.

.
(heat exchangers).

,
, , ,
.
.

.
,
, , (fins)
(baffles).
,
. ,
, , , ,
. .
.2

.
(plate & frame), - (shell & tube)
(crossflow). -
-1 .

-1.

, ,
(parallel-flow).
(counter-flow).
-2 ,
, , .
,
-3.
, (mixing) .

 .
, ,
-3. -3
, y,
x . -3
.

-2.
(-)

-3. : () ,
()

.3

.
(overall heat-transfer coefficient) U,
, q,
q = UAT

(.1)

 T :
.
.3.1

U
.
, (.2)
(.3) (.4),
U=

1
1 / ho + L / k + 1 / hi

(.2)

U0 =

1
ro / ri hi + [ro ln(ro / ri )] / k + 1 / ho

(.3)

Ui =

1
1 / hi + [ri ln(ro / ri )] / k + ri / ro ho

(.4)

r, L, k h: , ,
() . i o
.

,
, .. q = U o Ao T = U i Ai T .


. -1 U .
(
, h),
( , k) .

, ,

.

. ,

, .
.
.3.2

T
(.1). ,
-4. :
1. U .
2. .
(
).