Beggs Deformeter

A WATER
RESOURCES TECHNICAL
PUBLICATION
ENGINEERING MONOGRAPH
No.1 4
Beggs Deformeter Stress Analysis of Single-Barrel Conduits

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
BUREAU OF RECLAMATION
Mission
of the Bureau
of Reclamation
of the Interior is of the Nations
The Bureau of Reclamation of the U.S. Department responsible for the development and conservation water resources in the Western United States.
The Bureaus original purpose *to provide for the reclamation of arid and semiarid lands in the West today covers a wide range of interrelated functions. These include providing municipaland industrial water supplies; hydroelectric power generation; irrigation water for agriculture; water quality improvement; flood control; river navigation; river regulation and control; fish and wildlife enhancement; outdoor recreation; and research on water-related design, construe tion, materials, atmospheric management, and wind and solar power. Bureau programs most frequently are the result of close cooperation with the U.S. Congress, other Federal agencies, States, local governmen ts, academic institutions, water-user organizations, and other concerned groups.
A WATER
RESOURCES
TECHNICAL
PUBLICATION
Engineering
Monograph
No.
14
Beaus Deformeter Stress Analvsis

vu I
of Single-Barrel Conduits
By H. B. Phillips and I. E. Allen
Experimental Design Analysis Section, Technical Engineering Analysis Branch, Office of Chief Engineer, Denver, Colorado
United
States
Department
OF the Interior
BUREAU OF RECLAMATION
As the Nations principal conservation agency, the Department of the Interior has responsibility for most of our nationally owned public lands and natural resources. This includes fostering the wisest use of our land and water resources, protecting our fish and wildlife, preserving the environmental and cultural values of our national parks and historical places, and providing for the enjoyment of life through outdoor recreation. The Department assesses our energy and mineral resources and works to assure that their development is in the best interests of all our people. The Department also has a major responsibility for American Indian reservation communities and for people who live in Island Territories under U.S. Administration.
ENGINEERING MONOGRAPHS are prepared and used by the technical staff of the Bureau of Reclamation. In the interest of dissemination of research experience and knowledge, they a,re made available to other interested technical circles in Government and private agencies and to the general public by sale through the Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
First Printing: 1952 First Revised Edition: 1965 Second Revised Edition: 1968 Reprinted: 1986
U.S. GOVERNMENT WASHINGTON
PRINTING : 1968
OFFICE
For saleby the Superintendentof Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402, or the Bureauof Reclamation,Attention 822A, DenverFederalCenter, Denver, Colorado 80225.
CONTENTS
PW
INTRODUCTION.
.............................................
1 3
APPLICATION................................................ DETERMINATION APPENDIX: OF NORMAL STRESS DISTRIBUTION. ..
5 57
THE BEGGS DEFORMETER
.. ..................
FIGURES
No.
1. Dimensions of conduits and location of points studied. Shapes A,
2. 3.
4.
5.
6.
7. 8. 9.
10. 11.
12.
13.
14. 15. 16.
B,andC............................................,... Dimensions of conduits and location of points studied. Shapes D, E,andF............................................... Dimensions of conduits and location of points studied. Shapes circular, square, and G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for uniform vertical load and uniform foundation reaction. Shapes A, B, and C . . . . . . . . Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for uniform vertical load and triangular foundation reaction. Shapes A, B, and C . . . . . . Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for concentrated vertical load and uniform foundation reaction. Shapes A, B, and C. . . . Coefficiepts for moment, thrust, and shear for concentrated vertical load and triangular foundation reaction. Shapes A, B, and C . . Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for triangular vertical load and uniform foundation reaction. Shapes A, B, and C. . . . Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for triangular vertical load and triangular foundation reaction. Shapes A, B, and C . . Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for vertical arch load and uniform foundation reaction. Shapes A, B, and C . . . . . . . . . . . Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for VerticaLarch load and triangular foundation reaction. Shapes A, B, and C . ; . . . . . . . . Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for dead weight of conduit.ShapesA,B, andC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for uniform horizontal load on bothsides. ShapesA, B, and C.. .*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coafticients for moment, thrust, and shear for triangular horizontal loadonbothsides.ShapesA,B,andC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . CJoefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for uniform internal radialload.ShapesA,B, andC.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for triangular internal radial load and uniform foundation reaction. Shapes A, B, and c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . * . . * . ., . . . .
7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
22
... ill
NO.
17. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for triangular internal radial load and triangular foundation reaction. Shapes A, B, andc~............................,..................... 18. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for triangular external hydrostatic load including dead load. Shapes A, B, and C. . . . . 19. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for uniform vertical load and uniform foundation reaction. Shapes D, E, and F. . , . . . . . 20. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for uniform vertical load and triangular foundation reaction. Shapes D, E, and F. . . . . . 21. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for concentrated vertical load and uniform foundation reaction. Shapes D, E, and F. . . . . . 22. Coefhcients for moment, thrust, and shear for concentrated vertical load and triangular foundation reaction. Shapes D, E, and F. . . . 23. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for triangular vertical load and uniform foundation reaction. Shapes D, E, and F. . . . . . . . . . 24. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for triangular vertical load and triangular foundation reaction. Shapes D, E, and F . . . . 25. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for vertical arch load and uniform foundation reaction. Shapes D, E, and F. . . . . . . . 26. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for vertical arch load and triangular foundation reaction. Shapes D, E, and F. . . . . . 27. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for dead weight of conduit. Shapes D, E, and F. . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for uniform horizontal load on both sides. Shapes D, E, and F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for triangular horixontal loadonbothsides.ShapesD,E,andF.. . . .................. 30. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for uniform internal radial load, Shapes D, E, and F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for triangular internal radial load and uniform foundation reaction. Shapes D, E, and F...................................................... 32. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for triangular internal radial load and triangular foundation reaction. Shapes D, E, and F....,................................................. 33. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for triangular external hydrostatic load including dead load. Shapes D, E, and F . . . . . . . 34. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for uniform vertical load and uniform foundation reaction. Shapes circular, square, andG.................................................. 35. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for uniform vertical load and triangular foundation reaction. Shapes circular, square, andG.................................................. 36. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for concentrated vertical load and uniform foundation reaction. Shapes circular, square, and G.................................................. 37. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for concentrated vertical load and triangular foundation reaction. Shapes circular, square, andG.................................................. iv
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
37
38 39
40
41
42
43
NO.
38. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for triangular vertical load and uniform foundation reaction. Shapes circular, square, andG.................................................. 39. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for triangular vertical load and triangular foundation reaction. Shapes circular, square, and G...................................................... 40. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for vertical arch load and uniform foundation reaction. Shapes circular, square, and G . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for vertical arch load and triangular foundation reaction. Shapes circular, square, andG.................................................. 42. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for dead weight of conduit. Shapes circular, square, and G.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for uniform horizontal load on both sides. Shapes circular, square, and G. . . . . . . . . . . . . 44. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for triangular horizontal load on both sides. Shapes circular, square, and G. . . . . . . . . . . . . 45. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for uniform internal radial load. Shapes circular, square, and G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for triangular internal radial load and uniform foundation reaction. Shapes circular, squ~e,andG............................................ 47. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for triangular internal radial load and triangular foundation reaction. Shapes circular, square, and G.......................................... 48. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for triangular external hydrostatic load including dead load. Shapes circular, square, andG.................................................. 49. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for triangular external hydrostatic load including dead load with conduits assumed to float.AUshapes......................................... 50. Coefficients for moment, thrust, and shear for horizontal passive pressure. Circular shape. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51. Beggs Deformeter apparatus and shape B conduit model. . . . . . . . .
44
45
46
47 48 49 50 51
52
53
54
55 56 58
TABLE
NO.
1. Correction factors for difTerent radii of curvature.
. .......... .....
INTRODUCTION
This monograph presents the results of the stress analysis, by means of the Beggs Deformeter apparatus, of nine shapes of single-barrel conduits. A partial analytical check was made using the least work method to determine the redundant reactions for all shapes due to a uniform vertical load and a uniform horizontal load. All personnel of the Experimental Design Analysis Section, including several rotation engineers who had training assignments in the section, assisted in the experimental work and computations. In particular, the assistance of W. T. Moody in computing the analytical solutions, and the work of H. E. Willmann, who prepared the drawings and also assisted in the experimental work and computations, is gratefully acknowledged. The nine shapes of conduits studied are those most widely used in Bureau of Reclamation structures. All except shape D and the square shape have semicircular top portions of uniform thickness. They can be further described as follows : 1. Shape A: horseshoe-shaped interior with a horizontal exterior base. 2. Shape B: circular-shaped interior with a horizontal exterior base. 3. Shape C: circular-shaped interior with a curved exterior base. 4. Shape D: circular-shaped interior with a square-shaped exterior. 5. Shape E: uniform thickness with a horizontal base. 6. Shape F: uniform thickness of horseshoe shape. 7. Shape G: transition between shape B and shape E with fillets of W r radius in lower interior corners. 8. Circular shape of uniform thickness. 9. Square shape of uniform thickness. Reaction coefficients for bending moment, thrust, and shear at selected locations along the centroidal axis of the conduits have been determined for 15 different loading conditions.
1 See Appendix for description of this instrument.
The 15 loading follows : 1. &I33
conditions
considered
are as
top with
f3YJ3 foundation. foundation. foundation. foundation. foundation. foundation. foundation. foundation. foundation. both sides.
2. I1113 top with m
3. 4.
1 I
top with top with top with top with top with top with
tflf3 P-U Efm P-U Efa3 P-U PXI
5. hEr. 6. Q 7. P-Y 8. 1/
9. Dead load with 10. Uniform 11. B
horizontal
horizontal internal
both sides. radial. t3333 foundation. YV foundation. dead
12. Uniform
13. b 14. b 15. R load.
internal radial with internal external radial with hydrostatic
including
Figures 1, 2, and 3 show cross sections of each shape, giving the dimensions and the location of points at which the reaction coefficients have been determined. Each shape was analyzed for three values of crown thickness, t, expressed in terms of the internal crown radius, r. These three values were t==rJ2, t=r/3, and t=r/6. A conduit of unit length was considered in the analysis. Bending moment, thrust, and shear coefficients were determined at the various locations shown, and are expressed in terms of unit intensity of loading and unit internal crown radius. Multiplying the reaction coefficient by the proper load factor gives the total bending moment, thrust, or shear at the centroid of the section under consideration.
APPLICATION
The reaction coefficients determined in the study are tabulated in figures 4 through 50 for the various shapes and loading conditions. The reaction coefficients are given for points on the right side of the conduits only, since the conduits and loadings are symmetrical about the vertical centerline. The shear reactions on the left side of the vertical centerline will have an opposite sign from those given for the points on the right side. Consistent units should be employed when using these data. Thus, if loads are expressed in pounds per square inch, all dimensions of the conduit must be expressed in inches. The bending moment will then be in inch-pounds per inch of conduit length and the thrust and shear in pounds per inch of conduit length. If the load is expressed in terms of pounds per square foot, the dimensions of the conduit must be expressed in feet, and the bending moment will be in foot-pounds per foot of conduit length and the thrust and shear in pounds per foot of conduit length. It will be noted that the bending moment in inch-pounds per inch is numerically equal to the bending moment in foot-pounds per foot. One should bear in mind that this analysis assumes no restraint to the deformation of the conduit. In some cases this restraint, or passive pressure, may be important. Some work on passive pressures on tunnel linings through rock has been done by R. S. Sandhu.2 By using his method for determining the intensity of the passive pressure, and using the moment, thrust, and shear coefficients
2 Sandhu, R. S., Design of Concrete Linings for Large Underground Conduits, Journal of the American Concrete Institute, December 1961, pp. 737-750.
for a circular conduit given by figure 50, the effect of restraint may be approximated. The foundation load distribution due to a vertical load on the conduit must be assumed, and is influenced by the modulus of elasticity of the foundation material. As the foundation modulus increases, the foundation load distribution approaches a concentration at the outside corners of the conduit, and as it decreases the load approaches a uniform distribution. For all vertical loading conditions except three, two distributions were assumed, viz., uniform, and triangular with zero at the center and maximum at the outside corners. For the dead load the assumed foundation reaction is minimum at the center varying linearly to a maximum at the outside corners, with the intensity at the center equal to the intensity of the weight of the conduit at the center of the base. For the triangular internal radial load the assumed foundation reactions were uniform, and triangular with zero at the outsides and maximum at the center. For the triangular external hydrostatic load; including dead load, the unit weight of the conduit material and the unit weight of water were assumed to be 150 and 62.4 pounds per cubic foot, respectively. With these assumptions the weight of the conduit for the t=r/6 case, except shape D, is less than the uplift, causing the conduit to float. The reaction is assumed to be uniformly distributed across the top. The coefficients for this assumption (conduit floating) are given in figure 49. In the other figures of this loading condition, tension is assumed to develop uniformly along the foundation.
DETERMINATION OF NORMAL STRESS DISTRIBUTION
In a curved beam the neutral axis will not be coincident with the centroidal axis, and the normal stress distribution on radial lines, due to moment, will not be linear. However, the radius to the neutral axis and the normal stress distribution may be determined by the following equations, derived from the Winkler-Bach theory for curved beams: 3
T y,, e
is the thrust at the centroidal axis is the distance from the neutral axis to the point of interest (positive outward) is the distance from the centroidal axis to the neutral axis.
As t decreases e approaches zero, and the ug distribution approaches linearity. a#, as computed by equation (2), is only for a constant thickness section. Where the section thickness is not constant, the distribution of stresses must be determined by some other method, such as photoelasticity. The extreme fiber stress in a constant thickness curved beam due to bending moment may be determined by the equation: Mt CT)=Krr where (Tb is M is t is I is K is (3)
t rn=Gqqq
where is T is r, is t is In is
r,
(1)
the the the the the
radius to the neutral axis internal radius external radius wall thickness (rO-r> log to the base e, T ue=-+ t MY, (r,+y& (2)
the extreme fiber Stress the bending moment at the section the width of the section the moment of inertia of the section the factor by which the extreme fiber stress, assuming linear distribution, is modified to correct for curvature. The following equation for K was obtained by equating equations (2) and (3) : (4) The values of K and e for the t/r ratios used in this study are tabulated below:
TABLE l.-Correction factors for different radii of curvature
where
a0
K is the normal stress in the tangential direction is the bending moment at the centroidal axis
Glenn, Advanced Mechanics Book Co., Inc., New York, of Materials, 1946, pp. 217-
t Inside fiber 42 r/3 r/6 1.153 1.105 1. 054 o;EP 0.880 0.912 0.951
e . 0. 0168r 0.008Or 0. 0021r 6
3 Murphy, McGraw-Hill 219.
3 ONW 8
S3dVHS
03lOlllS
SlNlOd
JO
NOllWOl
ONV
SllfMN03
A0
SNOISN3WlCl
SISAlVNV SS3US U313WYOd30 llnQN03 13clWle 319NIS

66Of JlLZf JbSOZO 3Nl-l JOLL612 'I 0 LZLS'Z JSS6bO JZbLf 90 JfbZSf.2 0 HION JCZCOSI ILIZb Jf6990 JblbSO iad OIJV
SO038
OfbE. I
1 OOEOE
1 OLILb
I 1
(zJ)oW
01 6 II IlNlOd Z 0
I
3NI-l
10
HI
3dWS
3dVHS
+nOqO
(O~!J(blUUI~S
Symmetrical about vertical centerline-m
I+----..._
Svmmctrical
about
L,_
A ---------SHAPE D
D --_--_-_ Lea
SHAPE
+j+AJ+&
E
Centraidal
oxis
LA-+SHAPE F
I
A D Area(#) For length of lines for Points 6 thru ond 9 thru 14, se6 Shapc 8. 7
It=flt=5lt=fl
0.33333r I. 50000r 4.4635 0.33333~ I.33333r 2.7773 0.33333 r I. l6667r I. Z895
SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT BEGGS DEFORMETER STRESS ANALYSIS

DIMENSIONS OF CONDUITS AND LOCATION F OF POINTS STUDIED
SHAPES
0, E, AND
Symmetrical obout vertical centerline--za
A+-----
-%.
CIRCULAR
SQUARE
SHAPE
t=+
Arto(r*)
t-i
2.4433
t=+
1.1345 Arco(r*)
t-f 5.0000
t=f 3.llII
t=f 1.4444
3.9t70
BEGGS
DIMENSIONS OF
SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT DEFORMETER STRESS ANALYSIS

CONDUITS AND LOCATION
SOUARE, CIRCULAR,
SHAPES
OF AN!
POINTS
G
STUDIED
FIGURE

COEFFICIENTS
+ Sign convantion
FOR MOMENT,
LOADSHAPES UNIFORM A, 8,
THRUST,
AND C
AND
SHEAR
REACTION
UNIFORM
VERTICAL.
FOUNDATION
X- PEL-372
FlGUPE
a L 9 m

COEFFICIENTS
UNIFORM VERTICAL
FOR MOMENT,
LOAD-TRIANGULAR SHAPES A, B,
THRUST,
AND
SHEAR
REACTION
FOUNDATION AND C
X-PEL-373
FIGURE

COEFFICIENTS
CONCENTRATE6i&CAL
FOR MOMENT,
LOAD SHAPES A, -UNIFORM 6,
THRUST,
AND
SHEAR
REACTION
FOUNDATION AND C
X-PEL-374
~~~,
to.536 to.716 t1.361 to.444 -to.632 tl.21 I

COEFFICIENTS
CONCENTRATED
FOR MOMENT,
SHAPES A, 6,
THRUST,
AND C
AND
SHEAR
REACTION
VERTICAL
LOAD -TRIANOVLAR
FOUNDATION
5EP
8.lDlO
X-PEL
- 375
BEGGS
TRIANGULAR

FOR MOMENT,
LOAD A, -
COEFFICIENTS
THRUST,
AN0
SHEAR
REACTION
VERTICAL SHAPES
UNIFORM 8, AND
FOUNDATION C
X-PEL-
1034
14

COEFFICIENTS
TRIANSULAR
FOR MOMENT,
SHAPES A, 8,
THRUST,
AND C
AND
SHEAR
REACTION
VERTICAL
LOAD - TRIANGULAR
FOUNDATION
SEP.
20,
Is*4
X-PEL-IO35
15
NOTEg represents the vea*ht per unit

volume of soil cover the conduit sect,on with those of the on the arch of I un,+s consistent rod,us r
: 03
U-F

COEFFICIENTS
VERTICAL ARCH
FOR MOMENT,
LOAD SHAPES UNIFORM A, B,
THRUST,
FOUNDATION AND C
AND
SHEAR
REACTION
SEP.
28.
1964
X-PEL-1036
16
FIQURE
I I
t.-a(r+t) ..i ! 10 Ia
NOTE: g represents the weight per unit volume of soil cover on the arch of the conduit sectton in units consjstent with those of the radius r

COEFFICIENTS
VERTICAL ARCH
FOR MOMENT,
LOAD-TRIANGULAR SHAPES A, 0,
THRUST,
FOUNDATION AND C
AND
SHEAR
REACTION
NOTES c represents the weight per unit volume concrete or other motertal m units consistent wth Ihose of the radius r. See Figure I for net area of shapes
of
BEGGS

FOR MOMENT,
DEAD SHAPES
COEFFICIENTS
+ Sign convmtion
THRUST,
AND
SHEAR
WEIGNT OF CONDUIT A, B, AND C
X-PEL-1037
18
FIGURE
13
SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT BEGGS OEFORMETER STRESS ANALYSIS

COEFFICIENTS
UNIFORM
FOR MOMENT,
HORIZONTAL SHAPES A, 8,
THRUST,
BOTH C AND
AND
SIDES
SHEAR
LOAD
t - r6

COEFFICIENTS
TRIANGULAR
FOR MOMENT,
HORIZONTAL SHAPES A,
THRUST,
LOAD C BOTH
AND
SIDES
SHEAR
E,
AND
X-PEL-379

COEFFICIENTS FOR MOMENT,
INTERNAL A, 8, SHAPES
THRUST,
RADIAL AN0 C
AND
SHEAR
UNIFORM
LOAD
21
Wessun vertical
ditiribution along C of conduit -:
Wessure vertical
dlstnbution along e ot conduit. --,
NOTE: w represents the wright par unit volume of woier in units consistent with those of the radius P.
SINGLE BARREL CbNDUlT BWGS DEFORMETER STRESS ANALYSIS

+ Sign convention
COEFFICIENTS
TRIANGULAR INTERNAL
FOR MOMENT,
RADIAL SHAPES LOAD
THRUST,
- UNIFORM
AND
SHEAR
REACTION
FOUNDATION
A, 8, AND C
POINT
T 7
s F
Pressure vwticol
distribution obrq C of conduit-..
NOTE : I represents the weight par volume of water In units consiat*nt with those of the radius r.
unit

COEFFICIENTS
+ Sqn convention
FOR MOMENT,
RADIAL LOAD SHAPES A, 0,
THRUST,
AND C
AND
SHEAR
REACTION
TRIANGULAR
INTERNAL
- TRIANGULAR
FOUNDATION
23
Deod one-half
weight of of conduit
Dead 0
WeiQht
of
NOTES: Y rWWS~tr the WlQht per I+ volume of water in units consistent with those of the radws r The assumed WeiQht per unit volume of the conduit I?) IsOw/62.4.
Tenston is assumption
assumed that
to develop the conduits
at
the foundotion. For the float see Figure 49.

COEFFICIENTS FOR MOMENT, THRUST, AND
LOAD
SHEAR
TRIANGULAR EXTERNAL HYDROSTATIC INCLUDINQ DEAD LOAD SHAPES A, 0, AND C
x-
PEL-
1039 -.I
24
FISURE
19
ftttttfftttftttt?f?ful--I
.-1
BEGGS
UNIFORM

FOR MOMENT,
LOAD SHAPES D, UNIFORM E, AND
COEFFICIENTS
VERTICAL
THRUST,
F
AND
SHEAR
REACTION
FOUNDATION
SEP
ea.
1964
x-
PEL-
1040
25
BEGGS
UNIFORM

FOR MOMENT,
LOAD SHAPES D, E,
COEFFICIENTS
VERTICAL
THRUST,
AND F
AND
SHEAR
REACTION
TRIANGULAR
FOUNDATION
x- PEL-
104 I
26
FIGURE
el

COEFFICIENTS
CONCENTRATED
+ Sign convention
FOR MOMENT,
LOAD D, SHAPES
E,
THRUST,
AND F
AND
SHEAR
REACTION
VERTICAL
UNIFORM
FOUNDATION
X-PEL-1042
27
FIQURE
22
t) I +
2vcr
t=j
t = 5
BEGGS
CONCENTRATED + Sign conventlo

FOR MOMENT,
LOAD SHAPES D, E,
COEFFICIENTS
VERTICAL
THRUST,
AND F
AND
SHEAR
REACTION
TRIANGULAR
FOUNDATION
X-PEL-
1043
FIGURE
23
BEGGS
TRIANGULAR + Sign convention

FOR MOMENT,
LOAD SHAPES D, E,
COEFFICIENTS
THRUST,
AND F
AND
SHEAR
REACTION
VERTICAL
UNIFORM
FOUNDATION
X-PEL-1044
29

COEFFICIENTS
TRIANGULAR
FOR MOMENT,
SHAPES D. E,
THRUST,
AND F
AN0
SHEAR
REACTION
VERTICAL
LOAD - TRIANGULAR
FOUNDATION
X-PEL-1045
30
Note:
No
vertical
arch
lood
on
Shape
D.
POINT
T
-a
S nrl
1101E: g rmprwentr the weight per unit VO~U~C of soil cover on the arch of the conduit section in units consister with those of the radius r.
11 SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT BEGGS DEFORMETER STRESS ANALYSIS COEFFICIENTS FOR MOMENT, THRUST, AND SHEAR
VERTICAL ARCH LOAD SHAPES - UNIFORM 0. E, FOUNDATION AN0 F REACTION
Sign
convention s
X-PEL-IO46
31
FIGURE
26
Note:
No
vertlcol
arch
load
on
Shape
0.
NOTE: g represents the weight per unit volume of soil cover on the arch of the conduit section I nits c:onsis+en, with +hose of the rod,* r
BEGGS iD
i
c I + Sign convention VERTICAL

FOR MOMENT,
LOAD-TRIANGULAR SHAPES D, E,
COEFFICIENTS
ARCII
THRUST,
FOUNDATION AND F
AND
SHEAR
REACTION
SEP. es. ,964
X-PEL-1047
32
NOTES c represents the ueiqht per unit volume concrete or other moterod in units consistent wth those of the radius r. See Figure 2 for net orea ot shows.
of
BEGGS

FOR MOMENT,
DEAD WEIGHT D, OF E, SHAPES
COEFFICIENTS
+ Slqn convantion
THRUST,
CONDUIT AND F
AND
SHEAR
SEP.
2%
1964
X -PEL-1048
33
-y
h -
BEGGS

FOR MOMENT,
HORIZONTAL SHAPES D, LOAD E, AND
COEFFICIENTS
UNIFORM
THRUST,
BOTH F
AND
SIDES
SHEAR
X-PEL-
1049
34

COEFFICIENTS
TRIANGULAR
FOR MOMENT,
IfORltONTAL SHAPES 0, E,
THRUST,
LOAD AND F BOTH
AND
SHEAR
SIOES
X-PEL-
1010
35
FIGURE
30
BEGGS

FOR MOMENT,
INTERNAL SHAPES D, E,
COEFFICIENTS
t Sign Convention
THRUST,
RADIAL AND F LOAD
AND
SHEAR
UNIFORM
X-PEL-
1051
36
FIGURE
31
Pressure vertical
distribution along k of conduit-.:
Pressure vertical
dirtributlon along C of conduit--%.
NOTE: u represents the weight par unit volumr of voter in units consistent with those of the radius r.
BEGGS
TRIANGULAR + Sign convention

FOR MOMENT,
RADIAL SHAPES LOAD D, E.
COEFFICIENTS
INTERNAL
THRUST,
UNIFORM AND F
AND
FOUNDATION
SHEAR
REACTION
X-PEL-IO52
37
FIGURE
39
t = i
Pressure vertical distribution olonp t of oonduit..
t = f
t=f
Pressure vertical
dishlbution olonp C of Conduit-.,
Pressure
VWtiCOI
distribution along C of conduit-.,
NOTE: Y represents the weight per unit wotunw of rater in units consistent with thow of the radius r.

COEFFICIENTS
TRIANOULAR INmNAL
R)R MOMENT,
RADIAL
THRUST,
AND
SHEAR
REACTION
LOAD - TRIANGULAR D, E, AND F
FOUNDATION
SHAPES
x-PEL-IO63
38
FIQIJRE
33
Dead on5-half t-f, t-i, t-i.
Y ei ht of o P conduit
D5ad one-halt t-:* .t -f* t = f.
wight af of mndult 5.SeIwr* 5.55. I.55OW wr
D5od one-hall
r5Wt of of conduit
w;155: w reprewnb the wlght p.r unit VOhmw of ratw In unite con5lrtent with tho55 of th. rodiu5 r. Th5 ouumod roight p51 unit voIum5 of t)u conduit I5 l5Ow/55.4.
Tension is assumed to olsumption that the
develop
conduits
at the foundation. For the float see Figure 49.
SINGLE ARREL CONDUIT BEGGS DEFORM1 TER STRESS ANALYSIS

COEFFICIENTS FOR MOMENT, THRUST, AND
LOAD
SHEAR
TRIANGULAR EXTERNAL HYDROSTATIC INCLUDINQ DEAD LOAD SHAPES D, E, AND F
39
utttttrtltrltttttttt11 L --f
CQEFFICIENTS
UNIFORM + Sign convention SHAPES CIRCULAR, SGUARE, AND G VERTICAL
FOR MOMENT,
LOAD UNIFORM
THRUST,
AND
SHEAR
REACTION
FOUNDATION
X-PEL-I055

COEFFICIENTS
UNIFORM VERTICAL SHAPES
FOR MOMENT,
LOAD TRIANGULAR CIRCULAR,
THRUST,
SQUARE,
AN0
AND G
SHEAR
REACTION
FOUNDATION
X-PEL-1056
41
FIGURE
36

COEFFICIENTS
CONCENTRATED SHAPES
FOR MOMENT,
LOAD CIRCULAR, -
THRUST,
SPUARE,
AND
AND 0
SHEAR
REACTION
VERTICAL
UNIFORM
FOUNDATION
X-PEL-
1057
42
: a 2
7 ___ f LlLzziJ I
--r----
, -i I:
(( _ ,
(I w a. a is

COEFFICIENTS
CONCENTRATED SHAPES
FOR MOMENT,
LOAD CIRCULAR,
THRUST,
SQUARE,
AND
AND 0
SHEAR
REACTION
VERTICAL
TRIANOULAR
FOUNDATION
X-PLL-
1058
43

COEFFICIENTS
TRIANGULAR + Sign convention SHAPES CIRCULAR, SQUARE, AND 0 VERTICAL
FOR MOMENT,
LOAD -
THRUST,
AND
SHEAR
REACTION
UNIFORM
FOUNDATION
SEP.
ee,
1964
X-PEL-IO59
FIGURE
39

COEFFICIENTS
TRIANGULAR VERTICAL SHAPES
FOR MOMENT,
LOAD CIRCULAR,
THRUST,
SQUARE,
AND
AND G
SHEAR
REACTION
TRIANGULAR
FOUNDATION
X-PEL-1060
45
FIQURE
40
t-f
I
t-L
t-S-
utttltffttflnmltms.:
o.*l446(r
l t1..-a
Note:
No
vertical
arch
1006
on
square
shopc.
NOTE: g represents ttm wight par unit volume of wil cover on the arch of the conduit section in units conrirteni with those of the rodiur r.

COEFFICIENTS
VERTICAL SHAPES
FOR MOMENT,
CIRCULAR,
THRUST,
FOUNDATION SQUARE.
AN0
AND 6
SHEAR
ARCH LOAQ - UNIFORM
REACTION
SEP.
Le.
1964
X-PEL-IO61
46
Note :
No
vertical
arch
load
on
square
shape.
-f 0 1(r+t)
nom:
g represents the n@ht PM unit volum. of ~11 COYW on the arch of +he conduit aaction in units consistent with those of the radius

COEFFICIENTS
VERTICAL ARCH SHAPES
FOR MOMENT,
LOAD - TRIANDULAR CIRCULAR,
THRUST,
SQUARE,
AND
AND B
SHEAR
REACTION
FOUNDATION
X-PEL-106R
47
FIQURE
42
NOTES: c represents VOlumC of concrete in units consirtant radius r. See FIgwe 3 for
the weight per unit or other motwial with those ot the net or.x of sh.,,xs.

COEFFICIENTS
+ Sign conwntion
FOR MOMENT,
DEAD WElSHf CIRCULAR,
THRUST,
SQUARE,
AND
AND 0
SHEAR
OF CONDUIT
SHAPES
SEP. PI.
I,d.
X-PEL-1063
4-a
-1
h p-
-1
h p-
-04
h b-
-4
h )r-

COEFFICIENTS
UNIFORM SHAPES
FOR MOMENT,
HORIZONTAL CIRCULAR,
THRUST,
BOTH SQUARE,
AN0
SIDES 0 AND
SHEAR
LOAO
x-
PEL-
IO64
49
FIQURE
44

COEFFICIENTS
TRIANQULAR SHAPES
FOR MOMENT,
HORIZONTAL CIRCULAR,
THRUST,
LOAD BOTH SQUARE,
AND
AND 0
SHEAR
SIDES
50
FIQURL -- 45
I-t
I)
, 0
,..
I-I
D
+ Sign convention
SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT BEGGS DEFDRMETER STRESS ANALYSIS

COEFFICIENTS
SHAPES
FOR MOMENT,
INTERNAL CIRCULAR.
THRUST,
RADIAL SQUARE,
AND
AN0 Q
SHEAR
UNIFORM
LOAD
X-PLL-
1055
51
Prrrrum vertical
distribution along e of conduit-.,
Pressure vertical
distribution along E of conduit.,
NOTE w reweeentr the weight per unit volume of voter in units consistent wlh those of the radius r.
+ )I
I
mL q > r SEP. er, 1964 X-PEL-1067 + Sqn convention

COEFFlClENfS
TRIANGULAR INTERNAL SliAPES
FOR MOMENT,
RADIAL LOAD CIRCULAR,
THRUST,
UNIFORM SOUARE,
AND
FOUNDATION AND G
SHEAR
REACTION
52
FIQURE
47
Pressure
distribution
along
Pressure vertical
distribution along C of conduit-.,
Pressure vertlcol
distribution along c of conduit-..
NOTE:
w repmsante volume of rater with those of
the rodtur
the weight per unit in units conristrnt
r.

COEFFICIENTS
TRIANGULAR + Sinp convmtion INTERNAL SHAPES
FOR MOMENT,
RADIAL LOAD CIRCULAR,
THRUST,
SQUARE,
AND
G
SHEAR
REACTION
TRIANGULAR
FOUNDATION AND
SEP.
er,
1004
X - PEL-IO68
53
hod wai ht of one-holf f COIldUll
D*Od wqht of one-half of conduit 6.010 wr t-f, t - 5, 5.7.0 wr 1.75* wr t-f,
MOTES:w r5pr555nts the w5ipht p5r unit volum* of water In units conatmt with those of th5 rodlur r. Ths owumed weight p5r unit voIum5 of th5 conduit I5 150~/6~.4. ,+ D
Tension is assumed ta develop at the foundation. Far the assumption that the conduits float rep Figure 49.

COEFFICIENTS
TRIANWLAR
SHAPES
FOR MOMENT,
THRUST,
AND
LOAD Q
SHEAR
EXTERNAL HYDROSTATIC INCLUDING DEAD LOAD CIRCULAR, SOUARE, AND
X-PEL-1069
54
SHAPE
POINT 7 M T wr
A
S
SHAPE
0 -1
SHAPE
SHAPE
SUAPE
SHAPE
CIRCULAR
SOUARE
Top rtoction of uniform
is ossumed to be intensity, v.
For loading diagram, t sign convention, ond the assumption that the conduits do not floot see Figures 16, 33, ond 48. Note: Shape D does not floot

COEFFICIENTS FOR MOMENT, THRUST, AN0
LOAD
SHEAR
TAIANQULAR EXTERNAL HYDAOSTAtlO INCLUDINS DEAD LOAD CONDUITS ASSUMED ALL t,EP. em, 1944
TO FLOAT
SHAPES i x- PEL1070
1-1
2
r -0.218 ~~
L
I +0.5301 I
to.512
0 -0.137 -0.265
II
II
-0.
IB3
I to.471
I
II
6 -0.236
~l--o.t -I, -0.135
50 I z.412 --I -...-I I +0.39q
r- a
-
-0.196
1 -0.164
11 -0.109
1 to.455
1 to.4061
1 -0.122
-0.107
ll -0.090
-0.238
8
9 1 IO II I2 I3
1+0.2l
to.082
to.306
t 0. I79
to.073
to.272
to.149 II- +0.069
~t0.103~t0.242~t0.420~i+0.065~t0.215~+0.373
I-0.024itO.3751 I-0.130 -0.196 I-O.218 l+o.459 to.512 I +0.530
H
+ 0.357 + 0.398 to.412
Sign
convention

COEFFICIENTS FOR MOMENT,
PASSIVE CIRCULAR
THRUST,
PRESSURE SHAPE
AN0
SHEAR
HORIZONTAL
56
APPENDIX: THE BEGGS DEFORMETER
This study has been made, using the Beggs Deformeter apparatus 4 6 e (figure 51). The basis of the method is a direct application of Maxwells Theorem of Reciprocal Deflections, which states that. for any two points on a structure, the ratio of the displacement at the fist point to the load causing it, applied at the second point, is equal to the ratio of the displacement at the second point to the load causing it, applied at the fist point. Displacements are measured in the load directions. In the general application of this method of stress analysis, an elastic scale model of the structure under consideration is deformed at a cut in the model by use of a special set of gage blocks and plugs. Three sets of plugs are used to apply a rotational, a normal, and a shearing displacement at the gage block. Microscopes equipped with filar eyepieces are used to measure the model deflections at points corresponding to the load points of the actual structure. Deflections are measured in the direction of the prototype loads. No loads are applied to the model. Deflections of the model are read at prototype load points for displacements applied at the gage block. The difference in microscope readings is a measure of the model deflection induced by the change at the gage block from the first position of the plugs to the second position of the plugs. From Maxwells Theorem the following equations may be written for the redundant reactions at the cut section: For a concentrated load For a distributed load
SFPF
S
Sl=$
pes dl dl
TI==PF
T
Tl= $spe,
T
where
d, is the angular rotation ds is dT is

eM is es is eT is I is
MI is
n
P
p $
is is is is
T1 is
The
applied at the cut by the moment plugs the displacement applied at the cut by the shear plugs the displacement applied at the cut by the thrust plugs the measured deflection at a load point, in the direction of the load, due to d, the measured deflection at a load point, in the direction of the load, due to ds the measured deflection at a load point, in the direction of the load, due to dT the load length the redundant moment reaction at the cut the scale factor (prototype to model) a load acting at a point on the prototype the load intensity on the prototype at the deflection point the redundant shear reaction at the cut the redundant thrust reaction at the cut. unknowns in these equations are
only
MI, T,, and S,.

In the actual operation of the Beggs Deformeter the arithmetic is simplified by the use of calibration factors based on the plug dimensions and the eyepiece scales. An influence line through points obtained by multiplying the deflection ordinates by the proper calibration factor gives directly the magnitude of the moment, thrust, or shear at the gage block position for a unit traveling load. It should be pointed out that the Beggs Deformeter method automatically takes into account the strain energy in a structure due to moment, thrust, and shear as well as haunch effects and other shape changes.
-.
M,=PFn
.
MI=:
M s
pe,dl
4 Beggs, G. E., An Accurate Solution of Statically Indeterminate Structures by Paper Models and Special Gages, Proceedings ACI, vol. XVIII, 1922, pp. 58-78. 5 McCullough, C. B., and Thayer, E. S., Elastic Arch iii&es, John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1931, pp. 2826 Phillips, H. B., and Allen, formeter Theory and Technique, Denver, Colo., July 1965. I. E., The Beggs DeBureau of Reclamation,
57
FIGURE
51.
-Beggs
Deformeter
apparatus
and
shape
B conduit
model.
58
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A WATER

Beggs Deformeter Stress Analysis of Single-Barrel Conduits

Beaus Deformeter Stress Analvsis

U.S. GOVERNMENT WASHINGTON

APPLICATION................................................ DETERMINATION APPENDIX: OF NORMAL STRESS DISTRIBUTION. ..

THE BEGGS DEFORMETER

1. Dimensions of conduits and location of points studied. Shapes A,

14. 15. 16.

1. Correction factors for difTerent radii of curvature.

The 15 loading follows : 1. &I33

2. I1113 top with m

tflf3 P-U Efm P-U Efa3 P-U PXI

9. Dead load with 10. Uniform 11. B

both sides. radial. t3333 foundation. YV foundation. dead

internal radial with internal external radial with hydrostatic

DETERMINATION OF NORMAL STRESS DISTRIBUTION

the the the the the

e . 0. 0168r 0.008Or 0. 0021r 6

3 Murphy, McGraw-Hill 219.

SISAlVNV SS3US U313WYOd30 llnQN03 13clWle 319NIS

Symmetrical about vertical centerline-m

SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT BEGGS DEFORMETER STRESS ANALYSIS

Symmetrical obout vertical centerline--za

SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT DEFORMETER STRESS ANALYSIS

SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT BEGGS DEFORMETER STRESS ANALYSIS

SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT BEGGS DEFORMETER STRESS ANALYSIS

SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT BEGGS DEFORMETER STRESS ANALYSIS

SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT BEGGS DEFORMETER STRESS ANALYSIS

SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT DEFORMETER STRESS ANALYSIS

SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT BEGGS DEFORMETER STRESS ANALYSIS

NOTEg represents the vea*ht per unit

SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT BEGGS DEFORMETER STRESS ANALYSIS

SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT BEGGS DEFORMETER STRESS ANALYSIS

SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT DEFORMETER STRESS ANALYSIS

WEIGNT OF CONDUIT A, B, AND C

SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT BEGGS OEFORMETER STRESS ANALYSIS

SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT BEGGS DEFORMETER STRESS ANALYSIS

SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT BEGGS DEFORMETER STRESS ANALYSIS

ditiribution along C of conduit -:

dlstnbution along e ot conduit. --,

SINGLE BARREL CbNDUlT BWGS DEFORMETER STRESS ANALYSIS

distribution obrq C of conduit-..

SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT BEGGS DEFORMETER STRESS ANALYSIS

to develop the conduits

the foundotion. For the float see Figure 49.

SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT BEGGS DEFORMETER STRESS ANALYSIS

TRIANGULAR EXTERNAL HYDROSTATIC INCLUDINQ DEAD LOAD SHAPES A, 0, AND C

SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT DEFORMETER STRESS ANALYSIS

SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT DEFORMETER STRESS ANALYSIS

SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT BEGGS DEFORMETER STRESS ANALYSIS

SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT DEFORMETER STRESS ANALYSIS

SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT DEFORMETER STRESS ANALYSIS

SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT BEGGS DEFORMETER STRESS ANALYSIS

SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT DEFORMETER STRESS ANALYSIS

SEP. es. ,964

SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT DEFORMETER STRESS ANALYSIS

SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT DEFORMETER STRESS ANALYSIS

SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT BEGGS DEFORMETER STRESS ANALYSIS

SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT DEFORMETER STRESS ANALYSIS

distribution along k of conduit-.:

dirtributlon along C of conduit--%.

SINGLE BARREL CONDUIT DEFORMETER STRESS ANALYSIS

DOd wqht of one-half of conduit 6.010 wr t-f, t - 5, 5.7.0 wr 1.75 wr t-f,