Bond Properties

Casino Royale

Diamonds Are Forever

Bond Order
Number of bonding electron pairs shared by two atoms in a molecule
1 = only a sigma bond between the 2 bonded atoms 2 = 2 shared pairs between two atoms; one sigma and one pi 3 = 3 shared pairs between two atoms; one sigma and two pi Fractional = resonance structures
ozone 3/2; carbonate 2/3 N2 and CO CO2 and C2H4 a.k.a. ethylene H2, NH3, CH4

Bond order = number of shared pairs linking X and Y number of XY links in the molecule or ion

Bond Length
Distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms Related to sizes of atoms CN < CC < CP The effect of bond order is evident when you compare bonds between the same two atoms Bond CO C=O CO Bond order 1 2 3 Bond length (pm) 143 122 113 The bond length is reduced by adding multiple bonds since it increases the electron density between the two nuclei.

Bond Energy
The greater the number of electron pairs between a pair of atoms, the shorter the bond. This implies that atoms are held together more tightly when there are multiple bonds, so there is a relation between bond order and the energy required to separate them. Bond dissociation energy (D) is the enthalpy change for breaking a bond in a molecule with the reactants and products in the gas phase; its the energy supplied to break a chemical bond (remember this as bonding energy?) D represents energy transferred to the molecule from its surroundings, therefore, D is always positive Breaking bonds is endothermic Forming bonds is exothermic Horeaction = D(bonds broken) D(bonds formed) USE TABLE 9.10 ON PAGE 422 TO GET AVERAGE BOND ENERGIES!