TUBERCULOSIS RISK FACTORS/PREDISPOSING FACTORS/CAUSES >Age >Immunosupression >Diabetes Mellitus >Occupation >Contact with infected >reccurence of infection PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

Exposure or inhalation of infected droplets >Malnutrition >Chemotherapy > End stage renal disease

Invasion if tubercle bacilli in the apices of the lungs or near the pleurae of the lower lobes

Bronchopneumonia develops in the lung tissue (acute inflammation of the bronchial walls) Phagocytosed tubercle bacilli are ingested by macrophages Arrest of phagosome resulting in bacilli replication Necrotic degeneration occurs (production of cavities with cheese-like mass of tubercle Bacilli, dead WBCs and necrotic lung tissue)
DIAGNOSTIC TESTS: >Blood Tests to confirm latent or active TB >Chest X-ray reveals changes in lungs >Sputum Tests -

Drainage of necrotic materials into the Tracheobronchial tree resulting in Coughing and formation of lesions Primary Infection Lesions calcify (Ghons complex) and forms scars which may heal over a period of time After 2-6 weeks of infection, tubercle bacilli immunity develops further growth of bacilli and development of active infection SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: >Crackles upon auscultation >Fatigue >Weight loss >Sweating at night

TREATMENT: >Isoniazid >Pyrazinamide >Ethambutol >Rifampicin

>Dyspnea >Cough >Blood tinged sputum >Chest pain

Nursing Diagnosis: >Ineffective breathing pattern >Ineffective airway clearance

>Fevers