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Module for:
Resistivity Theory
(adapted/modified from lectures in PETE 321 (Jensen/Ayers))
J. L. Jensen
W.B. Ayers
T.A. Blasingame
Department of Petroleum Engineering
Texas A&M University
College Station, TX 77843-3116
Openhole Well Log Evaluation
Most abundant data for formation evaluation and
determination of fluid saturations
Well Log
SP Resistivity
R=4
φ = 0.30
R = 0.4
R=8 φ = 0.07
Shale
Sand R = 0.3
φ = 0.35
Four Components of Sandstone (Schematic Diagram)
Geologist’s Classification
PORE
FRAMEWORK
CEMENT (QUARTZ) MATRIX
FRAMEWORK
(FELDSPAR)
0.25 mm
Ayers, 2001
Fluid Saturations
Grain Water Gas Oil
and matrix
Resistivity
zThe voltage required to cause one amp to
pass through a cube having a face area of
one square meter
zUnits are ohm-m2/m; usually ohm-m (Ω.m)
1
Resistivit y =
Conductivi ty
Resistivity Measurement
z Resistivity
V 2
(ohms) A(m )
R(ohm − meters) = I
L ( m)
Resistivity of Earth Materials
1
Resistivity =
Conductivity
(1) Rock
Conductivity
Increasing
(2) Gas
Increasing
Resistivity
(3) Oil
(4) Fresh Water
(5) Salt Water
Factors Affecting Resistivity
zResistivity of water
zPorosity of the formation,
zPore geometry - tortuosity
zLithology of the formation
zDegree of cementation, and
zType and amount of clay in the rock
z Water resistivity
controlled by:
Ion concentrations.
Type of ions.
Temperature.
z Chart GEN-4 to
convert to NaCl
equivalent.
z Chart GEN-5 for
temperature/resist
for NaCl.
From Schlumberger
Resistivity
of NaCl
Solutions
____
Chart
GEN-5H
or
GEN-9S
From Schlumberger
Chart GEN-8
0.81
0.45
Ca = 460 ppm
S04 = 1,400
Na + Cl = 19,000
TDS = 20,860
T = 75 deg. F
From Schlumberger
75 deg. F
Chart
GEN-9
From Schlumberger
Arp's Formula
z For constant solution
– R1(T1 + 7) = R2(T2 + 7) (T in deg F)
– R1(T1 + 21.5) = R2(T2 + 21.5) (T in deg C)
z Example
– Rm = 0.32 ohm-m @ surface (25 deg C/77 deg F)
– What is Rm at 145 deg C (293 deg F)?
– R2 = R1(T1 + 21.5)/(T2 + 21.5)
– R2 = 0.32(25+21.5)/(145+21.5) = 0.089 ohm-m
– Check this on the chart!
Archie's First Equation (for Porosity)
z Relates rock resistivity to Rw
Ro = F R w
Ro = Resistivity of a rock that is 100%
saturated with formation water, Ω-m
Rw = Resistivity of formation water, Ω-m
F = Formation factor
z As the salt water content increases, the formation
resistivity will decrease.
z A rock containing oil or gas will have a higher
resistivity than the same rock completely satu-
rated with salt water.
z As the shale content increases, the rock matrix
will become more conductive.
Rock containing pores saturated
with water and hydrocarbons
Rt
Cube of water
φ= 20%
Sw = 20%
having resistivity, Rw
SHC =80%
Ro
φ= 20%
Sw = 100%
R es
istiv Rw
ity
φ= 100%
Sw = 100%
(1) Rock
Conductivity
Increasing
Resistivity
Increasing
(2) Gas
(3) Oil
a
(4) Fresh Water
F = Ro =
(5) Salt Water Rw φm
Formation Factor
z Common values
– F = 0.8/φ2 (Tixier) or 0.62/φ2.15 (Humble) for sandstones.
– F = 0.8/φ2 for carbonates.
Archie Relation for Formation Factor
Formation Factor
Ideal Considerations
Formation Factor
Experiments with Unconsolidated
and Artificially Consolidated Materials
Formation Factor
Generalized Correlation (Schlumberger)
Formation Factor
Type Curve Solution (Blasingame/Unpublished)
Formation Factor
Effect of Clay/Shale
z The formation factor (F) is constant for a clean
sand; F decreases for shaly sand as value of Rw
increases.
How Archie's Formation Factor Equation Works
100
FR
10 Rock type 2
1
.01 .1 1.0
When water saturation is 100 percent φ From NExT, 1999
Saturation
φ (1-Sw)
φ Hydrocarbon
φ Sw Water
1−φ Matrix
Archie's Second Equation (For Saturation)
z Relates Sw to Rt .
z If Rt = Ro, then the formation is 100 percent
saturated with formation water. However, if Rt >
Ro, then the formation contains oil or gas.
z General formula:
n Ro Rw a Rw
Sw = =F =
Rt Rt φ m Rt
z For clean sands, n = 2 is common.
z Like a and m, n is measured in the lab.
Archie Relation for Sw
Visualization of Rt/Ro versus Sw
Hydrocarbon Resistivity Index (I=Rt/Ro)
Effects of Clay and Pyrite
Hydrocarbon Resistivity Index (I=Rt/Ro)
Effects of Wettability
Hydrocarbon Resistivity Index (I=Rt/Ro)
Type Curve Solution - No Shale Case (Blasingame/Unpublished)
Hydrocarbon Resistivity Index (I=Rt/Ro)
Type Curve Solution - Shale, n=1.2 (Blasingame/Unpublished)
Hydrocarbon Resistivity Index (I=Rt/Ro)
Type Curve Solution - Shale, n=2.0 (Blasingame/Unpublished)
Drilling Disturbs Formation
zDrilling and rock crushing
Damage Zone
zMud systems and invasion
Oil-based Mud
Mudcake
— Small conductivity mud Damaged zone
— Shallow invasion
— Thin cake
Water-based Mud
— Moderate to very
Invading filtrate
conductive mud
— Shallow to deep invasion
— Thin to thick cake
Effects of Drilling Mud and
Mud Filtrate Invasion
Mud Filtrate Invasion
Uninvaded
Zone
(Rt)
Invaded
Zone (Rxo)
Wellbore
Mud
(Rm)
it i on
Uninvaded ran
s Mud Cake
Zone T
o ne (Rmc)
Z
(Rt)
Sxo
Rs
di
dj
Adjacent bed
(Invasion diameters)
∆rj
dh
Hole
diameter
From NExT, 1999, after Schlumberger
Common Terminology
Borehole
Rm: Borehole mud resistivity
Rmc: Mud cake resistivity
Invaded zone
Rmf: Mud filtrate resistivity
Rxo: Invaded zone resistivity
Sxo: Invaded zone water saturation
Uninvaded zone
Rw: Interstitial water resistivity
Rt: Uninvaded zone resistivity
Sw: Uninvaded zone water saturation
Summary — Resistivity
Module for:
Resistivity Theory
(adapted/modified from lectures in PETE 321 (Jensen/Ayers))
End of Presentation
J. L. Jensen
W.B. Ayers
T.A. Blasingame
Department of Petroleum Engineering
Texas A&M University
College Station, TX 77843-3116