A metal signboard will also be erected outside the main gate, bearing the name of the ROBE Water Supply & Sewerage Service, Korke Treatment Units.
46
7.5.11.2 Footpaths Footpaths will be constructed to allow access to each of the existing and new units. Strategic lengths of the footpath will be covered to enable operators get from one end of the Treatment Works Site to the other (including full access to all units) without getting wet during rains. 7.5.11.3 Storm Water Drainage Storm water drainage will be provided all around the Treatment Works Site in the form of Invert Block Drains (IBDs) with or without one or two courses. These drains have been designed to channel all the storm water run off from the Treatment Site and drain it along the drainage of the access road and to Huluka river. 7.5.11.4 Sewerage and Domestic Waste Disposal Septic Tanks The septic tank is recommended for housing units in the treatment plant compound. The design for a septic tank is based on the per capita demand for house connection users which is 60l/c/d. The liquid part from the septic tank is directed to drainage ditches. It is recommended to have one septic tank to serve the manager, operator and the common wash room allocated in the treatment plant compound. In this context it is assumed that 15 persons will use the sanitary facility of the treatment plant compound. Volume of the septic tank for 15 persons use = V = Q*P = 60*50 = 3000 l = 3.0 m3. Minimum depth of liquid (d) = 1.2 meter, Freeboard = 0.30 meter Surface area = 3.0 m3/1.20 m = 2.5 m2 Take length to width ratio = 1 : 2.5 Therefore; = = = 2.5 meter 1.0 meter 1.20 meter
Total depth of the tank including freeboard = 1.50 m. The design of drainage ditches is determined using the following formula: L = P*Q/2*D*I where; L P Q D I = = = = = trench length (m) number of users waste water flow (l/c/d) effective depth of trench (m) design infiltration rate (l/m2/day)
Effective depth of trench (D) is taken as 1.5 m as the soil treatment plant area is silty sand, infiltration rate for effluent from septic tank is taken as 15 l/ m2/day. L = 15*60/2*1*15 = 30 m. Therefore use three drainage ditches each having 10 m length.
A septic tank capacity 3.0 m3 will be constructed. This tank will be linked to the managers dwelling, operators dwelling, administration building and wash room. 7.5.11.5 Domestic Use The Elevated RC backwash reservoir will be used for storage of domestic and gardening requirements of the treatment plant compound. The domestic usage on site catered for by the domestic water supply main includes: Domestic consumption by Operators Chemical mixing Urinals/Toilet flushing Tea making Cleansing of filter walls to remove any scum during / after the backwash operation Site irrigation
48
8.
1.24
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM AND STORAGE RESERVOIRS

EXISTING DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
The total area currently within the boundaries of Robe Municipality is about 80.24 km2. Out of the total area, about 15.25 km2 is open space and environmental aspect such as forest land, urban agriculture, future expansion, etc. area the remaining 64.99 km2 is used for different purposes such as residential, commercial, etc. The existing distribution system covers mostly the central part of the area. The additional coverage under the new system is assumed to adress all areas within the new master plan boundary of the town. The existing system consists of three types of pipe material, namely Ductile Cast Iron (DCI), Galvanized Mild Steel (GMS) and unPlasticised Polyvinyl Chloride (uPVC), ranging in diameter from 50 mm to 300 mm with a total length of 39.5 km. The distribution system is about twenty-eight years old and is anticipated that most of the pipes to be in bad condition. Accordingly, all of the existing System above ND 100mm, has been incorporated in the Proposed System.
1.25
PROPOSED DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

The distribution System will be supplied from the clear water tank 2,500m3, located at the treatment plant site. At the outskirt of the town toward Goba town, at a higher elevation new 1000m3 reservoir will be constructed. The existing three masonry reservoirs will supply lower elevation areas. The elevated reservoir in the treatment plant compound which is meant for backwashing and compound supply will also supply the nearby villages.
1.26
8.3.1.
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM DESIGN CRITERIA

Water Demand The water demand patterns for year 2030 and 2040 are as given in the Feasibility Study Report. Domestic demand is distributed to the nodes according to the land use and population density. Institutional and industrial demands are distributed to the respective nodes depending on the location of the existing institutions and the Town Development Plan. Non Revenue Water is distributed to each node proportionally to the nodal demands.
8.3.2.
Pipelines Alignment The main distribution pipeline will follow the existing or/and planned roads while observing hydraulic efficiency and economy. Depth Depth of pipe trench shall be limited in order to provide easy maintenance and avoid excessive earth pressure while maintaining sufficient protection against live load due to traffic. - Pipes laid in trenches shall have a minimum cover of 0.8 m - Pipes laid under carriageway or road verges shall have a minimum cover of 1.2 m - Maximum cover to crown of uPVC pipes shall not exceed 3.0 m - Ductile Cast Iron pipes to be used at road crossings
ROBE TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT - FINAL DETAIL DESIGN REPORT CHAPTER 8 1.26.1.1Transmission Pipes The transmission pipes are sized for year 2030 maximum day demand which is 1.1 times the average day demand. 1.26.1.2Distribution Network Pipes The distribution network pipes are designed for the peak hour demand of year 2030, which is 1.7 times the maximum day demand upto year 2017 and 1.5 times the maximum day demand thereafter. The peak hour factor in a day used is 1.7 up to year 2017. From Year 2017 onwards a peak factor of 1.5 has been used Chapter 3, Table 3.8. Velocity in the distribution net work varies between 0.3m/s to 2m/s. 1.26.1.3Pressure in Pipelines head. The minimum residual nodal pressure on average day demand shall be 10 m The minimum residual nodal pressure on peak hour demand shall be 5 m head
In majority of the cases, the maximum pressure in the distribution network shall be 90 m head. 1.26.1.4Friction Factors To compute the friction loss in the pipelines, the following Hazen Williams coefficients shall be used. Table 8.I Hazen Williams Coefficients
Pipe Status uPVC New Pipe 10 years old 20 years old Pipe Type Steel DCI
130 130 130
130 110 100
130 110 100
1.26.1.5Selection of Pipe Material and Type The selection of pipe material will depend upon the nature of the ground in which pipes are to be laid, over burden soil pressure, surge, type of traffic load and the cost of the pipe. When a pipe is found technically suitable for particular case the economical pipe materials available for choice are:
Ductile Cast Iron Pipe (DCI) for pipes with DN 300 mm and above uPVC for pipes with DN 50 to 300 mm GS for pipes DN 50 mm to 100 mm diameter.
The physical characteristics of the pipes must suit the actual service conditions in the water supply system such as pressure, external load, soil condition and the topography.
8.3.3. 8.3.3.1
Accessories Valves i) Air Release Valve Location: Double air valves shall be provided at all high points with respect to the pipe profile. Additional single air valves are to be provided wherever the rising grade reduces. Size: Air release valves shall be compatible in size, type and pressure ratings with the system. Therefore, double orifice kinetic type DN 80 mm shall be installed on mains of diameters DN 250 mm to DN 400 mm. DN 50 single orifice air valves shall be installed in pipelines of smaller diameters. ii) Washout Valve Location and Spacing: Wash out valves shall be provided so that the water in the respective pipeline section can be drained out in 3 to 4 hours. Size: On pipe lines from DN 250 mm to DN 400 mm, the wash out valve shall be of DN 80 or DN 100 mm; on smaller pipelines a minimum of DN 50 mm wash out valve shall be installed. The wash out valves shall be compatible in size, type and pressure ratings to the system. iii) Isolating Valve Spacing: Isolating valve shall be provided along the pipe profile to isolate a portion of the system during repairs. These valves on mains will be installed at intervals as required; their spacing being dictated by factors such as washout requirements, connections to consumers and connections to other mains. In normal conditions isolating valves shall be installed at maximum distances of 500 m. Number: The number of isolating valves to be installed in an adequately looped grid at intersections of arteries and service or consumers mains is n-1, where n is the number of branches at the intersection. Location: At interconnecting pipes, bypass pipe connections, hydrant connections, washouts and air vents. Type and Size: Proposed type of isolating valve is gate valve compatible in size, type and pressure ratings with the system. iv) Pressure Reducing Valve Pressure reducing valve shall be provided along the pipe profile to reduce the pressure and maintain it within allowable limits.
8.3.3.2
Fittings
Pipeline fittings (bends, tees, reducers etc.) shall be: Appropriate for the pipeline configuration, Similar in size and class to the pipelines,
The same design strength as that of the Ductile Cast Iron pipes.
3
ROBE TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT - FINAL DETAIL DESIGN REPORT CHAPTER 8 8.3.3.3 Fire Hydrants Spacing: In CBD area fire hydrants shall be installed with a maximum spacing of 150m. In other areas the fire hydrants shall be located on road junctions. Pressure: A minimum pressure of 15 m shall be available at the node with which the hydrant will be connected. Type and size: Underground hydrant DN 80 with two hose connection arrangement type C.
Minimum diameter of the pipe section shall be DN 80.
Notwithstanding the above, shall be agreed by the Employer that the number of fire hydrants should be limited to avoid misuse and wastage. 8.3.4. Pipeline Appurtenant Structures
8.3.4.1 Valve Chamber Concrete / Masonry Valve Chambers shall be provided for each valve location for protection and to provide easy access. 8.3.4.2 Trench Depth In areas where the pipe is subjected to vehicular traffic, the minimum depth of cover to be provided is 1.2 m above top of pipe; In other areas the minimum depth of cover above top of pipe is 0.8 m; and If the above depths cannot be obtained, due to the natural ground profiles, concrete encasement for pipes will be considered. 8.3.4.3 Thrust Blocks Whenever the pipeline changes direction horizontally or vertically or changes size, concrete thrust blocks shall be provided to resist the thrust force in the piping system. 8.3.4.4 Pipe Support Concrete supports for pipes shall be provided whenever the pipe is laid above ground surface and also in situations where foundation formations are not good. Lateral transverse anchors shall be provided for conditions where pipe is laid in steep slopes. 8.3.4.5 Road and River/Ditch Crossings Whenever pipeline crosses gravel, asphalted or concrete roads and river/ditch crossing, Ductile Cast Iron pipes or structures which will protect the pipe shall be provided. For heavy traffic road crossings, concrete encasements shall be considered.
1.27
8.4.1.
CLEAR WATER GRAVITY MAIN

Route Alignment The clear water gravity main is proposed to transmit treated water to the distribution network and the reservoirs used as break pressure tank r located at the old treatment plant compound to feed the distribution sub-mains that feed area at lower elevations.
8.4.2.
Selected Pipe Material Protected lined Ductile Cast Iron pipes, or equivalent approved are proposed to be used for the clear water gravity main. The external protection against corrosion for Ductile Cast Iron pipes shall be as per DIN/180 Standards. Jointing will be decided based on the approved make proposed by the Supplier.
8.4.3.
Hydraulic Design The clear water gravity main is designed for ultimate capacity to transmit a flow of 222.8 l/s. The outlet level of outlet pipe in Clear Water Reservoir is fixed at 2667 masl. The gravity main has been analyzed with the Distribution system as line (GWM-01 to GRSR). Hazen Williamss equation is used to calculate the friction losses by taking a Hazen Williams Coefficient (HWC) of 120. The economic pipe size is 400 mm and 400 mm NP 10 and has a length of 9.392km. The detail Hydraulic calculations are presented along with the Distribution system analysis in Appendix '1'.
8.4.4.
Installation of Pipes Pipes are to be joined and embedded in trenches. The pipe trench will be backfilled mostly by the excavated material. The minimum depth of cover is taken as 0.8 m above the crown of the pipe. Where rock is encountered pipes will be laid on granular bed material borrowed from approved pits to minimize damage to the pipe coating and improve on drainage underneath the pipe. The Route of the Gravity Water Main is shown in Figure 8.1.
Figure 8.1
1.28
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
The arrangement of the distribution system has ten subsystems which are connected with the Clear Water Tank located at the treatment plant compound and the Service Reservoir located at the out skirt of the town toward Goba side named as GRSR. The subsystems are Goba Road Main, Western main, Goba Road Branch, Eastern Main, Central, Addis Ababa Road Branch, Western branch, Eastern Branch, Eastern Sub-branch, and Administration Branch mainly in the Administrative area. The lower elevation areas that are located mainly the eastern out skirt of the town and will be connected to the existing reservoirs. Accordingly, to systematize the distribution system, for ease of identification of subsystems, Six Supply subsystems are created.
8.5.1.
Goba Road Main Subsystem (GBR-Main-1-3) This sub system comprises about 2.228km pipe length and it connects all other sub-systems except the eastern sub-system. This subsystem will be supplied from the Gravity water main from the Goba Road Service reservoir (GRSR) located at 2574 masl.
8.5.2.
Western Main Subsystem (West-Main-1 to West-Main-13) This subsystem supplies areas in the western side of the town it encompasses about 9.262 km in area. It will be supplied from the GBR-03 subsystem. The Altitude in this subsystem ranges from 2442 masl to 2542 masl.
8.5.3.
Goba Road Branch Subsystem (GBR-BR-1-to ADM-BR-3) This subsystem will be laid along the main road to Goba and branch road located in the eastern side of the main road it service approximately 13.07 km in area. The subsystem is connected to the Goba Road water main at J-34 and runs to junction J-75. The Altitude in this subsystem ranges from 2552 to 2490 m.
8.5.4.
Eastern Main Subsystem (East-Main-1 TO East-BR-2) The subsystem is approximately 1.902 km in area and comprises the new development area toward Goba side. This subsystem is connected to the gravity water main at J-43. The Altitude in this Zone ranges from 24919 to 2569 masl.
8.5.5.
Eastern Main Subsystem (East-Main-2 TO AAR-BR-10) The subsystem extends from the southern to the northern part of the town it has a total length of 14.4km. The Altitude in this pipeline system ranges from 2410 to 2549 masl.
8.5.6.
Western Branch Subsystem (wst-br-1-2 TO wst-BR-6) The subsystem is connected to the GBR-BR-7 at Junction, J-19 it has a total length of 4.7km. The Altitude in this pipeline system ranges from 2495 to 2519 masl.
8.5.7.
Eastern Main Subsystem (East-Main-6 TO East-SBR-5) The subsystem extends from the southern to the central part of the town it has a total length of 10.0km. The Altitude in this pipeline system ranges from 2451 to 2510 masl.
8.5.8.
Eastern Main Subsystem (East-Main-9 TO East-Main-16) The subsystem extends from the Junction, j-62to junction J-71 it has a total length of 12.9km. The Altitude in this pipeline system ranges from 2415 to 2478 masl. It covers most of the eastern side of the town including newly included rural villages.
8.5.9.
Addis Ababa Road Subsystem (AAR-BR-1TO AAR-BR-4) The subsystem extends from the Junction, J-13 to junction J-54 it has a total length of 2.91km. The Altitude in this pipeline system ranges from 2466to 2472 masl. It covers Meda Wolabu University Area.
8.5.10.
Addis Ababa Road Subsystem (AAR-BR-7 TO AAR-BR-4) The subsystem is connected to WST-Main-13 subsystem at J-14 and runs from west to east supplying areas in the northern outskirt of the town joining with EST main-13 at junction J70 making a loop connection. The Altitude of this pipeline ranges from 2442 to 2424 masl.
1.29
STORAGE RESERVOIRS
Filtered water, after chlorination (for disinfection) and soda ash (for pH correction) will be retained in a clear water tank for a minimum retention time of 30 minutes to allow for contact time. However, the clear water tank is a combination of a contact tank and a storage reservoir, 2500m3 capacity, for the distribution system. The contact time under this condition will be 300minutes which is more than adequate. Design: Design Year Maximum day demand Maximum hour factor Maximum hour demand Water required for Daily chemical dilution and feed 0.20% of MDD Filter back wash Balancing for distribution 25.40% of MDD Total 28.28% of MDD Reserve volume, 15% of total Total Volume Existing reservoir in distribution system New reservoir in distribution system Total in Distribution Clear water Tank at TP Recommended Provide Tank with dimensions: Length Width water Depth Free board Contact time
2,030 12,377 1.7 21,042
m3/day m3/day m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m3 m m m m Minutes; ok!
25 317 3,144 3,500 525 4,030 450 1000 1450 2,580 2500 25.0 25.0 4.25 0.55 300
8.6.1.
Goba Road Service Reservoir (GRSR) Goba Road Service Reservoir is located at the outskirt of the town toward Goba side upart from storing i also serves as a break pressure tank to keep the pipelines within 10 bar.. Accordingly, the existing reservoir and a new one nearby it, with 1000m capacity have been proposed to serve the subsystems, mentioned above.
8.6.2.
Bulk Meters Bulk meters shall be installed at the boundaries of Supply subsystems and at major junctions. 3 Bulk meters ranging in diameter of 400 mm are proposed in the new Distribution system. Their locations, size, and other descriptions indicated in Table 8.I. Table 8.I Location of Proposed Bulk Meters Line RWGM GWM GWM-2 Junction TPL TPL GBR-SR X
601,999
Y
779,634
Z 2764
Remark Inlet to Treatment Plant
602,16 0
610,130
779,610
780,300
2,750 Outlet CWT 2573 GBR-SR outlet
1.30
8.7.1.
Network Analysis
General The existing Distribution System of the town has been studied in line with the towns Development Plan and the projected water demands. Pipelines have been sized for year 2030 peak hour demand (222.3l/s) and are checked for the average day condition. The service area elevation ranges from 1,990 to 2240 masl. The criteria adopted is to supply all areas from the clear water tank and break pressure tanks by gravity. The layout of the Distribution System is shown in Figure 8.2 on page 8-11.
8.7.2.
System Simulation The Distribution System is simulated using a hydraulic modeling software WaterCAD Version 6.5. The simulation was carried out for extended period by taking into consideration the hourly demand variation pattern on maximum and average day. The Distribution system is skeletonized and represented with the primary Distribution lines.
8.7.2.1 Nodal Demand Domestic Demand, Commercial Demand, Institutional Demand and Industrial Demand, including a percentage for the unaccounted for water, are distributed to the Nodes, The Nodal Demands which were prepared and agreed during the Feasibility Study Phase are used for the original Municipality area, refer the Feasibility Design Report. For areas included recently, additional Nodes have been created and the respective demands allocated. The summarized Nodal Demands are presented in Table A1, Appendix '3'.
8.7.2.2 Pipe Roughness The hydraulic model (WaterCAd) uses the Hazen Williams Equation for calculations. Thus, the Hazen Williams Coefficients (HWC) are chosen for the pipes according to the material and age, refer Appendix '3', Table A3. 8.7.2.3 Computations Two simulations were carried out, one for maximum day in which the peak hour exists and one for average day. On average day, the hourly factors were multiplied by a global factor of 1.0. From this analysis the maximum pressure that can be developed in the system has been determined. On maximum day the hourly factors were multiplied by global factor of 1.1. The peak hour demand is expected to occur during the maximum day on hour 8:00 at which the hourly factor is 1.7, & 1.5. 8.7.2.4 Sizing of Pipelines The calculation of the peak hour demand case commenced with the actual diameters of existing pipelines and assumed diameters for new pipelines. Critical pipeline sections with excessive head losses were identified. If the pipeline is an existing line then a parallel line is introduced, if the pipeline is new then the diameter is increased until the minimum supply pressure (5 m), in any part of the system is achieved.
1.31
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION

After performing the hydraulic calculations, the final results for each scenario are presented under pipe result and node result along with the inputs and out puts in Appendix '1', Table A4 to A9. Final results have shown that about 9.27 km of existing pipelines are found to be in good condition and are proposed to be used in parallel with the newly proposed lines. The remaining existing pipelines to be phased out. Table 8.II Summary of Distribution Lines PN 10 pipes
Nominal Diameter (mm) 50 80 100 150 200 250 300 400 Length (m) Proposed uPVC Fe Existing uPVC DCI
5,068 5,068 5,068 25,574 25,109 15,283 25,080

10,306
6192 504 1002 1374

10,306 9,072
198
106,250 Total
198
125.83km
Relevant Parameters of the hydraulic model as well as modifications of the Distribution System are shown on the Layout Drawing, Figure 8.2. The information includes: ARMA Engineering PLC 10
Locations of pipelines Pipe material and diameter Pipe and node numbers Proposed Reservoirs and Break Pressure Tanks sites
11
ROBE TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT - FINAL DETAIL DESIGN REPORT CHAPTER 8 Figure 8.2
12
9. 1.32
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE SCHEME

IMPACTS DURING THE CONSTRUCTION PERIOD
The principal impacts during the construction stage are: Waste discharges and refuse resulting from the establishment of the Contractors workers camp Noise and dust resulting from the construction activity Spillage of lubricants, fuel, paint, other chemicals and scrap metal Soil erosion due to digging of trenches Off-take of woody bio-mass by the workforce Water use conflict with requirements of household and farmers Interruption to the existing water supply system The impact of waste discharges and refuse disposal can be limited by the imposition of appropriate restrictions on the Contractor and having suitable clauses included in the Contract specifications. Noise and dust are a short-term and localized problem. The impact of noise pollution can best be limited by the imposition of maximum noise levels on the Contractor and by the restriction of working hours, particularly with respect to locally recognized days of rest. A waste management plan should be produced showing how waste oils, lubricants, other chemicals and scrap metal would be removed to a waste management facility where they could be recycled, incinerated, decontaminated and/or decomposed safely. If no such facility is available, the Contractor should propose and demonstrate an environmentally safe system of hazardous waste disposal. Non-hazardous waste should be compacted and entrenched at an approved landfill sited over impermeable sub-soil, well away from a drainage course. The Contractor should account for the quantities of hazardous (potentially polluting) materials (explosives, acid, paint, and solvents) brought to the site. Either they are used (and seen to be used) or removed. Disturbed top soil should be preserved and restored and adequate precautions should be taken to prevent soil erosion. Some interruptions to the existing water supply system are inevitable especially when house connections are remade. However, under present conditions frequent interruptions already occur and this should not be viewed as a significant problem.
1.33
LONGTERM IMPACT
The improvement of the Robe town water supply would have obvious positive benefit on the quality of life and health of the public. Besides, the construction of access road to the proposed intake area has great advantage to the communities along the pipeline route and nearby areas. The construction of access road has also negative impact such as erosion and gulley formation if it is not properly designed but, this is easily prevented through appropriate design construction. For this appropriate design and specification has been produced. Clearly, an increase in the volume of water supplied will generate a proportional increase in the volume of wastewater produced. To avoid any potential health hazards, it is essential that adequate means be provided for the safe disposal of all wastewater. This issue has been addressed in the Feasibility Study Report. In order to mitigate negative pollution of the environment due to the waste generated during the treatment of the raw water appropriate treatment facility has been provided. If the components of the scheme are adequately maintained and design parameters are adhered to there should be no requirement for mitigation.
There is an extensively wide catchments area that brings a lot of tributaries for Lola River. All the rivers in this area start from Senete Plateau with bimodal rainfall and substantially brings a big discharge to the river almost constantly throughout the year. The proposed water source is Lola river which has an estimated catchment area of 26 km2 at the proposed intake site and at upstream of the proposed intake it has three major tributaries among which Adoda is one.
Although the present situation and the past experience indicates that the Lola river catchment hasn't experienced draught, uncontrolled land use and deforestation of the catchment could negatively affect the river flow. With this context, dry period flow decrease and pollution of Lola river can be a problem if land use is not controlled around the catchment and along the river at upstream of the proposed intake. Measures that should be considered include: Uncontrolled land use and deforestation of the catchment area and along the river should be prevented. No refuse dumps or landfill sites should be permitted upstream of the intake area Livestock farming should be prohibited upstream and nearby the raw water intake area and such installations or facilities fenced off
10.
1.34
PROJECT COSTS
Cost Estimates
The estimated costs for the Robe town Water Supply Project is assessed on the basis of tender rates from recent Contracts in Ethiopia and latest budget quotations for pipes, fittings, valves and equipment obtained from manufacturers, and local / overseas suppliers. The costs have been estimated as total costs inclusive of Government duties and taxes. The estimated costs for the various Project components are presented in Table 10.II on pages 10-3 to 10-6 and summarised below: Table 10.I Summary of Project cost Item No Description 1 CIVIL WORKS 1.1 General Item and Preliminaries 1.2 Weir Intake and Aerator unit 1.3 Raw Water Gravity Main 1.4 Treatment Plant Works 1.5 Administration building, dwelling, workshop, etc 1.6 Access Road along the gravity main 1.7 Break Pressure Tank/Reservoir 1000m3 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 Treated Water Gravity Main Distribution Mains Secondary Lines Public Fountains Civil works sub-total VAT 15% Civil Works Total Power Supply SUPPLIES Supply of Pipes, Fittings and Valves Electro-mechanical Works Sub Total estimated project cost Capacity Building 2.5% item no. 4 Physical contingency 7.5% item no. 4 Price contingency 7.5% item no. 4 Total Project cost Amount in ETB 2,574,500.00
16,631,138.42
2,474,563. 11
1,901,563.97 12,870,905.95 1,974,552.74 199,038.00
10,210,049.23
5,505,992
62,783,885.22 22,916,618.76
2 3 4 5 7 8 9
847,417.70 12,711,265.51 12,711,265.51
1.35
Criteria for Costing

The criteria used in the derivation of the costs is given below:
1.35.1 General
All prices are as applicable in October 2009. Allowance for price escalation during the contract period has been made by adding 10% of costs for the various project components to the total estimated costs. The costs derived are inclusive of Preliminary and General.
1.35.2 Pipeline Costs

Quotations were received from overseas and local suppliers of ductile iron and steel pipes respectively. Quotations were also received for locally manufactured uPVC pipes.
1.35.3 Supply of Pipes & Fittings

The current exchange rates have been used in the case of imported pipes and applied to c.i.f. prices quoted. To the c.i.f. prices, allowance has been made for all incidental financial costs, Contractors profits and overheads.
1.35.4 Civil and Construction Works

This includes costs for excavation, laying, jointing, testing and backfilling for both pipes and fittings, and construction of chambers, road crossings etc.
1.35.5 Pumping Plant, Compressors Costs

The costs include the supply, delivery and installation of the pumpsets, compressors, associated pipework, fittings, valves, electrical switchgear, cables etc.
1.35.6 Treatment Works Costs

The costs are based on unit rates derived from existing contracts of similar nature and magnitude under construction in the country. The figures are based on conventional water treatment works incorporating coagulation, clarification, rapid gravity filtration and chlorination.
1.35.7 Storage Reservoir Costs

The costs are based on reinforced concrete storage reservoirs. Recent costs for various capacities of similar reservoirs were studied, and unit rates derived.
1.35.8 EEPCO Power Line Connection and road Crossings

Actual budgetary costs were obtained from the parastatal bodies.
1.35.9 Total Gross Costs

The total gross cost excluding duties and taxes is arrived at after pricing actual Bills of Quantities, allowing 5% for Physical Contingencies and 5% for price contingencies.
Table 10.II Project Costs Supply of pipes and fittings

Amount BILL NO. SP-01 SP-02 SP-03 SP-04 SP-05 SP-06 SP-07 SP-08 SP-09 SP-10 SP-11 SP-12 SP-13 SP-14 SP-15 SP-16 SP-17 SP-18 SP-19 DESCRIPTION GRWM From LOLA INTAKE To RWT TREATED WATER GRAVITY MAIN FROM CLEAR WATER TANK @ NEW TREATMENT PLANT TO NEW RESERVOIR TOWARD GOBA SIDE GRAVITY WATER MAINGOBA ROAD RESERVOIRJUNCTION, J-43 GBR-MAIN-1, 2 &3FromGM-2 @ JUNCTION J-43ToJUNCTION, J-1 LINE-WST-MAIN-01 TO LINE; WST-MAIN-13GBR-MAIN-03 @ JUNCTION J1JUNCTION J-14 GBR-BR-5 TO AAR-BR-12GBR-MAIN-02 @ JUNCTION J-16JUNCTION J-77 WST-BR-1 TO WST-BR-6CBR-BR-7 @ JUNCTION J-19JUNCTION J-31 GBR-BR-1 TO ADM-BR-3GBR-Main-1 @ JUNCTION J-34JUNCTION J-75 EST-MAIN-1 & EST-BR-2GM-2 @ JUNCTION J-43JUNCTION, J-46 EST-MAIN-2 TO AAR-BR-11EST-MAIN-1 @ JUNCTION J-44JUNCTION J-76 EST-MAIN-6 TO EST-SBR-5EST-MAIN-5 @ JUNCTION J-50JUNCTION J-59 EST-MAIN-9 TO EST-MAIN-16EST-MAIN-8 @ JUNCTION J-62JUNCTION J-71 GBR-SBR-1 & GBR-SBR-2GBR-BR-4 @ JUNCTION J-38JUNCTION J-50 CNT-SBR-1, CNT-SBR-2 & CNT-SBR-3CNT-MAIN-1 @ JUNCTION J20JUNCTION J-51 EST-SBR-4EST-BR-4 @ JUNCTION, J-52JUNCTION, J-57 AAR-BR-1, TO AAR-BR-5WST-Main-12 @ JUNCTION J-13JUNCTION J-54 ADM-BR-4FromAAR-BR-3 @ JUNCTION J-73ToJUNCTION J-74 AAR-BR-7 TO AAR-BR-10FromWST-MAIN-13 @ JUNCTION J-14ToJUNCTION J-70 DISTRIBUTION - Secondary Lines Bill Total Exclusive of Duties and Taxes Estimate of Duties Payable (by Category) Sub-Total Duties Total Inclusive Duties Estimate of V.A.T. Payable (by Category) This should be based on Tax Status on various goods and services provided by the VAT Department - Inland Revenue Authority Sub-Total Taxes Total Inclusive of Duties and Taxes ETB 1,709,437.46 18,833,491.53 1,039,875.09 1,041,187.44 4,350,887.14 5,523,589.55 1,200,168.39 3,091,427.63 1,963,601.53 3,807,407.31 2,626,976.06 3,652,686.11 236,368.80 572,132.99 253,069.02 908,622.56 164,851.88 865,717.28 2,753,185.03 54,594,682.80
54,594,682.80
8,189,202.42 8,189,202.42 62,783,885.22
Table 10.II Project Costs for civil works

SUMMARY OF BILLS ROBE WATER SOURCE DEVELOPMENT AND TREATMENT WORKS BILL NO. BILL NO.A01 BILL NO.A02 BILL NO.A03 BILL NO.A04 BILL NO.A05 BILL NO.A06 BILL NO.A07 BILL NO.A08 BILL NO.A09 BILL NO.A10 BILL NO.A11 BILL NO.A12 BILL NO.A13 BILL NO.A14 BILL NO.A15 BILL NO.A16 BILL NO.A17 BILL NO.A18 BILL NO.A19 BILL NO.A20 BILL NO.A21 BILL NO.A22 BILL NO.A23 CW-01 DESCRIPTION Preliminaries and General Intake Weir Cascade Aerator Raw Water Gravity Main 01:- From Intake to Aerator Raw Water Gravity Main 02:- From Aerator to Header Tank Header Tank Chemical Building & Rapid Mixer Clarifiers Rapid Sand Filters Chlorination Building Clear Water Tank Pump & Compressor House Generator House Back Wash Water Tank Back Wash Water Detention Tank Sludge Drying Beds Treatment Plant Site and Pipe work Administration Building Workshop & Store Managers Dwelling Guard House Toilet & Shower Access and Maintenance Road Along Gravity Main TREATED WATER GRAVITY MAIN FROM CLEAR WATER TANK @ NEW TREATMENT PLANT TO NEW RESERVOIR TOWARD GOBA SIDE GRAVITY WATER MAINGOBA ROAD RESERVOIRJUNCTION, J-43 GBR-MAIN-1, 2 &3FromGM-2 @ JUNCTION J-43ToJUNCTION, J-1 LINE-WST-MAIN-01 TO LINE; WST-MAIN-13GBR-MAIN-03 @ JUNCTION J-1JUNCTION J-14 GBR-BR-5 TO AAR-BR-12GBR-MAIN-02 @ JUNCTION J16JUNCTION J-77 WST-BR-1 TO WST-BR-6CBR-BR-7 @ JUNCTION J19JUNCTION J-31 GBR-BR-1 TO ADM-BR-3GBR-Main-1 @ JUNCTION J34JUNCTION J-75 EST-MAIN-1 & EST-BR-2GM-2 @ JUNCTION J-43JUNCTION, J-46 Amount ETB 2,574,500.00 1,026,932.58 244,294.85 236,797.31 110,276.72 910,322.24 2,008,786.87 1,726,832.43 5,405,279.99 1,086,704.18 3,253,140.68 514,232.59 590,186.09 995,707.02 800,842.99 2,745,113.43 3,567,766.42 2,207,061.52 863,264.31 623,969.13 216,611.36 306,610.00 16,631,138.42 1,901,563.97
CW-02 CW-03 CW-04 CW-05 CW-06 CW-07 CW-08
62,426.13 322,358.59 1,275,322.87 1,615,810.00 687,299.43 1,465,008.21 790,185.11
Table 10.II Project Costs for civil works continued

Amount ETB 1,843,899.54 1,260,710.75 1,591,296.13 264,240.66 347,809.46 137,387.79 511,619.51 150,152.22 545,379.53 1,974,552.74
BILL NO. CW-09 CW-10 CW-11 CW-12 CW-13 CW-14 CW-15 CW-16 CW-17 CW-18
DESCRIPTION EST-MAIN-2 TO AAR-BR-11EST-MAIN-1 @ JUNCTION J44JUNCTION J-76 EST-MAIN-6 TO EST-SBR-5EST-MAIN-5 @ JUNCTION J50JUNCTION J-59 EST-MAIN-9 TO EST-MAIN-16EST-MAIN-8 @ JUNCTION J62JUNCTION J-71 GBR-SBR-1 & GBR-SBR-2GBR-BR-4 @ JUNCTION J38JUNCTION J-50 CNT-SBR-1, CNT-SBR-2 & CNT-SBR-3CNT-MAIN-1 @ JUNCTION J-20JUNCTION J-51 EST-SBR-4EST-BR-4 @ JUNCTION, J-52JUNCTION, J-57 AAR-BR-1, TO AAR-BR-5WST-Main-12 @ JUNCTION J13JUNCTION J-54 ADM-BR-4FromAAR-BR-3 @ JUNCTION J-73ToJUNCTION J-74 AAR-BR-7 TO AAR-BR-10FromWST-MAIN-13 @ JUNCTION J14ToJUNCTION J-70 DISTRIBUTION LINES - Secondary Lines:-
BILL A24 BILL A25
No. DISTRIBUTION - PUBLIC FOUNTAINS 6 Nos No. GOBA ROAD 1000m3 RESERVOIR
199,038.0 0 2,474,563. 11
(A) TOTAL OF BILLS (B) VAT @15% x (A) (C - TOTAL (A) + (B) (D) CONTINGENCIES @15% x (C GRAND TOTAL (C + D)
68,066,99 4.90 10,210,04 9.23 78,277,04 4.13 11,741,55 6.62 90,018,60 0.75
Table 10.II Project Costs for Electromechanical works

SUMMARY OF BILLS Amount BILL NO. EM-001 EM-002 EM-003 EM-004 EM-005 EM-006 EM-007 EM-008 EM-009 EM-010 EM-011 EM-015 DESCRIPTION General Intake Header Tank & Aerator Rapid Mixer and Chem. Dosing Unit Upflow Clarifier Rapid Sand Filter and Gallery Clear Water Tank Clear Water Pumping Station Backwash Water Tank Compound Work Break Pressure Tang/Balancing Reservoir (1 x 500 m) Treatment Plant Electrical Bill Total Exclusive of Duties and Taxes ETB
1,656,445.31 321,324.29 839,163.74 831,554.90 1,896,270.73 7,766,889.06 810,346.79 1,988,211.20 913,464.26 1,523,009.92 1,380,814.37 19,927,494.57 1,656,445.31
Estimate of Duties Payable (by Category)
Sub-Total Duties Total Inclusive Duties
.. ..
Estimate of V.A.T. Payable (by Category) This should be based on Tax Status on various goods and services provided by the VAT Department - Inland Revenue Authority Sub-Total Taxes
2,989,124.19
22,916,618.76
Total Inclusive of Duties and Taxes
22,916,618.76

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ROBE TOWN WATER SUPPLY PROJECT - FINAL DETAIL DESIGN REPORT

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