Аппаратные интерфейсы ПК

-
--

2002
.
.
.
.
. , .
.
32.973.2-04420
681.327.8(03)
.
93 . . .: , 2002. 528 .: .
ISBN 5-94723-180-8
, . ,
, ,
, , , , , .
, , ,
, .
, ,
.
, 2002
.
.
, , , . ,
,
, .
ISBN 5-94723-180-8
. 196105, -, . , . 67.
05784 07.09.01. 005-93, 2; 953005 - .
05.07.02. 70x100/16. . . . 41,28. 5000 . 714.
. . .
, .
197110, -, ., 15.

.11
............................................................................................................................13
1. LPT-.............................................................17
2. -...................................................48
3. ................................................................................78
4. USB FireWire........................................................87
5. SCSI ...................................................................................................... 114
6. ............................................................................ 145
7. .................................................................. 235
8. .... 310
9. ................................................................... 352
10. ............................................................... 405
11. ....................... 420
12. IBM PC- .. 454
13. , .. 505
..................................................................................................................... 516
.................................................................................................. 517
11.1. LPT-
1.2.
1.3. IEEE 1284
1.3.1. 1.3.1. Nibble Mode
1.3.2. 1.3.2. Byte Mode
1.3.3. 1.3.3. EPP
1.3.4. 1.3.4.
1.3.5. 1.3.5. -
1.3.6. IEEE 12841.3.7.
1.3.8. IEEE 1284
1.4. 1.4.
LPT-
1.5. 1.5.
PnP
1.6. 1.6. LPT-
1.7. 1.7. LPT-
1.8. 1.8.
2
2.1. 2.1. RS-232C
2.2. 2.2.
2.3. 2.3.
2.4. 2.4.
2.5. 2.5.
2.6. 2.6.
-
2.7. 1.7. LPT-
2.8. 2.8. -
2.9. 2.9. - n
2.10. -
2.10.1. 2.10.1.
2.10.2. 2.10.2.
2.10.3. 2.10.3. ,
3
3.1. 3.1. IrDA
3.2. 3.2. Bluetooth

4
4.1. USB
4.1.1. 4.1.1. USB
4.1.2. 4.1.2.
4.1.3. 4.1.3.
4.1.4. 4.1.4.
4.1.5. 4.1.5.
4.1.6. 4.1.6.
4.1.7. 4.1.7. USB .......................................................................101
4.1.8. 4.1.8. USB
4.2. IEEE 1394 - FireWire
4.2.1. 4.2.1.
4.2.2. 4.2.2. IEEE 1394
4.2.3. 4.2.3. 1394
4.2.4. 4.2.4. 1394
5
1.2. 5.1. SCSI
5.1.1. 5.1.1. , ,
5.1.2. 5.1.2.
5.1.3. 5.1.3.
5.1.4. 5.1.4.
5.1.5. 5.1.5.
5.2. 5.2. Fibre Channel
5.3. 5.3. - SCSI
5.4. 5.4.
6
6.1. ISA, EISA PC/104
6.1.1. 6.1.1.
6.1.2. 6.1.2. DMA
6.1.3. 6.1.3.

6.1.4. 6.1.4.

6.1.5. 6.1.5.
6.1.6. 6.1.6. /104
6.1.7. 6.1.7. ISA EISA
6.1.8. 6.1.8. Plug and Play ISA
6.2. PCI
6.2.1. 6.2.1. PCI
6.2.2. 6.2.2. PCI
6.2.3. 6.2.3. , -2
6.2.4. 6.2.4. ,
6.2.5. 6.2.5.
6.2.6. 6.2.6.
6.2.7. 6.2.7. , ISA DMA (PC/PCI)
6.2.8. 6.2.8. , PCI
6.2.9. 6.2.9. PCI
6.2.10. PCI
8_____________________________________________________________
6.2.11.

6.2.12. 6.2.12.
6.2.13. 6.2.13. PCI
6.2.14. 6.2.14. PCI BIOS
6.2.15. 6.2.15. PCI
6.3. 6.3. AGP
6.4. 6.4. LPC
6.5. 6.5.
6.5.1. PCMCIA, PC Card CardBus
7
7.1.
7.1.1. 7.1.1. FPM, EDO BEDO DRAM
7.1.2. 7.1.2. SDRAM DDR SDRAM
7.1.3. 7.1.3. Rambus DRAM
7.1.4. 7.1.4. VC DRAM
7.1.5. 7.1.5.
7.2. 7.2.
7.3. 7.3.
7.3.1. 7.3.1. ROM, PROM, EPROM
7.3.2. 7.3.2. EEPROM -
7.3.3. 7.3.3.
8
8.1.
8.1.1. 8.1.1. AT PS/2
8.1.2. 8.1.2. 8042/8242
8.1.3. 8.1.3.
8.2.
8.2.1. 8.2.1. MS Mouse PC Mouse
8.2.2. 8.2.2. PS/2
8.2.3. 8.2.3. Bus Mouse
8.3.
8.3.1. 8.3.1. Centronics, IEEE 1284, PNP
8.3.2. 8.3.2.
8.3.3. 8.3.3.
8.4.
8.4.1. 8.4.1. RGB TTL
8.4.2. 8.4.2. RGB
8.4.4. 8.4.4. P&D, DVI DFP
8.4.5. 8.4.5.
8.4.6. 8.4.6.
8.5.
8.5.1. 8.5.1.
8.5.2. 8.5.2.
8.5.3. 8.5.3. MIDI
8.5.4. 8.5.4.
8.6. Game-
_____________________________________________________________ 9
9
9.1.
9.1.1. 9.1.1.
9.1.2. 9.1.2.
9.2. /ATAPI (IDE)
9.2.1. 9.2.1.
9.2.2. 9.2.2. Serial
9.3.
9.3.1. 9.3.1. CompactFlash
9.3.2. 9.3.2. SmartMedia Card
9.3.3. 9.3.3. MultiMediaCard Sequre Digital
9.3.4. 9.3.4. Miniature Card
9.4.
10
10.1.10.1. Ethernet
10.2.10.2.
10.3.10.3.
11
11.1.1. I2C
11.1.1. 11.1.1. I2C
11.1.2. 11.1.2. ACCESS.Bus
11.1.3. 11.1.3. SMBus
11.1.4. 11.1.4. I2C, ACCESS.bus SMBus
11.2. 11.2. SMI
11.3. 11.3. SPI
11.4. 11.4. JTAG
11.5. 11.5. -
12
12.1. 12.1.
12.2. 12.2. -
12.3. 12.3.
12.3.1.
12.4. DMA
12.4.1. 8237
12.5. 86
12.5.1. 12.5.1.
12.5.2. 12.5.2.
12.5.3. 12.5.3. -
12.5.4. 12.5.4.
12.6. 12.6.
12.7. 12.7.
12.8. BIOS
12.8.1. Int 09h, Int16 h
10 ____________________________________________________________
12.8.2. 12.8.2............................................................................................................... int
10h
12.8.3. 12.8.3............................................................................................................... Int
13h
12.8.4. 12.8.4. Int 14h -
12.8.5. 12.8.5. Int17 h
12.8.6. 12.8.6. Int 1Ah Int 15h
12.8.7. 12.8.7. PCI BIOS
12.9. ROM BIOS
12.9.1. 12.9.1. ROM BIOS ISA PnP
12.9.2. 12.9.2. Expansion ROM PCI
13
13.1. 13.1.
13.2. 13.2.
13.3. 13.3. PC

. ,
IBM PC (1998 .),
- (,
, , ).
,
, ,
.
. ,

,
,
.

.
, ,
LPT
USB, Fire Wire, SCSI IrDA
Bluetooth.
PCI ISA,
( ISA ,
/104).
,
,
(, EEPROM),
.
,
, ( , ), , , .
, ( Serial ATA),
( ). Ethernet,
.
,
.

PC, SPI, JTAG.
,
()
IBM
PC-
( , -,
12 _______________________________________________
), , 86. BIOS,
,
. ,
. .
. (, ), , *
. , CSO#, #
(
). , ,
INSW ( ), DR ( ), ( ).

.
,
, . ,
!
,
http://www.neva.ru/ mgook,
.
,
RUSNet (http://www.neva.ru),
.

. ,
,
.
mgook@stu.neva.ru ()
comp@piter.com ( ,
).
www.piter.com.

(interface) , ;
,
. ,
( )
() ,
. .

.
( )
. PC
Centronics, LPT-, ATA,
SCSI .
, (, )
. (, RS-232C,
-, Fire Wire, SPI, JTAG),
(USB, 12).
.
. , , - ,
, LPT-. . ^
, , .
,
.
. , ,
. , ,
. , , , ( ),
.
14 ______________________________________________________________

90- DDR (Dual Data Rate).
(). ( ) ,
.
, , ,
.
( UltraDMA)
SCSI (UltralSO ), (DDR SDRAM),
(Pentium 4).
, ,
, . SCSI
( ,
);
, PCI. ISA ,
, UltraDMA
.
, , ,
( ,
).
( ),
, , .
, ( ) , ,
.
.
,
, .
,
.
()
(
).

. ,
.
,
.
.
,
USB Fire Wire
. RS-232C
Centronics PC
( PC PC).
-
_________________________________
15
(Security devices), LPT-, .

, ,
.
(, Paraport)
(Iomega Zip), LPT-.
(IEEE 1284.3)
(Daisy Chain) ,
.
-,
,

Ethernet. USB Fire Wire
, ,
().
USB Fire Wire.
, , , .
, - LPT- PC,
(
).
,
, .
, ,
,
.
-; RS-232C
2 .
,
,
, .
, (. 13).

MIDI, , S/PDIF, Fire Wire,
Ethernet.
/ (Hot Swap), . -,

,
, , . -,
,
.
, ,
, SCSI
, .
USB Fire Wire
.
. , -
16 ______________________________________________________________________
, SCSI.
,
.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
,
.
, 3,3 .
( ).
PnP (Plug and Play

),
.
(PCI, USB, Fire Wire, Bluetooth),
.
- (, ISA, SCSI) PnP
,
(Plug and Pray ).
PnP (legacy) . ISA PnP
, SCSI .
. ,
, .
, (hardware)
,
(software),
(firmware), , ,
.
, (USB, RS-232,
PC ).
-.
,
.

.
( ).

( ) .
.

.
LPT-
PC
LPT- (Line PrinTer
). , , LPT- ( SPPnopm) ,
. LPT-
, , ,
,
.
, IEEE 1284.
8- , 5-
4- , - DB-25S. LPT- , - -.
. -
,
.
,
,
.
LPT- , -.
, 3BCh,
378h 278h.
, IRQ7 IRQ5.
DMA.
BIOS
POST Int 17h (. . 8.3.3)
( , ),
, .
( PCI- 486) LPT-. ISA
LPT-, -,
1. LPT-nopr
18
(FDC+IDE). LPT-
MDA ( ) HGC (
). PCI LPT-.
LPT- , , ,
, , .
,
(LapLink).
1.1. LPT-
, , LPT-
(Standard Parallel Port, SPP), SPP-,
,
Centronics (. . 8.3.1).
(. 1.1) Centronics.
1
DB-25S
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18-25
1
.1. LPT-

1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
2
4
6
8
10,12,14,16,18,
20, 22, 24, 26
I/O1
0/I
0(1)
0(1)
0(1)
0(1)
0(1)
0(0
0(0
0(0
I3
I
I
I
0/I
I
0/I
0/I
_
2
CR.OX
DR.O
DR.1
DR.2
DR.3
DR.4
DR.5
DR.6
DR.7
SR.6
SR.A
SR.5
SR.4
CR.1\
SR.3
CR.2
CR.3\
_
Strobe
DataO
Datal
Data 2
Data 3
Data 4
Data 5
Data 6
Data 7
Ack#
Busy
PaperEnd(PE)
Select
Auto LF# (AutoFeedW)
Error
lnit#
Select ln#
_
I/O (-) . O/I ,

; 6(1) ,
(. ).
2
\ (1
).
3
Ack# (10 ) +5 .
1.1. LPT- _____________________________________________ 19
SPP- 8- ,
-, BASE
(3BCh, 378h 278h).
Data Register (DR) , =5. ,
, Data[7:0]. ,
,
, ,
. Status Register (SR) ( ),
=5+1.' 5-
( SR.4-SR.7) . SR. 7
,
.
( ).
SR.7 Busy Busy (11):

.
SR. 6 Ack (Acknowledge) Ack# (10).
SR. 5 (Paper End) Paper End (12).

.
SR. 4 Select Select (13).

.
SR. 3 Error Error* (15).

.
SR.2 PIRQ Ack# ( PS/2).
, Ack# .

.
SR[1:0] .
Control Register (R) , =5+2,
. 4-
( 0-3) ;
.
. 0,1,3
.
.
CR [7:6] .
CR.5 Direction (
PS/2, . ).
. .
CR. 4 AcklNTEN (Ack Interrupt Enable)
Ack#
.
20______________________________ 1. LPT-
CR.3 Select In
Select ln# (17) ,
Centronics.
CR.2 In it
Init# (16) .
CR. 1 Auto LF
Auto LF# (14)
(LF Line Feed) (CR).
AutoFD AutoFDXT.
CR.0 Strobe
Strobe* (1) .
( IRQ7 IRQ5)
10 (Ack#)
CR. 4=1. 10
+5 . ,
. ,
BIOS .
Centronics
.
1. (1 IOWR#).
2. ( SR. 7
Busy).
- ( 1 IORD#).
3.
, . ,
(), , IOWR# IORD#.
, 4-5 -
( ,
).

. 100-150 /
, .

.
12 ( ),
, 5 . , Nibble Mode. ,
Hewlett Packard Bi-tronics, 4
, . ,
,
5 -.
1.2,
___________________________
21
LPT- . SPP- .
,
- (
- ),
.
.
,
,
. 50 .
30 .
,
1,5 ,
.
, .

. .
1.2.

, PS/2.
1 ( 1 parallel port) , PS/2.
. ,
CR. 5: 0 , 1 .
, enhanced bi-directional, .
' , CMOS Setup
PS/2 Bi-Di. ( 3 DMA parallel port)
PS/2 57,90,95.
. ,
, ,
, Centronics
.
LPT-*
Centronics , Fast Centronics.
FIFO- Parallel Port FIFO Mode. He
,
. ,
,
.
VLB. ISA,
.
22 ______________________________ 1. LPT-
1.3. IEEE 1284

IEEE 1284, 1994 , SPP, . 5
, ,
. IEEE 1284,
:
(Compatibility Mode) ()
Centronics. SPP-.
(Nibble Mode) ( 4 ),
.
,
.
(Byte Mode) ,
. ,
(Bi-Directional PS/2 1, . ).
( Mode) (
Enhanced Parallel Port).
.
.
( Mode)
RLE (Run Length
Encoding) FIFO- DMA ( Extended
Capability Port). .
( )
.
, , (PC), (
). ,
Centronics (Fast Centronics, Parallel Port FIFO Mode),
IEEE 1284,
.
LPT- SPP, ,
BIOS Setup.
SPP-.
.
:
, ;
, ;
Ptr ;
;
.
23
1.3. IEEE 1284
1.3.1. Nibble
Mode

. 5 ,
(nibble , 4
) . Ack#, ,
, 6 ,
.
. 1.2, . 1.1.
1.2. LPT-
SPP I/O
14
AutoFeed#
17
Selectln*
CR.1 HostBusy .
,
CR.3
10
Ack#
SR.6
11
Busy
II
SR.7
12
Select
SR.5
13
Error#
SR.4
15
SR.3
IEEE 1284 (
SPP )
PtrClk. ,
HostBusy
3, 7
2, 6
1, 5
0, 4
. 1.1.
:
1.
HostBusy.
2. .
3.
PtrClk.
4. HostBusy,
.
1. LPT-
24
5. PtrClk.
6. 1-5 .
,
50 / . ,
. ,
(, ).
, CD-ROM

.
1.3.2.
Byte Mode
,
CR.
5=1. , -
.
. 1.3, . 1.2.
1.3. LPT- -
SPP I/O
1 Strobe* HostClk
14 AutoFeed* HostBusy
17 Selectln* 1284Active
16
10
lnit#
lnit# PtrClk
Ack#
11
12
Busy
PE
PtrBusy
AckDataReq1
13
Select
Xflag1
15
Error*
DataAvail*1
2-9 Data [0:7] Data [0:7]
CR.O\ ( )

CR.1\
.
;

CR.3\

IEEE 1284 ( SPP )
CR.2
SR.6

Data [0:7].
HostBusy
SR-
SR.5
SR.4
SR.3
I/O DR[0:7] ( )
(. ).
1:3. IEEE 1284 -
_________________________________ 25
. 1.2.
.
1.
HostBusy.
2. Data [0:7].
3.
PtrClk.
4. HostBusy,
.
5. PtrClk,
6. HostClk.
1-6 . HostBusy PtrClk;
HostClk ( ,
Ack# Centronics).
.
,
PS/2,

( BIOS Setup - Bi-Di PS/2).
1.3.3. EPP
EPP (Enhanced Parallel Port )
Intel, Xircom Zenith Data Systems
IEEE 1284.
,
Intel 386SL ( 82360)
.
, IEEE 1284,
(. ). :
;
;
1. LPT-
26
;
.
. , .
. SPP
. 1.4.
1.4. LPT- -
SPP
1
Strobe
Write*
I/O
14
AutoLF#
DataStb*
17
Selectln*
AddrStb#
16
lnit#
Reset
10
Ack#
INTR#
11
Busy
Wait#
2-9
Data [0:7]
AD[0:7]
12
PaperEnd
AckDataReq1
13
Select
Xflag'
15
Error*
DataAvaiW1
____________________________________________
0 ,
0
.

0
.
0
( )
1
1 .
(
),
I/
O
( )
/
1
(. ).
- (. 1.5),
- 5-8 .
1.5. -

R/W
SPP Data Port
+0
SPP/EPP
SPP
SPP Status Port
+1
SPP/EPP
SPP
SPP Control Port
+2
SPP/EPP
SPP
EPP Address Port
+3
EPP
R/W
EPP Data Port
+4
EPP
R/W
. ()

()
1.3.

Not Defined
IEEE 1284
+5...+7
27
R/W
N/A

16-32-
-
- , , -
. . 1.3
, ,
( ).

.
.
(IOWR*) 4 ( Data Port).
Write* ( ),
LPT-.
Wait* .
( Wait* ).
- .
.
Wait*,
. 1.3.
. 1.4.
.
<
-.
(0,5-2 /). ,
, ,
ISA
28 _________________________
1. LPT-
(interlocked handshakes)
, , .

Wait*.
. ,
IEEE 1284 (. ),
, ,
, .
-
:
.
. 1.4.
, .
- PC,
, 15 .
(5 ), (
) .
, IEEE 1284,
: DataStb* AddrStb*
WAIT*. ,
( ).
1.7 ( Xircom).
82360. , IEEE 1284 ,
1.7, 1.7
1284.
- (.
. 1.5). , , 1 2
, ( Address
Port n EPP Data Port),
.
, -
. -
1.3. IEEE 1284 _________________________________________________ 29
, CR , 1 3,
Strobe*, AutoFeed* Selecting .

. (
Protect),
.

REP INSB REP OUTSB.
16/32- .
4-7
, 8 . 16 32-

, 4. ,
.
32 4
.
2 /,
, , CD-ROM.
.
,
.
.
.
- ,
,
. ,
, , . .
,
, , .

.
1.3.4.
(Extended Capability Port
) Hewlett Packard Microsoft
. ,
.
:
;
.
: RLC (Run-Length Count).
1. LPT-
30
() , The IEEE
1284 Extended Capabilities Port Protocol and ISA Interface Standard
Microsoft. ,
IEEE 1284:
- RLE;
FIFO ;
DMA -.
RLE (Run-Length Encoding)
64:1
, .
, , .

, . , //, ,
. SPP,
, ,
.
.
SPP (. 1.6).
1.6. LPT-
SPP
HostClk
1
HostAc
Strobe#
k
1
AutoLF
17
Selectln*
1284Active
16
lnit#
ReverseRequest#
10
Ack#
PeriphClk
11
Busy
PeriphAck
12
PaperEnd
AckReverse*
13
Select
Xflag1
I/O
,
PeriphAck
()
(/)
.
PeriphClk

0
IEEE 1284 ( SPP
0 )
.

I
, HostAck

I

HostClk .
/
I
.
ReverseRequest*
I

1.3. IEEE 1284

SPP
15
Error*
2-9
Data [0:7]
PeriphRequest*
Data [0:7]
I/O
1

()
1
I/O
(. ).

, .
. 1.5, :
.
HostAck: , .
RLE.
7 (): ,
0-6 RLE (0-127),
. . 1.5, .
, . 1.5
. ,
FIFO-. FIFO- DMA, -.
. , ,
.
:
1.
( ) ( ) HostAck.
2. HostClk,
.
3. PeriphAck.
4. HostClk,
.
5. PeriphAck
.
FIFO-, , , . 4,
HostClk .
.
, 3 4.
.
32
1. LPT-nopr
. 1.5. : ,
. 1.5 .
,
.
: ReverseRequest*,
AckReverse*.
,
,
FIFO, ,
.
:
1. ,
ReverseRequest*.
2.
AckReverse*.
3.
( ) ( ) PeriphAck.
4. PeriphClk,
.
5. HostAck.
1.3. IEEE 1284 _________________________________________________ 33
6. PeriphClk;
.
7. HostAck
.
1.3.5. -
IEEE 1284
Microsoft.
, . 1.7, Mode
ECR ( [7:5]).
1.7. -

0
SPP mode, ()
1
Bi-directional mode, ( 1 PS/2)
10
11
Fast Centronics, FIFO DMA

Parallel Port mode,
100 Parallel Port mode, 1

101
110 Test mode, FIFO
111 Configuration mode,
' Microsoft,
, CMOS Setup +.
(. 1.8)
ISA,
- 10
. , , Port, Port+400h,
Port+800h... Port,
0-3FFh. PC
, 0378h 0778
.
( 400-402)
. -,
,
-. -,

000-001 - .
( ) . ECR.
, , 000
001. .
, (010-111)
-
34 ______________________________ 1. LPT-
000 001.

FIFO-.
000 (SPP) SPP-.
001 (Bi-Di PS/2) PS/2
1. 000
CR. 5.
010
(Fast
Centronics)
FIFO- DMA.
Centronics .
FIFO-,
Ack# (
).
011 , ,
, , FIFO-
ECPDFIFO ECPAFIFO . FIFO
HostAck).
FIFO-
ECPDFIFO.
. ECPDFIFO
DMA.
RLE .
PAFIFO
, 7 RLC
( RLC-127 128 ),
.. ECPDFIFO .
( ), .

FIFO- . ,
DMA
.
100 () (
CMOS Setup).
110 (Test Mode) FIFO
. TFIFO
DMA .
.
( ).

.
.
111 (Configuration mode)
.
.
, (. 1.8).
35
1.3. IEEE 1284
1.8.
000
000
001
002
400
400
400
400
401
402
DR
ECPAFIF
O
SR
CR
SDFIFO
ECPDFIF
O
TFIFO
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
R/W
ECPCFGA R
ECPCFGB R/W
ECR
R/W
1
000-001
011
010
011
110
111
111
Data Register
Address FIFO
Status Register
Control Register
Parallel Port Data FIFO
ECP Data FIFO
Test FIFO
Configuration Register A
Configuration Register
Extended Control Register
( 7-5
ECR).
DR (000 001).
SR
( SPP).
CR , SPP.
010,011 0,1 ( AutoLF* Strobe*) .
ECPAFIFO
( RLE, ?) FIFO-.
.
SDFIFO 010. ,
( DMA), FIFO
Centronics. ( CR. 5-0).
DFIFO 011 ().
, (
DMA), FIFO .
TFIFO FIFO-
110.
ECPCFGA
( [7:4]).
ECPCFGB ,
. .
ECR .
:
ECR[7:5] - MODE - ;
ECR. 4 ERRINTREN* (Error Interrupt Disable)
Error* (
);
36 ______________________________ 1. LPT-
ECR. 3 DMAEN (DMA Enable) DMA;

ECR. 2 SERVICEINTR (Service Interrupt)
, DMA (
), / FIFO- (
DMA) ;
ECR.1 FIFOFS (FIFO Full Status) ;
FIFOFS=LB ;
ECR.0 FIFOES (FIFO Empty Status)
; FIFOFS=FIFOES=1 FIFO
( ).
(000
001),
.
.
- : ( ECR)
. FIFO-
ECR,
.
. - ( )
( DMA),
.
1.3.6. IEEE 1284

IEEE 1284
.

(negotiation sequence).
, , IEEE 1284,
, . IEEE
1284 , ,
, .

(extensi bi 1 i ty byte),
(. 1.9).
(
, ). Xflag (Select
SPP) ,
, IEEE 1284.
Extensibility Link request
.
37
1.3. IEEE 1284

1.9.

[7:0]
Request Extensibility Link
1000 0000
0100 0000
00110000
RLE
RLE
00010000
00001000
0000 0100
0000 0101
6e3 RLE
00010100
RLE
00110100
0000 0010 .
0000 0001
0000 0000
(. 1.6) .
1. .
2. Selectln*
AutoFeed*, .
3. Ack# Error*,
PaperEnd Select. , 1284,
, .
38 ______________________________ 1. LPT-
4. Strobe*
.
5. Strobe* AutoLF*.
6. PAperEnd Error*,
.
, Select
, .
7. Ack#
,
.
1.3.7.
IEEE 1284
, .
,
, .

. (
) . IEEE 1284
. (Level I)
,
. (Level II) ,

. .
-0,5... +5,5
.
14 +2,4
(VOH) +0,4 (0)
.
R0, , 505
VOH-V0L-
.
.
() 0,050,4 /.
.
-2,0...+7,0 .
2,0 (VIH)
0,8 (VIL) .
0,2-1,2 (
).
1.3. IEEE 1284
39
( )
20 , +5 1,2
.
50 .
, Microsoft .
IEEE 1284,
. ,
. 1.7.
IEEE 1284 . A (DB-25)
(Centronics-36) ,
36- .
. 1.7. IEEE 1284: a ,
18 25 ,
GND.
, .
.
2 / 2 .
IEEE 1284 .

() .
1. LPT-
40
62 4-16
.
10 %.
(), 85 %
.
.
, , IEEE
Std 1284-1994 Compliant. 10 ,
. 1.10.
1.10. IEEE 1284
1 2
Type A Male Type A Male

AMAF Type A Male Type A Female
()
()
()
()
Type A Male Plug

()
Type A Male Plug

()
Plug Type Plug
Plug Type Plug
1.3.8. IEEE 1284

IEEE 1284.
IEEE P1284.1 Standard for Information Technology for Transport Independent
Printer/Scanner Interface (TIP/SI).

NPAP (Network Printing Alliance Protocol).
IEEE P1284.2 Standard for Test, Measurement and Conformance to IEEE
Std. 1284 ,
IEEE 1284.
IEEEP1284.3 Standard for Interface and Protocol Extensions to IEEE Std.
1284Compliant Peripheral and Host Adapter Ports
().
BIOS DOS.

,
.
IEEEP1284.4 Standard for Data Delivery and Logical Channels for IEEE Std.
1284 Interfaces
.
MLC (Multiple Logical Channels) Hewlett-Packard,
.
1.5. PnP _____________________________________
41
1.4. LPT-
LPT- (Int 17h, . . 8.3.3). POST
BIOS 3BCh, 378h 278h
BIOS Data Area
0:0408h, 040Ah, 040Ch, 040Eh. LPT1-LPT4,

. 0:0478, 0479, 047, 047 ,
- .

( ) (AAh
55h), .
, , LPT-;
BIOS Data Area.
. LPT4 BIOS
,
.

lnit#,
, .
lnit#
.

On-Line.
(, BIOS Setup)
Print Screen .
1.5. PnP
, LPTnop-, 1284 PnP.

, 1284.
PnP, 1284
, ,
. , PnP
.
,
.
, ,
.

.
PnP , , , -
42 ______________________________ 1. LPT-
. Windows PnP, , (
), . Windows
PnP,
. PnP ,
,
Selectln* ( 17 LPT
36 Centronics).
1.6. LPT-
LPT- (. . 8.3.1),
.
.
, .
10 .
. 1.11. PC
Interlnk MS-DOS
Norton Commander. , ,
. 1.3.1.
1.11. PC-PC (4-)
1, #1
2, #2
DR.O
DR.1
DR.2
DR.3
DR.4
SR.6
SR.7
SR.5
SR.4
SR.3
GND
2
3
4
5
6
10
11
12
13
15
18-25
15
13
12
10
11
5
6
4
3
2
18-25
SR.3
SR.4
SR.5
SR.6
SR.7
DR.3
DR.4
DR.2
DR.1
DR.
GND
XI 2 - DB25-P ().

( , ).
. 1.12 ,
(. [2] [5]) ( 13 15).

1.6. LPT- ______________________________________________ 43
PeriphRequest* ( 15).
(0,5-1 ),
,
. ,
.
Windows ,
PARALINK.VxD, - .
,
(www.lpt.com, www.lvr.com/parport.htm).
1.12. PC-PC
1

1
14
17
16
10
11
12
13
2,3...9
HostClk
HostAck
1284Active
ReverseRequest*
PeriphClk
PeriphAck
AckReverse*
Xflag
Data [0:7]
2

PeriphClk
PeriphAck
Xflag
AckReverse*
HostClk
HostAck
ReverseRequest*
1284Active
Data [0:7]
10
11
13
12
1
14
16
17
2,3..9
LPT- ,
(Bi-Di), .
, (
, ).
(Iomega Zip Drive, CD-ROM .),
-
.
SPP
: ,
( ) . (Bi-Di
PS/2 1) .
, .
LPT-
ISA- .
LPT-
(,LPT- IDE, LPT- SCSI, LPTPCMCIA). , IDE, LPT, SCSI (
).
. 1.13 LPT-
.
44
1. LPT-
.13. LPT- SPP,
I/O
SPP
ECP
EPP
0/I
CR.O\
Strobe#
HostClk
Write
0/I
DR.O
DataO
Data 0
DataO
0/I
DR.1
Datal
Datal
Datal
0/I
DR. 2
Data 2
Data 2
Data 2
0/I
DR.3
DataS
DataS
DataS
0/I
DR.4
Data 4
Data 4
Data 4
0/I
DR.5
Data S
Data S
Data S
0/I
DR.6
Data 6
Data 6
Data 6
0/I
DR.7
Data 7
Data 7
Data 7
10
SR.6
Ack#
PeriphClk
INTR#
11
SR.A
Busy
PeriphAck
Wait#
12
SR.5
PaperEnd
AckReverse*
__ 2
13
SR.4
Select
Xflag
14
0/I
CR.1\
Auto LF#
HostAck
DataStb*
15
SR.3
Error
PeriphRequest*
__ 2
16
0/I
CR.2
lnit#
ReverseRequest*
Reset
17
0/I
CR.3\
Select ln#
1284Active
AddrStb#
\ (1
).
2
.
1.7. LPT-

(Setup)
()
.
, .

, .
LPT- . ,
(), ISA
ISA+VLB, .
BIOS Setup.
, .
3BCh, 378h 278h. BIOS
, , LPT1, L PT2, L .
, MDA
HGC. 378h
278h.
1.8. ____________________ 45
: L IRQ7, LPT2
IRQ5. ,
.
( Fast Centronics)

.
DMA Fast Centronics
DMA.
:
SPP
- ;
PS/2, Bi-Directional SPP
( CR. 5=1);
Fast Centronics Centronics
FIFO- , , DMA;

SPP ;
SPP PS/2, ECR
,
ECR 100 ;
+ , , ECR 100
.
, Fast Centronics
,

.
,
.
. Windows (3.x, NT)
. DOS
.
, CD-ROM,
, .
;
.
1.8.

. ,
BIOS .
BIOS Data Area .
46
1. LPT-nopr
BIOS , ,
, .
: , ,
, .
(Loop Back) ,
,
( ) .
BIOS .
,
, .
, a BIOS ,
, (
- ). ,

.
DOS Windows 95 ( MS-DOS).
DOS .
, .

,
. (12)
(5) ,
.
(. 1.8).
. 1.8. LPT-: Norton

Diagnostics - Checklt,
LPT-
. , (Checklt,
PCCheck
1.8. _________________
47
. .). - .
DOS (
LPTn PRN ),
() ,
( ) Strobe*.
On Line,
, Busy.
, , (SPP)
, ,
IEEE 1284 (.
).
50-100 /, 1-2 /,
, , 2 .
PnP-
,
17 DB-25 36 Centronics.
, .
, (
) . ,
.
,
.
.
LPT- . DOS- PRINT ,
.
, , .
- (, NetWare)
.
, .
, ,
, , :

( ), .
-
- (Communications Port ) PC
. 1
RS-232C. -
. (UART),
i8250/16450/16550. - 8
8-
3F8h (COM1), 2F8h (COM2), 3E8h (COM3), 2E8h (COM4).
IRQ4 (
1 COM3) IRQ3 ( COM2 COM4).
,
, RS-232C. -
- (male ) DB25P DB9P,
(. . 2.1).

.

. 115 200 /.
1-COM4
( AT )
BIOS. BIOS Int 14h ,
( ) . Int 14h
110-9600 / (,
).
,
-
18250/16450/16550.

(, )
, .

: , , . -
,
. - .
PC , SDLC
V.35.
2.1. RS-232C
49
( PCI- 486) -.

(IrDA). ISA , LPT-,
(FDC+IDE).
,
-. ,
4,8,12 16 .
,
( ),
. BIOS
.
- - ,
.
FIFO- DMA,
,
.
2.1. RS-232C
RS-232C ,
( 00 ,
; DTE Data Terminal Equipment),
{; DCE Data Communication
Equipment). , ,
. .
.
. 2.1;
,
- (. 2.2).
. 2.2. RS-232C -
50 ________________________ 2. > -;
, , .
, - . RS-232C V.24/
V.28 2, .
RS-232C

(
, RS-422).
.
-12 -3 .
ON (),
MARK.
+3 +12 .
OFF (),
SPACE. -3 +3 ,
:
(. 2.3).
-12 -5 +5
+12 .
(SG)
2 ,
.
,
.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
.
( )
.
RS-232C .
( -)
-25 DB-9P.
,
( 25-
).
() DB-25S DB-9S.
,
,
.
9 25- (. 2.4).
, ()
- (Zero-modem, Zmodem), ,
, . 2.5.
51
2.1. RS-232C
. 2.3. RS-232C
. 2.4.
. 2.5. - : ,
2. -
52
- 100 %
, , .
, .
. 2.1 - (
). DB-25S
EIA/TIA-232-E, DB-9S
EIA/TIA-574. () ,
(-) .
2.1. RS-232C

PC
RS232
V.24
2
DB25
DB9
11
I/O
PG
101
(10)
(10)
(10)
SG
102
13
TD
103
RD
104
RTS
105 .
CTS
106
DSR
107
11
DTR
CD
108/2
20
14
DCD
CF
109
15
RI
125
22
18
1
2
3
4
8- .
16- .
.
25- .
RS-232C, ,
- PC.
, -
( RS-232 V.24).
, ()
( -3 )
,
( +3 ).
. 2.2.
- . 2.6.
53
2.1. RS-232C
2.2. RS-232C

PG
Protected Ground ,
SG
Signal Ground () ,
TD
Transmit Data
RD
Receive Data
RTS
Request To Send :
.

CIS
Clear To Send .
.

DSR
Data Set Ready (

)
DTR
Data Terminal Ready .
DCD
Data Carrier Detected

Rl
Ring Indicator ().

34
78
91
11 12 1314
DTR
. 2.6.
1. DTR .
2. DSR
.
3. RTS
.
4. CTS
.
5. CTS
(, )
.
6. CTS (
).
54 ________________________ 2. -
7. RTS (
),
.
.
8. RTS CTS.
9. RTS .
10. .
11. .
12. .
13. DTR,
( ).
14. DSR .

DTR-DSR RTS-CTS - .
2.2.

RS-232C , -
- .
UART ;
, ,
. (
)
. ,
, RS-232C, .
RS-232C
( )
.

. ,
. - RS232C . 2.7.
. , ,
.
:
20 .
-
Maxim Sypex; , ,
.
,
(-, , ).
2.2.
55
. 2.7. RS-232C: 1489 ( RS-232,

^ (), Y ); 1488
(, , Y RS-232, VDD = +12 , VEE = -12 );
(*1 )
( ), :
RS-422A (V.11, .27), RS-423A (V.10, .26), RS-485. . 2.8
,
(L) (V).
RS-232C RS-423A
,
RS-423A - .
RS-422A RS-485,
.
()
.
. 2.8.
56
2. -
EIA-RS-422 (ITU-T V.ll, X.27) EIA-RS-485 (ISO 8482)

,
.
. UA-UB>0,2
( - ) (space), UA-UB<-0,2 (
) (mark). |UA-UB|<0,2
(),
. UA UB
0 +5 () +1 +4 (),
1,5-5 .
100 .
, .
RS-485
. RS-422/485
RS-423. .
2.3, . 2.9.
, ,
.
( 10 ) (
25 ).
(1200 / - 25 , 9600 / - 30 , 115 / -250 ).
(1200 ) .
2.3. RS-422 RS-485
__________________________________ RS-422 ___________ RS-485 _____________
0,2
0,2
-6,8...+6,8
-6,8...+11,8
-7...+7
-7...+12
4
12
10060
60
, |UA-UB|,
, 1
, 1
,
,

, , R=100
,
32 (,
+10

)
1200 (100 /)
12(10/)

1200 (100 /)
12(10/)

<150Ha GND <250

-7...+12

57
2.2.
. 2.9. : RS-422, RS-485 ,

RS-485
RS-485 :
-. (. 2.9, )
(master),
.
. (slave)
,
. (. 2.9, )
.
RS485 RS-422 , .
RS-485, , ,
. , .

. (polling)
, ,
() .
( Ethernet).
,
.
( ).
, ,
(. 2.10).
RS-422
(, ). RS-485
.

, ,
.
58
2. -
( )
20 , .

- (
).
. 2.10. RS-422 RS-485
. ( ).
( ),
. ,
. , MIDI (. . 8.5.3)
.

, (
19 200 / ,
9600 / ).
.
,
(4- ).
,
XON/XOFF.
, ,
CTS
( ) ( ).

.

, .
-. .
, .
RS-232C,
. RS-232C
. 2.11
-
2.3.
59
. , -, .

. ( 9600 /
).
. 2.11. RS-232C
2.3.
- (-):
( ). . 2.12.
-,
, , ,
(). -,
. -
-,
. -,
( 0),
. ,
.
- ,
-. ,
.
,
.
, 8 , ,
, 5 %.

.
( ),
, . , .
60
2. -
. 2.12. RS-232C
.
, , , -
.
.
, -, ,
-.
,
.
.
.
: ,
,
- , -.
:
50,75,110, 150, 300,600,1200,2400,4800,9600,19200,38400, 57600 115200
/. / (baud),
.
,
( )
(/) ()
.
5, 6, 7 8 (5- 6-
). -
1, 1,5 2 (
).
2.4.
(Flow Control)
.
. (handshaking)
-
2.4. ____________ :_____________________________________________ 61
,

. .
RTS/CTS (hardware flow control)
CIS, ,
(. 2.13).
CTS. ,
, CTS (
).
.

, , ,
.
.
. 2.13.
, . ( ) RTS CTS.
CTS (
RTS CTS), .
IBM PC 8250/16450/16550 CTS
- ,
MSR (. . 2.5). RTS/CTS
BIOS Int 14h, .
, -, UART
( BIOS), CTS
.
CTS ( ),
CTS RTS.
(, 8251),
CTS . ,
, CTS ( ) . RTS/CTS ( XON/XOFF)
( FIFO) .
62
2. -
XON/XOFF
.
: , ,
, ,
-
XOFF
(13h).
, , .
,
XON (llh),
.
,
, (XON XOFF)
(. 2.14). ,
,
( ).
. 2.14. XON/XOFF

3 (. . 2.5, ).
,
( -
XON),
. (
) ,
.
,
, , .
2.5.
- UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter

). -
2.5. ________________________ 63
. - IBM PC
XT/ AT , U
ART i8250 8250/16450/16550.
,
,
. , :
8250 ( ), XT BIOS;
8250 ,
BIOS; AT,
9600 /;
8250 8250 8250,
XT BIOS; AT
DOS ( 9600 /).
8250
.

CPU.
AT UART
.
16450 8250 AT. 8250
XT BIOS .
16550 16450. DMA
. FIFO-,
.
16550 16- FIFO-
DMA. U ART
AT 9600 /
.
-,
.
UART 16550
, (
) DLAB ( 7
LCR). 8
. UART 16550A
. 2.4. 8250
FCR FIFO DMA.
2.4. UART 16550
/ R/W
DLAB
00
Oh
1
Oh
Oh
WO
RO
R/W
THR
RBR
DLL
Transmit Holding Register

Receiver Buffer Register
Divisor Latch LSB
-^
64 _________________________ 2. -
2.4 ()
DLAB
1h
1h
2h
2h
3h
4h
5h
6h
7h
DIM
IER
IIR
FOR
LCR
MCR
LSR
MSR
SCR
1
0
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Divisor Latch MSB

Interrupt Enable Register
Interrupt Identification Register
FIFO Control Register
Line Control Register
Modem Control Register
Line Status Register
Modem Status Register
Scratch Pad Register
/ R/W
R/W
R/W
RO
WO
R/W
R/W
R/W
1
R/W'
R/W
.
.
H R ( ).
, ,
( ),
CTS. 0 ( ) .
8 .
RBR ( ).
, ,
RBR, .
,
. 8
.
DLL .
D L M .
D=115200/V, V , /.
1,8432
, 16- .
IER .
.
IER:
[7:4]=0 ;
3 Mod_I (
CTS, DSR,
Rl, DCD);
2 Rx L_I / ;
1 TxD_IE ;
0 RxD_I ( FIFO
-).
IIR FIFO (
). UART
.
2.5. _________________________ 65
( ): , , , .
UART ,
.
.
IIR.
[7:6] FIFO:
11- FIFO 16550A;
10 - FIFO 16550;
00 .
[5:4] .
3 - FIFO (
).
[2:1] ( ,
FIFO-):
11 / ,
;
10 , ;
01 ( THR ),
;
00 ;
.
0 (1 , 0
).
FIFO [3:1].
011 / .
.
010 .
.
110 - ( 4-
, ,
, ). .
001 THR . .
000 (CIS, DSR, RI DCD).
MSR.
FCR FIFO ( ).
FCR:
[7:6] ITL (Interrupt Trigger Level) FIFO, :
001 ( );
01 4 ;
66 _________________________ 2. -
10 -8 ;
11-14 .
[5:4] .
3 DMA.
2 - RESETTF (Reset Transmitter FIFO) - FIFO-
( ; ).
1 RESETRF (Reset Receiver FIFO) FIFO ( ; ).
0 TRFIFOE (Transmit And Receive FIFO Enable)
() FIFO .
FIFO- .
LCR ( ).
LCR.
7 DLAB (Divisor Latch Access Bit)
.
6 BRCON (Break Control) (
) BRCON=1.
5 STICPAR (Sticky Parity)
:
0
;
1 : EVENPAR=1
, EVENPAR=0 .
4 EVE N PAR (Even Parity Select) : 0
, 1 .
3 PAREN (Parity Enable) :
1 ( ) ;
0 .
2 STOP (Stop Bits) -:
01 -;
1 2 - ( 5- - 1,5
).
[1:0] SERIALDB (Serial Data Bits) :
00-5 ;
01-6 ;
10-7 ;
-8 .
2.5. _________________________ 67
MCR .
MCR.
[7:5]=0 .
4 LME (Loopback Mode Enable) :
0 ;
1 (. ).
3 IE (Interrupt Enable)
OUT2; MSR. 7:
0 ;
1 .
2 OUT1C (OUT1 Bit Control) 1
( ); MSR. 6.
1 RISC (Request To Send Control) RTS;
MSR.4:
0 (-V);
1 (+V).
0 DTRC (Data Terminal Ready Control) DTP;
MSR. 5:
0 (-V);
1 (+V).
LSR (, ).
LSR.
? FIFOE (FIFO Error Status)
FIFO ( , ,
). FIFO- 0.
6 TEMPT (Transmitter Empty Status)
( ,
THR FIFO).
5 THRE (Transmitter Holding Register Empty)
. FIFO
FIFO- .
.
4 BD (Break Detected) (
0 ).
3 F E (Framing Error) ( -).
2 (Parity Error) (
).
68 ________________________ 2. -
1 (Overrun Error) ( ).
,
FIFO,
.
0 DR (Receiver Data Ready) ( DHR
FIFO- ). .
[4:1]
LSR. FIFO FIFO-
. ( )
, , , FIFO
( ). FIFO
, UART
-.
MSR .
MSR:
7 DCD (Data Carrier Detect) DCD:
0 (-V);
1 (+V).
6 RI (Ring Indicator) RI:
0 (-V);
1 (+V).
5 DSR (Data Set Ready) DSR:
0 (-V);
1 (+V).
4 CIS (Clear To Send) CTS:
0 (-V);
1 (+V).
3 DDCD (Delta Data Carrier Detect) DCD.
2 RI (Trailing Edge Of Ring Indicator) RI
( ).
1 DDSR (Delta Data Set Ready) DSR.
0 DCTS (Delta Clear To Send) CTS.
( [3:0]) .
SCR (8 ), UART ,
( 8250 ).
( LME=1) UART
:
;
;
2.7. - ______________________________________ 69

;
DSR, CIS, RI DCD
DTRC, RISC, OUT1C, IE;

(
).
, ( ) , UART.
2.6.
-
- BIOS Int 14h,
:
( ;
) DTR RTS (
);
DTR RTS,
THR ;
DTR (RTS
), ;
( MSR LSR).
,
-. .
POST BIOS ( UART 8250 )
BIOS
Data Area 0:0400, 0402, 0404, 0406.
1-COM4.
. 47, 047D, 047,
047F , - .
2400 /, 7
(even), 1 -.
DTR RTS
( ).
2.7. -
1 COM4; AT .

(Setup)
70 _________________________ 2. -
() . -
. . BIOS Setup.
:
, 1-4
3F8h, 2F8h, 3E8h 2E8h. BIOS

1, COM2, COM3 COM4. COM3
COM4 3EOh, 338h 2EOh, 238h
. PS/2 -8
3220h, 3228h, 4220h, 4228h, 5220h 5228h .
: 1 COM3
IRQ4 IRQ11, COM2 COM4 IRQ3 IRQ10.

( ),
(, )
. , ,
,
. ,
, UPS .

( ), PC
.
- .
(
) .
, ISA,
.
DMA ( UART 16450/16550,
) DMA.
DMA - .
2.8. -
-
, , , ,
, RS-232C. (,
). .
Serial Mouse
.
DB-9S-DB-25P DB-25S-DB-9P.
-
2.8. - ________ ___ _____________________________7
, 1 IRQ4, COM2 IRQ3. ,

1 IRQ4,
,
. -
RS-232C.
;
.
(9-)
-, . 2.4.
( );
9-25,
,
() .
9600 / , -
UART 16550 .
FIFO- DMA
.
, ,
- - (. . 2.5). Norton Commander Interlnk MS-DOS
115,2 / .
Lantastic, ,
Windows.
- (Security
Devices),
. ( ), .
-
PC ,
(VT-52, VT-100 . .).
, BIOS
- (Int 14h), (Int 10h)
(Int 16h).
(, , Pentium),
BIOS , .
- ,
- (TD, DTP, RTS)
- (CIS, DSR, DCD, RI)
. , ,
(. .
11.5) . -286
- ,
PC, -.
PC .
72
2. -
2.9. - n
, -, PnP.
, ,
- .
. 2.15.
1. DTR=ON, RTS=OFF,
TXD=Mark (Idle).
2. (0,2 ) DSR,
, .
DTR-DSR,
. ,
DTR RTS
. , ,
.
3. 1200 /, 7 , , 1
-, 0,2 DTR.
DTR=1, 0,2 RTS-1.
.2.15. PnP
4. 0,2 .
(. ).
, (. . 5),
.
5. 0,2 (DTR-0 RTS=0),
(DTR=1 RTS=1).
6. 0,2 ,
(. ).
, DSR
Verify Disconnect ( DSR=0)
Connect Idle ( DSR=1).
7. Connect Idle DTR=1, RTS=0,
300 /, 7 , , 1 . DSR=0,
.
0,2 , 2,2 ,
2.10. - ___________________________ 73
256 . PnP
(28h 08h) (29h 09h),
.
16 ,
PnP. 0,2 ( 4 6)
, -,
, - ,
Connect Idle. ,
.
( Verify Disconnect) DTR=1, RTS=0
5 DSR. DSR=1
Connect Idle (. . 7), DSR=0
Disconnect Idle,
DSR .
Microsoft , PnP,

, PnP-. ,
Microsoft Mouse ( PnP)
ASCII- ( ).
2.10. -
- () .
2.10.1.
( ) .
, BIOS .
BIOS Data AREA
.
BIOS , ,
,
- . COM3
COM4: BIOS
3EOh, 338h, 2EOh 238h; 3E8h
2E8h. , ,
: 3F8h 3E8h,
1 COM2,
. 1 COM3
( 3E8h COM3),
COM3 , -
74 _________________________ 2. -
3E8h 0:402h BIOS Data Area,

COM2, COM3 (0:404h)
. , ,
,
BIOS Data Area (
).
, (, Port
Finder).
;
(ExternalLoopBacK).
,
(. UART)
( )
, .
.
,
, .
BIOS,
, LPT-: ,
. /
.
- ,
.
.
, .
2.10.2.
- (Checklt) . UART ( ) , ,
. ,
/, UART.
, - (; 2.16).
^ -
, .
.
RTS-CTS
. DTR
DSR, DCDNRI.
2.10. -
75
. 2.16. - (LoopBack Checklt Norton Diagnostics)
,
, , . . :
1. (
, / ,
,
).
2. TD, RTS DTR:
TD -12 (
, -5 ), RTS DTR .
,
. :
;
(
);
.
,
. . 2.1
10- -,
; -
.
.
, ( ). , ,
.
3. RTS CTS ( ),
- (, COPY
: \AUTOEXEC. COMl:).
.
76 _________________________ 2. -
RTS DTR ,
TD
5 . RTS DTR ,
. RTS ( CTS)
, COPY
, , CTS ( ). COPY ,
TD (
, ),
TD.
,
.
.
( ), ( , ). -, ,
BIOS SETUP,

- .
.
.
, , , . ( ) (56 115
/).

.
PC- () 58051 18251.
-
( USART Universal Asynchronous
Receiver-Transmitter). PC -
. ,
BIOS Int 14h, ,
.
2.10.3. ,

-
. DTR RTS ,
12 .

-
2.10. - ___________________________ 77
20 .
, . TD
,
.
- ( TD
, BRCON).

. , , ,
(
).
(+V DTR RTS, -V TD)
, -. ,

. ,
( ),

. .
5 ( ),
,
( ).

. +12
. -12
, -.

( Power Good,
). ,
. ,
.
(wireless)
,
, .

(IrDA) (Bluetooth) .

(. [3]).
3.1.
IrDA
()
, . IR (Infra Red) Connection
,
. -
, ,
.
. ,
:
(PDA), , . .
( 115,2 /), (1,152
/) (4 /) .
,
, ,
, . .
, . 1993
IrDA
(Infrared Data Association),
. IrDA 1.1,
Hewlett Packard
HP-SIR (Hewlett Packard Slow Infra Red)
3.1. IrDA
79
Sharp ASK IR (Amplitude Shifted Keyed IR).

:
IrDA SIR (Serial Infra Red), HP-SIR -9,6-115,2 /;
IrDA HDLC, IrDA MIR (Middle Infra Red) - 0,576 1,152
/;
IrDA FIR (Fast Infra Red) - 4 /;
ASK IR - 9,6-57,6 /.
- ,
880 ;
30. PIN-,
- 15. IrDA

, ,
-.
,
.
:
, ,
, ( )
. . IrDA
(Bit Error Ratio, BER) 10"9
1 ( 10 ).
,
,
.
( )
.
IrDA ,
.
, IrDA.
IrDA SIR 2,4-115,2 /
( -): - (), 8
- ().
3/16 (1,63
115,2 /), ( IrDA SIR-).
, ,
-. 1.1
IrDA SIR-B,
1,63 .
ASK IR 9,6-57,6 /
, :
500 , .
80 ____________________ _^__^_ ____________ 3.
IrDA HDLC 0,576 1,152 /

, SIR,
1/4- .
HDLC,
01111110,
(bit stuffing).
16- CRC-.
IrDA FIR (IrDA4PPM) 4 /
, .
- : 00 > 1000,
01 > 0100, 10 > 0010,11 >0001 ( 1
).

.
.
32- CRC-.
IrLAP (IrDA Infrared
Link Access Protocol) HDLC,
-.
: , ,
, .
. IrLAP ,
. 9600 /,

(9,6,19,2,38,4,57,6 115,2 /)
( ).
IrLAP IrLMP (IrDA
Infrared Link Management Protocol).
( IrDA
:
). IrLMP
, ,

. IrLMP ,
.
.
Tiny TP (IrDA Transport
Protocols) ,
( , . .),

( TCP).
IrTP.
IrCOMM -
:
3- RS-232C (TXD, RXD GND);
9- RS-232C ( -);
Centronics ( ).
3.1. IrDA ________________________________
81
IrLAN ,
Ethernet Token Ring. -
- IrDA,
() ,
(
).
IrOBEX (Object Exchange Protocol)
, PUT GET
.
Tiny . IrOBEX
, ,
GSM ( , , ,
. .), (
PDA).
, -. , (, . .)
880 , .
IrDA
;
( ), ,
.
(30 15 )
( 1 ).
115,2 / (IrDA SIR, HPSIR, ASK IR) UART,
16450/ 16550 .
( 115,2 /) COM2.
UART
,
. COM2 , CMOS
Setup (
COM2).
( ISA, PCI, PC Card);
-.
IrDA, DMA, .
UART ,
. IrDA FIR
;
, SIR.
IR-Connector
( )
(mini-DIN), -
. ,
,
82 _______________________________________ 3.
( ) .
; . 3.1.
, FIR SIR,
IRRX ( SIR) FIRRX ( FIR).
,
.
3.1.
IRRX(RX)
FIRRX
IRTX(TX)
GND
Vcc (+5B)
NC

FIR

/
12
3
4
1
5
3
2,7
4,6
3
5
4
1
2
3
1
2
5
4
3
4
1
2
5
- RS-232C
- USB. USB
FIR, - SIR. - IrDA
SIR - , : , 16-
(
UART -). -
. ASK IR

, TXD ;
.
IrDA

. Windows 9x/ME/2000 IrDA
.
( ,
); ;
; PDA,
;
,
.
3.2. Bluetooth
Bluetooth ( )
( ) ,
3.2. Bluetooth ___________________________________________ 83
. , 3Com, Agere Systems, Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Microsoft,

Motorola, Nokia, Toshiba. , Bluetooth Special Interest
Group, . Bluetooth
(www.bluetooth.com), ,
( 15 PDF-).
,
. (
).
, ,
.
,
2,4 .
,
, .
() ,
F=2402+k (), k=0
78.
(, , )
F-2454+k (k-0
22).

, .
, 1, 2,5 100 ,
.
,
.

(79 23 ).
, (
), (piconet),
2 8 .
7 . ,

:
( ) ,
,
.
(1-7);
(), .
(-
). ,
(scatternet).
, ,
( ,
). ,
.
, (
).
84 _______________________________________ 3.
- 625 ,
227. -
, (1600
).
. , 1 5
-. ,
, 625 ,
(
).
: ,
(
).

: .
( ) , SCO
link (Synchronous Connection-Oriented),
(, ).

, ( ),
.
.
. SCO
.
SCO
.
SCO .
, ACL link (Asynchronous
Connection-Less),

.
, SCO,
. ,
(
).
.

.
ACL.
,
0-2745 . ACL
CRC- (
) 1 ( ).
SCO CRC-, ,
.
. CRC-, .
3.2. Bluetooth ____________________________________________ 85
FEC (Forward Error Correction code). FEC 1/3

,
. FEC 2/3 ,
,
10- .
64 /
.
(- ) CVSD (Continuous Variable Slope Delta
Modulation - ).
G.711;
( ,
8- 8 /). CVSD
-
64 /,
4-32 .
() ,
(, )
.
723,2 /
( 57,6
/) 433,9 /
.
(link layer), , ,
.
SDP (Service
Discovery Protocol),
. , ,
(,
, . .).
RFCOMM (9- RS-232) L2CAP.
( -)
, - .
( .
),
. RFCOMM ,
(
IrDA), RFCOMM ,
TCP/IP,
. RFCOMM -,
(
).
- TCS BIN (Telephony Control
protocol Binary),
( ), L2CAP.
TCS.
86 _______________________________________ 3.
- HCI (Host Controller Interface)

-
. ,
.
- L2CAP .
:
(, PC Card), USB, -.
. HCI
, HCI .
USB
Fire Wire
,
1-2 .
, , USB FireWire
- .

. ,
,
( FireWire) .
,

. ,
USB ,
.
;
, , ,
.
,
.
.
USB FireWire,
PC- .
FireWire USB, , ,
, .
(127 USB 63 FireWire),
/
. , FireWire
. USB

. ,
FireWire .
PnP
(
/) ,
DMA .
.
88 ____________________________ 4. USB FireWire
USB , PC.
USB ,
USB 2.0 .
, PC ,
. USB
,
. , USB
2.0 PCI.
PC USB ,
.
FireWire ,
.
, .
1394
().

.
, , ,

.
4.1. USB
USB (Universal Serial Bus )
PC,
.
1.0 1996 ,
1.1, 1998 ,
. 2000
USB 2.0, 40-
. ( 1.0 1.1)
: FS
(full speed) 12 / LS (Low Speed) 1,5 /.
2.0 HS (High Speed) 480
/, ,
.
. ,
25 .
USB ( )
http://www.usb.org.
4.1.1. USB
USB -
(). USB,
(devices) , .
- (hub)
4.1. USB _____________
'_________________________________________ 89
.
-/^ (function) USB
, ISDN,
, . .
(compound device),
,
. USB USB,
USB,
( )
, . USB
- (host controller), -. ,
,
. USB -:
, , -,

. USB .
-, (root
hub), , . -,
.

; 5
( ).
, 6-
.
(downstream) (
) (upstream)
.
USB : -
.
(ISA, PCI, PC Card),
,
-, DMA,
USB
. ,
, USB.
AT
SCSI
, USB . USB
90
(+5 ),
5 .
3 ( ).
USB
(. 4.1, ). USB
(.
4.1, ).
, -
4. USB FireWire
90
. ,
( , . . , ,
). , 4.1,
(. 4.2, , , ).
.

, ,
.
USB . 4.1,
. 4.2. USB
.
. 4.1. USB: a ,
,
. 4.2. USB: , , ,,
4.1. USB
D+ D . , ,
D+ D-,
:
D-, D+.
HS
4.1. USB _________________________________________________________91

HS FS.
USB .
,
D+ D-,
. ,
.
(480 / 2 ,
Gigabit Ethernet)
.
. USB
.
FS LS, HS
, -
.
(LS, FS HS)
.

( , LS
). USB ,
, , USB 2.0

.
USB 1.1 FS LS,

. USB 1.1
,
.
: ,
, 8
.
,
-.
2.0 480 / ,
FS LS
( ).
, USB 2.0
.
( ), ,
HS -
. USB 2.0
1.1,
HS, ,
FS LS. 2.0
( ) , FS LS

92 ____________________________ 4. USB FireWire
. (1.1)
, .
, USB 2.0 ,
- ( 2.0)
2.0. 2.0
, FS.
( ,

), ,
.
() , USB
. , ,

. - , USB 2.0
. ( PCI- ).
USB 2.0
. FS
USB 2.0 ( ),
USB 12 /
, .
PnP USB.
:
,
;
,
, ;
,
;
,
;
, .
, .
( ) , , - (babble).
,
(-).
.
(downstream)
, ,
.
, ( )
(-).

4.1. USB ________________________________________________________ 93
() . :
;
;
;

(Software attention);

(Hardware attention).
(upstream)
( USB 2.0).
USB 2.0 FS,
HS .
. 4.3 ,
USB 2.0 ,
.
USB 1.1 2.0,
, 12 /
. , 480 /
(USB 1.0) 3x12=36 /. -
48 /,
- USB 2.0,
12 /. ,
,

( ,
) .
() USB 1.1
( ) () .

USB 1.1.
: , , , ,
. , ,
, USB, ,
USB - (, ).
USB.
, , .
, 100 .
( 500 ) .
, ,
, .
USB (suspended
mode), 500 .

.
94
4. USB FireWire
. 4.3.
(remote wakeup)
-,
.
.
.
4.1.2.
USB ( 127)
.
(endpoint, ),
- ( ) .

:
;
;
;
;
;
( ).
4.1. USB _________________________________________________________ 95
0,
,
.
.
(. ). , -
, .
,
15 15 (
). (
)
( ).
(pipe) USB . :
. (stream)
, .
.
: ,
. (message) ,
USB. ,
() ,
.
,
.
.
, (
, , . .). USB.
(Control Pipe 0),
, .
4.1.3.
() USB - .
,
- (token packet).
, USB .

( ) .
- ( )
( ,
). "
(handshake packet )?
. 4.4. -
. (
1,00,0005 ) - (frames),
(. 4.5).
SOF (Start Of Frame),
96 _____________________ 4. USB FireWire
, .
EOF (End Of Frame),
.
HS SOF (
1250,0625 ). ,
.
(bulk transfers).
() ,
.
. 4.5. USB

CRC-,
. ,
.
, .
USB .
4.1.4.
USB .

(control
transfers)

.
.
(bulk data transfers) .
,

4.1. USB ______________________________________________________ 97
. ,
.
. , , . .
(interrupt) ,
,
.
10-255
, 1-255 ,
125 . .
, ,
.
(isochronous transfers)
,

.
1,023 / ( 0,5 /), 70 %
( ).
24 / (192 /).

.
: , (
USB, ), -
(CD DVD). ( )
USB .
.
, ,
,
1
, .
USB
, ,
. USB
, ,
, .
4.1.5.
,
. USB,
USB ( ) USB ( ),
( ). : , ,
8 1 ( 64 /),
44,1 2x2 (176,4 /),
32 .
,
98 ____________________________ 4. USB FireWire
(master clock).
, (, 20 50
). ,
, ,
() ,
. USB
:
(sample rate) (source) (sink)
;
USB (1 )
(8 ) ( USB
() SOF);
,
USB .

:
(drift)
( );
(jitter) ;
,
(PLL).
,
, . USB
( ) , (, ),
USB.
SOF USB.
. ,
() USB, .

, () (
, ).
,
(. ).
- CD-
.
, .
, SOF ( 1 );
4.1. USB _________________________________________________________ 99
.
() () , .
,
SOF.

( ).

, .
.
,
. CD-
SRC (sample rate converter)
USB.

. - ().
-
(), -. , ()
, -.
,
.
USB , ,
, .
,
1 .
4.1.6.
USB ( !)
USB. .
USB
.
-,
, (
USB
). - ().
-
, (bus-mastering)
.
USB, -(),
,
.
USB
100 ___________________________ 4. USB FireWire
( , ). :
- HCD (Host Controller Driver) ,
,
USB
.
USB USBD (USB Driver)
(USBDI) USB.
HCDI (Host Controller Driver Interface) USBD HCD
USB
,
. HCDI;
USBDI. USBD
IRP (I/O Request Packet -),
.
, USBD
USB , (
). USBDI
; USB
.
,
USB :

( ), ,
. .
USB (
), USB.
( ),
USB. USB
- (
-) ,
USB.
:
USB;
;
;
;
-
USB, .
-
USB .
4.1. USB
.
USB, , . ,
BIOS USB,
Int 10h. USB

,
. USB
,
.
'2001 BIOS USB ,
USB. USB
.
() ,
.
.
.
, USB Default Address.

.
, ,
USB.
(control pipe) ,
.
,
, .
,
USB .
,
, . , .
, .
4.1.7. USB
, USB PC
. PC
LPT, MIDI.
USB 2.0
SCSI,
FireWire.
USB
/
, .
( 127) , ,
. - -
102^^ _________________________ 4. USB FireWire
. USB
( PCI). USB
( ):
, ,
Windows 98/SE/ME, Linux, MacOS, Unix
Windows 2000 N/A (Not Allowed
). USB , ,
- ( ,
). USB Windows
,
, .
, .
,
, . ,
,
, ,
.
, USB.
USB.
, , ,
. . USB
.
USB ,
USB ( ,
) ,
.
. USB 1.1 , LPT
, USB

(, ). USB 2.0

.
,
LPT , USB .
. USB SCSI
LPT-. USB 2.0
.
, ,
().
USB ,
.
( )
-
, .
-
( )
, (, )
.
,
()
.
4.1. USB^\ ______________________________________________________ 103
MIDI- USB.
USB
MIDI ( MIDI
).
- . USB 1.1
,
( ) (25-30
/) , ,
, . USB 2.0
( ).
USB ,
TV-.
. USB ,
xDSL,
(IrDA FIR) (115,2 /), .
Ethernet,
USB.
,
. ( )
USB
- (. ).

, USB
.
USB:
5 ,
( 5 ).
USB,
,
: Centronics IEEE 1284 (LPT-), RS232C ( UART 16550A -)
(RS-422, RS-485, V.35...),
Game-, AT A, ISA, PC Card
, . USB
-, 2- (3-)
LPT- - .
IBM PC,
. MS-DOS
-, , ,
DMA, MS-DOS,
USB ( Windows). MS-DOS
- .
,
PC '99 '2001.
USB LPT ,
LPT-, SPP.
104 ___________________________ 4. USB FireWire
, CD
DVD, USB 1.1
, LPT,
( , ).
USB 2.0
SCSI, .
USB
( -)
( ) ( 16256 , ).
-ATAPI
, ,
- 5" 3,5", 36 . -
SmartMedia Card CompactFlash Card.
(
), (
) (
?)
.
(
'99).
(ISDN).

, , . .
USB
. (
) USB DDC. USB
, , . .
, . ,
, . ,
.

USB.
- LPT-.
,
USB .
USB ,
(, ). ,
(
). ,
.
.
,
4.1. USB ___________________________________________________
105
. .
, 3"-. ,
, ,
. ,
( )
.
, (distance extender). ,
( ),
.
. ,
,
USB, 100 .
USB,
.
4.1.8.
USB
, USB
.
, USB
(LS, FS HS),
( , ).
. USB
MCS51, 6805, 6811
RISC-; ( ), , , . /, ,
. , . . , .
(firmware)
. USB,
;
EzUSB Cypress Semiconductor
USB -
. , ,
.
USB,
8/16-
(CS#, RD#, WR#...), ,
, DMA.
USB (RS-232, RS-422/485)
,
106 ___________________________ 4. USB FireWire
( EEPROM ). USB, , .
, .
(www.cypress.com, www.devasys.com,
www.iged.com, www.microchip.com, www.netchip.com, www.motorola.com,
www.semiconductor.philips.com,
www.natsemi.com,
www.intel.com,
www.ftdichip.com, www.gigatechnology.com).
-,
.
(,
- ).
, , USB

.
4.2. IEEE 1394 - FireWire

(High
Performance Serial Bus), IEEE 1394,
1995 . ,

( ).
FireWire, Apple Computer
SCSI Macintosh PowerMac. FireWire
( ) IEEE 1394,
1394.
iLink, Digital Link Sony
. MultiMedia Connection
, 1394 High Performance Serial Bus Trade
Association (1394TA).
1394
: 98,304, 196,608 393,216 /, 100, 200
400 /. S100, S200 S400
. , 1394-2000,
(S800, S1600 S3200) , 1394
USB, USB 2.0
480 /.
FireWire .
. . 63
().
( ), , ,
,
(CD DVD), ,
, (,
, )
.
4.2. IEEE 1394- FireWire __________________________________________ 107
.
(S100) (30
) -
CD.
.
. FireWire PnP.
()
.
/
. ( 1,5 )
.
PC,
.
FireWire VESA ,
.
(peer-to-peer),
USB.
4.2.1.
1394
(,
, ). ( )
.
,
. 27
,
. ,
:
16 ;
4,5 ;
72 (
);
,
.
1394 6-, ,
6- (. 4.6, ).
( )
,
(8-40 , 1,5 ).
, (
500 ) (
60 ).
4- (.
4.6, ), .

-). FireWire (. 4.2), .
108
4. USB FireWire
. 4.6. FireWire: 6- , 4-
4.2. FireWire

4-.
6-.
6-.
Power
GND
4-.
Power
GND
, 1394,
:
UTP 5 RJ-45
( ), 100
S100;
( POF
HPCF ) S200;
( 50 )
S3200.
, 1394,
. , ,
-
.

(jitter) , .
1394 : -
(Backplane). -
,
,
1394. ,
,
, ,
.
FireWire PC PCI
1394. 1394 .
, .
4.2. IEEE 1394 FireWire
109
4.2.2. IEEE 1394

1394 (. 4.7).
(Transaction Layer) ,
, . , ISO/IEC 13213:1994 (ANSI/IEEE 1212,
1994 .) CSR
(Control and Status Register) (, ,
). 1394
.
(Link Layer)
. .
.
. 4.7. FireWire
110 ___________________________ 4. USB FireWire
(Physical Layer)
. , ,
.
.
,
.
,

.
FireWire
PHY Transceiver
LINK Chip. , ,
IBM-Apple LINK-PHY.
;
.
64- 1394. 16 : 6 63 ;
10-
1023 ( ), .
() DMA.

, ,
. ,
.
.
,
, .
,
.
. , ( , ) ,
() (NACK),
. ( )
( ). , .
. 64 , ,
, .
CRC-. ,
.
- (, , )

.
4.2. IEEE 1394 FireWire111

.
,
. , ,
.
,
,
(. ).
,

.
.

.
, 125
.
32- ,
24,576 , , .

,
. ,
. ,
, .
, , .
,
.
,
. ,
,
. ,
. ,
, .
, 125-
6144. 20 ,
- (quadlet, 32- ) 1600
/.

. 25
,
4915 . ,
, 30 / (25 / 3-4
/ , ). S100
1800 , S200
900. ,
. , ,
.
,
112 ________________________
4. USB FireWire
, . .
(Bus Master) 1394,
.
,
. ,
(TopologyJMap Speed_Map),
,
, .
, ,
, .
4.2.3. 1394
PC- ( Macintosh) 1394
, USB.
FireWire ,
. 1394 PC
PCI 1394, PCI
FireWire. FireWire
. :
LINK chip ( ) PHY chip (
).
( S400 ,
S100 S200).

. . ,
VIA Fire II (VT6306)
S400 PCI, Card Bus (
).
1394
-, - ,
. ,
1394, FireWire
(, , )
- .
1394
CD DVD, AV- (,
).
1394-IDE, IDE-
5" 3,5". ,
CD DVD ( ),
.
SCSI- .
SBP-2 (Serial Bus Protocol), SCSI-3 1394.
4.2. IEEE 1394 FireWire] 1 1 3
4.2.4. 1394
1394
.

.

, , ,

. 1394
(
, ) ,
PC, . 1394

PC. ( ,
, MIDI , )
, .
( ,
, . .), () ,
. 1394
.
. -
(plugs) (sockets),
, .
, .
. ,
,
Digital Interface for Consumer Electronic Audio/Video Equipment
IEEE-1394, DVC (Digital Video
Consortium). Co ISO/IEC.
FireWire, -8940 Adaptec,
PC ( ), PCI.

( Pentium 133,32 256 ,
SCSI-).
1394 , Windows 98, Windows 95
OSR 2.1 . - (AVI)
, , Adobe Premiere, Asymetrix Digital Video
Producer, Ulead MediaStudio, MGI Video Wave. -
(DV), 1394, AVI-
Adaptec.

. ,
() ,
.
5 (5 : Sony, Matsushita, Intel, Hitachi
Toshiba) .
SCSI
SCSI (Small Computer System
Interface, )
: ( )
(), CO-ROM,
, ,
, , .
SCSI (SCSI Device) -,
SCSI - ,
(target controller),
SCSI.
( , ), (),
-. 8
() LUN
(Logical Unit Number), .
,, SCSI-1, ANSI
1986 (. 131-1986). 8-
1 5 /,
8 . 5 /,
, (199;1
SCSI-2 (.131-1994), .
Fast SCSI-2 -.10 MT/Cj SCSI-2
20 /, 16
Wide SCSI-2 (), 8- Narrow
(). 16- 16 . SCSI-2
32- ,
. ,
. SCSI-2
, CCS
(Common Command Set), ,
.
, ^ .
( 256 )
:
SCSI .
( )
( ) V / -^ (MT/s, Mega Transfer/sec).
, , .
SCSI __________________________________________________________ 115
, .
SCSI
.
SCSI-3 ,
,
PnP.
SPI (SCSI-3 Parallel Interface)
, -
100 /. SCSI-3
,
,
.
:
SPI (SCSI Parallel Interface) (,
);
SIP (SCSI-3 Interlocked Protocol)
, SPI;
FCP (Fibre Channel Protocol)
FC-PH
100 /;
SBP (Serial Bus Protocol) ,
1394 (FireWire);
GPP (Generic Packetized Protocol) ,
;
SSP (Serial Storage Protocol) ,
SSA (Serial
Storage Architecture).

SCSI-3.
SPI (1995 .) -
68- ,
SCSI-3. SPI Fast SCSI (Fast Wide SCSI
20 /). Fast-20,
Ultra SCSI (Ultra Wide SCSI 40 /).
SPI-2 (1999 .)
LVD. Fast-40 SCSI

Ultra2 SCSI (Wide Ultra2 SCSI 80 /).
SCA-2 (Single Connector Attachment)
(hot swap) 68-
VHDCI (Very High Density Connector).
SPI-2 - SCSI-2, - SPI.
,
SCSI, Fast-40.
SPI-3 (2000 .) ,
Fast-80DT (DT Double Transition),
UltraS SCSI Ultral60.
(16 ) .
() , 32- Q
.
LVD-,
REQ#/
116 __________________________________ . __________________ 5.

SCSI
#, CRC- ,
(Packetized Commands and Messaging) (Quick
Arbitration). ,
SCSI Fast-80DT HVD, SCAM (SCSI
Configured Auto-Matically
) 32- .
SPI-4 (2001 .)
Fast-160iDT, Ultra320 SCSI
( , 320 /).
5.1.
SCSI
SCSI ,
,
. SCSI
, 18 .
.
.

.
, ,
.
(single ended)
(differential) SCSI. ,
.
SE (Single Ended)
- .
() ,
. SCSI-1
, .

(. . 5.1.2). SCSI-2
(active negation).
,
.

, ;
. SCSI-3
SPI KMC-n(CMOS).
Diff, HVD,
, .
,
RS-485, ,
.
, PC .
HVD ( Diff) SCSI-2, SPI-3 (SCSI-3
1999 ) , Ultra2
.
5.1. SCSI
___________________________ 117
LVD
40, 80 160 / Ultra2, UltralGO Ultra320 SCSI
25 (8 ) 12 (16 ). LVD
SE
(Multimode LVD). LVD
DIFFSENS
LVD () SE
(). , ,
SE ,
SE, SE.
, /, ,
( ). SCSI 8
(Narrow), 5 /. (wide)
16 .
(. 5.1), 320 /.
,
, Western Digital 2000 .
Fast SCSI 10 /,
SCSI-2. Fast-20
Fast Wide SCSI (16 , 10 MT/s). Ultra SCSI
20 /,
SCSI-3. Fast-40 Wide Ultra SCSI
(16 , 20 MT/s). Ultra2 SCSI 40 /,
Fast-80 Wide Ultra2 SCSI (16 ,
40 MT/s). , SCSI-3,
.

LVD. SCSI-3 UltraS SCSI . Ultral60 SCSI
160 / (16 )
. ,
CRC-,
( Ultra DMA
ATA). 2001 Ultra320 SCSI 320
/.
5.1. (/) SCSI
,
Fast
Fast-20
(Ultra)
Fast-40
(Ultra2)
Ultra 160
(UltraS)
Ultra320
160
320
8 (Narrow)
10
20
40
16 (Wide)
10
20
40
80
Ultra2 SCSI
,
SCSI.
5. SCSI
5.1.1. , ,
.
, ,
. ; .
; ; , ; - (
10 ,
). , ,
.
, .
1.,5.2 .
-
,
, .
[ .
5. 2\ SCSI

(5 /)
(Single ended);
> L " '.

- ; ,.;'
(HVD)
-
(LVD)
>
Ultra
(20 /)
1,5
(8.),
25
Fast
(10 /)
12
(16.),
25
(8.)
-
Ultra 2
(40 /)
"_ ' "'
Ultra 160
(80 /)
_
UltraSZO
(160 /)
_
'*'''
(4.)
6
(16.),
25
(8.)
-
._...
12
(16.),
25
(8.)
12
(16.),
25
(8.)
12
(16.),
25
(.)
, SCSI,
, .
, (
; ). ,
.
D-25,
, , DB-50.
.
IDC-50 - (
, 40- IDC-40).
0,1" (2,54 ),
, (. 5.1, ).
(IDC-50M),
(IDC-50F).
5.1. SCSI
119
-50 Centronics,
( 50-).
0,085" (2,16 ) (. 5.1, ).
.
( SCSI-) (CX-50F),
(-50).
, ,
. SCSI-1 (SCSI-1 External).
. 5.1. 8- SCSI: IDC-50P, CX-50R DB-25P, HD50F
DB-25
D- ( LPT- ).
(DB-25F), (DB-25M);
(. 5.1, ).
(, Zip).
HD-50, MiniDSO (. 5.1, ),
D- ,
(High Density) 0,05" (1,27 ).
(HD-50F), (HD50M); ().
SCSI-2 (SCSI-2 External).
HD-68, MiniD68, , 68 .
(HD-68F MiniD68F),
(HD-68M MiniD68M).
, .
SCSI-3,
. . 5.2
, , .
120
5.
SCSI
. 5.2. 16- SCSI HD-68F
VHDCI-68 (Very High

Density Connector), Centronics 0,8 .
, SCSI-4
SCSI-5.
(Micro-centronics) Centronics,
. -68 -80,
SCA.
SCA (Single Connector Attachment)
. ,
(, , ,
). SCA-2
-80 (. 5.3).
(MCX-80F), (-80).
, , ^
(, . .).
.
,
( ).
. 5.3. SCSI SCA-80
Narrow SCSI , . 5.1,

Wide SCSI . 5.2.
D- SCA-2,
(. 5.3). SCSI .
-. 8- , 25 .
,
, 25 :
- SCSI-1 SCSI-2
IDC-50 (, . . 5.1, );
- SCSI-1 Centronics-50 (CX-50M, .
. 5.1, );
- SCSI-2 MiniDSOM (HD-50M, . .
5.1, ).
-. 16/32- SCSI-2.
5.1. SCSI
__________________________ 121
-. 8/16- 34 ,
.
SCSI-2/3, 8- 1-5,31-39,65-68
:
- SCSI-3 HD-68M ;
- SCSI-3 MiniD68M ;
- SCSI SPI-2
VHDCI-68M (
SCSI-4 SCSI-5).
Q-. 68- 32 , . Q-
, SCSI SPI-3 .
Mac SCSI. DB-25P (. . 5.1, ) 8-,
Macintosh ( . ),
(Iomega ZIP Drive).
, 25- -.
- (
) . . ,
, ( !) (. . 5.1.5). SCA
, ,
.
. 5.3-5.7.
,
.
, ()
( SE-).
5.3. - SCSI
IDC-50 / -50
/Diff
IDC-50 / -50
1/1
GND/DBO+
2/26
DBO#
3/2
GND/DB1+
4/27
DB1#
5/3
GND/DB2+
6/28
DB2#
7/4
GND/DB3+
8/29
DB3#
9/5
GND/DB4+
10/30
DB4#
11/6
GND/DB5+
12/31
DB5#
13/7
GND/DB6+
14/32
DB6#
15/8
GND/DB7+
16/33
DB7#
17/9
GND/DBPO+
18/34
DBPO#
19/10
GND/GND
20/35
GND
21/11
GND/GND
22/36
GND
5.
SCSI
122
5.3 ()
IDC-50/CX-50
IOC-50/ -50 UenbSE/Diff

23/12
25/13
24/37
26/38
TERMPW
27/14
28/39
29/15
GND
30/40
31/16
GND/ATN+
32/41
GND
33/17
GND
34/42
ATN#
35/18
GND/BSY+
36/43
GND
37/19
GND/ACK+
38/44
BSY#
39/20
GND/RST+
40/45
41/21
GND/MSG+
42/46
RST#
43/22
GND/SEL+
44/47
MSG#
45/23
GND/C/D+
46/48
SEL#
47/24
GND/REQ+
48/49
C/D#
49/25
GND/I/O+
50/50
REQ#
l/0#
5.4. - SCSI
. / . UenbSE/Diff
./.
1/1
3/2
GND
GND/DB8+
2/35
4/36
GND
5/3
GND/DB9+
6/37
DB9#
7/4
GND/DB10+
8/38
DB10#
9/5
GND/DB11 +
10/39
DB11#
11/6
GND/DB12+
12/40
DB12#
.13/7
GND/DB13+
14/41.
DB13#
15/8
GND/DB14+
16/42
DB14#
17/9
GND/DB15+
18/43
DB15#
19/10
GND/DBP1 +
20/44
DBP1#
21/11
GND/ACKB+
22/45
ACKB#
23/12
GND/GND
24/46
GND
25/13
GND/REQB+
26/47
REQB#
27/14
GND/DB16+
28/48
DB16#
29/15
GND/DB17+
30/49
DB17#
31/16
GND/DB18+
32/50
DB18#
33/17
TERMPWR
34/51
TERMPW
35/18
TERMPWR
36/52
37/19
GND/DB19+
38/53
TERMPW
39/20
GND/DB20+
40/54
41/21
GND/DB21 +
42/55
DB19#
43/22
GND/DB22+
44/56
DB20#
45/23
GND/DB23+
46/57
DB21#
DB8#
DB22#
DB23#
5.1. SCSI
. /. UenbSE/Diff
./.
47/24
GND/DBP2+
48/58 ";>
49/25
GND/DB24+
50/59
'">--'. :^-*-2#'
DB24*
51/26
GND/DB25+
52/60
DB25#
53/27
GND/DB26+
54/61
DB26#
55/28
GND/DB27+
56/62
DB27#
57/29
GND/DB28+
58/63
DB28#
59/30
GND/DB29+
60/64
DB29#
61/31
GND/DB30+
62/65
DB30#
53/32
GND/DB31+
64/66
65/33
GND/DBP2+
66/67
67/34
GND/GND
68/68
DB31#
'
DBP2#
GND
5.5. - SCSI
1
2
/Diff
GND/DB12+
GND/DB13+
35
36
DB12#
DB13#
GND/DB14+
37
DB14#
GND/DB15+
38
DB15#
GND/DBP1+
39
DBP1#
GND/DBO+
40
DBO#
GND/DB1+
41
DB1#
GND/DB2+
42
DB2#
GND/DB3+
43
DB3#
10
GND/DB4+
44
DB4#
11
GND/DB5+
45
DB5#
12
GND/DB6+
46
DB6#
13
GND/DB7+
47
DB7#
14
GND/DBPO+
48
DBPO#
15
GND
49
GND
16
DIFFSENS (GND)'
50
GND
17
TERMPWR
51
TERMPWR
18
TERMPWR
52
TERMPWR
19
53
20
21
GND
GND/ATN+
54
55
GND
ATN#
22
GND/GND
56
GND
23
GND/BSY+
57
BSY#
24
GND/ACK+
58
ACK#
25
GND/RST+
59
RST#
26
GND/MSG+
60
MSG#
27
GND/SEL+
61
SEL#
^
124
5
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
5,
.5 ()
UenbSE/Diff
GND/C/D+
GND/REQ+
GND/I/O+
GND/DB8+
GND/DB9+
GND/DB10+
GND/DB11 +
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
C/D#
REQ#
I/O#
DB8#
DB9#
DB10
DB11
DIFFSENS LVD.
.6. Mac SCSI (DB-25)
1
2
REQ#
MSG#
14
15
GND
C/D#
I/O*
16
GND
RST#
17
ATN#
18
GND
BSY#
19
SEL#
GND
20
DBPO#
DBO#
21
DB1#
GND
22
10
DB3#
23
DB4#
11
DB5#
24
GND
12
DB6#
25
TERMPWR
13
DB7#
DB2#
5.7. SCA-80
4enbSE/Diff
01
02
12 Volt Charge
12 Volt
41
42
12V GND
12V GND
03
12 Volt
43
12V GND
04
12 Volt
44
Mated 1
05
45
06
46
GND
07
DB11#
47
GND/DB11 +
08
DB10#
48
GND/DB10+
09
DB9#
49
GND/DB9+
10
DB8#
50
GND/DB8+
11
I/O*
51
GND/I/0+
12
REQ#
52
GND/REQ+
125
5.1. SCSI
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
C/D#
SEl#
MSG#
RST#
ACK#
BSY#
ATN#
DBPO#
DB7#
DB6#
DB5#
DB4#
DB3#
DB2#
DB1#
DBO#
DBP1#
DB15#
DB14#
DB13#
DB12#
5 Volt
5 Volt
5 Volt Charge
Auto Spin Up
SCSI I D 0
SCSI ID 2
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
UenbSE/Diff
GND/C/D+
GND/SEL+
GND/MSG+
GND/RST+
GND/ACK+
GND/BSY+
GND/ATN+
GND/DBPO+
GND/DB7+
GND/DB6+
GND/DB5+
GND/DB4+
GND/DB3+
GND/DB2+
GND/DB1+
GND/DBO+
GND/DBP1 +
GND/DB15+
GND/DB14+
GND/DB13+
GND/DB12+
Mated 2
5VGND
5VGND
Active LED
Delayed Start
SCSI I D 1
SCSI I D 3
5.1.2.
, SCSI
, .
(
SCSI), ,
.
SCSI :
;
.
, SCSI
,
-
126
5. SCSI
.
, .
() .
, SCSI, 85-110
. (
), .
SCSI,
,
. , ,
( SCSI),
.
, , ,

, .
,
.
(active negation),
.
( , )
.
, : ,
(, ), . SCSI ,
;
, .

. ,
SE LVD. LVD
SE ( );
LVD/SE.
: (
) LVD,
( SE).
SE,
(,
). , HVD (Diff)
LVD/SE .
SE LVD
. SCSI
: . SE
( );
. LVD
;

5.1. SCSI _____________________________________ 127
. SE LVD
. 5.4, :
. ( !)
; TERMPWR
(+5.).
SE (. 5.4, ) 132 ,
.
SCSI ( 5/10 /
/ ). Fast SCSI, Ultra SCSI
.
SE (. 5.4, ) 110 ,
Fast SCSI, ;

,() +2,85 , TermPWR.
,
.
, - .
FPTSE (Forced Perfect Terminator)
,
SE-.
LVD (. 5.4, ) 105
( 150 ).
112 (
).
L VD/SE SE, LVD,
( )
SCSI .
. 5.4. SCSI: SE , SE , LVD'
LVD/SE, '; /,
DIFSENSE; SE
"!,' , ^^ .
LVD ' 1,3 . HVD
-; '' 2,1 .
, ^0;) , ,
< -''! HVD,
). -''!
128 ____________________________________________________ 5.
SCSI
(, DS2117, DS2118
Dallas Semiconductor),
9 . 16-
(Wide SCSI) 3 .
,
.
( ),
( ).
.
(SCSI-1)
.
-

. (

).
, . , Ultra-Wide SCSI $1015. .
, , , LVD-. LVD- , , : ,
.
, .
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- LVD !
5.1.3.
. 5.8.
L-:
, #
. ()
+.
5.8. SCSI
BSY#
SEL#
Busy
Select (Select)
(Reselect)
C/D#
Control/Data ( )/ ( )
I/O
Input/Output :
. (Select) (Reselect)
: Selection
5.1. SCSI _____________________________
129
MSG#
Message
DB[0:31 ]# Data Bus
DP[0:3]#
Data Parity ,
. DPO# DB[0:7],... DP3# DB[24:31].

TERMPWR Terminator Power
ATN#
Attention ( )
REQ#
Request
ACK#
Acknowledge ( REQ#)
RST#
Reset
DIFFSENS (LVD) : 0,7 SE;
0,9-1,9 LVD; 2,4 HVD
SCSI, ,
, . 8-
0-7, 16- 0-15.
. .
SCSI ID,
.
, .
DBO#
(SCSI ID-00000001), 7 - DB7# (SCSI ID=10000000).

;
. ,
.

. (initiator),
(target) .
. : -
(), ().
, , .
: , ,
(Reseleci)
. ()
(Copy Master) ,
(
).
() , (REQuest) (ACKnowledge).
( ),
.
, ( SCSI-1
). .
. 5.9.
5. SCSI
130
5.9 SCSI
: , ;
WA: ;
3
SID: ,
SCSI ID;
* I: ;
5
: .
2
Bus Free
; .
BSY# SEL#.
Arbitration .
(Bus Free), BSY#
SCSI ID.
,
,
. , , SEL*
Selection Reselection. Selection ,
,
, .
ATN# ,
Message OUT. BSY#. I/O*
Reselection. BSY#,
( ). . , -, RST#.
Reselection , .
, .
, ,
, .
BSY#, I/O*
Selection. BSY#, .
5.1. SCSI _____________________________________ 131
Command, Data, Status Message

, MSG#, C/D# I/O* (.
5.10), .
( Message OUT) ATN#,
, MSG#, C/D#, I/O* BSY#.
5.10. SCSI

MSG# C/D#
l/0#
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
Data OUT
Data IN
Command
Status
Message OUT
Message IN
. 5.5.

REQ#/ACK#. , REQ# (
).
#.
.
. 5.5. (DI , DT )
Data OUT Data IN

, . 5.6.

# REQ#,
(REQ/ACK offset agreement).
, REQ# (. 5.6, ), ,
.
REQ#,
5.
SCSI
132
# .
# REQ#
( 2),
#.
,
.
, #
(. 5.6, ).
SCSI-1 , , ( )
( ) #. ,
, : REQ# ( )
.
. 5.6. : ;
16 .
,
.
.
,
,
, ,
.
,
, -
5.1. SCSI
____________________________ 133
.
( , ), (REQ#/ACK# REQB#/ACKB#),
.
Command . Status
. Data IN
Data OUT
. Message IN Message O UT
. Message OUT' Attention,
ATN#,
. Message .
BSY#, SEL#, REQ# #
,
C/D#, I/O#, MSG# .
ATN# RST# Attention Reset
, .
. ATN#
,
. RST# ,
Reset .
, ,
.
, ,
, . .
,
.
- :
Bus Free Arbitration Selection
Reselection. (Command, Data,
Status, Message), Message In,
Disconnect Command Complete,
BUS Free.
SCSI -
(saved SCSI pointers): ,
. ( ),
.
, ,
.
.
,
Save Data Pointer.
. ,
- .
Restore Pointers

-.
134
SCSI
5.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ -,

.
5.1.4.
.

.
(SCSI ID) 0-7 ( Wide SCSI 0-15),
. -,
, 7 (15 Wide SCSI,
16-). , ,
8- 16-
.
BIOS SCSI ID=0.
(SCSI Parity).
,
. , ,
.
(Termination).
,
- .
. -
, ,
, .
,
.
, (
).
, .
/
.
(Terminator power)
( ) .
(SCSI synchronous negotiation).
, ,
.
, . , -
5.1. SCSI
135
, - .

, Enable TI-SDTR (Target Initiated
Synchronous Data Transfer Request Negotiation).
(Enable disconnection).

,
.
.
,
.
16- ,
Enable TI-WDTR (Target Initiated Wide Data
Transfer
Request Negotiation).
16- (Disable wide).
.
(Force SE).
LVD SE,
DIFFSENS.
(Disable U160).
UltraS SCSI Ultra2.
(Start on command),
(Disable Auto Spin up).

-,
. .
(Delayed Start)

(
).
5.1.5.
SCSI ,
.
SCSI, , ,
, -. SCSI

, ,
, .
SE LVD.
LVD HVD !
136
5. SCSI
LVD SE,
SE, Ultra2,
LVD.
LVD,
, , ( +)
; SE
GND.
LVD SE, DIFFSENS
LVD SE.
LVD
SE Force SE.
UltralGO Ultra2 ( ),
. UltralGO (
Ultra2) Disable U160.
,
( Mac
SCSI) ( Centronics) .
(. ), (
) SCSI ID, 0-7.
, (
!) .
TERMPWR ( -),
, .
, . -
. ,
LVD,
, .
0-15.
68- 50- .
,
. ,
.
( )
.
0-7 ,
8-15
(. ). SE-,
DIFFSENS LVD
SE. , , -, SE-
LVD.
, 16- 68- (46-
80-).

,
5.1. SCSI
137
Disable Wide.
,
( ).

.
0-7 ( ,
).
SCSI (. 5.7).
, PCI ISA,
. , ,
( ), (
, ).
.
. 5.7. SCSI: , , ;

:
( . 5.7, );
, ,
( TRM=ON)
(. 5.7, );

(TRM=OFF).
SCSI ,
, ,
, .
:
(. 5.7, ) (. 5.7, ) ,

138
5. SCSI
. , (. 5.7, ), .
, , .
.
/ (
SCSI Setup) . -
,
, (
), .
SCSI ,
, -. (. 5.8, ),
. ,
(. 5.8, ), .
-
( . 5.8, ), ,
,
.
. 5.8. SCSI
SCSI
SCSI,
. , ,
. , ,
CT-6BTS,
Ultra-Wide
SCSI,
(wide) ( . 5.8, ,
) .
Wide SCSI
: ! -
5.1. SCSI
139
, , , ^
, !
Wide SCSI
(, narrow) . CT-6BTS
68- Wide SCSI 50-
. (8-)
(16-),
. (
)
. ,
:
(TrmL) ()
. . 5.9, ,
(
). . 5.9,
(
) (!). ,
( .
5.9, ) .
. 5.9, SCSI: , ;
( ), SCSI
, . ,
. ,
. , ,
140
5. SCSI
( ) ( ).
( , ), , , . , Windows
NT, (Event Log),
, SCSI.

. , ,
.
, ,
. ,
, .
5.2. Fibre Channel

, SCSI-3
Fibre (Fiber) Channel, FCAL (Fibre Channel
Arbitrated Loop ),

(SCSI-3) .
( ),
. 1
100 /. 30 ,
10 .
126
( 8 16, ).
(200 /),
. Adaptec
2 / ( , ),
(1 /).
400 /.
126 , 10 .
FDDI
.
,
-,

.
8/10, 100 /
1,0625 /.
FCAL FC-O...FC-4,
(FC-0) ( )
. (FC-4)
,
(SCSI ), (802.2 IP).
36-2148 .
, .
,
(, SCSI IP). Fibre Channel
, ,
5.3. - SCSI _________________________________________________141
.
( , PCI).
FCAL (
, ). FCAL
,
()
.
(, , Ethernet)
,
, , ( )
.
FCAL
(, SCSI
). FCAL
, . , FCAL
,
, .
5.3. - SCSI
- , SCSI.
(, )
, ,
.
, [4, 9].
(
, , AT ).
, ,
. , ,
, .

,
.
SCSI (ISA, EISA, MCA, PCI,
VLB, PCMCIA, CardBus), USB FireWire LPT-.
SCSI-,
. , -,

SCSI.
- PCI. ,

. -
RAID-, RISC-
.
142 ____________________________________________________ 5. SCSI
- SCSI
.
-
BIOS,
,
POST. , -
, .
SCSI- :
ROM BIOS,
(
-, ROM BIOS
, -
);
;
- (I/O port);
IRQ ;
DMA ( ISA/EISA),
(bus mastering).
SCSI, -,
. BIOS ; Int
13h. , ASPI (Advanced SCSI Programming Interface),
.
SCSI.
,
.
,
(bus mastering); SCSI
.
5.4.
Message System,
. Message
IN/OUT (. ), .
.
Synchronous Negotiation. , ,
Synchronous Data Transfer Request
REQ/ACK.
, .

( -
5.4.
143
). . . - ,
. ,
Request Sense Inquiry.
Wide
Data Transfer Request.
Bus Device Reset ,
.
,
.
SCSI ,
, . SCSI-
,
.
(command descriptor block),
Command. ,
Data.
; , (
), , 10 12 .
SCSI
Read. ,

. ,
, . ,
. Selection ATN#,
Identify .
Command Read. PnP
, Data IN, ,
Status Good, Message
IN Command Complete,
( Bus Free). .
,
(Disconnect) . ,
Read, ,
, , Disconnect.
, , , (
Reselect) Message IN Identify.

, . ,
(,
), Save Data
Pointer, Disconnect.
,
. ,
, Restore Pointers
Save Data Pointers.
144
5. SCSI
. . .

, , .
, , Search Data,
, , .
Read,
.
Linked Command Complete (,
), ,
. ,
.
.
. , SCSI-1, (LUN)
, , (
) .
(tagged queue) SCSI-2 .
I_T_L (--) 256
. , ,
I_T_L_Q, Q (queue
tag). ,
.
, -,
: , Head Of Queue Tag,
.
, Simple Queue Tag,
' , . ,
Ordered Queue Tag,
. , .

, ,
. ,
.
,
, , ,
. .

(Expansion Bus)
:
PC -,
, . ,
, ,
( ).
(bus mastering)
.
( )
; ,
. ,

.
PCI;
AGP. ISA ,
,
, /104.
PCMCIA PC
Card Card Bus. LPC
.
.
MCA, EISA, VLB [1,2, 5].
,
, . . ,
. PC.
; , ISA,
PCI.
ISA, ,
PCI . , ISA, PCI
. -,
PnP.
6.
146
. 6.1 PC.
6.1.
Bus- ACFG2
, DMA Master /1
ISA-8
ISA-16
LPC
EISA
MCA-16
-32
VLB
PCI
PCI-X
AGP
1x/2x/4x
PCMCIA
Card Bus
4
8
6,7
33,3
16
20
132
132/264
532/1064
266/532/1064
10/20
132
7
7
7
+
+
+
8
16
8/16/32
32
16
32
32/64
32/64
32/64
32
20
24
32
32
24
32
32
32
32/64
32/64
8
8
33
8,33
10
10
33-50(66)
33/66
33/66
66
+
+
8/16
32
26
32
10
33
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
. 2
, .
. ISA PnP
,
.

ISA Bus (Industry Standard Architecture) ,
PC ,
XT 8 20 .
AT 16 24 .
, . 6.1,
2,54 (0,1 ).
ISA-8 62- ( , ), IS-16
36- ( , D). /104,
PC,
ISA . EISA 32-
ISA ,
ISA.
ISA ( )
. -
(Prototype Card),
.
,
. ,
.
, ,
.
147
. 6.1. ISA
-, ( ) -. ISA 8- 16-
, - .

UM (-FFFFFh). ISA-16 CMOS Setup
15- 16- (
15 ). ISA
-
, -FFh
( ). PC 10-
-, [15:10]
. , IS
lOOh3FFh. 12 ( lOOh-FFFh).
10- ,
[9:0]
12- ( 10-
12- ). 16-
EISA PCI.
ISA-8 6 , IS-16
11.
PCI.
ISA-8 8- DMA. 16 16- 8- .
.
.
-
DMA.
, ,
.
, ,
, . ,
, .
IRQx DRQx

.
,
, .
. (
) PC
.
6.
148
, , PnP.
ISA EISA . 6.2
6.3. 6.2. ISA-8, ISA-16 EISA

GND
Reset
1
2
IOCH
SD7
+5
3
SD6
IRQ2/9'
4
SD5
-5
5
SD4
DRQ2
6
SD3
-12
7
SD2
OWS#2
8
SD1
+12
g
SDO
GND
10
IOCH
SMEMW#
AEN
SMEMR#
12
SA19
IOWR#
13
SA18
IORD#
14
SA17
DACK3#
15
SA16
DRQ3
16
SA15
DACK1#
17
SA14
DRQ1
18
SA13
REFRESH
19
SA12
BCLK
20
SA11
IRO7
21
SA10
IRQ6
22
SA9
IRQ5
23
SA8
IRQ4
24
SA7
IRQ3
25
SA6
DACK2#
26
SA5
TC
27
SA4
BALE
28
SA3
+5
29
SA2
Osc
30
SA1
GND
31
SAO
1
4: XT=IRQ2, AT=IRQ9.
2
8: XT-Card Selected.
6.1. ISA, EISA PC/104 __________________________________________________ 149

6.3. ISA-16
EISA
MEMCS16#
IOCS16#
IRQ10
IRQ 11
IRQ12
IRQ 15
IRQ14
DACKO#
DRQO
DACK5#
DRQ5
DACK6#
DRQ6
DACK7#
DRQ7
+5B
MASTER*
GND
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

SBHE#
LA23
LA22
LA21
LA20
LA19
LA18
LA17
MEMR#
MEMW
SD8
SD9
SD10
SD11
SD12
SD13
SD14
SD15
ISA Intel
( 8080). ISA-8 .
-
.
SD[7:0] . Data D.
SA[19:0] (Addr[19:0], A[19:0]) - .
AEN (
DMA).
IOW# (IOWC#, IOWR#) - .
IOR# (IORC#, IORD#) - .
SMEMW* (SMEMWR#, SMWTC#) (
0-FFFFFh).
SMEMR* (SMEMRD#, SMRDC#) (
0-FFFFFh).
, .
IRQ2/9, IRQ[3:7] .
.

, ( ) -
150 ______________________________________ 6.
. IRQ2/9 XT
2, AT 9.
DRQ[1:3] 8- DMA (
).
DACK[1:3]# 8- DMA.
DMA.
, , .
IOCHRDY (CHRDY, I/OCHRDY) ,
( 15 ).
BALE (ALE) .
SA[0:19]
.
REFRESH* (REF#) ( XT
DACKO#).
15 ,
.
# , NMI CPU
( 061h, 062h).
RESET (RESDRV, RESETDRV) (
).
BCLK (CLK) 8 .
,
.
OSC 14,431818
( ).
+5, 5, +12 -12 .
, 16-, , , .
SD[15:8] .
SBHE# SD[15:8].
LA[23:17] ,
BALE.
. ,
BALE.
IRQ[10:12], IRQ[14:15] .
DRQ[5:7] 16- DMA (
).
DACK[5:7]# 16- DMA.
DRQO DACKO* 8- DMA,
.
___________________________________ 151
.
EMCS16#(16#) 16-
.
IOCS16* (I/OCS16*, 16#) 16 .
.
MEMW# (MWTC#) 16 .
MEMR# (MRDC#) 16 .
OWS# (SRDY#, NOWS#, ENDXFR)
.
MASTER* (MASTER 16#) , 16 DMA .
DACK [5:7] Bus-Master .
EISA ( ISA)
32 ,
,
.
6.1.1.
-,
-.
( )
, .
-
( ) (
) . , ,
.
-
. 6.2. CMD*
:
SMEMR#, MEMR# ;
SMEMW#, MEMW# ;
IOR# -;
IOW# -.
( )
, AEN . ,
, , AEN
. SMEMR* SMEMW*
MEMR# MEMW# ,
-FFFFFh. SMEMR* SMEMW*
MEMR# MEMW* 5-10 .
152
6.
. 6.2. ISA
:
SA[19:0] SBHE#
; 1_[23:17] ,
.
, ,
, .
, ( -)
. , ,
,
.
LA[23:17] (
FFFFFh),
-, BALE
. ,
, ,
. -
1_[32:17] .
(), () . , ,
,
.
2 ,
, .
2 , m ,
. n=m+l:
( -
6.1. ISA, EISA PC/104 ________________________________ 153
) 2n"m"1 ,
- (alias). -
( ) Kx2m+1,
. ,
.
, -
2 ( ),
.
,
.

. IBM PC/XT
, ISA 8-,
. IBM PC/AT286 ( 386-SX)
16-, 32- 64 ISA 16 . ,
,
.
SBHE#, SAO, IOCS16* MEMCS16*. 16-
IOCS16* MEMCS16* .
IOCS16# , MEMCS16*
. ()
, .
16 . 16-
1.
32- ,
, ,
,
(32 ). 16-
1 ()
IOCS16* MEMCS16*,
. 32- 2
(16+16), 3 (8+16+8) 4 (8+8+8+8) ,
. , (
), ( , ),
.
. 6.4 ISA
-,
.
1
L-H , Intel.
154 ______________________________________ 6.
16- OUT DX,AX ( DX

,
; AL , ), 8-
OUT DX,AL. ( ) 3 6
, , ,
,
. 16-
( ),
.
/
6.4. 8- 16- ISA
()
1. 16- 16-
SBHE#
L
SA
DX(AO=0)
D[15:8]
D[7:0]
AL
IOCS16#
L
2. 16- 16- 1,5,
xxx9,xxxD
SBHE#
L
H
SA
DX(AO=1)
DX+1 (A0=0)
D[15:8]
AL
0
D[7:0]
AL
AH
IOCS16#
L
L
3. 16- 16- ,7,
xxxB.xxxF
SBHE#
H
L
SA
DX+1 (A0=0)
DX (A0= 1)
D[15:8]
0
AL
D[7:0]
AH
0
IOCS16*
L
L
4. 16- 8-
SBHE#
L
L
SA[1:0]
DX(AO=0)
DX+1(AO=1)
D[15:8]
AH
AH
D[7:0]
AL
AH
IOCS16*
H
H
5. 16- 8- 1,5,
xxx9,xxxD
SBHE#
L
H
SA[ 1:0]
DX (A0= 1)
DX+1 (A0=0)
D[15:8]
AL
0
D[7:0]
AL
AH
IOCS16#
H
H
6.1. ISA, EISA PC/104 ________________________________________ 155

()____________ 1 _____________________ 2 ______________________
6. 16- 8- ,7,
xxxB,xxxF
SBHE#
H
L
SA[1:OJ
DX+1(AO=0)
DX(AO=1)
D[15:8]
0
AL
D[7:0]
AH
AL
IOCS16#
H
H
7. 8- 16-
SBHE#
H
SA[1:0]
DX(AO=0)
D[15:8]
0
D[7:0]
AL
IOCS16*
L
8. 8- 16-
SBHE#
L
SA[1:0]
DX(AO=1)
D[15:8]
AL
D[7:0]
0(AL?)
IOCS16*
L
SD[15:0]
/, . ()
(IOR#, MEMR#, SMEMR#)
( ).
()
(IOW#, MEMW#, SMEMW#). -
.
-
; ,
.
IOCHRDY
,
(wait states).

( -, , ).
,
15
. OWS#
, .
IOCHRDY OWS# ,
.
IOCHRDY ( )
.
156 ________________________________
6.
BIOS Setup (wait states).

, ,
-.
:
16- , ,
. , BIOS Setup
ISA -,
8- 16- . ,
(recovery time)
-
. BIOS Setup
8- 16- .
, ,
, SD[7:0] SD[15:8].
74ALS245 (15336) 8-
.
# (Output Enable ),
, .
;
IOR#,
-, MEMRD*,
. ,
( )
, .
8- 16- ;
, 16-
AT A 8- COM, LPT, GAME
.
IOCS16* MSC16* .
8- (
IOCS16* MSC16*),
SD[7:0], SD[15:8] (
) .
16-, IOCS16* MSC16*,
SBHE* SAO.
SD[7:0] SAO=0, SD[15:8]
SBHE#=L.

.
(, 8255, 8250, 8253 . .)
SD[7:0]
IOCS16* MSC16*.
( ) .

-: , , 8
6.1. ISA, EISA PC/104 __________________________________________ 157
, = FFh.
. .
,
RO (), RO+1, R+2 (
) .
AA55h, IN AX, R0
AL=55h, AH=AAh.
, IN , R0+1,
AL=AAh ( RO+1, !),
a AH=FFh ( ).
, : (, ...) .
( SA1
, ),
AH=55h, RO
- RO+2.

, ,
,
. -
(, BIOS
1^ 16- PC/AT).
6.1.2. DMA

DMA, . DMA

, .
.
DMA :
DRQx DACKx#,
. . 6.3
( 8- ) ( 16-)
DMA.
.
1. DRQx DMA
(
).
2.
IOR#, DACKx* MEMW#. ,
LA[23:17], (
), BALE=H . DACKx#
, , a IOR#
( IOW#).
IOR# ( IOW#
) , ,
DMA,
158
6.
AEN . , ,
.
3. 1-2
DRQx,
.
(Terminate Count),
.
. 6.. DMA
( ) ,
IOR# MEMR#, MEMW*
IOW#.
DMA.
DMA, ,
IOCHRDY ( OWS# ).

, DRQx,
.
16- ISA 7 DMA: 8- (
0-3) 16- (5-7),
. 4
( ). 8- 8 ( XT 3 0
).
,
. 12.4.
____________________________________ 159
, 8- DMA
64 ,
( , . . 12.3.2 12.5). 16 64 ,
, . DMA
, ,
15 ( ).
6.1.3.
(bus mastering)
- ,
DMA. ,
, ,
, DMA (
). , ,
.
,

- .
ISA , 16 .
, DMA DMA ( 5-7).
, , DRQx
(x=5...7), DMA
. ,
AEN (
) DACKx. ,
MASTER*,
DMA AEN .
, ,
DRQx. ISA
, ( ).
15 ,
(. ). ( ),
, IOCHRDY,
.
6.1.4.
, ,
, , ,
(refresh) .
,
-
160 ______________________________________ 6.
.
15 (
REFRESH*), DMA,
.
, (
. IBM PC.
). ISA
DMA ( ).
15 REFRESH*,
AEN=H BALE=H,
MEMR#, SA[7:0]
. DMA,
REFRESH* ,
.
- 15
, . 15
REFRESH*,
. ,
,
SA[7:0] MEMR*, AEN=0
BALE=1 . ,
, ,
, ,
, .

, ,
, .
6.1.5.
ISA
. IRQ2IRQ7 , IRQ9-IRQ15
. 4 (IRQ2/9) IRQ2
/. ( AT)
IRQ9, ( 8-)
IRQ2.
IRQ9...IRQ15 IRQ3...IRQ7.
(. . 12.4),
/
(IF) . .
, .
.
. -
6.1. ISA, EISA PC/104___________________________________________ 161
, - , , . , .
. 12.4.
, ISA,
, , ,
,
( ) .
# (NMI),
- .
,
, . NMI
3 (EIC) 06lh,
, NMI #,
6 (IOCHK) .
6.1.6. /104
/104, , ISA. 104
, ISA.
ISA /104
:
, .
MEMCS16#, IOCS16*, MASTER* OWS#
20 , 4 .
/104 . 6.4, . 6.5
6.6. /104 -. /104, .
/104 (
), (.
6.4, ).
10 19 , ;
. ,
.
. 0,6"
( ). ^ !
ISA-8, J2 ISA-16;
(2,54 ),
, 2,5 ( !).
, , , D
( J2 ,
).
6.
162
. 6.4. /104: ,
Pentium
PCI, PC/104-Plus (
. 6.4). PCI
2 . /104
ISA, PCI ;
-,
(ISA, PCI) (PC) .
6.5. J1/P1 PC-104
IOCHK#
SD7
SD6
SD5
SD4
SD3
SD2
SD1
SDO
IOCHDRY
AEN
SA19
SA18
SA17
SA16
1 GND
2 RESET
3 +5
4 IRQ2/9
5 -5
6 DRQ2
7 -12
8 OWS#
9 +12
10
11 SMEMW#
12 SMEMR#
13 IOWR#
14 IORD#
15 DACK3#
163
6.1. ISA, EISA

PC/104
SA15
SAM
16
17
DRQ3
DACK1*
SA13
18
DRQ1
SA12
19
REFRESH*
SA11
20
BCLK
SA10
21
IRQ7
SA9
22
IRQ6
SA8
23
IRQ5
SA7
24
IRQ4
SA6
25
IRQ3
SA5
26
DACK2*
SA4
27
TC
SA3
28
BALE
SA2
29
+5
SA1
30
OSC
SAO
31
GND
GND
32
GND
6.6. J2/P2 PC-104
GND
SBHE
LA23
LA22
LA21
LA20
LA19
LA18
LA17
MEMR#
MEMW#
SD8
SD9
SD10
SD11
SD12
SD13
SD14
SD15
0
1
GND
MEMCS16#
IOCS16*
IRQ10
IRQ11
IRQ12
IRQ15
IRQ14
DACKO*
DRQO
10
DACK5*
11
DRQ5
12
DACK6*
13
DRQ6
14
DACK7*
15
DRQ7
16
+5
17
MASTER#
18
GND
19
GND
164 ______________________________________ 6.
6.1.7.
ISA EISA
, - ISA EISA

-,
,
. , , ,
.

DMA. ,

, , , DMA .
- .
, .
ISA
( , EEPROM), .
,
. :
(Software Configured), (jumperless). ,

-. ,
.
( )
.
, ( ),
( ).
, .

.
MCA, PCI EISA, ISA . EISA
AEN (
-) ,
ISA, EISA. EISA
,
EQU (EISA Configuration
Utility); ISA
EISA. ISA
ISA PnP
.
BIOS PnP BIOS.
ISA
6.1. ISA, EISA PC/104 __________________________________________ 165
PnP BIOS, / ISA PnP ,

PnP .
6.1.8. Plug and Play

ISA
- Plug and Play ISA Specification
Intel Microsoft 1994 .
ISA, ,

. PnP,

{Legacy Cards).
,
PnP .
PnP .
1. .
2. CSN (Card Select Number
), , (Assign a handle),
PnP.
3.
. ,
.
4. () ,
.
( ).
POST ( BIOS
PnP) . PnP BIOS
,
,
. BIOS PnP
,
, ,
. ,
ISA PnP.
,

,
.
PnP 8-
(. 6.7), ,
- . PnP
12- -, 10, ISA.
166
6.7.
_________________ 6.
ISA PnP
ADDRESS
WRITE_DATA
READ_DATA
0279 (Printer status port) OA79h (Printer

status port + OSOOh)
0203h-03FFh
APDRES5 PnP
(.
) WRITE_DATA READ_DATA.

. ,

LPT-.
WRITE_DATA READ_DATA
PnP. WRITE_DATA 10 ,
, - .
READ_DATA PnP
.
PnP.

PnP. ,
(, , DMA).

, (
). ,
, , , ()
.
,
PnP. PnP
, ,
.
PnP, ( );
(
) .
PnP
ISA.
(. ). PnP .
Wait for key ( )

( ) .
,
PnP.

.
167
6.1. ISA, EISA

PC/104
Sleep () ,
Wake [CSN], ,
. CSN CSN .
CSN CSN
.
Isolation() Serial Isolation
(. ),
CSN. PnP .
Config () ,
PnP, .
.
, .

,
PnP (Initiation key).

ADDRE S 5 (279h). , ,
LFSR (Linear Feedback
Shift Register), . 6.5.
1 , 2
ADDRESS. , ,

LFSR ( 6Ah).
ADDRESS.
ADDRESS.
( 32 )
LFSR ,
( config)
.
hex- :
6, 5, DA, ED, F6.. FB', 7D, BE, DF, 6F, 37, IB, 0D, 86, , 61, 0, 58, 2. 16. 8. 45, 2, D1,
8. 74, , 9D, , 7, 73. 39
:
1
. 6.5. LFSR PnP
168 _________________________
6.

(Serial Identifier), PnP.
72 ,
32- 8- ,
LFSR. 32-
.
.
, Ethernet
-.
,
. ,
( ?) , ,
.
, 0 7 .
1 LFSR
, 2 Serial
Isolation (. ).
.
, . 72
READ_DATA.
.
,
55.
,
01
D[l:0] ( 55h).
AAh,
10.
, , , .
, ,
.
72 .
.
PnP ( 06) CSN,
.
CSN (
).

IOCHRDY,
.
.
______________________________________ 169
,
, .
55h AAh, ,
.
.
55h AAh
, READ_DATA -
. ,
READ_DATA .
,
PnP (
CSN).
1 250
. ,
.
, , .
CSN, PnP.
CSN
.

PnP.
PnP - WRITE_DATA READ_DATA .
PnP
, ADDRESS.
PnP, , ,
. PnP
,
.
PnP
(. ) (. 6.6).
, ,
Logical Device Number,
.
PnP , , :

;

ISA;
6.
170
,
, , ,
.
. 6.6. PnP (* )
,
(. 6.8).
6.8. PnP

. [7:0]
Set RD_DATA Port OOh,
[9:2] READ_DATA.
WO

Isolation

Serial Isolation
01 h, RO
[2] CSN 0. [ 1 ]
Wait for Key. [0]
Config Control
02h,WO

,
CSN. ,

, CSN
,
03h,WO
Sleep Config (
).
CSN Isolation.

Wake[CSN]
Resource Data
Status
Card Select
Number
Logical Device
Number
Card Level
Card Level,
Vendor Defined
171

04h, RO

. ,
Status
05h, RO
. [0]

06h, RW
CSN,

Wake[CSN].

07h, RW
,

, -
. ^ ,

08h-1Fh

20h-2Fh

WAKE [CSN]
CSN 3.
CSN Config (),
Sleep.
(
, )
.
,
ISA (
).
Wait for key ( ). PnP
,
32- .
PnP ,
.
CSN ,
, - ( ISA), - (Docking Stations)
.
(. 6.9)

ISA -.
,
- 55h AAh
0 . ,
.
172 _________________________________
6.
6.9. PnP
_______________
Activate
30h,RW
____________________________________________
. [0]
ISA.
[7:1 ] ,
.
-
I/O Range Check
31 h, RW
-.
[7:2] ,
. [ 1 ]
. [0] :
0 AAh, 1 55h
Logical Device
Control
32h-37h
Logical Device
Control Vendor
Defined
38h-3Fh

. .
24- (4) 32- (4) .

.
(24-) 32- .
- (8).
-
. ,
Resource Data.
(2).
(
). IRQ2/9 ISA
9.
.
4 ( ,
).

PnP . 6.10.
6.10. PnP

40h-5Fh (24-)
40h, RW
0: , [23:16]
41h, RW
0: , [15:8]
6.1. ISA, EISA PC/104 __________________________________________173

42h, RW
0: . [1 ] : 0 8 ,
1 16 . [0] (RO) : 0
, 1
43h, RW
0: , [23:16].
,
( );
)
44h, RW
0: , [15:8]
45h-47h
()
48h-4Ch
( )
4Dh-4Fh
()
50h-54h
2 ( )
55h-57h
()
58h-5Ch
3 ( )
5Dh-5Fh
()
60h-6Fh -
60h, RW
61 h, RW
0: , [15:8].
10- ,
[15:10]
0: , [7:0]
62h-63h, RW
1 ( )
64h-65h,RW
2 ( )
66h-67h, RW
3 ( )
68h-69h, RW
4 ( )
6Ah-6Bh, RW
5 ( )
6Ch-6Dh, RW
6 ( )
6Eh-6Fh,RW
7 ( )
70h-73h
70h, RW
0. [3:0] IRQ Interrupt
71 h, RW
0. [1 ] : 1 ,
0 . [0] : 1 , 0 .
, RO
72h, 73h RW
1 ( ) 74-75

74h, RW
0 DMA. [2:0]
(001 DMA0....111 DMA7)
75h, RW
1 DMA ( )
76h-A8h 32-
76h, RW
32- 0: , [31:24]
77h, RW
32- 0: , [23:16]
78h, RW
32- 0: , [15:8]
79h, RW
32- : , [7:0]
174 _____________________________
6.
6.10 ()

7Ah, RW
32- . [7:3]
,
. [2:1] : 00
8- , 01 16- , 10 , 11 32 . [0] (RO) : 0
, 1

7Bh, RW
32- 0: ,
[31:24]
7Ch, RW
32- 0: ,
[23:16]
7Dh, RW
32- 0: ,
[15:8]
7Eh, RW
32- 0: ,
[7:0]
7Fh
()
80h-88h
32- 1
89h-8Fh
()
90h-98h
32- 2
99h-9Fh
()
A0h-A8h
32- 3
( )
Resource Data , , . 6.10.
, config.
,
PnP.
Wake [CSN], 8
, ,
, LFSR
.
.

PnP.

.
, , PnP, .
, ,
PnP.
, , , . .
6.2. PCI
175
6.2. PCI
PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) local bus

. Pentium,
486. PCI
.
PCI 1.0 1992 . PCI 2.0 (1993 .)
. 2.1 (1995 .)
66 . PCI 2.2 (
1998 .),
2.1.
PCI Local Bus Specification. Revision 2.2 18.12.1998,
PCI SIG (Special Interest Group).
PCI (mezzanine bus)
ISA, :
(),
.
- (ISA/EISA ), ISA- XBUS LPC,
(ROM BIOS, , , DMA,
LPT, ), PCI
.
PCI ,
,
.

() CLK.
33 ,
( 486 20-33 ).
41,5 (
83 ). 2.1
66 .
32 ,
64 . 33
132 / 32-
264 / 64-; 66
264 528 .
, -
.( -)
.
PCI
-, ,
.
.
DMA PCI ,
',
( ), .
, , DMA
AT , PCI
176 _______________________________________ 6.
IDE (. . 9.2.1). PCI

.
().
-
.
-,
, -.
,
, -
0 (. . 6.2.12).
, .
6.2.1. PCI
PCI : , ,
.
(. . 6.2.12).

, (
-) .

-,
. AD
.
IDSEL
PCI ,
PCI
IDSEL, .
, ( 1 8)
.
256 (. . 6.2.12).
,
.
0 ,
( 1-7).
() , ,
, 0.
PCI (. . 6.2.2),
(,
). PCI,
PCI (. . 6,2.10).
, ;
( ).
(PCI bus number).
; .
,
; :
, .
:1:2 (, Unix) 2
1, (0) PCI.
6.2. PCI ________________________________________________________ 177
PCI
. (device number
dev) AD,
IDSEL : KADU -devO(MOCT),AD12-devl,...AD31 dev20. PCI, ,
; (
- ).
, 20.
; PCI
( dev,
). PCI,
, . ,
.
PCI ,
, IDSEL
(, 4-
Ethernet), PCI,
IDSEL, .
PCI,
.
-, ( ) (
,
PCI).
, . .
. 6.2.6, , ,
4,
.
, (
).

: PCI
( )
PCI, POST.
PCI,
( CMOS
Setup).
, ,
(Windows)
(
).
6.2.2. PCI
( )
(initiator) , (master) ,
(target) (), (slave). PCI
: ,
.
. 6.11.
178
6.
AD[31:0]
/[3:0]#
FRAME*
6.
11 PCI
.
Address/Data /.
,
Command/Byte Enable / . ,
,
. ( ),
,
Device Select (
DEVSEL*
)
IRDY*
Initiator Ready
TRDY*
Target Ready
STOP*

LOCK*
.
,
PCI
REQ#
Request
GNT#
Grant
PAR
Parity AD[31:0] /[3:0]#
PERR*
Parity Error ( , ).
,
#
Power Management Event ,
( , PCI 2.2)
CLKRUN*
Clock running .

( )
PRSNT[1,2]# Present ,
.
GND,
RST#
Reset
IDSEL
Initialization Device Select

SERR#
System Error .
, .
PCI NMI
REQ64*
Request 64 bit 64- . 64-
, FRAME*.
( RST*) 64- ,
64- . 64-.
, 32- ,

64*
64- . 64- ,
, DEVSEL*.
32-
INTA#, INTB*, Interrupt , , , D , ,
INTC#, INTD* , (
)
CLK
Clock . 2033 ,
PCI2.1 66
M66EN
66MHz Enable 66
6.2. PCI
SDONE
SBO#
TDI
TOO
TMS
TRST
179
Snoop Done .

. ,
Snoop Backoff
. ,

Test Clock JTAG
Test Data Input JTAG
Test Data Output JTAG
Test Mode Select JTAG
Test Logic Reset
, .
REQ# GNT*
.
( FRAME*)
GNT*. GNT*
, (. )
.
,
. (, ,
) .
AD.
/[3:0]
.
FRAME*, AD
, /# ().
DEVSEL*.
IRDY#,
DEVSEL*.
, TRDY*.
AD IRDY#
TRDY*.
, . . 6.7
, , .

, 32
, .
,
IRDY*
FRAME*. FRAME*
. ,

( STOP* TRDY*).

180
6.
. IRDY#, (PCI Idle)

FRAME* IRDY# .
, FRAME*
IRDY#. (Fast
Back-to-Back) , .
PCI,
. ( ) 7
(. . 6.2.12). ( )
( 9
), .
. 6.7. PCI
(), ,
,
AD[31:0] PAR (address/data stepping). .
(continuous stepping)
- (FRAME# , IRDY#
TRDY# ).
.
(diskrete stepping)
, (, ),
. ,
.
(. 7
), .
FRAME*, ,
.
6.2. PCI ________________________________________________________ 181

.
()
: AD[31:0] /[3:0]# ,
PAR (
, PAR, ). PAR
AD
/#. PERR* (
).
,
( /#). , , .
,
( FRAME* IRDY#
).
, .
.
( Camletiori)
.
- (Time-out) ,

( GNT#) , Latency
Timer. ,

. ( - )
GNT#
. (Master-Abort),

(DEVSEL*).
; STOP*. .
(Retry) STOP* TRDY*
. , -
(16
).
.
(Disconnect) STOP*
. STOP*
TRDY* ,
. STOP*
TRDY*, .
,
.
(Target-Abort) STOP*
DEVSEL* (
STOP* DEVSEL* ).
. ,
, .
182-: __________________________________________________________ 6.
,
.
6.2.3. ,
-
, .
.
(target initial latency),
TRDY* FRAME*,
16-.
, STOP*,
. ,
.
16 ,
(Delayed Transaction). ,
(Incremental Latency
Mechanism),
(target subsequent latency) 8 .
, .
,
, 16 8 ,
.

FRAME* IRDY* (master data latency)
8 .
(, ,
),
. (maximum
complete time) 10 334 33 668
66 ,
.

, . ,
,
,
. ,
, .
,
,
(Latency Timer), ,
.
FRAME*, .

FRAME* GNT* .
6.2. PCI ________________________________________________________ 183
FRAME*
, .
GNT#
, ,
FRAME*.
.
GNT# ,
(
) (
) .
(arbitration latency)
REQ#
GNT#. ,
( , )
.
,
.
,
(Max_Lat) ,
(Mi n_GNT).
.

, . 5 /
, , 4 .
32 .
, ,
.
,
(
, ,
).
Fast Ethernet
( 10 /),
64- , .
,
,
. 8 ( 0,25
33 ), MIN_GNT=1.
10 / 3,2
, AX_L = 12 (
0,25 ).
6.2.4. ,
,
. -
184 ______________________________________ 6.
4 ( ),
(. ). AD,
, /[3:0]#
.
. ;
, .
ISA, PCI
32- .
PCI (
, 8255, 8-
),
, 32-
AD.
, .
, ,
AD[31:2]; AD[1:0]
:
00 ;
(4 32- 8
64- ).
10 Cacheline Wrap mode,
-.
,
, .
,
, . , 16
32- , xxxxxxOSh,
,
xxxxxxOCh, xxxxxxOOh, xxxxxx04h; xxxxxxlSh, xxxxxxlCh,
xxxxxxlOh, xxxxxx!4h.
(. . 6.2.12).
Cache Line Size,
;
01 11 ,
(Disconnect) .
-
AD[31:0]. AD[31:2]
, ,
AD[1:0] ,
/[3:0]#. AD[1:0]=00
/[3:0]#
1111,
[1:0]01-/[3:0]#
=
011111,[1:0]=10-/[3:0]# = 011 1111, AD[1:0]=11
/[3:0]# = 0111 ( 3) 1111 (
). ,
.
/ (
) IDSEL;
AD[10:8], ( )
AD[7:2], AD[1:0]=00.
6.2. PCI ________________________________________________________ 185
PCI /# (.
6.12).

. ,
.
AD , ( )
. PC
8- 0
( TRDY#).
( ,
86 , ).
,
. ,
, , Master
Abort ( 6 ).

.
AD[15:0], AD[31:16]
, .
,
. OOOOh, 000lh 0002h
(Shutdown), (Halt)
8,
. 0003-FFFFh .
- ,
(. . 6.2.11),
.
-
. AD ,
ADO AD1 ( , #).
PCI 16- 32-. PCI
32 , 86
16 .
, ,
-, ( ), .

(. . 6.2.12).
.
, ,
.
- (. . 6.2.11).
,
32- ( ).
,
-.

.
186 ______________________________________ 6.
32-
64- . 32
, , 32 . PCI 64-
- ( 86 , PCI
).
6.12. PCI
/[3:0]
0000
Interrupt Acknowledge
0001
Special Cycle
0010
I/O Read -
0011
I/O Write -
0100
0101
0110
Memory Read
0111
Memory Write
1000
1001
1010
Configuration Read
1011
Configuration Write
1100
Multiple Memory Read
1101
Dual Address Cycle (DAC)
1110
Memory-Read Line
1111
Memory Write and Invalidate
6.2.5.
PCI
, , , . : 32 , 33
. ,
132 /,
4 (33x4=132).
. PCI
- ,
PCI.
86 32-,
PCI, 4
, .
() ,

, ,
.
6.2. PCI _______________________________________________________ 187
PCI (
)
. ( Pentium)
64- ,
32- 64-.
, 32- ,
.
,
. , ,
PCI MOVSD,
REP.
LODSW, STOSW ( ).

, , , ,
.
,
, , , (
32-
,
, . . 6.2.10).
PCI,
. , ,
(
), .

4 .
(8 ) (16 ),
( PCI).
- (INSW, OUTSW
REP), -
(PIO), ,
PCI.
, ,
: FRAME*
1 , .
, IRDY*
TRDY*.
,
PCI (target) .
,
,
( STOP*), ,
. , , ,
PCI, ,
( 3
) 7 ,
188 ____________________________________ 6.
33 32 33x4/7=18,8
/. 4 (
FRAME* IRDY*) 3 .
MOVSD 8 (33x4/8=16,5
/). PCI-,
FPGA Altera,
.
PCI REP MOWSW 19-21
( 33x4/20=6,6 /).
( 8
FRAME*), ,
.
, (
), 64-
PCI,
.
. 6.7,
( ) .
( 1)
AD. , (turnaround), 2,
TRDY* .
( 3),
. 1
AD ( 4). ,
(4 ) 4 30 (33 ).
(
), 33 /
. AD
, .
, ,
66 /.
, , , 3 1
. , 4 7
(V- 16/(7) / - 76 /), - 5 (V= 16/(5x30) / =
106,6 /). 16
112 /, 125 /.
, . GNT#,
, ( FRAME*
IRDY* ); . ,

, .
, .
,
, .
6.2. PCI ________________________________________________________ 189
,
PCI ,
.
PCI, , ,
.
66 64 ,
. , ,
( , ,
- .),
.
, , -
. , Fast Ethernet (100
/) 13 / (10%
), 26
/. Gigabit Ethernet
(
), 64 /66 .
6.2.6.
PC- PCI
8259,
(. . 12.4),
. PCI
ISA. PCI
(
) INTA#, INTB#, INTC# INTD*.
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
. PCI PCI-
.
(. . 6.2.12). ,
,
,
. ,
,
,
PCI
.
PCI
, (
) .
, INTA#, INTA#
INTB#, .
4 -
190 ________________________________ 6.
4 ,
. - ,

. PCI-
( IDE, , ,
).
() POST,
. CMOS Setup (PCI/PNP
Configuration) ,
PCI. BIOS : INTA#...INTD# ,
PCI
ISA PnP ( Legacy ISA).
POST INTA#...INTD#
.
,
PCI .
PCI
, .
PCI .
, BIOS PCI 14 15 (
IDE, ), 3 4 (-).
( ), PCI,
, (, ),
Interrupt Line.
(255 ),
(. . 12.4).
POST. Interrupt Pin
(!) ,
(1_...1_4) . , ,
Interrupt Pin
,
( 4
), BIOS .
POST
; ,
Interrupt Line. ,
, ,
, (
, PCI BIOS).
. 12.4.1.
.
,
PCI
( ). , ,
.
PCI
, (PCI Message-Based Interrupts).

, ,
.
6.2. PCI _______________________________________________________ 191
, APIC.
APIC.
ICH2 82801 FEC00020h,
0-23L
; APIC,
8259 , .
6.2.7. , ISA
DMA (PC/PCI)
, PCI

8237 ( ISA).

, (PCI Bus
Master).
.
(
) CPU. CPU
,
, .
( ) * ,
CPU.
(DMA). DMA
, . . ,
DMA ISA/EISA.
, ,
, CPU
.
PCI PC-
PCI Intel
PC/PCI DMA, REQi# GNTi#
, DMA.
( PCI) DRQx#
DACKx# , ISA (. . 6.1),
REQi# GNTi#
. DRQx ( ),
REQi#
DRQx, CLK. CLK
- REQi#,
DRQO, DRQ1 DRQ7,
REQ#. GNTi#
, -,
, DACK*
.
, . PC/PCI
DMA .
192 _______________________________________ 6.
6.2.8. ,
PCI
PCI (CMOS),
: 5
3,3 . ,
. 6.13.
( ) ,
(33 66 ).
,
, ,
.
,
. ,
. ,
,
.
FRAME*, TRDY#, IRDY#, DEVSEL*, STOP*,
SERR#, PERR#, LOCK#, INTA#, INTB#, INTC#, INTD#, REQ64* ACK64*
( 2,7
5 8,2 3,3 ),
.
6.13.
,
,
,
Vcc,
-0,5<UIL<0,8
2<UIH <Vcc+0,5
UOL<0,55
UoH^O,8
4,75<Ucc^5,25
3,3
-0,5<UIL<0,3 xVcc
Vcc/aSUiH S Vcc +O.S
UOL<0, 1 xVcc
UOH>0,9xVcc
3,3<Ucc<3,6

: 2 PCI 4 4
2 . ,
PCI -.
, .
,
. -
PCI
.
PCI ,
0,05 . ,
ISA/ EISA MCA. PCI
. PCI-
( )
ISA-.
6.2. PCI
___________________________________________________ 193
(shared slot),
ISA, PCI.
PCI 5
3,3 , . PCI ,
PCI- :
5 , 3,3 . ,
.
12,13 50, 51. 5
50, 51; 3,3 12, 13. PCI
50,51 (5 ) 12,13 (3,3 );
.
.
, +V I/O:
5 +V I/O +5 ;
3,3 +V I/O +(3,3-3,6) ;
5 +5 ;
3,3
+(3,3-3,6) ;

5 3,3 , ,
.
+3,3, +5, +1212 . PCI 2.2
S.SVaux +3,3 ,
# .
5- 32- , 62/62; 64- , 94/94. 64- 32- , ,
, , 32- .

. 66
M66EN. ,
, 66 (
49), , 33 .
, PCI,
(66 33 ). ,
, 64- 66 , 32 33. 33 40-50
, .
. 6.8 32- (Long Card),
(Short Card) 175 ,
. (),
ISA ( MCA
IBM PS/2). .
6.14.
6.
194
. 6.8. PCI
PCI
6.14.

-12
GND
3,
TDO
+5 8
+5
INTB#
INTD#
PRSNT1*
10
PRSNT2#
11
GND/ 3,3 12
GND/ 3,3
13
14
GND
15
CLK
16
GND
17
REQ#
18
+VI/O
19
AD 31
20
AD 29
21
GND
22
AD 27
23
AD 25
24
+3,3
25
C/BE3#
26
AD 23
27
TRST#
+12
GND/M66EN1
GND/ 5
49
50
AD9
GND/ 5
TMS
GND/ 5
51
GND/ 5
TDI
AD 8
52
/*
+5
AD 7
53
+3,3
INTA#
+3,38
54
AD6
INTC#
AD S
55
AD4
+5
AD3
56
GND
GND
57
AD2
+VI/O
AD1
58
ADO
+VI/0
59
+VI/Q
GND/3,3
ACK64#
60
REQ64*
GND/ 3,3
+5
61
+5 8
3.3Vaux2
+5
62
+5
RST#
32-
+VI/0
63
GND
GNT#
GND
64
/7*
GND
/6*
65
/5*
PME#2
/4#
66
+VI/O
AD 30
GND
67
PAR64
+3,3
AD63
68
AD62
AD 28
AD61
69
GND
AD 26
+VI/O
70
AD60
GND
AD59
71
AD58
AD 24
AD57
72
GND
IDSEL
GND
73
AD56
+3,3 8
AD55
74
AD54
195
6.2. PCI

GND
28
AD 22
AD 53
75
+VI/O
AD 21
29
AD 20
GND
76
AD 52
AD 19
30
GND
AD 51
77
AD 50
+3.3
31
AD 18
AD 49
78
GND
AD 17
32
AD 16
+VI/O
79
AD 48
/2#
33
+3,3
AD 47
80
AD 46
GND
34
FRAME*
AD 45
81
GND
IRDY#
35
GND
GND
82
AD 44
+3,3
36
TRDY#
AD 43
83
AD 42
DEVSEL*
37
GND
AD 41
84
+VI/O
GND
38
STOP#
GND
85
AD 40
LOCK#
39
+3,3
AD 39
86
AD 38
PERR#
40
(SDONE#)
AD 37
87
GND
+3,3 8
41
(SBOFF#) 3
+VI/O
88
AD 36
SERR#
42
GND
AD 35
89
AD 34
+3,3
43
PAR
AD 33
90
GND
C/BE1#
44
AD 15
GND
91
AD 32
AD 14
45
+3,3
92
GND
46
AD 13
93
GND
AD 12
47
AD 11
GND
94
AD 10
48
GND
64-
1
2
3
M66EN PCI 2.1 3,3 .

PCI 2.2 ( ).
PCI 2.2 (
5 ).
PCI
JTAG ( , TDI, TOO, TMS TRST#).
,
,
. , JTAG,
TDI-TDO.
PCI
Media Bus, ISA.
PCI ,
ISA.
6.2.9. PCI
PCI ;
www.pcisig.org (,
).
196 ______________________________________ 6.
Low-Profile PCI PCI

, .
( riser card)
(, 19" 2U).
3,3 ( 5
).
Small PCI (SPCI) PCI ,
SFFPCI
(Small
Form-Factor).
,
, , ,
PCI. 32-, 64-
, 33
132 /. PCI/
(bus mastering).
CLKRUN,
.
SPCI PC Card Card Bus,
. SPCI
108-
2 .
,
0,8 . SPCI
(
)
Card BUS (
). SPCI :
5 , 3,3 5/3,3 .
( ) . SPCI
(
),
( Card Bus).
Mini PCI Specification
PCI
(2,75"xl,81"xO,22"). PCI (32 ),
CLKRUN
JTAG. - .
PCI-X ,
1 /: 133 64 .

PCI,
66
33 . ,
(, ),
.
1995 Compact PCI. Compact PCI (cPCI)
PCI 2.1.
PCIMG (PCI
Industrial Computer Manufacturers Group).
: 8 4. 4
.
6.2. PCI _________________________________________________________ 197
32- 64- ( ). 33
133 / 32 266 / 64 (
). 66 .
PnP. ,
, (
) .
J1 GAO...GA4,
.
,
( PnP
,
). Compact PCI
3U (100 160 ) (J1) 6U (233
160 ) (Ji n J2). 7--
2 , -
, . :

, , .
.
(J1), 32-
. 64-
. -
,
.
, . J2
, J1 J2 95 J3. J2
(,
).
+5 , +3,3 12 .
Compact PCI National Instruments
PXI (PCI extensions for Instrumentation PCI
) . PXI
, Compact PCI ,
. Trigger Bus (8 )
( PCI)
.
, .
10 PXI_CLK,
( )
. PXI ,
. 13 ,
, ( 48 )
. (
), .
PXI :
Windows NT/95,
-
198 _______________________________________ 6.
. , .
PXI Compact PCI, Compact PCI
PXI.
PXI PXI.
6.2.10. PCI
PCI
PCI (PCIBridge).
(Host Bridge) PCI
( ), (Peer-to-PeerBridge)
PCI.
PCI
. ,
.
( )
PCI,
. PCMCIA, CardBus, MCA,
ISA/EISA, X-Bus LPC ,
PCI
().
, . (
PCI-PCI)
.

-, .
()
.
, PCI (routing)
. ,
, ,
.
DEVSEL*. , PCI,
, , ISA/EISA.
. PCI ( )
, ,
(
-). .
(positive decoding)
, ,
. -
(subtractive decoding) ,
. (
) , .
,
.
6.2. PCI _________________________________________________________199
,
-. ,
1 (. . 6.2.11): ,
. PCI
, :
REQx#

GNTx#;
;
;

( IDSEL
PCI);
REQ64*
64- ( ).
, , , PCI. ,
, ,
.
PCI

Concurrent PCI Transferring
PCI Concurrency. ,
PCI
PCI.
, PCI, ,
.
, AGP (
PCI, . . 6.3),
PCI , ,
PCI
.

. ( ) CMOS Setup.
( ) (, ISA)
(delayed transaction).
. ,
( ),
, , .
-
200 ______________________________________ 6.
STOP*
( ),
.
( ). ,
, ,
, .

,
. -
, .
(discard timer),
.
, ,
.
,

.
( Pref etchable).
, , ,
, . ,

. , . . ,
( , , ).
, ,
(posted write). ,
,
.
. , ,
. ,
.
.
,
, - .
- ,
, . ,
, ,
.
6.2. PCI ________________________________________________________ 201

. , , . , 0, 4,
Ch (write combining)
, (
8) /[3:0]# .
(byte merging)
. , , 3,
1, 0 2 ,
.
(
),
.
.
(
) , , . PCI

, .
,
Prefetchable.
PCI VGA Palette Snooping
VGA,
-.
PCI AGP,
PCI. VGA-
(Palette Registers),
-.
,
VESA Feature
Connector ( ),
, .
,
( PCI AGP),
, (
ISA). CMOS Setup PCI VGA Palette
Snoop. -
,
, .
. PCI.
, DEVSEL* TRDY*
,
ISA. ,
.
202_______________________________________ 6.
6.2.11.

PCI ,

, -.
. PC ,
2.2 (Configuration Mechanism #1).
, ,
PCI BIOS.
(
PCI), IDSEL
( ).
. IDSEL
,
AD (
32- ).

, . ,
IDSEL.
1 - 32 OCF8H OCFCh, .
CONFIG_ADDRESS
(RW, CF8h) 32- ,
. 6.9, . CONFIG_DATA
(RW, CFCh)
. CONFIG_ADDRESS 31
.
, ,
.
, (
), 0 ( 1:0=00).
,
AD[31:11 ]; , 1:0=00
(. 6.9,). 0
AD11, 1 AD12, 20 AD31.
, ,
AD11 0 .
PCI, ,
21-31, AD .
IDSEL PCI-
. , , AD31
( ), PCI, ,
, AD12 ( ), .
0 ,
.
203
6.2. PCI
, ,
1.
CONGIG_ADDRESS PCI, (31:24)
1:0 01 (. 6.9, ). ,
, ,
(
) AD[1:0].
3
1
30
24
23
16 15
(0)
1 10
1
10
00
31
IDSEL
)
1 10
1
1 10
1
10
00
31
24
0
23
16 15
10
00
. 6.9. : CONFIG_ADDRESS,
0, 1
,
:
( Master Abort) .

() FFFFFFFFh (
,
).
(peer buses), ,
.
,
PCI BIOS,
( ,
).
CON FI G_DATA,
CONG I G_ ADDRESS [15:8] , [7:0] ,
, , [23:16].
(
),
.
, 0
. -
204 _______________________________________ 6.
, ; 1,
. 1,
,
. ,

CONG I G_ADDRE S 5 CONFIG_DATA,
.
2 -
8- OCF8H OCFAh, .

PCI COOO-CFFF -.
(4 )
PCI,
. CSE (Configuration Space Enable)
OCFSh 7:4 :
-CFFFh
-,
. [3:1] ,
. 1
(Special Cycle Enable, SCE).

COOO-CFFCh
, [2:7]
AD[2:7] ,
[11:8] ( IDSEL)
AD [31:16]. AD[10:8]
CSE, AD[1:0] .
(Forward Register) OCFAh,
( ).
, 1 (. . 6.9, ),
CSE, 4
(AD15=0),
( AD[1:0]=01 AD[31:24]=0 ).
CSE
, 111 SCE=1,
CFOOh.
0
1 (. ).
6.2.12.
( - ).
( )
BIOS PnP.
PCI
256 (8-),
,
6.2. PCI ________________________________________________________ 205
-. Configuration Read Configuration Write,

.
, , .
,
.
,
. ( )
PCI ,
.
IDSEL
. ,
( POST),
.

-.
, , ,
.
.
, , ,
.
, ;
40-FFh.
. 6.10. ,
.
.
Devi ID , .
Vendor ID PCI,
PCI SIG. FFFFh ;

.
Revi si on ID , .
Devi ce ID.
Header Type ( 6:0),
10-3Fh
( 7=1). 0,
PCI. 01 PCIPCI; 02 CardBus.
Class Code , ,
(. . 6.2.13). (
OBh) , ,
( ).
206
31
23
24
16
15
Device lD
Vendor ID
OOh
Status
Command
04h
ClassCode
Header Type
BIST
Latency Timer
Revision ID
08h
Cache Line Size
OCh
Base Address Registers
10h
24h
28h
CardBus CIS Pointer

Subsystem ID
Subsystem Vendor ID
Expansion ROM Base Address
30h
Capabilities
Pointer
Max_Lat
Min_Gnt
2Ch
34h
38h
Interrupt Pin
Interrupt Line
3Ch
. 6.10. PCI
,
, .
Command (RW) ,
PCI. , .
( )
. :
010 Space
-;
1 Memory Space
;
2 Bus Master (
);
3 Special Cycles ;
4 Memory Write& and Invalidate enable
(
, );
5 VGA palette snoop
;
6.2. PCI ________________________________________________________ 207
6 Pari ty Error Response

(
PERR#) (
,
,
);
7 Stepping Control
(address/data stepping) ( ,
, 1,
1);
8 SERR# Enable
SERR# ( , 6=1);
9 Fast Back-to-Back Enable ()

( ,
);
10-15 .
Status , .

, . , RO,
.
. :
" 0-3 ;
4 Capabili ty List (RO, )
( 34h );
5 66 MHz Capable (RO,)66
;
6 ;
7Fast Back-to-Back Capable (RO, )
(fast back-to-back)
;
8 Master Data Parity Error (
) ,
6 , , (
) ( ) PERR#;
10:9 DEVSEL Timi ng : 00 , 01
, 10 (
DEVSEL* , Configuration Read Configuration
Write); 11 Signaled Target Abort
, ;
12 Received Target Abort ,
;
13 Received Master Abort
, (
);
208 _______________________________________ 6.
14 Si gnaled System Error ,

SERR#;
15 Detected Parity Error,
.
Cache Line Size (RW) (0-128,
2, 0). ,
( ,
).
.
.
Latency Timer (RW) (. . 6.2.4)
. (
, 8
).
BIST (RW) .
:
7 BIST;
6 : ,
(
2 );
5:4 (0);
3:0 : 0 .
Card Bus CIS Pointer ()
Card Bus PCI+Card Bus.
Interrupt Line( RW)
(0-15 IRQO-IRQ15,255
).
Interrupt Pin (RO) , : 0
, 1 - INTA#, 2 - INTB#, 3 - INTC#, 4 - INTD#, 5-FFh - .
Mi n_GNT (RO) ,
33 ,
0,25 .
Max_Lat (RO)
, 0,25 (0
).
Subsystem ID ( ) Subsystem Vendor ID (
PCI SIG) ,
(

Devi ID Vendor ID). 2Ch
PCI (
0, , ).
6.2. PCI ________________________________________________________ 209
Capability Poi nte (CAP_PTR)

(), ( 1:0=00).

(CAP_I D, PCI SIG),
(
), .
.
Base Address Registers -^ . 0=0. 2:1 : 00
32- , 10 64- (
4- ),
01 11 (01
). 3 (Prefetchable) ,
,
[3:0]#
( ); .
31:4 . 0=1; 1 -0 ();
31:2 .
.

( ),
FFFFFFFFh .
( 3:0 1:0 ), 32-

( 31:16 ).
, 2"
.
Expansion ROM Base Address
. 0 ; 1-10
; 11-31 . ,
(. ).
( 1 ).
6.2.13. PCI
PCI
(3 Class
Code). , ,
( ).
,
PCI BIOS.
(, 01:01:80 IDE 07:00:01
16450)
.
PCI SIG, www.pcisig.com.
, , .
80h .
210 ______________________________________ 6.
6.2.14. PCI BIOS

PCI
BIOS, ,
. ,
PCI,
, ,
, (. ).

-, ,
BIOS ,
. PCI BIOS
, ,
, PCI BIOS.
PCI BIOS
.
,
,
.

,

-.
PCI BIOS 16- , V86 16 , I nt lAh.
.
OOOFFE6EH
( I nt lAh)
. 32-
,
32- ,
CF . 32-

PCI. ( 1024 ). PCI BIOS:
- BlOlh PCI BIOS;

- B102h ;
- ;
= 106h PCI;
= BIOS, B109 BlOAh ,
PCI;
= 10, 10, BlODh ,
PCI.
6.3. AGP __________________________________ 211
6.2.15. PCI
PCI ,
PCI-
. ,
.
PCI, ,
,
.
.
PCI
. PCI
(target transactions),
.
,
DMA . (host initiated DMA),
(target initiated DMA),
.
,
, .
www.plxtech.com,
.
PCI
FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array ).
PCI-,
10-15 (.
www.xilink.com, www. altera.com). FPGA 20, 30
40
, FIFO . .
ISA PCI
- PCI-ISA (., , www.iss-us.com).
6.3.
AGP

PCI, 66 32
264 /.
.

,
, .
, .
,
.
-
6.
212
, .
, .
Intel PCI 2.1
AGP (Accelerated Graphic Port
). 1996 ,
2.0 (1998 ),
4. 2000 . Intel
AGP8X,
, ;
.
AGP 32- 66
, PCI.
PCI, AGP ,

,
PCI.
100 , AGP 2.0, AGP8X
66,6 (
PCI). :
;
(2) (4)
( );
.
. 6.11,
PCI AGP. PCI
( ). AGP
,
.
. 6.11. PCI AGP

66 533 (2) 1066 / (4), 32 .
, ( ATA Ultra DMA).
2 4 ,
, .
6.3. AGP
_____________________________ 213
()
.
AGP 8
SBA (SideBand Address), ,
.

AGP, AD.
AGP
, SD- (
). AGP
,
AGP ( )
( )
PCI. AGP 64-
Pentium .
,
PCI. Intel AGP
6, AGP
Pentium.
, AGP

. AGP
-:
,
PCI (Fast Write);
, ,
;

, .
AGP PCI AGP. , AGP,
AGP,
AGP+PCI.
AGP ( AGP )
PCI (
. .);
PCI. AGP .
PCI ,
- .
PCI, ,
FRAME* PCI (. . 6.2).
, AD ,
,
,
.
214
6.

, .

. (
PCI) ,
PCI.
AGP ( AGP)
; AGP
,
.
. AGP
- PCI,
PCI. , AGP,
PCI,
FWXFast Write),
AGP (2 4),
AGP, PCI. FW

.
AGP . 6.12. AGP
:
IDLE ;
DATA ;
AGP AGP;
PCI PCI.
. 6.12. AGP
IDLE PCI (
, ) AGP (
). PCI PCI ,
. A GP
(
PIPE* SBA), ;
. DATA
, ,
. ,
. PCI (
) GP (
6.3. AGP ______________________________________ 215
), AGP. AGP ,
.
AGP, (REQ#
PCI)
. AGP
PCI.
, .
.
,
, PCI. ,
8 , 8- .
PCI;
/[3:0]#
.
.
.
, , PCI.
AGP ( ),
,
.
AD[31:0] /[3:0] PIPE#,
CLK
.
(sideband) SBA[7:0].
,
AD.
(1, 2 4).
AD PIPE*
AGP () /[3:0], AD
( AD[31:3]) ( AD[2:0])
. :
0000 (Read) (+1) ( 8 )
, ;
0001 (HP Read) ;
0100 (Write) ;
0101 (HP Write) ;
1000 (Long Read) (+1)4 ( 256
);
1001 (HP Long Read) ;
1010 (Flush) ,
( AGP ,
;
, , );
216 _______________________________________ 6.
1100 (Fence) ,
;
1101 (Dual Address Cycle, DAC) 64-
: AD
, ( AD)
( /[3:0]).
SBA[7:0] 16-
. ,
. :
1: ALLL (LLL)
([14:03]>;
2:10 CCRA ()
([23:15]);
3: 110R ([35:24]);
4:1110 ,
64- .
(NOP);
SBA. R . 2,3 4
(sticky) , ,
.
1, ,

2-4.
.
SBA .
1 CLK;
( ) , 1111111lb,
.
CLK (
).
2 SBA SB_STB,
, .
( ) CLK,
CLK.
4 ()
SB_STB#. SB_STB,
SB_STB#. ,
CLK, CLK .
, ( ) NOP 10, 5 2,5 CLK
1, 2 4 .
6.3. AGP ________________________________
217
AGP ,
AGP /.
AGP ( ),
.
A GP , DA
TA. , AGP
/. AGP ( ),
.
AD
ST[2:0] ( GNT#, 100-110
):
000
, (
);
001
;
010
;

;
111
AGP ( 1#) PCI ( FRAME*).
, . ,
, (
). (, , 6) AGP . 4
( , ,
, ).
;
,
. (
) .
(
, ).
AGP ,
PCI. AGP
, , , .
, AGP 256 .
PnP
( )
. ,
( , ),
- (
).
218 ______________________________________ 6.
AGP , PCI,
, PCI. AGP
1 PCI,
(
). 2 4
.
1 (4 AD[31:0])
CLK,
66,6 4 = 266 /.
2 AD_STBO AD_STB 1
AD[0:15] AD [16:31] .
, ,
. CLK,
66,6 2 4 = 533 /.
4 ()
AD_STBO# AD_STB1#. ,
. , CLK,
66,6 2 2 4 = 1066
/.
AGP
, .
RBF# (Read Buffer Full)
(
). WBF# (Write
Buffer Full)
(Fast Write, FW).
AGP ,
PCI,
(. . 6.2.12). AGP-
IDSEL
AD16,
AGP AD16=1.
POST
, AGP . AGP
, AGP:
, , 4 ,
.
AGP,
AGP,
.
( ).,
AGP :
, , ,
4 , 1, 2, 4.
AGP , CAP_PTR,
CAP_ID=02 ( [7:0]) AGP (
[23:20] , [19:16] ).
6.3. AGP
219
AGP ( CAP_PTR+4) :
[31:24] RQ, ,
: 0 1 , 255 256 ;
[23:10] - (0);
9 SB A, ;
[8:6] (0);
5 4G, 4 ;
4 FW, ;
3 (0);
[2:0] RATE, AD SBA: 0
1, 1 2, 2 4.
AGP .
AGP ( CAP_PTR+8) :
[31:24] RQ_DEPTH, ;
[23:10] - (0);
9 5BA_ENABLE, ;
8 AGP_ENABLE, AGP;
[7:6] (0);
5 4G, 4 (
4- SBA);
4 FW_Enable, ;
3 (0);
[2:0] DATA_RATE, : 0 1, 1
2, 2 4 ( ).
AGP
, ,
AGP. AGP PCI (. 6.13),
( EISA)
.
, PCI.
AGP
: 3,3 1,5 ( RST# CLK
3,3 ).
. 1 2
, 4
1,5 . 2 4
Vref. 3,3 0,4xVddq, 1,5
0,5xVddq.
. 66 (Vrefgc)
, 66 (Vrefcg) ()
AGP.
220
6.
. 6.13. AGP: 3,3 ,1,5,
AGP : 3,3
, 1,5 , ,
. 3,3
22-25 ( , . . 6.13, ,
); 1,5 42-45.
,
.
TYPEDET* 3,3
, 1,5 .
Vddq
(3,3 1,5 ). .
AGP . 6.15,
3,3/1,5 .
, ,
, . -
VCC3.3, 4,
( 1
). 3,3Vaux,
#
.
6.15. AGP

12V
TYPEDET
1
2
3
OVRCNTff
5.0V
5.0V
Vddq
AD22
AD20
34
35
36
Vddq
AD21
AD19
USBGND
4
5
USB+
GND
GND
AD18
37
38
GND
AD17
INTA*
INTB#
AD16
39
C/BE2*
RST#
CLK
Vddq
40
Vddq
GNT#
VCC3.3
8
9
REQ#
VCC3.3
FRAME*
/ 1,5
41
42
IRDY#
3,3Vaux/IOii04 1,5
221
6.3. AGP

ST1
10
STO
GND/fc04l,5B
43
GND/ 1,5
11
ST2
/ 1,5
44
/ 1,5
PIPE
12
RBF#
./1,5
45
./1,5
GND
13
GND
TRDY*
46
DEVSEL#
14
STOP*
47
Vddq3.3
SBA1
15
SBAO
48
PERR#
VCC3.3
16
VCC3.3
GND
49
GND
SBA3
17
SBA2
PAR
50
SERR#
SB_STB#'
18
SB_STB
AD15
51
C/BE1*
GND
19
GND
Vddq
52
Vddq
SBA5
20
SBA4
AD13
53
AD14
SBA7
21
SBA6
AD11
54
AD12
3,3 /
22
3,3 /
GND
55
GND
3,3 B/GND
23
3,3 B/GND
AD9
56
AD10
3,3 /
24
3,3 B/3,3Vaux
C/BE0#
57
AD8
3,3 B/VCC3.3
25
3,3 B/3,3Vaux
Vddq
58
Vddq
AD30
26
AD31
AD_STBO#1
59
AD_STBO
028
27
AD29
AD6
60
AD7
VCC3.3
28
VCC3.3
GND
61
GND
AD26
29
AD27
AD4
62
ADS
AD24
30
AD25
AD2
63
AD3
GND
31
GND
Vddq
64
Vddq
32
AD_STB1
ADO
65
AD1
33
AD23
Vrefgc2
66
Vrefcg2
AD_STB1#
/*
1
2
3,3 ( 4).
1.
AGP, AGP USB,

( USB+, USB- OVRCNT*,
+5 ,
).
#
(Power Management Interface). 3,3Vaux
.
A GP Pro ,
4 , .
: AGP AGP
Pro, . AGP Pro
AGP (. 6.14) GND
3,3 12 , . 6.16.

AGP Pro
. AGP Pro 1-2 PCI:
( -
6.
222
), , PCI.
. 6.14. AGP Pro ( 1,5 ): ,
6.16. AGP Pro
VCC3.3
VCC3.3
VCC3.3
VCC3.3
VCC3.3
VCC3.3
VCC3.3
VCC3.3
PRSNT2*
PRSNT1*
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
VCC3.3
GND
VCC3.3
GND
GND
GND
GND
GND
GND
GND
GND
GND
GND
GND
GND
GND
GND
1
2
GND
GND
12
13
VCC12
VCC12
VCC12
VCC12
VCC12
VCC12
VCC12
VCC12
VCC12
VCC12
VCC12
GND
14
VCC12
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
6.4. LPC
223
AGP Pro 110 ,

3,3 ( 7,6 ) 12 ( 9,2 )
AGP, AGP Pro -
PCI. AGP Pro (High Power, 50-110 )
2 PCI, (Low Power, 25-50 ) 1 .

. , .
PRSNT1 #
( ), a PRSNT2* ( 50
, 110 ).
AGP8X :
AD SBA 8,
2,132 /;
;
(
);
1#;
, GART;
,
.
; AGP;
, GART;
.
6.4. LPC
LPC (Low Pin Count )
, X-Bus
ISA: , , ,
, BIOS . .
ISA
. , ISA:
- -, DMA (bus
mastering). .
ISA/X-Bus 24- ,
16 , LPC 32-
, 4 . 16-
64 .
PCI,
.
ISA/X-Bus, - .
LPC - PCI.

224 _______________________________
6.
. LPC 1.0
, .
FIFO
DMA. LPT-
2 / 47 % .
4 / (11,4 %).
( , -, ) ,
75 % .
, ISA/X-Bus LPC
, .
7 :
LAD[3:0] ;
LFRAME* , ;
LRESET# , , RST# PCI;
LCLK (33 ), , CLK PCI;
LPC:
LDRQ* DMA/Bus Master ;
SERIRQ ( ),
, IRQ ISA;
CLKRUN* , (
), ,
DMA/BusMaster , PCI;
# (Power Management
Event), , PCI;
LPCPD# Power Down,
;
L.SMI* SMI# -.
LFRAME*
LAD[3:0]
(
) LCLK. LAD[3:0]
.
LPC . 6.15.
LFRAME*, LAD[3:0] START.
LFRAME* LAD[3:0],
START
. LFRAME*
LAD[3:0] CYCTYPE. LFRAME#
, ( START)
. LFRAME*
(, -),
.
3.4. LPC
225
. 6.15. LPC
START :
0000 ;
0010 0;
1;
1111 (abort).
.
CYCTYPE . 0
(0 , 1 ), [2:1] (00 , 01
, 10 DMA, 11 ), 3 (0).
TAR (Turn-Around) LAD[3:0],
2 . 1111,
.
ADDR . 8
(32 ), - 4 .
( ).
DATA . 2 ,
.
. SYNC
, .
( ):
0000 ( ), DMA
;
0101 ( );
0110 ;
1001 DMA (
);
1010 : , ,
PCI ISA SERR* # ( DMA
).
226 ______________________________________ 6.
,
-. , . , ,
, . ,
, 8
-.
,
. SYNC
, ,
- -. ( )
SYNC .
. 6.16
( , ).
. ,
5 SYNC ( EPROM 120 ),
21 (0,63 ), 1,59 /.
, .
SYNC 1 , 17 (0,51
), 1,96 /.
(1 SYNC)
13 (0,39 ), 2,56 / .
| START
CYCTYPE
ADDR
TAR
lsyNc
DATA
TAR
| START
CYCTYPE
ADDR
DATA
TAR
SYNQ
TAR
. 6.16. : ,
DMA
LDRQ* ,
.
DMA , . 6.17.
-,
ACT: 1 ( ) , 0 .
4 ( 100) (
DMA).
.
, SYNC. ,
DMA (. 6.18) ,
. :
SIZE : 0000 1 , 0001 2 ,
0011 4 , ;
CHANNEL DMA (
[2;0])
(, 3).
227
6.4. LPC
. 6.17. DMA
START
CYCTYPE
CHANNEL
SIZE
DATA
TAR
,SYNC TAR |
START
CYCTYPE
CHANNEL
SIZE
TAR
SYNC
DATA
TAR
. 6.18. DMA: a ,
, (1, 2 4 ),
( DMA) 11,18 32
(0,33, 0,54 0,96 ), 3,03,
3,70 4,17 / . 11,14 20
(0,33, 0,42 0,60 ),
3,03,4,76 6,67 /.
, 2 4 .
,
, 4 (100).
, START ,
(. 6.19).
( , PCI). 2 4- ,
,
PCI . 6
( , ) SYNC,
( , ) 25,27 31 (0,75, 0,81 0,93
), 1,33, 2,47 4,30 /.
21, 23 27
(0,63, 0,69 0,81 ), 1,59,
2,90 4,94 /.
| START
TAR CYCTYPE
ADDR
SIZE
TAR
SYNC
DATA
TAR
| START
TAR CYCTYPE
ADDR
SIZE .
DATA
TAR
SYNC
TAR
. 6.19. (Bus Master): a ,

()
LAD[3:0], LFRAME#, LDRQ#

SERIRQ PCI 2.1 3,3 .
5 ,
3,3 .
228 ______________________________________ 6.
LPC
PCI ISA PnP, LPC
BIOS. LPC
LPC.
6.5.
,
. , . 6.17.
6.17.
PC Card
Small PC Card
85,6
54,0
3,3/5,0/10,5
68
, -, CardBus
45,0
42,8
3,3/5,0/10,5
68
, -
PCMCIA.
PC Card. (
) -
(. . 9.3).
PC Card
-, PCI ISA. (1-2
) 3" ;
-.
6.5.1. PCMCIA, PC Card CardBus

90- PCMCIA (Personal Computer Memory Card
International Association
)
,
. PCMCIA Standard Release
1.0/JEIDA 4.0 ( 1990 .), 68-
: I II PC Card.
.
CIS (Card Information Structure),
,
PnP.
6.5. ___________________________ 229
PCMCIA 2.0 (1991 .)

-, ,
. 2.01 PC
CardATA, III,
AIMS (Auto-Indexing Mass Storage)
(Card Services Specification). 2.1 (1994 .)
(Card and Socket Services
Specificaiton) CIS.
PC Card (1995 .) ;
: 3,3 , DMA 32-
CardBus.
.
PCMCIA PC Card 68- ,
.
, , ,
.
8- 16- 100
, 10 20 /
. -
255 , 3,92/7,84 / 8-/16-
. CardBus
, PCI, .
33 32
132 /,
(bus mastering).
, PCI (
).
,
, ( )
(PWM).
PC Card
(. . 9.2.1).
4 PC Card: 54 85,5 ,
( ):
PC Card Type I 3,3 ;
PC Card Type II 5 -, ,
;
PC Card Type III 10,5 ;
PC Card Type IV 16 ( www.pccard.com ).
Small PC Card 45 42,8
.
(, , -) PCMCIA Miniature Card (. . 9.3.4).
6.
230

. 6.18, -
. 6.19. CardBus
, , PCI (.
. 6.2.2).
6.18. PC Card

16
32
16
Mem
l/O+Mem
32
CardBus
Mem
l/O+Mem
CardBus
1
2
GND
D3
GND
D3
GND
CADO
35
36
GND
CD1#
GND
CD1#
GND
CCD1#
D4
D4
CAD1
37
D11
D11
CAD2
D5
D5
CAD3
38
D12
D12
CAD4
D6
D6
CAD5
39
D13
D13
CAD6
D7
D7
CAD7
40
D14
D14
1#
CE1#
CCBEO*
41
D15
D15
CAD8
10
A10
CAD9
42
CE2#
CE2#
CAD10
OE#
CAD11
43
VS1#
VS1#
CVS1
10
11
A11
CAD12
44
IORD#
CAD13
11
A9
CAD14
45
IOWR#
CAD15
12
A8
CCBE1*
46
A17
A17
CAD 16
13
13
A13
CPAR
47
A18
A18
14
14
A14
CPERR#
48
A19
A19
CBLOCK#
15
WE#
WE#
CGNT#
49
A20
A20
CSTOPff
16
READY
IREQ#
CINT#
50
A21
A21
CDEVSEL*
17
Vcc
Vcc
VCC
51
Vcc
Vcc
Vcc
18
Vpp1
Vpp1
Vpp1
52
VPP2
Vpp2
Vpp2
19
A16
A16
CCLK
53
A22
A22
CTRDY
20
A15
A15
CIRDY*
54
A23
A23
CFRAME#
21
A12
A12
CCBE2#
55
A24
A24
CAD17
22
A7
A7
CAD 18
56
A25 .
A25
CAD 19
23
A6
A6
CAD20
57
VS2#
VS2#
CVS2
24
A5
A5
CAD21
58
RESET
RESET
CRST#
25
A4
A4
CAD22
59
WAIT#
WAIT#
CSERR#
26
A3
A3
CAD23
60
INPACK*
CREQ#
27
A2
A2
CAD24
6t
REG#
REG#
CCBE3*
28
A1
A1
CAD25
62
BVD2
SPKR#
CAUDIO
29
CAD26
63
BVD1
STSCHG*
CSTSCHG
30
DO
DO
CAD27
64
D8
D8
CAD28
31
D1
D1
CAD29
65
D9
D9
CAD30
32
D2
D2
66
D10
D10
CAD31
33
WP
IOIS16
CCLKRUN*
67
CD2#
CD2#
CCD2#
34
GND
GND
GND
68
GND
GND
GND
6.5.
231
6.19. -
I/O
[10:0]
I
BVD1.BVD2 I/O
STSCHGff
I/O
SPKR#
CD1#,CD2#
1#,2#
D[15:0]
INPACK
I/O
0
1
1
IORD#
IOWR
#
OE#
RDY/BSY
# IREQ#
INTRQ
REG#
11
00
1
RESET
VS1#,VS2#
WAIT
WE#
WP
0
1
IOCS16#

Battery Volt Detection
() RDY/BSY* Write
Protect.
Card Config and Status Register
() ( )
Card Detect ( ),
,
(, Mem) Card Enable ()
. 2# ,
1 # , 2#.
8- 16-
D[7:0]
( 8- D[15:8] )
() Input Acknowledge ,
IORD* (
)

(
)
, CIS
( )
( ) ( )
(Mem).
-. IDE
( Vcc )
( )
Voltage Sense .
VS1 #
3,3
( )
( IDE
, Vcc)
Write Protect ( ),

16-
-
.
#, .
#,
WE#. ,
,
,
232 ______________________________________ 6.
REG#, # .
- IORD* IOWR#;
REG#.
16-
IOSC16* ( ISA).
INPACK*,
#. ,
.
PC Card
(DMA). DMA ,
, ,
ISA. PCI
CardBus, ,
.
ZVPort (Zoomed Video),
-.
VFC
,
( ), . ZV Port
[25:4], BVD2/SPKR*, INPACK* IOIS16#
4
. 4 ,
16 .
ZV CCIR601,
NTSC
VGA.
, MPEG.
,
,
. (Card Information Structure, CIS). (, ).
MFPC (Multiple Function PC Cards)
( ) .
,
FAT MS-DOS, -
.
, , XIP (eXecute In Place),
(
).
(Card Services),
(,
-
6.5.
___________________ 233
) .
(Socket Services), ,
- , ,
.
,
, PC Card.
PCMCIA (AIMS)
(,
) - .
15-
(15-pin Shielded Modem I/O connector)
7- (7-pin Modem I/O connector).
JEDIA Small Block Flash
Format, . SISRIF (Still Image,
Sound and Related Information Format)
.
.
PnP
.
, ,
.
CD1 # CD2# (Card Detect)
, .
,
.
-
+5 . (3,3 )
, 3,3 ,
5 . , 43 (VS1#) 57
(VS2#) . 5
; 3,3 VS1# , a VS2# .
, ,
.
, ,
.
(),
.
PC Card ,
, , ,
, . ., ,
. PC Card
-,

234 ______________________________________ 6.
.
.
PC Card ;
PCI PCI-PC Card.
Small PCI (SPCI, . . 6.2.9),
.
PC,
, -, ,
, , .
,
.
7.1.
D&4M(Dynamic RAM)
,
, .

,
( )
.
,
(
).
DRAM
.
MA (Multiplexed Address) RAS#
(Row Access Strobe) CAS# (Column Access Strobe).
. 7.1.
7.1.
RAS#
Row Access Strobe .

; .
( )
, RAS (TRP RAS precharge time)
236 _________________________________ 7.
7.1 ()
CAS#
MAi
WE#
Column Access Strobe .

; ()
.
( ) ,
CAS (TCP CAS precharge time)
Multiplexed Address .
RAS# , CAS#
.
. 4
11 11
12x10
Write Enable .
CAS# WE# (Early Write , ),
WE# CAS# (Delayed Write ). WE#
CAS# ,
EDO DRAM
Output Enable .

DB-ln
Data Bit Input ( ) DB-Out
Data Bit Output (
).
RAS#, CAS#, OE# WE#;
.
EDO CAS#.

DQx
Data Bit
(
)
N.C.
No Connection
,
( ) RAS# CAS# (
). WE# CAS#.
. 7.1.
,
( RAS#) , TRAC,
. DRAM
, ,

CMOS Setup.
^ (RAS Access Time)
RAS (.
). ,
,
(-7 -70
70 ). 40-100 .
237
7.1.
. 7.1.
(cycle time)
(Twc TRC ).
75-125 .
( CAS#)
(Page CAS Time - . . 7.1.1).
RAS# CAS# TRAS TCAS
( ) (.
).
RAS CAS TRP, (RAS CAS Precharge
Time)
.
RAS# CAS# TRCD (RAS to CAS Delay).
CAS# (TCAC).
. .
7.2 ,
.
CMOS Setup,
,
.
7.2. DRAM

-5
-6
-7
TRC,
75
100
104
110
40
50
60
70
15
20
25
30
)
6
8
10
12
6
8
10
12
238
7.
, , SDRAM, DDR
SDRAM Rambus DRAM ,
.
( )
, (Memory Refresh )
( ) .
,
CAS#, ROR (RAS Only Refresh
RAS#). CBR (CAS
Before RAS),
. RAS#
CAS# (
). - ROR
, CBR
. (hidden refresh)
CBR.
CBR Auto Refresh. Self
Refresh Sleep Mode
.
7.1.1. FPM, EDO

BEDO DRAM
, . 7.1,
,
.
RAS#
, ,
.
FPM (Fast Page Mode), (Page
Mode), . 7.2.
(row),
RAS# .

, ,
. FPM
, (Std).
. 7.2. DRAM (FPM)
7.1.
239
EDO DRAM (Extended Enhanced Data Out) (data latch) ,

.
CAS#,
.
-
# (Output Enable), CAS#
RAS#, WE#, CAS#
( PC # ).
EDO- . 7.3;
(Hyper Page mode).
CAS#
.
CAS#,
CAS#.
,
40 %.
. 7.3. EDO DRAM (HPM)
EDO DRAM
,
. ,
.
EDO-
WE#,
CAS# (. 7.4, ).
RAS# (. 7.4, ).
. 7.4. EDO DRAM
240
7.
,
EDO . EDO-
(
486).
BEDO DRAM (Burst EDO) - , CAS#,
.
(. 7.5), 2-,
3- 4- CAS# .

CAS#,
, .

. BEDO- SIMM-72 DIMM,
.
. 7.5. BEDO DRAM
. , RAS# CAS#, -
( ) .
, .
7.1.2. SDRAM DDR

SDRAM
SDRAM (Synchronous
DRAM) .
SDRAM :
,
RAS#, CAS#, WE# ( ) CS# ( )
(. 7.3).
,
.
RAS CAS,
FPM.
7.1.
241
7.3. SDRAM
CLK
I/O
CS#
RAS#,
CAS#, WE#
BSD, BS1
BAD,
BA1
[0:12]
DQx
DQM
Vss,VOD
VSSQI VDDQ
I/O
Clock Input,
Clock Enable ( ).
Power Down, Suspend Self
Refresh
Chip Select ( ).
,

Row Address Strobe, Column Address Strobe, Write Enable ,
( )
Bank Selects Bank Address ,
Address . Bank Activate

. Read/Write [0:9] 11
. 10 Read/Write
( 10=1), Precharge A10=1
( BSO, BS1)
Data Input/Output
Data Mask .
( 2
).
, ( )

.

WR. .

. , CAS Latency (CL),
.
.
SDRAM . 7.6. WR,
RD ,
ACT. PRE.
2, CL - 3.
( CBR
) REF,
(idle) .
SDRAM .
(burst length=l, 2, 4, 8
), (wrap mode: interleave/linear
/) .
(normal), (Multiple
Burst with Single Write).
WB, WT-.
242
7.
, ,
(, burst length=4

).
. 7.6. SDRAM:
RO/CO RO/CO+1, D , RO/C1 RO/C1 +1
( ) . , ( ).
Wri te

DQM.
.
SDRAM ,
.
(Self Refresh)

, .
(Power Down Mode)
NOP INHBT.
.
,
.
CKE=L,
Clock Suspend Mode,
( )
.
243
7.1.
SDRAM :
;
CL (Cas Latency) (2 3);
TRCD RAS-CAS, (2 3);
TRP RAS;
TRC ;

SDRAM, PC , : 66 (
, ),100133
66,6, 100 133 .
. 7.4. SDRAM
; , ,
. -10
66 . -8
100 , , ,
. , , Micron
-8...-8 100 CL = 3, a -8D -8 CL =
2. , .
SDRAM, , , ,
.
7.4. SDRAM
CL TRCD
66
3
2
2
2
3
2
8
7
100
3
3
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
8
7
7
PC 133
3
3
2
2
3
2
3
2
3
2
2
2
9
8
8
8

100 100 /
1 . SDRAM DIMM 8- , 800 /.
133 1064
/.
,
. -
, , .
-
244
_______________________ 7.
,
SDRAM,
. ,
, , FPM EDO DRAM.
DDR SDRAM SDRAM.
(Dual Data Rate ),
DDR SDRAM
(.
7.7). 100 DDR SDRAM
200 / , 8- DIMM
1600 /. (100 )

.
.

CLK CLK# (Differential clock inputs).

.
DQS. :
DQS ,
().
,

DQS.
DQM.
DQS (CLK)
DLL (Delay Locked Loop)
DQS CLK.

( DOS CLK)
.
DDR SDRAM DLL;
.
DLL ( ).
DLL DQS
CLK, , ,
.
SDRAM,
, DDR SDRAM (
DQM) (write latency). CAS
Latency (CL = 2, 2,5, 3).
DDR-II SDRAM,
.
7.1.
245
. 7.7. DDR SDRAM: a , CL =

2, 4; , 4, D1
SDRAM
.
,
. CL (CAS Latency) ,
, ,
CL, , . DDR
SDRAM CL,
. DDR SDRAM - DLL
.

SDRAM SIMM;
DIMM (
) . DDR SDRAM
SDRAM.
. SDRAM 90-
, DDR SDRAM
.
7.1.3. Rambus DRAM

RDRAM (Rambus DRAM) ,
.
- ,
.
() RDRAM ,
. DDR SDRAM,
RDRAM
. RDRAM (16 )
, ,
246
7.
,
.
.
64- 8 , 256- 32 .
,
.
( )
, (
). 16
128 144 ( ) . 1/8
,
RAS CAS. RDRAM
40-53 .
RDRAM (Rambus Channel) - .
, , ,
.

.
400 ,
. ,
800 /. 30
RSL (Rambus System Logic) 4 ,
.
. 7.8. 32 ,
.
,
DEVID. (Device Enumeration)
,
-.
SCK, CMD SIO.
. 7.8. Direct RDRAM
7.1. _______________________________________________ 247

(Clock To Master).
, ( ).
, CFM (Clock From Master)
, .
,
.
DLL (Delay Locked Loop)
DQS CLK.
.
RSL : 0
VTERM = 1,8 , . 1 1,0
. N-
.
, (
). VREF = 1,4
VTERM.
, CTMN
CFM, CFMN . , .
: 3- ROW[2:0], 5 4:0] (2x9 )
DQA[8:0] DQB[8:0]. (
RDRAM) .
, 4 (8
) (10 ). 8 ;
24 , 40 16 8 9 .
( ) ( BEDO SDRAM)
. .
. 7.9,
SDRAM ,
(SDRAM) . ROW ,
.
: ROWA COLC,

. ,
.

, , ,
.

, COLC. ,
, .
.
248
7.
. 7.9. RDRAM
(. 7.10)
.
DRAM SDRAM,
, RDRAM COLC TCWD
( ).
COLC ( ).

( SDRAM CAS Latency 2-3 10
). ,
.
,- 1-5
.
.
. 7.10. RDRAM
RDRAM ,
, . ( D)
,
- (sens amp) (retire)
. ,
( ).
TRTR , TRCD,
.
RDRAM
.
ROW COL ,
-
7.1. ______________________________________________ 249
. , SDRAM.
, ;
.
RDRAM .
,
100-
250- .
RDRAM ( 100 )
; .
.
SCK, CMD SIO

(PDN NAP).
.
,
,
, .
, .
. .
, .
, SIOO SI01
. CMD
,
SIO .
(SDEVID) ,
.
( ) .
SIO,
.
,
DLL.

.
(DEVID),
SDEVID ( ).
RDRAM
. ,
, ,
. , ,
-
250 ____________________________
7.
. RDRAM
Rambus. RDRAM
6 (, 1820, 1840), Pentium 4 (1850 32- ,
RIMM) .
RDRAM
RIMM, .
RIMM (
64, 96, 128 256 ). Intel

. -
Continuity module. RIMM, ,
, Rambus.
, RIMM.
,
(. ).
7.1.4. VC
DRAM
(VirtualChannel Memory
Architecture, !)

.
:
.
.
,
-,
VC DRAM.
VC DRAM 128
, DIMM VC DRAM.
( ) VC DRAM
SDRAM, .
4,8 16
, .
( ) 8 8 ,
8 2
. 16
, 2 .
2
. PRF (Prefetch
) RST (Restore ),
, .
ACT
( ).
( ) , ( PRFA RSTA) ,
- .
7.1. _______________________________________________ 251
(READ WRITE), ,
DRAM SDRAM.
,
(1,2,4,8 16 ),
.
(Read Latency) 2 ,
.
PFR (
ACT) .
4- ,
PRF () READ.
VC DRAM , SDRAM,
REF (
),
, SELF.
, VC DRAM
SDRAM,
. - ,
VC DRAM , SDRAM: SDRAM
, CL (CAS Latency), 2-3 , VC DRAM 4
. VC DRAM
.
.
VC DRAM ,
SDRAM. VC
DRAM , , VIA SiS,
Intel .
VC DRAM DRAM.
(POST) VC DRAM
, EEPROM
, .
VC DRAM

.
SDRAM RDRAM DDR SDRAM.
7.1.5.

1, 2,4 8 ,
- . ,
.
SIPPH SIMM-30 ,
486- .
SIMM-72-pin 4- ,
486 Pentium.
252 _________________________________ 7.
DIMM-168 8- Pentium .
, . DIMM 168-pin
Buffered (1- ), ,
DIMM 2-
( ).
SDRAM.
:' Unbuffered,
Buffered Registered.
DIMM-184 8- DDR SDRAM 6-7
.
RIMM 2- RDRAM 6-7
.
SO DIMM (72 144-pin) 50 RIMM
( ).
AIMM (AGP Inline Memory Module), GPA Card (Graphics
Performance Accelerator) 66- 32- 16-
SDRAM, ,
.
, SIMM
DIMM- : SIMM-30 pin 89
, SIMM-72 108 . DIMM-168 DIMM-184
134 (5,25"), 168- , 184 ( ); , DIMM-184
, . RIMM ,

. RIMM
. , ,
DIMM.
() DIMM-168, 100-Pin
DIMM, AIMM, SO DIMM-144,
( ).
1,4 8
. ,
.
( Parity) 8,32 64

CAS#.
(Parity) 9, 36 72
,
.
(Fake Parity, Parity Generator, Logical
Parity) ,
.
.
253
7.1.
36,40,72 80 .
,
CAS#,
.
ECC-Optimized , .
, .
ECC-on-Simm (EOS) .

, .

.
(Kill Protected Memory) ,
.
( , )
.
SIMM
.
. 7.5,
.
7.5.
1,
SIMM-30.SIPP
SIMM-72
8(9)
32 (36)
0,25-4
1-32
FPM, EDO
5
5
60,70, 80
50,60,70
DIMM-168-I
64(72,80)
8-256
FPM, EDO,
BEDO
FPM, EDO
50, 60,70
DIMM-168-II
64 (72, 80)
8-512
FPM, EDO
5,3,3
50,60,70
DIMM-168-II
64 (72, 80)
8-1024
SDRAM
3,3
66,100,133
DIMM-184
64 (72, 80)
128,256...
DDR SDRAM
2,5
1600,2100
32
SDRAM
3,3
166
100-Pin DIMM
32
4-128
SDRAM
3,3
100,125
100-Pin DIMM
32
4-32
FPM, EDO
3,3
50, 60
SODIMM-72
32(36)
4-32
FPM, EDO
3,3
50, 60
SODIMM-144
64(72)
32,64
FPM, EDO
3,3
50, 60
SODIMM-144
64(72)
32-256
SDRAM
3,3
66,100,125,133
RIMM
16(18)
64,96,
128,256
RDRAM
2,5
600, 700, 800
.
( ).
SDRAM ,
-
254 ________________________________ 7.
( , , ,
CL). 66, PC 100 PC 133
( 66
),
Intel. DDR SDRAM
(/): 1600 (8 , 2 100 ),
2100 (8 , 2 133 ). RDRAM (600, 700 800)
(2 300, 2 356 2 400 )
RDRAM. ,
1200, 1424 1600 /.
SDRAM, Intel, PCXabc-defY, X , ; - CL (Cas Latency, ), b - Trcd
( RAS-CAS), = ( RAS), d - (
), (SPD), f
, Y (R
;
). ,
. SDP
, . , 100-322-620
100 CL - 3 = 60 , SPD 1.2.
PC 100-322-60120. PC100-322-620R ,
.
, SIMM
(SIMMVerter, SIMMSaver). , ,
SIMM-30 SIMM-72 SIMM-72
.
( ),
. ,
, 4- SIMM-30
16- SIMM-72.
,
.

, ( )
.
SIPP
SIMM-30 IBM.
, ( )
. SIMM-72
4 ( - 5),
,
. ,

7,1. ______________________________________________ 255
. SO DIMM-72 7 ,
DIMM-168 10, .
DIMM-168 , SO DIMM-144,
DIMM-184 (Serial Presence
Detection).

12, .
JEDEC, 256
32 32
, 64 (.
7.6). , ,
, . 12
,
, 4-10 .
DIMM-168 3 SA[0:2],

. ()
. SO DIMM-144 ,
,
.
128-255 .
(, ) PC.

0-127
.
.
7.6.

0

1
Serial PD (
: 12 , 2 4 , ODh 8 )
2
: 00 , 01 Std FPM, 02 EDO, 03 Pipelined Nibble (BEDO),
04 SDRAM
3
1 ( 0-3) 2 ( 4-7) 16
( , 1 1 16,2 2 17 . .) ,
4-7
4
( )
5
( )
6-7
( 255, 7 0)
8
: 7TL/5B, 01 LVTTL ( 5 ),
02 HSTL 1.5,03 SSTL 3.3,04 SSTL 2.5
^
256 ________________________________ 7.
7.6 ()
________________________________________________________________
9
DRAM RAS Access time ( ). SDRAM

(Tclk) CL ( BCD-)
10
DRAM CAS Access time ( ). SDRAM

()
11
: 00 Non-Parity, 01 Parity, 02
12
() : 00 Normal ( 156 ),
01 Reduced 0.25 (39 ), 02 Reduced 0.5 (78 ), 03 Extended 2x (313), 04
Extended 4x (625 ), 05 Extended 8x (125 ). 7
( 6:0 )
13
, . 7 1,
. ,
7
14
, ()
15-30 SDRAM
31
( ): 4 , 18 , 7 512 ,
() 32-35
36-61
62
SPD ( BCD-)
63
0-62 256

64-71
JEDEC
72
73-90
(ASCII)
91-92
93-94
(wwyy , )
95-98
99-127
126
( Intel) DIMM SDRAM. 66 66,

(100 = 64h)
127
SDRAM 100 ( Intel)
SIMM-30, SIPP, SIMM-72

SIMM (Single In-Line Memory Module) SIPP (Single In-Line Pin
Package)
. SIMM (
) ,
. Single () ,
(
). SIPP
(pin );
SIMM (
7.1. _______________________________________________ 257
- SIMM). SIPP

.
SOJ TSOP,
.
.
, (byte-write);
CAS# .
5 ,
. 7.7.
7.7. SIMM
,
30-pin
72-pin
30-pin
2569
19
256 8
18
49
16
32
64
256
256 36
51236
1 36
236
436
836
1636
4 8
-
72-pin
-
256 32
51232
132
232
432
832
1632

.
()
,
. ,
(single side double side).
,
,
( ).
.
.
, SIMM 30-pin, SIMM ( ) 30
(. 7.11) .
IBM ( IBM PS/2)
.
1 : IBM (2 ),
.
SIPP 30
SIMM 30-pin (SIMM-30).
32-
. SIMM-30 SIPP
. 7.8.
7.
258
. 711. SIMM-30
7.8. SIPP SIMM 30-pin
STD
IBM
STD1
IBM2
+5
+5
16
DQ4
DQ4
CAS#
CAS#
17
MAS
DQO
DQO
18
MA9
19
RAS1#
20
DQ5
DQ5
DQ1
DQ1
21
WE#
WE#
22
GND
GND
23
DQ6
DQ6
GND
GND
24
N.C.
PD(GND)
10
DQ2
DQ2
25
DQ7
DQ7
11
26
PB-Out
PD(1M=GND)
12
27
RAS#
RASO#
13
DQ3
DQ3
28
CAS-Parity#
N.C.
14
29
PB-ln
PB-(ln/Out)
15
30
+5B
+5B
1
2
STD- SIMM (SIPP).

IBM - SIMM IBM.
, SIMM 72-pin (SIMM-72), SIMM 72

(. 7.12, . 7.9) 4-
CASx#.
, DQ[0:15]
RASO# RAS1 # , DQ[ 16:31]
RAS2* RAS3*.
(1,4,16,64 1 )
RASO* RAS2#, (2,8, 32 2 )
RAS#. ,
RAS# .
1-
, - . -
32 , 36 , 36 40
. -36 -40 (ECC-optimised)
32- .
259
7,1.
. 7.12. SIMM-72
7.9. SIMM 72-pin
32,
Parity/ECC1
32,
Parity/ECC1
GND
37
PQ1/DQ19
DQO/DQO
38
PQ3/DQ20
DQ16/DQ1
39
GND
DQ1/DQ2
40
CASO#
2
CAS2#/MA10
DQ17/DQ3
41
DQ2/DQ4
422
CAS3#/MA11
DQ18/DQ5
43
CAS1
DQ3/DQ6
44
RASO#
DQ19/DQ7
45
RAS1#
10
+5
462
(OE1#)/DQ21
112
(CAS-Parity#)/PD5
47
WE#
12
482
Reserved/ECC
13
49
DQ8/DQ22
14
50
DQ24/DQ23
15
51
DQ9/DQ24
16
52
DQ25/DQ25
17
53
DQ10/DQ26
18
54
DQ26/DQ27
19*
10/#
55
DQ11/DQ28
20
DQ4/DQ8
56
DQ27/DQ29
21
DQ20/DQ9
57
DQ12/DQ30
2,2
DQ5/DQ10
58
DQ28/DQ31
23
DQ21/DQ11
59
+5B
24
DQ6/DQ12
60
DQ29/DQ32
25
DQ22/DQ13
61
DQ13/DQ33
26
DQ7/DQ14
62
DQ30/DQ34
27
DQ23/DQ15
63
DQ14/DQ35
28
642
DQ31/DQ36
DQ15/DQ37
29
MA11(OEO#)/DQ16
65
7.
260
7.9 ()
32,
Parity/ECC1
32,
Parity/ECC1
30
31
+5
8
662
67
(OE2#)/DQ38
PD1
32
68
PD2
RAS3#/NC
69
PD3
342
RAS2#/NC
70
PD4
35
PQ2/DQ17
71
(OE3#)/DQ39
36
PQO/DQ18
72
GND
ECC .
,
RASx# CASx#.
. DQ[36:39]
-40. IBM.
SIMM (. 7.10)
.
PD[1:5]. ( )
() .
JEDEC SIMM-72 (0
, 1 ):
PD[1: 2] ( 67,68) , :
00=4,11=8,01=16, 10=32;
PD[3:4] ( 69,70) - , : 00=100, 10=80,
01=70,11=60;
PD5 - (
).
7.10. SIMM
MAi
DQx
Multiplexed Address . RAS#

, CAS# .
SIMM 16 (square )
11 11 12x10
Data Bit ( ) PQx
Parity Bit -
PB-ln,
Parity Bit Input, Output ( SIPP PB-Out SIMM30).
, .

WE# Write Enable . CAS#
. WE# CAS#
EDO DRAM
RASx#
. RASO* RAS1 # [0:15]

[16:31] , RAS1#nRAS3# [0:15] [16:31]
7.1. ______________________________________________ 261

7.10. SIMM
CASx#
, : CASO# DQ[0:7], PQO;

CAS1# DQ[8:15], PQ1; CAS2# DQ[16:23], PQ2; CAS3# DQ[24:31], PQ3. ECC CASO* CAS1 #
CASParity*
( )
Output Enable .
,
RAS#, CAS# WE#. SIMM
PD[1:5] Presence Detect ( ) N.C.

No Connection
DIMM-168 DIMM-184
DIMM-168 (Dual-In-line-Memory Module) 168
, ( 184 , 85-168 ).
8 ,
- .
JEDEC 21-.
() ,
()
. 3,3 5 .
. 7.13.
SOJ 9 , TSOP - 4 .
SIMM-72,
, , CAS#.
,
4-
(Bank Interleaving).
64, 72 80 , 72-
(
), ; 80-
.
DIMM ( IBM)
(FPM, EDO BEDO);
SIMM-72.
8
(Presence Detect pins).
,
.
, (FPM EDO),
262
7. '
(SDRAM). ,
, .
DRAM;
SDRAM.
,
(, -72, -80).
. 7.13. DIMM: DIMM-168,

, ,
DIMM-184
CASx# (. 7.11),
. 7.12.
. SDRAM
DRAM. SDRAM
* RAS#, CAS# WE#,
.
. 7.13, DRAM . 7.14, SDRAM
. 7.15.
7.1.
263
7.11. DIMM-168

7.12.
DIMM-168
7.13. DIMM-168 DIMM-184
*?
264 _________________________________ 7.
7.13 ()
SDRAM RAS[0:3]#
( ) S0#, S1#, S2# S3#;
CAS[0:7]# DQMBO-DQMB7; WE2#,
OEO# 2# .
265
7.1.
7. 14. DIMM-168 DRAM
1
2
VSS
DQO
85
86
VSS
DQ32
43
44
VSS
OE2#
127
128
VSS
DU
DQ1
87
DQ33
45
RAS2#
129
RAS3#
DQ2~~
88
DQ34
46
CAS2#
130
CAS6#
DQ3
89
DQ35
47
CAS3#
131
CAS7#
VCC
90
VCC
48
WE2#
132
DU
DQ4
91
DQ36
49
VCC
133
VCC
8
9
DQ5
DQ6
92
93
DQ37
DQ38
50
51
CB10
CB11
134
135
CB14
CB15
10
DQ7
94
DQ39
52
CB2
136
CB6
11
DQ8
95
DQ40
53
CB3
137
CB7
12
VSS
96
VSS
54
VSS
138
VSS
13
14
DQ9
DQ10
97
98
DQ41
DQ42
55
56
DQ16
DQ17
139
140
DQ48
DQ49
15
DQ11
99
DQ43
57
DQ18
141
DQ50
16
DQ12
100
DQ44
58
DQ19
142
DQ51
17
DQ13
101
DQ45
59
VCC
143
VCC
18
VCC
102
VCC
60
DQ20
144
DQ52
19
DQ14
103
DQ46
61
NC
145
NC
20
21
DQ15
104
105
DQ47
CB4
62
63
DU
NC
146
147
DU
NC
22
106
CBS
64
VSS
148
VSS
23
VSS
107
VSS
65
DQ21
149
DQ53
24
108
CB12
66
DQ22
150
DQ54
25
109
CB13
67
DQ23
151
DQ55
26
VCC
110
VCC
68
VSS
152
VSS
27
WEO#
111
DU
69
DQ24
153
DQ56
28
CASO#
112
CAS4#
70
DQ25
154
DQ57
29
CAS1#
113
CAS5#
71
DQ26
155
DQ58
30
RASO#
114
RAS1#
72
DQ27
156
DQ59
31
OEO#
115
DU
73
VCC
157
VCC
32
VSS
116
VSS
74
DQ28
158
DQ60
33
117
A1
75
DQ29
159
DQ61
34
A2
118
A3
76
DQ30
160
DQ62
35
A4
119
A5
77
DQ31
161
DQ63
36
A6
120
A7
VSS
162
VSS
37
A8
121
A9
78
79
NC
163
NC
38
A10
122
A11
80
NC
164
NC
39
A12
123
A13
81
NC
165
SAO
40
VCC
124
VCC
82
SDA
166
SA1
41
VCC
125
DU
83
SCL
167
SA2
42
DU
126
DU
84
VCC
168
VCC
266
7.
7.15. DIMM-168 SDRAM

1
2
VSS
DQO
3
4
5
6
7
8
DQ1
DQ2
DQ3
VCC
DQ4
DQ5
9
10
DQ6
DQ7
11
12
DQ8
VSS
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
DQ9
DQ10
DQ11
DQ12
DQ13
VCC
DQ14
DQ15
1
VSS
8
9
VCC
we#
28
29
30
31
32
DQMBO
DQMB1
S0#
DU2
VSS
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
A2
A4
A6
AS
()
1
VCC
VCC
42
NC
DU-
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
it !
VSS
DQ32
DQ33
DQ34
DQ35
VCC
DQ36
DQ37
DQ38
DQ39
DQ40
VSS
DQ41
DQ42
DQ43
DQ44
DQ45
VCC
DQ46
DQ47
CB4
CBS
VSS
CB12
CB13
VCC
CAS#
DQMB4
DQMB5
S1#
RAS#
VSS
A1
A3
AS
A7
A9
BAO
A11
VCC
CK1
A12
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
VSS
DU2
S2#
DQMB2
DQMB3
DU2
VCC
CB10
CB11
CB2
CB3
VSS
DQ16
DQ17
DQ18
DQ19
VCC
DQ20
NC
Vref
CKE1
VSS
DQ21
DQ22
DQ23
VSS
DQ24
DQ25
DQ26
DQ27
VCC
DQ28
DQ29
DQ30
DQ31
VSS
CK2
NC1
WP
SDA
SCL
VCC
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
VSS
CKEO
S3#
DQMB6
DQMB7
A13
VCC
CB14
CB15
CB6
CB7
VSS
DQ48
DQ49
DQ50
DQ51
VCC
DQ52
NC
Vref
REGE
VSS
DQ53
DQ54
DQ55
VSS
DQ56
DQ57
DQ58
DQ59
VCC
DQ60
DQ61
DQ62
DQ63
VSS
CK3
NC
SAO
SA1
SA2
VCC
Tvl.
, ,
(PC)
()
( EEPROM 2402), .
168-pin Unbuffered DIMM ,
(
).
,
. (1-4)
DIMM ,
. DRAM SDRAM.
51 . 8-512 .
168-pin Registered DIMM (SDRAM),
, . DIMM
EEPROM
-.
, .
, ,
. .
, (PLL),
. . ,
,
, PLL (
PLL , )
( ). 64 PLL
[0:3] .
( 66
), REGE .
66 .
DIMM-184 DDR SDRAM.
DIMM-168,
(. . 7.13, ) .
64 72 (),
( Registered DDR SDRAM) .
2,5 . .
DIMM SDRAM,
. 7.16.
DQSx 4 (DQS8
DQS17 ).
,
DLL.
268
7.
7 .16. DIMM-184 DDR SDRAM
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
VREF
DQO
VSS
DQ1
DQSO
DQ2
VDD
DQ3
NC
RESET*
VSS
DQ8
DQ9
DQS1
VDDQ
DU
DU
VSS
DQ10
DQ11
CKEO
VDDQ
DQ16
DQ17
DQS2
VSS
A9
DQ18
A7
VDDQ
DQ19
A5
DQ24
VSS
DQ25
DQS3
A4
VDD
DQ26
DQ27
A2
VSS
A1
CBO
CB1
VDD
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
DQS8
CB2
VSS
BA1
DQ32
VDDQ
DQ33
DQS4
DQ34
VSS
BAO
DQ35
DQ40
VDDQ
WE#
DQ41
CAS#
VSS
DQS5
DQ42
DQ43
VDD
DU
DQ48
DQ49
VSS
DU
DU
VDDQ
DQS6
DQSO
DQ51
VSS
VDDID
DQ56
DQ57
VDD
DQS7
DQ58
DQ59
VSS
WP
SDA
SCL
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
VSS
DQ4
DQ5
VDDQ
DQS9
DQ6
DQ7
VSS
NC
NC
A13
VDDQ
DQ12
DQ13
DQS10
VDD
DQ14
DQ15
CKE1
VDDQ
BA2
DQ20
A12
VSS
DQ21
A11
DOS11
VDD
DQ22
A8
DQ23
VSS
A6
DQ28
DQ29
VDDQ
DQS12
A3
DQSO
VSS
DQ31
CB4
CBS
VDDQ
CKO
CKO#
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
VSS
DQS17
A10
CB6
VDDQ
CB7
VSS
DQ36
DQ37
VDD
DQS13
DQ38
DQ39
VSS
DQ44
RAS#
DQ45
VDDQ
S0#
S1#
DQS14
VSS
DQ46
DQ47
DU
VDDQ
DQ52
DQ53
FETEN
VDD
DQS15
DQ54
DQ55
VDDQ
NC
DQ60
DQ61
VSS
DOS16
DQ62
DQ63
VDDQ
SAO
SA1
SA2
VDDSPD
7.1. ______________________________________________ 269
RIMM
RIMM (Rambus Interface Memory Module), no
(. 7.14),
RDRAM. 30- ,
RDRAM
BGA. (. 7.17)
Rambus, L (Left) R (Right)
. RIMM
16 RDRAM, ( )
. .
SIMM DIMM, 2,
RIMM RDRAM
.
. 7.14. RIMM
7.17. RIMM
*?
7.
270
7.17 ()
LCFMN
96
I RSL
(-)
( )
VREF
RSL (1,8 )
LCTMN
IRSL (-)
LCTM
IRSL ( )
(+)
LROW2...LROW IRSL ( )
(
O
)
LCOL4... LCOLO I RSL (
)
LOQB8...LOQBO I/ORSL
40,124
12
14
98,16,100
18,102, 20,104,22
114,30,112,28,110,
26,108,24,106
120
36
83,167, 81,165,79,
163,77,161,75
159
157
73
71
155,69,153
67,151,65,148,63
139,55,141,57,143,
59,145,61,147
134
LCMD
ICMOS (
).

I CMOS

LSCK
(
)
RDQA8...RDQAO I/O RSL
RCFM
IRSL
(+)
( )
RCFMN
IRSL
(-)
RCTMN
IRSL ( )
(-)
)
RCTM
IRSL
(+)
RROW2...RROW IRSL ( )
(
O
)
RCOL4...RCOLO I RSL (
)
RDQB8...RDQBO I/ORSL
RCMD
50
RSCK
46
SCL
ICMOS (
).

I CMOS

(
)
I CMOS

271
7.1.
47
SDA
131,130
SA1.SAO
43,44,127,128
VT
I/O CMOS

ICMOS
(1,4 )
SO DIMM-72 pin
72 pin SO DIMM (Small-Outline-Dual-Inline-Memory Module)
( 2,35" 60 ) 72 ,
, (. 7.15, . 7.18 7.19).
DRAM TSOP, 2-32 ,

32 36 ( ). 36-
PQx.

- . , , , :
PD7 : 1=, 0= ;
PD6, PD5 - : 00=50 , 10=70 , 11=60 ;
PD[4:1] .
. 7.15. SO DIMM-72 pin

7.18. SO DIMM-72
CAS#
CASO#

0
1
DQ[0:7], PQ8
RAS #:
RAS1*
CAS1#
CAS2#
CAS3#
DQ[9:15],PQ1 DQ[18:25],PQ2 DQ[27:34], PQ35
; RAS2#
RAS3#
272
7.
7. 19 SO DIMM-72 pin
.
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
21
23
25
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
43
45
47
49
51
53
55'
57
59
61
63
65'
4
67
69
71
VSS
DQ1
DQ3
DQ5
DQ7
PD1
1
A3
5
10
DQ9
DQ11
DQ13
DQ15
11
8
RAS3*
DQ16
DQ18
VSS
CAS2#
CAS1#
RAS1#
WE#
DQ20
DQ22
DQ24
PQ26
DQ28
DQ31
VCC
DQ33
PQ35
PD3
PD5
PD7
DQO
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20'
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
361
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
DQ2
DQ4
DQ6
VCC
A0
A2
A4
A6
PQ8
DQ10
DQ12
DQ14
A7
VCC
A9
RAS2#
PQ17
DQ19
CASO#
CAS3#
RASO#
A12
A13
DQ21
DQ23
DQ25
DQ27
DQ29
DQ30
DQ32
DQ34
PD2
PD4
PD6
VSS
' 32- .
SO DIMM-144 pin
144pin SO DIMM ( 2,35" 60 )
144- (. 7.16, . 7.20), 8-64
, 64 72 .
CAS[0:7]#, RASO*
0, RAS1 # 1 ( ). 5
3,3 ,
59-60 61-62. -
273
7.1.
, .
. DRAM,
SDRAM, 8-256 .
7.20. SO DIMM-144 pin
1
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
15
17
19
VSS
DQO
DQ1
DQ2
DQ3
VCC
DQ4
DQ5
DQ6
DQ7
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
VSS
DQ32
DQ33
DQ34
DQ35
VCC
DQ36
DQ37
DQ38
DQ39
71
73
75
77
79
81
83
85
87
89
RAS1#
OE
VSS
CB2
CB3
VCC
DQ16
DQ17
DQ18
DQ19
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
NC
NC
VSS
CB6
CB7
VCC
DQ48
DQ49
DQ50
DQ51
21
23
22
24
VSS
DQ20
92
94
VSS
DQ52
95
DQ21
96
DQ53
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
VSS
CAS4#/
DQMB4
CAS5#/
DQMB5
VCC
A3
A4
A5
VSS
DQ40
DQ41
DQ42
DQ43
VCC
91
93
27
29
31
33
35
37
39
41
43
45
VSS
CASO#/
DQMBO
CAS1#/
DQMB1
VCC
A1
A2
VSS
DQ8
DQ9
DQ10
DQ11
VCC
97
99
101
103
105
107
109
111
113
115
98
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
114
116
47
DQ12
48
DQ44
117
49
DQ13
50
51
DQ14
52
53
DQ15
54
55
VSS
56
57
CBO
58
59
CB1
60

61
DU/CLKO
62
63
VCC
64
65
DU/RAS*
66
DQ45
DQ46
DQ47
VSS
CB4
CBS
119
121
123
125
127
129
131
133
DU/CKEO 135
DQ22
DQ23
VCC
A6
A8
VSS
A9
A10
VCC
CAS2#/
DQMB1
CAS3#/
DQMB3
VSS
DQ24
DQ25
DQ26
DQ27
VCC
DQ28
DQ29
DQ30
120
122
124
126
128
130
132
134
136
DQ54
DQ55
VCC
A7
A11
VSS
A12
A13
VCC
CAS6#/
DQMB6
CAS7#/
DQMB7
VSS
DQ56
DQ57
DQ58
DQ59
VCC
DQ60
DQ61
DQ62
VCC
DU/CAS#
137
139
DQ31
VSS
138
140
DQ63
VSS
67
69
NC/CKE1
NC/A12
141
143
SDA
VCC
142
144
SCL
VCC
25
26
WE#
68
RASO#/SO# 70
DRAM/ SDRAM
118
7.
274
60.0
. 7.16. SO DIMM-144 pin
DRAM cards-88 pin

88 pin DRAM cards (3,37"2,13",13"
85,5x 54,3 ) PCMCIA (PC
Card). 88- ( PCMCIA!), 18, 32 36
, 2-36 . DRAM
TSOP. .
SIMM-72. 5 3,3
. ,
.
7.2.
SRAM (Static Random Access Memory),
,
(
).
.
,
.

.
(Asynchronous SRAM, Async SRAM),
, , SRAM
, .
, , CS#, # WE#.
CS# (Chip select),
# (Output Enable)
, WE# (Write Enable) .
. 7.17.

# ( 1), WE# ( 2).
CS#
, CSO#, CSt
7.2.
275
CS2#
0,1,0 .

SRAM 12,15 20 ,
2-1-1-1 ( )
33 .
3-2-2-2.
. 7.17.
, Sync Burst SRAM,

(burst) ,
-.
(
). ,
(, , CS#, OE# WE#),
CLC (Clock)
ADSP#, CADS* ADV#. CADS*
(Cache ADdress Strobe) ADSP# (ADdress Status of Processor),
- ,
.
, (single)
(burst), ADV# (ADVance)
. ,
#,
CLK. ,
.

. , SDRAM,
, : {
Intel) ( Power PC).
- , SRAM (Pipelined Burst
SRAM), (
, ).
, ,
,

276 _________________________________ 7.
75 .
SRAM
4,5-8 ! , Sync Burst SRAM,
( -
),
.
SRAM Sync Burst SRAM.
7.3.
(NV Storage)
, ( ).
, .
: ROM, PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, Flash Memory,
FRAM,
,
,
. ,
,
, . ( )
,
.
,
, ROM (Read Only
Memory ) (
).

, ,
() , .
. ( )
. ( ) ( ),
. ,
, ().
( ,
).
(12-26 ), () ( )
.
,
( )
, (, )
-
7.3. __________________________________________ 277
. , ,
(, , ).
, ,
.
, , ,
.

.
,
, ( )
PROM (Programmable ROM).

-.
, ,
( ) EPROM(Erasable PROM
).
. .
,
, (! Programming). ,
EPROM UV-EPROM(Ultra-Violet EPROM).

() EEPROM
(ElecricalErasable PROM).
, ,
, ISP ISW
(In-System Programming In-System Write).
NVRAM FRAM,
-
EEPROM.
NVRAM (Non-Volatile Random Access Memory)
.
,
, , .
FRAM , , EEPROM.

,
( ). -
, ,
,
.
FRAM
(Ferroelectric
RAM)
,
.

-
278 ____________________________
7. ;
. FRAM DRAM,
(
), .
,
. -,
PDA (personal digital assistants
). Hitachi
Ramtron (www.ramtron.com) Matsushita
Symetrix.
4-256 ( 0,35 )
( SRAM) 70-120 ,
PC. FRAM
, ,
FM573 FM574,
8- '573 '574,
. FRAM ,
5 , 2,7 . -,
(
), FRAM
1010 . FRAM
, PC FRAM
.
7.3.1.
ROM, PROM, EPROM
ROM
( 30-70 ).
PC
( );

CGA, MDA, HGC.

PROM
( )
BIOS
.
,
. ,
(
),
(, ).

TMNEPROM -
BIOS , ,
.

7.3. __________________________________________ 279
27xx-tt 27Cxx-tt CMOS.

: 2708 1 8 ,
2716/32/64/128/ 256/512 2/4/8/16/32/64 ,
27010 27020 -128 256 . tt 50250
. (, 27001 27002
64 128 16- ) PC .
EPROM ,

( ,
).
.
.
,
.
, (
).
10 .
2764 5 .
.
,
(
).
, , ( ).
( ),
, - . EPROM 27.
(CGA, MDA, HGC)
, ( )
BIOS Boot ROM
.
EPROM - LPT- PC
( ISA).

. 50
.
8 (2764) .

PC (, -
2400 )
.
280
7.
. () Vpp ,
EPROM 12-26 (
). ,
EPROM , .
VPP 5 ()
,
ROM. BIOS,
.
PC EPROM DIP PLCC
(. 7.21), .
7.18 7.19.
. 7.18. EPROM DIP: a DIP-24, DIP-28, DIP-32
. 7.19. EPROM TSOP PLCC: TSOP32, PLCC-32
281
7.3.
7.21. EPROM

2716 28
2732 48
DIP-24
7.18,
20 = #; 21 = Vpp
DIP-24
7.18,
2764 88
20 = OE#/Vpp,21=A11
DIP-28
7.18,6
1 = VPP, 22 = OE#; 26 = NC, 27 = PGM#
27128 168
DIP-28
7.18,6
1 = VPP, 22 = OE#; 26 = A13, 27 = PGM#
27256 32 8
DIP-28
7.18,6
1 =VPP,22 = OE#;26 = A13,27 = A14
27512 648
DIP-28
7.18,6
1 = A15, 22 = OE#/Vpp, 26 = A13,27 = A14
27010128 8
DIP-32
7.18,8
30 = NC
27010 128 8
TSOP-32
7.19,
6 = NC
27010128 8
PLCC-32
7.19,6
30 = NC
27020 256 8
DIP-32
7.18,
27020 256 8
TSOP-32
7.19,
27020 256 8
PLCC-32
7.19,6
EPROM . 7.22.
7.22. EPROM

#
Chip Enable .
,
# Output Enable . #
.
VPP
DQx
Data Input/Output .
# (
, )
Address . 9 (12)
( = 0) ( = 1),

PGM#
Programm (
, # Vpp) Vpp
( ) Vcc
(+5 )
EPROM.

.
.
,
,
.
282 ____________________________
7.
(5 )
Vpp ( ).
.
7.3.2. EEPROM -
( ) EEPROM, E2PROM
(Elecrical Erasable PROM), .
( )
,
/ ,
(
).
(Page Write),
,
.
( , ),
, , (4-32
128-256 ).
,
/ , (
), . ,
,
.
(12 )
.
EEPROM -.
EEPROM -,
(, ). (106
) EEPROM, . EEPROM
( 100
). -
,
( 10 ).
EEPROM ,
(Serial EEPROM) PC, SPI
(Parallel EEPROM) (
EPROM).
- EEPROM (
), .
- (
).
(). -
( 30 %
DRAM), , ,
-
7.3. __________________________________________ 283
, . Intel 1988
, .
- ()
. ; 8 16 ( ).
() ; () . , ,
. .
; . - , (-
) .
() ,
, .
, , EPROM EEPROM.
, -
.
- ,
(SRAM),
ROM/PROM/EPROM. ,
, ,
12. 5 ,
VPP = +12
. +5 .

2,7-3,3 1,65-2,2 , a VPP 5, 3,3, 2,7 1,65 .
0,3, 0,22,
0,18 ( , ).
(1990 .) 10 000, 100 000.
- 35-200 .
( ) 90-
1-2 , () 10
. .
(. ).
()
.
, .
,
.
, .
284 ________________________________ 7.

:
Bulk Erase (BE) ;
;
;
Boot Block (BB) ,
,
;
Flash File
,
(Symmetrical Architecture,
SA).
BE ,
( EEPROM
).
(
),
.
(SA), ,
64 ; (
) .
64-
8 8 .

,
.
(BIOS),
(Boot Block) ,
(, )
-. ()
(Bottom), Boot- ,
. ,
( , 86, Pentium),
, ,

.
, 28F001- (28F001BN- ),
-BIOS PC, :
(Main Block) 112 (OOOOOh-lBFFFh);
(Parameter Block) 4 (1 COOOh-1
CFFFh IDOOOh-lDFFFh);
(Boot Block) 8 (lEOOOh-lFFFFh),

.
7.3.
___________________________ 285
; ,
ESCD PnP.
, MT28C3214P2FL
- 2 16 SRAM 256 16.
NOR NAND.
NOR
,
- (NOR Not OR).
,
- ( )
. NAND
, -
(NAND Not AND),
.
- ( ) (1 , 0
).

4 , .
Intel StrataFlash,
128 (16 ).
-
, . , , AMD
(
-).

(Page Mode). 4 8 ;
70 .
, (
) 20 .
.
(Burst Mode)
() .
CLK.
ADV# ( CLK).
3 ,
.
- ( ), SDRAM.
66 (, MT28S4M16LC 1 16 4 ),
133 .
, (
).
286 _________________________________ 7.
- DRAM ( )
, RAS# CAS#.
SIMM DIMM,
. , ,
PostScript
. , ,
,
POST ,
.
BIOS,
.
, ,
-. SIMM DIMM
, +12
, , ,
, .
16-
,
, ( OFFh) .
BIOS -
LPC, (firmware hub).

. , Intel
(One-Time-Programmable).
64- ,
( )
.
Intel Wireless Flash Memory
, ,
(wireless ).
(
): 1,85 ,
. .
,
-
- . DIP, (E)EPROM -.
PLCC, TSOP TSOP-II.
FBGA (Fine Pitch Ball Grid Array) 6x8
0,8
, . ,
SmartMedia,
KGD (Known Good Die).
7.3.
287
. 7.20-7.22
- ( ).

().
()
-.
. 7.20. - 8-
DIP PLCC: DIP-32, PLCC-32
. 7.21. - 8-
TSOP: TSOP-32, TSOP-40
7.
288
. 7.22. - 8/16-
TSOP-44: TSOP-44, TSOP-48, TSOP-56
- . 7.23;

.
7.23. -

#
Chip Enable .
, .
, (1 # 2#),

Output Enable . #
. (12)
Boot-
( , - )
WE#
Write Enable . #

#.
, -
. WE#
#, .

DQx
Data Input/Output .
# (
, ).
WE# # ,
7.3.
289
BYTE*
8/16-
. 8- , 16-
. BYTE*
DQ[0:7], DQ15/A-1
, , DQ[8:14]
Address . 9 (12)
( EPROM) (0=0)
(0=1),
RP#
Reset/Power Down, PWD# (PowerDown).
(PWD#)
(Deep Powerdown) ( ) .

( 0,3-0,8 ), .
(12)
Boot-
WP#
Write Protect . WP* Boot-

(12) RP*.
RY/BY# Ready/Busy* ( )
.
(WSM)
. # *.
28F016SA , ,

3/5*
,
,
- , . ,
,
EPROM EEPROM. EPROM,
.

- Intel AMD .
, ,
.
- Intel 28F,
(. 7.24),
:
5, , , BR - Boot Block 5 ;
Boot Block 3 ;
F3 Boot Block 3 , ;
J3 J5 StrataFlash (SA) 3 5 ;
S3 S5 Flash File (SA) 3 5 .
290 _________________________________ 7.
- AMD
:
Am29BDS 1,8 , ,
;
Am29DS 1,8 , ;
Am29SL- 1,8 ;
Am29LV-3B;
Am29DL 3 , ;
Am29BL 3 , ;
Am29PL 3 , ;
AmSOLV - 3 , UltraNAND;
Am29F-5.
,
(, D), :
boot sector, ;,
boot sector, ;
, ;
L , ;
U ( ) ;
J40 100 %- ( UltraNAND).
, , ,
.
7.24. -
256
512
010
020
001
002
004
008
016
200
400
800
160
320
640
1
328
648
1288
256 8 BE
1288
2568
5128, SA
18, SA
2 8 , SA
2568/12816
5128/25616
10248/51216
28/1 Mx16SA,
4Mx8/2Mx16SA
8Mx8/4Mx16SA
BE Bulk Erase ( ), Boot Block ( ), SA

Symmetric Architecture ( ).
.
7.3. __________________________________________291
- PCMCIA (PC Card)

PC. -
PC Card IDE (ATA)
, .

. - PC Card
.
Credit Card,
( PCMCIA) . ,
, .
- Intel
- Intel.
(28F256,28F512,28F010,28F020)
, (bulk erase).

WSM (Write State Machine).
- VPP
12 ,
WE#.
,
, -. # () WE# ().
(W),
(R) (. 7.25).
( )
WE#,
WE#. ( ,
);
.

.
.
Read Memory ,
, EPROM.
Read ID .
0 M_Id (Manufacturer Identifier

, 89h), 1 D_Id (Device Identifier
, 8F256,28F512,28F010,28F020
B9h, B8h,B4h BDh ).
.

9 ( EPROM).
292 _________________________________ 7..

7.25. - Intel
1
R/W
R/W
Read Memory
Read ID
Set-up Erase/Erase
Erase Verify
Set-up Program/Program 2
() 1
90h
0(1)
MJd (D_ld)
20h
20h
EVD
40h
PD
Program Verify
COh
PVD
Reset
FFh
FFh
X , M_Id D_Id
, EA , , EVD ,
( FFh), PD
, PVD , .
Set-up Erase/Erase .
WE#

(Stop Timer).
. ,
,
Reset.

,
( 10 ).
.
Erase Verify .
,
.
6
. (Quick-Erase)
( )
, .

. FFh,
( 10 ),
.
3 000,
.
.
Set-up Program/Program .
,
,
10 .
7.3. _________________________________________ 293
Program
Verify
),
.
6 .
(Quick-Pulse Programming)
10
.
( 25 ),
.
Reset ,
. ;
.
, , PROM
EPROM. -
EPROM . VPP
(0-6,5 ) ,
EPROM.

, (
Boot Block Flash File).
,
.

,

, .
, WE#.
RP# (
PWD#)
.
. (
Boot-) RESET*
,
.

. . 7.26.
, ,

().
SR (Status
Register),

.
294 _______________________________ 7.
SR ;
. .
SR. 7 WSMS (Write State Machine Status)
:
0 Busy ( );
1 Ready ().
SR.6ESS (Erase Suspend Status) :
0 ;
1 .
SR. 5 ES (Erase Status) :
0 ;
1 .
SR. 4 PS (Program Status) :
0 ;
1 .
SR.3 VPPS (VpP Status) VPP
:
0 ;
1 , .
S R [ 2 :0 ] .
7.26. - Intel
() 1
R/W
R/W
Read Array/Reset
FFh
Read ID
(DJd)
90h
0(1)
MJd
Read Status Register
70h
SRD
Clear Status Register
50h
Erase Setup/Erase Confirm
20h
BA
DOh
Erase Suspend/Erase
Resume
Program Setup/Program
BOh
DOh
40h
PA
PD
Alternate Program Setup/

Program2
10h
PA
PD
X , M_Id D_Id
, SRD , , PD
, .
2
; 2,4 8
.
7.3. _____ -
________________________________ 295
.
Read Array/Reset ( ,
EPROM) .
Read ID .
Read Status Register .
Clear Status Register .
Erase Setup/Erase Conf i rm .
, ,
( , ),
.
(SR. 7=0)
. ,
,
( SR. 7=1).
3, 4, 5 (
).
Erase Suspend/Erase Resume / .
( )
. Erase Suspend
( BOh) (SR.
6=1), , Read Array,
. Erase Resume
( DOh),
.
Program Setup/Program .
,
. ,
.
,
( SR. 7=1).
VPP, ,
VPPLK)
.
Vcc 2,5 .

# # ( ).
Boot-
, VHH (
, +12 ) PWD#
.
, #
.
Boot- ,

296 ________________________________ 7.
ES PS,
.
Flash-file ,
() (Symmetrical Architecture, SA),
28F008SA
VPP.
Boot Block (
Boot-).
28F016SA ,
( 28,6 /
) .
256 . - 32
64 , .
8- BSRx
(Block Status Register).
2 1 8 !6 .
BSR .
BSR. 7 BS (Block Status) :
1 ;
0 .
B5R. 6 BLS (Block-Lock Status) :
1 ;
0 .
BSR.5 BOS (Block Operation Status) :
1 ;
0 .
BSR. 4 BOAS (Block Operation Abort Status)
:
1 ;
0 .
BSR. 3 QS (Queue Status) :
1 ;
0 .
BSR. 2 -VPPS(VPP Status)- VPP:
1 , ;
0 VPP .
BSR[1:0] .
7.3. ___________________________________
297
GSR (Global Status Register)

. GSR
, 4 2
8 !6 . GSR
.
GSR.7W5MS (Write State Machine Status)
( ):
1 ;
0 .
GSR.6 055 (Operation Suspend Status)
:
1 ;
0 .
G5R. 5 DOS (Device Operation Status) (
):
1 ;
0 .
G5R. 4 DSS (Device Sleep Status) :
1 (Sleep);
0 .
GSR.3 QS (Queue Status) :
1 ;
0 .
GSR. 2 PBAS (Page Buffer Available Status)
:
1 ;
0 .
GSR. 1 PBS (Page Buffer Status) :
1 ;
0 WSM.
GSR.0 PBSS (Page Buffer Select Status) :
1 1;
0 0.

CSR (Compatible Status Register),
28F008SA Boot Block.
. (. 7.27),
.
.
298 _________________________________ 7.
.

. (
) - .
.
8- .

,
WSM. WSM
.
-
.
.

WP#.
.
.
RY/BY*.
,
(
), .
(Sleep)

.
7.27. 28F016SA
7.3.
299
300 _________________________________ 7.
7.27 ()
BA - Block Address , - Page Buffer Address , RA Extended

Register Address (BSRx GSR), WA - Write Address
-. 8{
BYTE*):
- , ; 1 - .
AD - Array Data , PBD - Page Buffer Data , WD (L,H) Write
Data (Low, High) , BSRD - BSR Data
, GSRD - GSR Data .
WC (L,H) - Word Count (Low, High) . WCL-0
. 256 WCH-0. BC (L,H) - Byte Count (Low, High) - . WCL-0
. 256 WCH-0.
28F032SA
28F016SA . #
# 1 #, # 2#.
,
SmartVoltage, VPP
12 , 5 .
. , (3,3
2,7 ) Vcc, ,
.
WP# (Write Protect).
,
. WP#
(12 ) RP#.
VPP ( ), 5 ,
12 .
( ) Vcc ,
.
- AMD
AMD -.
- Intel
7.3. ________________________________________________________________
301
(Bulk Erase, 12 ): Am28F256/512/ 010/020.

Intel, Am28F256/512
^-, .
Am28F256A/512A/010A/020A
,
Intel ,
.
3-6 ,
(. 7.28).
,
, (
, Intel).
Data# Polling Toggle Bit. Data# Polling
D7 .
,
. ( 1). Toggle Bit
,
.
- ,
7. D5 Exceeded
Timing Limits
.
Am29Fxxx
5 (Sector
Erase), ( Flash File) (Boot
Block), () () Boot-.

( Intel
AMD ).
JEDEC -
.
. ,
Am29F010, (Erase
Suspend) , a Am29F080/016
.
7.28. - Am29F010
1- Addr
Data
2- Addr
Data
Reset/Read
Autoselect
Byte Program
Chip Erase
Sector Erase
5555h
5555h
5555h
5555h
5555h
AAh
AAh
AAh
AAh
AAh
2AAAh
2AAAh
2AAAh
2AAAh
2AAAh
55h
55h
55h
55h
55h
&
302
7.
7.28 ()
Reset/Read
3- Addr
5555h
Data
FOh
4- Addr
Data
5- Addr
Data
6- Addr
Data
-
Autoselect
5555h
90h
XXOOh/XX0
1h
01h/20h
-
Byte Program
5555h
AOh
PA1
PD2
-
Chip Erase
Sector Erase
5555
5555
80h
80h
5555
5555h
AAh
AAh
2AAAh
2AAAh
55h
55h
5555h
SA3
10h
30h
PA " .
PD - .
3
SA - ( 16, 15 14).
1
15, 16 .
.
Reset/Read .

( ) .
t s I t (=0),
(=1) ( 16-14
, 2-1, ).
Olh, OOh.

9 .
Byte Program .
,
.
Chi Erase .
( ,
) .
Sector Erase .
80
.
, 80
. ,
.
( ) .
DQ3 Sector Erase Timer
(
, 3=0).
- Am29LVxxx
(3,0 ) .
7.3. __________________________________________303

EPROM.a
. ( 5-7,
), ( RY/BY*).
, .
NOR.
Am30LV0064D 64 (8
8)
UltraNAND,
.
512 16 , , ,
-. (
528- ) 7 ,
20 / (50 /).
, 65 .
( )
,
200 . ,
430 20 (NOR) -
( 2,3 /). 8
2 ( 600 ). 3 .
1 . 10 ,
104 , 106
. ,
, . .
-
- .
, , ,
. AMD, Fujitsu Corporation, Intel Corporation Sharp
Corporation 1996 CFI (Common Flash
Memory
Interface
Specification),

-.
, ,
-.
- QUERY.
55h 98h
( ,
98h). , ,
. (
).
.
:
- QRY;
(2 )
;
304 _________________________________ 7.
( );
,
( );
(
);
- ( )
(, , );
;
;
.
Read Ar ray FFh (FOh)
.
,
Intel AMD, ,

. ,
28, , Intel, 29 - AMD.

(Fast Page Write)
. (
) .

2 6 ,
( AMD).
, .
,
.
- Micron Intel
, MT28F. ,
: MT28F321P2FG - 2 16 Page Flash Memory, MT28F322D18FH 2 16 Burst Flash Memory.
Silicon Storage Technology
- .
SST YY zzz ttt,
:
28 , ;
29 (
,
).
7.3. __________________________________________ 305
YY :
EEPROM-, , Vcc = 5 ;
LE - , , Vcc " 3 ;
VE - , , Vcc - 2,7 ;
SF Super Flash Command Register, VCc = 5 ;
IF- , SF, Vcc-3 ;
W7- , SF, Vcc = 2,7 ;
DM Disk Media ( -, ), Vcc =
5 ;
LM , DM, Vcc ~ 3 ;
-, DM, VCC = 2,7B;
PC PCMCIA ( ), Vcc = 5 .
zzz :
572 - 512 (64 8);

070-1(1288);
040-4(5128);
050 - 8 (1 8);
016-16(28);
032 - 32 (4 8).
ttt .
SST29EEQ10,29LE010 29VE010,
-BIOS, 1024 128
.
. ,

. Toggle Bit
Data# Polling.
29011,29LE011,29VE011
Winbond.
7.3.3.

, , . , (. 7.23, 7.24,
. 7.29). EEPROM, FRAM
-. EEPROM -
;

7.
306
.
(). FRAM
( RAM). ,

( , ROM).
-: WP#
Write Protect, WC Write Control, PP Programm Protect.
[0:2],
CS#,
.
S[0:2], (51)
.
7.29.
24001.2401
2402.24164
24F016
24F128
X76F041
FM24C04.FM24C16
, FM24C64,
FM24C256
FM25040.FM25160,
FM25256
16x8,128x8
2568, 28
28
168
512x8
5128,28,
88,328
5128,28,
648
7.23,
7.23,
7.23,6
7.23,
7.23,
7.24
1. 1, 2, 3,7 =
NC
I2C !
12
SPI
7.246
. 7.23. EEPROM I2C: 24, 24F016,

24F128, X76F041
EEPROM 24C02 12 256

DIMM-168
, DIMM-184 SODIMM-144.
7.3.
307
. 7.24. FRAM: FM24C256, FM25640
12 (Security Devices).
, X76F041, 4
128 , 64- , .

( ).
( )
( , ,
,
). ,

. ,

.
; ,
, , , . IBM PC
PC
( SMBus,
. . 11.1.3).
(,
FPGA Altera), ,
PC. ( ,
) (
) .
,
,
, LPT.
PC, SPI (Microwire)
, 2-, 3- 4- (
, ).

( ),
.
308
7.
I2
PC (. . 11.1.1)
( 100 400 /).
12 .
7.25. Start, ,
, RW .
8-
, (
256 ).
, Stop,
,
.

( ) ,
Stop. ,
, .
. 7.25. I2
, ,
RW=1. ,
.
; ,
. ,
, .
,
( ).
Stop, .
-
7.3. . __________________________________________309
, ,

(S ) , .
(
). , PC

.
.
, , , PC. , ,
Atmel AT24C01 128
: 7- PC,
.
,
. , 128
7- .
256
PC 8 .
512,1024 2048 1, 2 3
256-- .
7- , PC,
( , ).
SPI
SPI (. . 11.3)
5 /. , CS#,
SI 8- .
, .
,
SO . ,
, / . SPI
,
.
(/),
( ).
.
, (, , , ) ( ) ( ).
8.1.
PC

.
(enhanced) AT PS/2, 100
. 84- AT
XT. XT AT
, ,
AT .
( AT
XT/AT). PS/2 AT
, .
,
, ,
.
-.
. (typematic delay)
(typematic rate) AT .
1 3 -.
USB ;
, USB.
USB . USB
BIOS;
.
8.1. . ____________________________________________ 311
8.1.1. AT PS/2
, KB-Data
KB-Clock.
+5 .
(),
.
( )
. 8.1. 5 DIN ( AT) miniDIN (PS/2).
+5 .
. 8.1. ( ) : AT PS/2
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ,
, . ,
, ,
.
.

8042 - ,
.
60h, -.
-
IRQ1,
( ).
, -,
,
,
. ,
.
. 8.2, ,
, ,
.
.
-
312 _________ 8.
, . ( ) KB-Data KB-Clock,
.
KB-Clock 0- KB-Data,
KB-Clock.
KB-Clock. 8
, .

KB-Clock, (Ack).
2 ,
-.
. 8.2. : ,

(. 8.2, ).
KB-Clock 250 -
( ) .
11 KB-Clock.
,
.
(9- ) - (10-) 11-
(Ack).
KB-Clock (60 ),
.
20 , ,
-. ,
15
, -, 2
0.
PC/XT 8042 ,
()
,
18255.
IRQ1,
60h. 7 6 61h
.
XT KB-Clock.
8.1. _____________________________________________ 313
8.1.2.
8042/8242
18042, (keyboard
controller), ,
, ,
.
,
, .
( BIOS)
; ,
.
,

. -
-
Gate A20, ,
.
18242, ,
PS/2-Mouse.
( ) PS/2 AT,
. AT

, .
BIOS Setup.
8-
. CS# ,
0060h 0064h;
SA2 . IORD* IOWR#,
IN OUT. ,
- CPU 60h (
) 64h ( ),
. 8.1. ,
, ,
.
, ,
, .
, .
( ,
- ) ,
.
. / 1
( 064h).
314 __________ 8.
8.1.
, R/W
060 RW
8042
064 R
8042 (R/O): 7
; 6 - / -1; 5 -
/ (MouseJDBF)1; 4: 0
; 3:1 , 0 ;
2: , 0 , 1
( Reset OK);
1:1 , 0
/; 0:1
(DBF)
064 W
8042
1
i8242B,
PS/2-Mouse.
, , GateA20,

.
- PC;
.
1,
(
CPU). KBData, KB-Clock, MS-Data MS-Clock
. PS/2 KB-Clock MS-Clock
1, AT 1 KB-Data.
1 C0h; PS/2
:
7 (Keylock): 0
;
6 : 0 (Color), 1
(Mono);
5 : 0 ;
4 : 0 256 , 1 512
;
3, 2 ;
1 MS-Data;
0 KB-Data.
0,1 7; AT
1 .
(2), Dlh D0h
, :
7 KB-Data;
6 KB-Clk;
8.1. _____________________________________________ 315
5 (IRQ12),
AT ;
4 (IRQ1);
3 MS-Clk, AT ;
2 MS-Data, AT ;
1 20 (Gate A20, . . 12.3): 0 20
, 1 ;
0 ( INIT,
).
,
- ( )
OBF=1, IRQ1 (
).
( -, . .) (60h).
XT AT
(. ) - 60h.

us_0F-1,
IRQ12 ( ).
60h. To

( D2h) ( D3h),
IRQ1 IRQ 12.
, ,
OBF=1,
IRQ1 ( ).
( 60h).
,
.

( 064h).
1 64h
.
[2, 8].
, , (
BIOS), BIOS
.
8.1.3.
BIOS

, ( )
. , ,
-
316 ________ 8.
IRQ1 ( 09h).
,
Int 16h
.
Ctrl+Alt+Del, PrintScreen (SysRq)
, .
,
(, ),
IRQ1, Int 09h.
-
.
POST (
) .
,
NumLock ( BIOS Setup).

-
F1 . ,
(, -
), F1
.
AT XT, .
()
(POST F1),
CMOS Setup.

BIOS (BIOS Data Area):
0:0417,0:418 ;
0:0419 Alt-;
0:041 (Buffer Head),2 (
);
0:041C (Buffer Tail), 2 (
);
0:041E-0:042D (16 ).
8.2.
, . (, ).
: Bus Mouse, Serial Mouse PS/2-Mouse.
USB, (
USB, USB).
8.2. ____________________________________________
317
Serial Mouse PS/2-Mouse .

, , , .
PS/2 ,
+5
GND. RS-232C, Serial Mouse,
(. . 2.1) +3 -3 ,
- ( GND)
.
PS/2 ,
, . Serial Mouse
.
, ,
. (!),
.
, , ,
. ,
Serial Mouse PS/2-Mouse.
Macintosh,
, PS/2.
PC ,
, .
8.2.1. MS Mouse
PC Mouse
Serial Mouse ,
9- 25- - (. 8.2).
,
. RS-232C.
,
, RS-232,
. Serial Mouse ,
-
(IRQ4 1 IRQ3 COM2). , ,
1 IRQ4,
, , ,
,
. MS Mouse (Microsoft Mouse)
PC Mouse (Mouse Systems Mouse) -
318 _________ 8.
, MS/PC.
1200 /, -
.
MS Mouse: 1 , ( ),
X
, Y .
,
. 3D- .
PC Mouse: 8 , ,
X , Y
.
.
: ,
Windows 95 ( ) ,
PC Mouse ( ,
).

.
8.2. Serial Mouse
DB9
DB25
Data
GND
+V()
2
5
7,(4)
3
7
4, (20)
-V ()
-
RxD
GND
RTS,
(DTR)
TxD

( Int ),
. BIOS ,
BIOS Setup. ,
IRQ4 IRQ3
1 COM2 .
8.2.2. PS/2
PS/2-Mouse , PS/2.
6-pin mini-DIN (. . 8.1) ,
, 8242 (. . 8.1.2).
PS/ 2-Mouse
(. 8.3). PS/2
(ISA)
-. PS/2 :
8242 ,
8.2.
__________________________ 319
, , 60h
( , ) 64h
D4h.
. 8.3. PS/2-Mouse
.
(stream mode) ;
(remote mode)
. (wrap mode),
, .
Mouse_OBF
IRQ12, 8242.
- PS/2 ( PS/2)
BIOS,
(
). (
74h IRQ12),
,
. BIOS Int 15h
C200-C209h.
8.2.3. Bus Mouse

Bus Mouse ( ) , .
,
( ISA). 9, (. 8.4),
PS/2-Mouse.
, , .
ISA (COM-, LPT- GAME-nop-),
Bus Mouse. Microsoft
, , Bus Mouse
MS-Mouse,
.
. 8.4. Bus Mouse
320 _________ 8.
8.3.
, (
) , .
Centronics
IEEE 1284,
0,15-2 /,
(. ).
.
LPT-
, SPP- IEEE 1284 (. . 1.3).

Centronics,
, IEEE 1284.

, LPT-.
, ,
Centronics.
IEEE 1284 ( ),
LPT- SPP .
MS DOS .
RS-232C,
RS-422 ,
11 / (115 /), 1 / (9600
/). -
.
USB,
: USB .
(
), BIOS Int 17h
LPT-,
, USB ,
USB .
, USB 1.0 12 /
1,5 / (12:8) -
. USB 2.0, ,
50 / ( 480 /),
. ,
USB 2.0, (USB 1.0)
.
SCSI ( ),
, Ethernet
(10 100 /).
,
. Fire Wire
.
8.3. __________________________________ 321
8.3.1.
Centronics, IEEE 1284, PNP
Centronics
.
LPT- .
PNP-. Centronics
, 36-
. . 8.3,
. 8.5.
8.3. Centronics
. 8.5. Centronics

Busy. ,
-
322 ________ 8.
, Busy.
.
() Ack#,
(
- , ). Ack#
,
.
, Ack#
Strobe* Busy.
Select, Error*, PaperEnd ,
, .
lnit# (
). , ,
, AutoLF* . Selectln*
.
(LPT) Centronics
, (SPP),
150 / .

(Fast Centronics), 2 /
.
IEEE 1284,
(. . 1.3.4).
Centronics,
.
18--
SPP. 2 ,
Strobe* Busy .
(Fast Centronics, )
,
.
Centronics, 17 PC
36 .
, 1284,
.
,
.
Windows.

.
,
( ) . (
, ) ( ).
,
, IEEE
1248. 2 /
10 .
8.3.
323
. 8.4 XI
(DB25-P) PC 2 (Centronics-
() . (GND)
(. ). (18-
) GND .
,
( . 8.4
PC ,
). (GND)
; 1-17
GND 19-35.
8.4.
1, PC
1
Strobe
DataO
2
Data1
3
4
Data2
DataS
5
Data4
6
7
DataS
8
Data6
9
Data7
10
Ack#
11
Busy
12
PaperEnd
13
Select
14
Auto LF#
15
Error#
16
lnit#
17
Select ln#
18
GND(1)
19
GND (2 3)
20
GND (4 5)
21
GND (6 7)
22
GND (8 9)
23
GND(11 15)
24
GND(101213)
25
GND(141617)
X2, PRN X2, PRN

15
1
2
6
3
7
4
8
5
9
6
10
11
7
12
8
13
9
3
10
1
11
5
12
2
13
17
14
4
32
14
31
16
36
33
19
24 25
20 21
26 27
22 23
28 29
24 25
30 31
26 27
19 22
29
20 21 23
28
32 34 35
30
( ) PNP
(IFSP ROBOTRON). Centronics, .
.
.
324
8.
( )
: 220 +5 330 .
,
PC.
.
PNP LPT-,
. , ,
(, ).
8.3.2.
RS232C -.
RS-422,
- .
, ,
.
, ( , - -,
) : XON/XOFF
RTS/CTS. -
, ,
. 8.6 8.7.
- . ,
,
-. , , DOS MODE. , DOS (
COPY PRINT) .
. 8.6. RTS-CTS
, , . 8.8.
-
-
8.3.
325
. , -, .
. 8.8. 20 -
8.3.3.
LPT (SPP)
Centronics BIOS.
(Fast Centronics, ECP)
. BIOS Int 17h
, .
Int 17h
.
PNP
.
(Print Screen)
BIOS Int 0 5 h.
( ) LPT1.
0050:0000 : 00
, 01 , FF
-. -
326 _________ 8.
Int 05h (Int 09h), PrintScreen (PrtSc).
8.4.
() /, (RGB)
.
: (MDA,
CGA, EGA) VGA
(DVI, P&D, DFP).
VESA (www.vesa.org).
, .

Fire Wire, USB 2.0.
VFC VAFC
.
( ) (AGP, PCI, ISA), 6.
8.4.1. RGB TTL

RGB TTL
MDA, HGC (Hercules), CGA EGA.
DB-9 ( ),
. 8.5.
Video (/ ) Intens (
). CD (ColorDisplay) CGA

. 16 .
ECD (Enhanced Color Display)
EGA : RED, GREEN, BLUE
Red, Green, Blue
. 64 .

H.Sync V.Sync. MDA HGC,
(720x350 ),
. CGA (
). EGA
.
V.Sync:
.
8.4. _________________________________ 327

8.5. (RGB TTL)

Mono
Color
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
GND
GND
Intens.
Video
+H.Sync.
-V.Sync.
GND
GND
RED
GREEN
BLUE
Intensiv.
+H.Sync.
-V.Sync.
Enhanced Color/Mono
GND
Red
RED
GREEN
BLUE
Green/lntens.
Blue/Video
+H.Sync.
-(+)V.Sync.
8.4.2. RGB
RGB Analog
.
8-
, 16,7 (True Color).
,
(Return).
.
,
+0,7 (
). ,
.
RGB ( RGB TTL) . 8.9.
R, G, , ,
(
,
).
. VESA DMT (Discrete Monitor
Timing, 1994-1998 .)
. VESA
GTF (Generalized Timing Formula Standard)
,
:
(, 800x600);
(overscan borders);
(non-interlaced) (interlaced);
: , .
, -
328
8.
^ .
(
).
. 8.6. ,
,
.
. 8.9. RGB: a , ,

8.6.
329
8.4.
VESA
Fv

, ,
Fh
Abcdefgh
1280x1024
75.0
SXGA(75Hz)
79.9
1280x1024
85.0
SXGA(85Hz)
91.1
1600x1024
(60Hz)
60.0
63.6
1600x1024
(85Hz)
85.0
91.4
1600x1200
(85Hz)
85.0
106.3
1920x1200
(60Hz)
60.0
74.5
1920x1200
(85Hz)
85.0
107.1
2048x1536
(75Hz)
75.0
120.2
2304x1440
(80Hz)
80.0
120.6
Fp
135
PGA IBM,
9- DB-9S (. 8.7).
, VGA, 15 (. 8.8).
,
15- 9- (. 8.9).
PGA (Composite Sync)
(H+V)Sync.; .
8.7. PGA ( DB-9S)
1
2
Red
Green
Blue
(H+V)Sync
Mode Control
Red Return
Green Return
Blue Return
GND
330
8.
DDC Return, SDA SCL DDC.

9 DDC (+5 ).
(H+V)Sync (Composite
Sync).
8.9. 9-15
DB9
15
1
2
Red
Green
1
2
Blue
H.Sync
13
V.Sync
14
Red Return
Green Return
Blue Return
GND
10,11
( ) D- , 15 ,
, (
, 9-). , ,
, .
Macintosh , VGA,
DB-15P ( , Game- PC).
. 8.10.
8.4. __________________________________________ 331

8.10. VGA Macintosh
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Red Return
Red
Comp.Sync
IDO
Green
Green Return
ID1
He
Blue
ID2
Sync. GND
V.Sync
Blue Return
H.SyncGND
H.Sync
, , . ,
. , PnP,
.

IDO-ID3,
IBM. GND,
.
ID1,
.
Red Blue.
VESA DDC (Display Data Channel).
PC (DDC2B) ACCESS.Bus (DDC2AB),
- SCL SDA. DDC1

SDA ( 12), V.Sync
( 14).
V.Sync 25 (
). DDC2
; SCL
( 15). DDC2AB ,
, ,
ACCESS.Bus (. . 11.1.2).
332 _________ 8.
EDID (Extended
Display Identification)
DDC (. 8.11).
8.11. EDID
, ,
0
8
18
20
35
54
126
127
8
10
2
15
19
72
1
1
( EDID)
( )
EDID

( 4-18)

VESA DPMS (Display Power Management Signaling)
V.Sync H.Sync (. 8.12).
8.12. (VESA DPMS)
H.Sync
V.Sync
On
Standby
Suspend
Off
, SVGA,
.
150 ,
.

BNC-
.
DB-15,
. 3-5 75-
BNC:
3 ,
(composite sync) ;
4 ;
5
.

10-15 .
333
8.4.
(
USB Fire Wire)
VESA 1995 . EVC
(Enhanced Video Connector). 1998 . ,
P&D-A (Plug&Display-Analog) ,
.
RGB DDC2, P&D-A
(EVC) ,
, USB Fire Wire,
.
:
30 (. 8.10, . 8.13).
, ,
2 . . 75-
500
2 %. 1-4 5 ()
R, G,
Clock. (
),
.
, (
, ,
).
8.13. P&D-A (EVC)
Audio Output,
Right
Audio Output,
Left
11
Charging power
input, +
Charging power
input, -
21
Audio input, left
22
Audio input, right
Audio Output,
Return
13
Video input, Y
composite in
23
Audio input, return
4
5
Sync Return
14
Video input, return
24
Stereo sync (TTL)
Horizontal
Sync (TTL)
15
Video input, in
25
DDC return
Vertical Sync
(TTL)
16
USB Data +
26
DDC Data (SDA)
17
USB Data -
27
DDC Clock (SCL)
18
28
+5
1394TPA-
19
USB/1394 common
mode shield
1394VG
29
1394TPB+
10
1394TPA+
20
1394VP
30
1394TPB-
R (.)
C3
PX Clock
G (.)
C4
(.)
12
C5
GND ( R, G, B)
334
8.
. 8.10. / P&D ()
, ,
USB 1394 .
(S-Video , PAL NTSC)
DDC2.
: , . DDC,
.
,
, ( , ,
) .
-. EVC
, , ,
. , ,

.
P&D-A/D, . EVC
,
. EVC
( ),

, .
8.4.4. P&D, DVI DFP

.

. . ,
() , ,
. , ,
, .
( TFT) ,

.
.
: , 150
-
8.4.
335
24- (True Color)

3,6 / (450 /).

Panel-Link, 1996 . (FPDI-2) VESA.
. 8.11. 3
(Data[0:3J) Clock.

T.M.D.S. (Transition Minimazed
Differetial Signaling). ,
, ,
. 8
. ,
,
:3],
. ,
8 10- ,
.
DE
, .
,
. 165 ,
1280x1024 (24
).
. 8.11.
. (12
),
50 +3,3 , 500 .

(
8.
336
), .
P&D, DVI DFP,
DVI (
) DFP ( ).

. P&D
EVC DVI.
(T.M.D.S.)
.
VP&D (VESA Plug-and-Display, 1997 .), P&D,
, EVC (. . 8.10).
, , ,
.
: .
P&D-A/D (. 8.14)
(RGB ),
, .
P&D ;
( EVC P&D-A) (
).
P&D P&D-A (EVC).
8.14. P&D-A/D
Data 2+
11
Data1 +
21
Data 0-
Data 2-
12
Datal-
22
Data 0+
13
23
Sync Rtn
14
Clock+
24
Stereo Sync TTL
H.SyncTTL
15
Clock-
25
DDC Return
'V.SyncTTL
16
USB Data+
26
DDC Data
Clock
17
USB Data-
27
DDC Clock
CHRG+
18
13943KpaH/CHRG-
28
+5V
1394TPA-
19
1394VG
29
1394TPB+.CLOCK+
10
1394TPA+
20
1394VP
30
1394TPB-.CLOCK-
R (.)
C3
PX Clock
G (.)
C5
GND ( R, G, B)
C4
(.)
DFP (Digital Flat Panel, 1999 ., www.dfpgroup.org) MDR (mini-D ribbon)

(. 8.12), 3
,
, (+5), DDC2 (. 8.15)
(HPD). -
8.4.
337
85 (
). (?)
1280x1024 (24 ).
. 8.12. DFP
8.15. DFP

1
2
1 +
1-
11
12
2+
2-
SHLD1
13
SHLD2
SHLDC
14
SHLDO
15
16
GND
17
NC
+5V
18
HPD
NC
19
10
NC
20
DDC_DA
T
DDC
CLK
D^(Digital Visual Interface) DDWG (Digital

Display Working Group ,
www.ddwg.org) 1999 .
( ) ,
:
. DVI
VGA-.

(DataO-2).

. -
.

. , -
,
, , ,
. ,

. ,
338
8.
(
), ( )
() . DVI
,
, ,
.
,
,
, .
3 (Data3-5),
.
, (R), 1 (G) 2 (),
3,4 5,
330 (165x2).
: 8
^), 3,4 5
( ) , 1 2 ().
T.M.D.S. DVI VESA
DDC2: DDC Data DDC Clock, +5 , DDC, .
, ,
. HPD (Hot Plug Detect),
/ .
,
/ . , DVI
PnP.
DVI (VESA) ,
640x480/60 ( 22,175 ). 2048x1536 ( 330 ).
(DPMS).
DVI . 8.13,
. 8.16.
1 2
. 8.13. DVI (): ,
339
8.4.
8.16. DVI
1
2
Data2Data2+
9
10
DatalData1 +
17
18
DataODataO+
2/4
11
1/3
19
0/5
Data4-
12
DataS-
20
DataS-
Data4+
13
Data3+
21
Data5+
DDC Clock
14
+5
22
Clock
DDC Data
15
GND ( +5 , HSync VSync)
23
Clock*
VSync(TTTI)
16
HPD
24
Clock-
C3
(.)
C5
GND ( R, G, B)
C4
HSync ()
R (.)
G (.)
8.4.5.
, ,
,
. (), MPEG.
.
VGA 26- VGA
Auxiliary Video Connector ".
VESA Feature Connector (VFC) (. 8.17),
,
. VGA SVGA

640x480 256 .
.
, Data Enable,
; Sync Enable

; PCLK Enable
.
1024x768 High Color True Color
VAFC VESA Advanced Feature Connector(. 8.18)
, 0,05" ".
16/32 37,5
150 /. 16- VAFC
56 , 32- 80- .
7". GRDY VRDY
( )
,
EVID#.
8.
340
8.17. VFC
GND
GND
2
4
1
3
DataO
Datal
GND
Data enable
Data 2
DataS
Sync, enable
10
Data 4
PCLK enable
12
11
Data S
(Vcc)
14
13
Data 6
GND
16
15
GND
18
17
PCLK
GND
20
19
BLANK
GND
22
21
HSYNC
(Vcc)
24
23
VSYNC
(GND)
26
25
GND
i Data 7
32-
VESA Media
Channel (VM Channel). (),
,
.
8.18. VAFC
RSRVO
41
GND
Ground
RSRV1
42
GND
Ground
GENCLK
Genclock input
43
GND
Ground
OFFSETO
Pixel offset 2
44
GND
Ground
OFFSET1
Pixel offset 1
45
GND
Ground
FSTAT
FIFO buffer status
46
GND
Ground
VRDY
Video ready
47
GND
Ground
GRDY
Graphics ready
48
GND
Ground
BLANK*
Blanking
49
GND
Ground
10
VSYNC
Vertical sync
50
GND
Ground
11
HSYNC
Horizontal sync
51
GND
Ground
12
EGEN#
Enable genclock
52
GND
Ground
13
VCLK
Graphics data clock
53
GND
Ground
14
RSRV2
54
GND
Ground
15
DCLK(PCLK)
Video data (Pixel) clock
55
GND
Ground
16
EVIDEO*
Video data direction control
56
GND
Ground
17
PO
Video data 0
57
P1
Video data 1
18
GND
Ground
58
P2
Video data 2
341
8.4.

19
20
Video data 3
Video data 4
59
60
GND
P5
Ground
Video data 5
21
GND
Ground
61
P6
Video data 6
22
Video data 7
62
GND
Ground
23
Video data 8
63
P9
Video data 9
24
GND
Ground
64
P10
Video data 10
25
11
Video data 11
65
GND
Ground
26
12
Video data 12
66
P13
Video data 13
27
GND
Ground
67
P14
Video data 14
28
15
Video data 15
68
GND
Ground
29
16
Video data 16
69
P17
Video data 17
30
GND
Ground
70
P18
Video data 18
31
19
Video data 19
71
GND
Ground
32
20
Video data 20
72
P21
Video data 21
33
GND
Ground
73
P22
Video data 22
34
23
Video data 23
74
GND
Ground
35
24
Video data 24
75
P25
Video data 25
36
GND
Ground
76
P26
Video data 26
37
27
Video data 27
77
GND
Ground
38
28
Video data 28
78
P29
Video data 29
39
GND
Ground
79
P30
Video data 30
40
31
Video data 31
80
GND
Ground
8.4.6.
( ),
. - , , . PAL, SECAM
NTSC .
( ).
Composite Video
1,5 (75 ).
RCA ().
, ,
.

.
S-Video (Separate Video)
: Y (luminance+sync,
-
342 _________ 8.
) . , (burst signal). Y
1 , NTSC 0,286 ,
PAL/SECAM 0,3 . 75 .
4- S-Video mini-DIN (. 8.14, )
,
S- VHS Y/C.
;
.
7- mini-DIN, 4
, 3
( ). S-Video
(. 8.14, );
,
. , .
. 8.14. S-Video: a ,
() YUV (professional video), :

U V .
8.5.
,
, MIDI
.
USB Fire Wire (. . 4.2).
8.5.1.
, , CD-ROM.

- (jack) 3,5 , .
( ),
(
),
8.5. ________________________________________ 343
. 6- ,
, ,
- .

RCA, ,
. ,
, .
- :
, () ,
.
, .
(
).
6-
.
() .
,
, .
Line In , , ,
. . 0,1-0,3 .
Line Out
, 0,1-0,3 .
Speaker Out .
,
, .
In , 3-10 .
, (
), ( )
.
. ,
, . CD-ROM
, , , . ,
. . . 8.15.
,
(
). - ,
,
-
344
8.
, , .
-CD
.
. 8.15.
8.5.2.
S/PDIF (Sony/Philips Digital Interface Format)
( ) (DAT, CD-ROM . .).
AES/EBU (Audio
Engineers Society/European Broadcast Union). AES/EBU
110 ,
XLR, 3-10 , 12 .
S/PDIF 15 , RCA
BNC, 0,5-1 , 2 .
S/PDIF (
) .
CD-ROM,
S/PDIF. S/PDIF
(1:1),
.
, .
,
.
( ) .

.

S/PDIF Toslink, EIAJ -1201
(660 ).
, .
(POF) 1,5 ,
3 . ,
. 8.16.
,
-
8.5.
345
. HCT74U04 (6
);
Toslink, (220 )
( ).
. 8.16. S/PDIF
(Toslink)
S/PDIF
-,
( -).
,
(, MPEG -3).
, .
16, 20 24
, .
S/PDIF ,
- 32, 44,1 48 .

ADAT TDIF,
.
DVD
I2S.
8.5.3. MIDI
MIDI (Musical Instrument
Digital Interface)
31,25 /. , 1983 ,
, ,
, ,
.
MIDI ,
,
. MIDI
, [1].
16 ,
.
5 ( 10
) () .
, ( )
( ).
346
8.
: MIDI-In, MIDI-Out MIDI-Thru.

MIDI-In ,

2 .
.
MIDI-Out ,
.

5 . .

, .
MIDI-Thru
, .
.
5- DIN,
,
. 8.17.
. 8.17. MIDI
MIDI ( )
(12 15) (DB-15S).
MIDI
, (
). ,
. 8.18. PC
5- MIDI.
MIDI UART MPU-401. MPU-401
Roland PC MIDI,
. MPU MIDI
Processing Unit MIDI.
(UART),
MIDI,
PC . MPU-401
UART mode,
;
MPU-401 .
8.5.
347
. 8.18. - MIDI
- MPU-401 MPU
( ) MPU+1.
DATA ( MPU+0) ,
MIDI.
MPU (
MIDI).
STATUS/COMMAND ( MPU+1) /
( ).
:
7 D5R (Data Set Ready) (DSR=0)
( ,
);
6 DRR (Data Read Ready) (DRR=0) UART
( ,
).
MPU-401
, UART
3Fh. MPU-401 (-
) RESET ( FFh),
MPU (FEh).
, MPU
. 3Fh MPU
( ).
DSR
. MPU UART
.
, , DSR-1 (
).
348 ________ 8.
DRR,
.
MPU-401,
MIDI, ,
MPU-401 UART;
.
, UART, -,
BIOS SETUP MIDI.
MIDI
USB. , , Roland 64 S-MPU64, USB 4
4 MIDI.
4 USB,
256.
8.5.4.
MIDI- (Daugterboard Connector).
(. 8.19) MIDI- (,
) ,
,
. (AG)
(DG). MIDI (
). WT (Wavetable) Connector,
Waveblaster Connector.
8.19.
1
3
DG
DG
2
4
MIDIJDut*
DG
+5
DG
MIDI_ln# ()
DG
10
+5
11
DG
12
13
15
14
AG
+5
16
17
AG
18
+12
19
AG
20
Audio (R)
21
23
AG
AG
22
24
-12
Audio (L)
25
AG
26
Reset*

MIDI- . -
8.6. Game- __________________________ 349
,
/MIDI . , , .
8.6. Game
,
,
. IBM PC
Game port,
.
4 (XI, 2, Y1 Y2),
, 4 .

. XI
-, Y1 -, 2 , Y2 . XI , Y1
, 2 ( Y1).

.
()
USB
-. ,
(
).
Game- -
20 lh,
.
.
. 8.19.
, ,
( ,
). ,
.
, ,
(. ), .

(20lh), 0-3 .

0-3,
. GND
, .
-.
0-100
()=24,2+1 1().
350 _________ 8.
,
( 1,12 ) .
- ,

.
. 8.19.
- DB- 15S.
. 8.20.
+5 , GND (. 8.20).
5-7.
, ,
GND, , + 5 .
( ) Y- . Game
MIDI-, ,
(. . 8.18). MIDI
12 15, GND
+5V. MIDI

MIDI.
8.20. MIDI

7
#2
6
#1
#2
#1
Y- (Y2)
13
- (2)
11
Y- (Y1)
- (1)
GND
4,5,(12)
+5
1,8,9,(15)
MIDI In (Rx) ( )
15
MIDI Out (Tx) ( )
12
14
10
8.6. Game-
351
. 8.20.
BIOS Int 15 h
AH=84h. DX :
DX=0 , AL[7:4]
( 20lh);
DX=1 X, Y ( , ) ( ,
DX). DX CF-1.
Windows.
(
, ), CD DVD,

.
()
- , .
,
, 500 / ( 60
/). 1000 /,
2,88 , .
( ).
(
MFM RLL),
,
,
.
, () ESDI,
1 /.
,
( ,
), ,
.
AT , 1988 .
. ,
, ,
, 1996 . AT API.
,
,
SCSI. 100 / (Ultra DMA
Mode 5).
137 , AT API SCSI 32-
, 2 ( 512-- ).
Serial ATA;
,
, .
, SCSI,
(FCAL). SCSI
-
9.1.
________________________________________ 353
,

. AT A, SCSI
.
USB, Fire Wire,
LPT-.
9.1.
()
.
, - , .
( ). , , , -
.
9.1.1.
, .
.

.
, .

(1-1,5 ),
+5 .

.
5"- ,
(
).
. , Drive Sel
Motor On.
DSO...DS3, ,
.
. ,
,
.

Step; Direction:
( )
( ). ,
Track 00.
Side 1.
Index,

354
____________________________ 9.
. (MFM) (
-) Read
Data. Write Gate,

Write Data. , ,
Write Protect. ,
HD DD QD,
Reduce Write, Low Current FDHDIN.
( 2,88 )
FDEDIN. ,
(
FDEDIN , ).

, PC- ,
.
- ,
.
, CMOS Setup, .
Reduce Write ( )
, CMOS HD (High Density
, 1,2 1,44 ), DD
QD (360 720 ).
, 300 / ( 360/720 1,2 ).
720 1,44
HD,
3,5" ,
QD.
HD Disk Changed,
.
. HD ED
(Extra High Density, 2,88 ),

. PC
DC (Disk Change).
, RY, RDY
SR, PC .
, , .
, .
Index
,
( ).
(. )
TrackOO. , PC,
34 :
5" 3,5".
PC - 7
10-16 (. 9.1).
, .
355
9.1.
: : ,
: . ,
, ,
. ,
. . 9.1
, .
(I/O -) .
. 9.1.
9.1.
1
FDHDIN (Reduce
2
4
FDEDEIN
6
Index
8
Motor On A
10
Drive Sel 1
12
Drive Sel 0
14
Motor On
16
Direction
18
Step
20
Write Data
22
Write Gate
24
Track 00
26
Write Protect
28
Read Data
30
Side l
32
Disk Changed
343
1
I/O
I
1
1
:
1
2
Low Current
4
6
FDEDIN
8
Index
10
DSO
12
DS11
14
DS2
16
Motor2
18
Direction
20
Step
22
WData
24
WGate
26
00
28
WProt
30
RData
32
Sidel
343
DC
:
1
Low Current
2
4
FDEDIN (DS3)
6
Index
8
Motor2
16
DS2
14
DS11
12
DSO
10
Direction
18
Step
20
Wdata
22
Wgate
24
TROO
26
WProt
28
Rdata
30
Side l
32
DC
34
1 -33 . 5" 4-5 6-7.

, FDD (Motor On Drive Sel 0 :
Motor On
Drive Sel 1 :). 3
34 XT .
2
356 _____________________________________ 9.
, PC,

Drive Sel 0 Motor On : Drive Sel 1 Motor On
:.
, DS 1 ( 12 ).
DSO / DS1 / DS2 / DS3,
DS1. DS1 / DS2 / DS3 /
DS4, , DS2.
,
. PC
-.
DS0,
, , .
9.1.2.
FDC (Floppy Drive Controller), ,
DMA .
(.
[4,8,9]). ,
, BIOS Int 13h (. 12.8.1)
. BIOS
. .
, IBM PC,
NEC PD765,
i8272. FDC ;
250 / (
SD, DD QD 5"), 500 /
HD (1,2 1,44 ), 300 / SD, DD
QD HD 5". ,
ED (2,88 ), 1000 /.
, 250/300,500 1000
/, 1, 2 4. 1
9 ( 512 );
300 / 250 /, 360 / -300 /.
2 300 / ( HD 3,5")
18 , 360 / (
HD 5") 15 . 4, ,
.
,
.
, , (
10 %) ,
.
9.1. ______________________________________________
357
AT :
FDC #1 ( ) 3FOh3F7h ( FDC XT);
FDC AT#2 () 370h-377h.
IRQ6 (BIOS I n t
0E h) .
DMA2.
. 9.2.
FDC 3F7 (377) HDC
( ), FDC HDC,
, . (
)
7 .
9.2.
(R , W )
3F2 (372) RW: DOR (Digital Output Register) : [4:7] , ,
, D: 1 ; 3:1 DMA2 IRQ6; 2:0 , 1
; [1:0] 0-3. AT 6,7 1
3F3 (373) RW: TDR (Tape Drive Register) : [1:0] ,

. 00,
( : )
3F4 (374) R: MSR (Main State Register) : 7 (DQM) : 1
/ ; 6 (DIO) : 1 FDC -> CPU; 5 (NON
DMA) DMA: 1 DMA ; 4(CMDBSY): 1
; [0:3] :, :, :, D: ( AT
0,1)
3F4 (374)1 W: DSR (Datarate Select Register) : 7:1
( ); 6:1 ; 5:1
( 0); [4:2]
(000 ); [1:0]
(00 500/,01 300 /, 10 250 /, 11 1 /)
3F5 (375) RW: DR (Data Register) /
3F7 (377) W: CCR (Configuration Control Register) (AT):
[7:2] ; [1:0] (00 500 /, 01300
/, 10 250 /, 111 /)
3F7 (377) R: DIR (Digital Input Register) ( AT): 7:1 =
( DC); [6:0] ,

1
DSR 18272;
- CCR,
.
; TDR (Tape Drive Register),

,
( ).
358 _________________________________ 9.
,
DR (3F5) MSR (3F4).
DR
MSR=10xxxxxxb, MSR=llxxxxxxb. /
,
MSR,
-. DOR (3F2)
/ , CCR (3F7) DSR (3F4)
.
DMA,
. ( DMA)
.
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
( DOR).
( CCR).
.
( 0,5 ).
.
DMA.
/.
. ,
,
. ,
-.
9. ,
, . ,
DMA /.
(3) ,
, DMA
/. ,
.

, .
(BIOS Data Area, 0:0440)
( ),
(0:043F). ( DOR
)
, ( 2 ).
IRQ0 (BIOS Int 08h)c
55
( DOR). ,
, .
, , BIOS
,
.
9,2. /ATAPI (IDE)
_____________________________________ 359
.
1. . DQM=1 DIO-0,
. DR
,
.
DQM .
DQM
. ,
, R, N
DTL, EOT, SC,
GPL .
2. ,
DMA,
(). DMA DRQ DACK#
. DMA ,
DQM .
( ST0),
.
3. DQM=1 010=1,
DR, DQM=1
010=0, .

MSR BSY=1.
( ) DOR DSR.
, DQM=1
010=1, DR.
DR , 80h (
).
FIFO 16 ,
( )
DR; 18272 FIFO .
DR .
, .
,
. DR ,
(16-) . OR
,
, .
, DR
. DR

MSR ( FIFO ).
9.2. /ATAPI (IDE)

ATA (AT Attachment for Disk Drives) 1986-1990
.
IBM PC AT ISA. ,
10, -
360 ________________________________ 9.
40-
. (
PC/AT) ,
IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics).
AT ,

. .
-
.
- .
- -.
(Master) ,
Device- ( 0).
(Slave) ,
Device-1 ( 1).
- -, .
-. , , (DEV)
(drive/head register). DEV4), ,
DEV=1 .
, .

,
- ,
.
, ,
.
AT API, ,
(Package
Interface, PI).
SCSI.
.
: (cylinder), (head) (sector)
CHS.

.
,
(, ,
).
.
.
CHS 267 386 880 (65
536x16x255) (), 512 136
902 082 560 ( 137 ).
9.2. /ATAPI (IDE) ________________________________________ 361
LBA (Logical Block Addressing),

() 28- , 268
435 455 (228) ( , CHS). AT ,
CHS, LBA,
L ( 6) D/H;
. ATAPI SCSI 32 , 2 (
512- ).
, .
, , .
( ) .
(. ),
.
- .
. . , ,
, - . IDE, () .
-4 ,
.
IDE .
, AT-BUS, 16-
AT. 40-
4-
AT. (2,5" )
44- , .
PC Card ATA 16- 68- PC Card
(PCMCIA) PC. XT IDE (8 ), XTBUS, 40- , ,
.
MCA IDE (16 ) 72- ,
PS/2.
-2 . 2 , 4
, PIO Mode 3, Multiword DMA Mode 1, Block mode,
8 , LBA CHS.
Fast -2 Multiword DMA Mode 2 (13,3
/), PIO Mode 4.
-3 -2. ,
,
SMART (Self Monitoring Analysis and Report
Technology).
ATA/ATAPI-4 -3, Ultra DMA
33 / ATAPI.
.
362 ___________________________
9.
ATA/ATAPI-5 ATA/ATAPI-4:
,
. Ultra DMA 66 /.
ATA/ATAPI-6 ATA/ATAPI-5:
/ - , ,
Ultra DMA 100 /.
Serial ATA .
E-IDE (Enhanced IDE) ,
Western Digital. PCI VLB.
4 ( ), CD-ROM
(ATAPI). Mode 3, Multiword DMA Mode 1,
8 , LBA CHS.
-2.
ATA IDE, E-IDE, -2, Fast -2, -3^ ATA/ATAPI-4,
ATA/ ATAPI-5 ATA/ATAPI-6 .
(
).
, - .
ATA/ATAPI
13
(NCITS).
ANSI. ATA/ATAPI-6
,
Serial ATA.
9.2.1.
,
:
2,4 ( 400 ,
DMARQ 500 ), 0,5 ( 4
, DASP 12
);
2,0 ,
0,8 .
40-
,
20.
.
-,
0,46 (18"),
35 .
( -),
()
, -
. -
363
9.2. ATA/ATAPI (IDE)
. 9.3, . 9.2.

. ()
, . 9.3. 28
, 28 (CSEL)
-, .
, .
9.3. ATA (IDE)
RESET#
DD7
1
I/OTS
1
3
2
4
I/OTS
GND
DD8
DD6
I/OTS
I/OTS
DD9
DD5
I/OTS
I/O TS
DD10
DD4
I/OTS
10
I/OTS
DD11
DD3
I/OTS
11
12
I/O TS
DD12
DD2
I/OTS
13
14
I/OTS
DD13
DD1
I/OTS
15
16
I/OTS
DD14
DDO
I/OTS
17
18
I/OTS
DD15
GND
19
20
DMARQ
OTS2
21
22
DlOWtf/STOP3
23
24
DIOR#/HDMARDY#/HSTROBE3
25
26
IORDY/DDMARDY#/DSTROBE3
OTS2
27
28
I/O
( )
GND
GND
GND
SPSYNC/CSEL7
GND
IOCS16#8
PDIAG#/CBLID3
DMACK#
29
30
INTRQ
OTS2
31
32
OK
DA1
33
34
I,O>
DAO
35
36
CSO#
37
38
DASP#
I/O OK5
39
40
DA2
CS1#
GND
+5 (Logic)
41
42
+5 (Motor)
GND
446
3
4
5
6
7
8
43
: I , , I/O , TS
,
. - I .
(
).
, /, Ultra DMA (AT A-4).
' , .
.
41-44 .
-3 - CSEL.
-3 .
364
9.
. 9.3.
ATA/ATAPI-4 1 . 28
, . ,
-
( . 9.3).
, 40-
- (
).
Ultra DMA 80- ,
(GND). UltraDMA
2 ( 33 /).
, 40- ,
80 .
,
( EVN GND ODD
GND ).
9.2. /ATAPI (IDE) ________________________________________ 365
( 80
). 80-
34 GND
; (CBLID).
34 ,
PDIAG* .
80-
.
- ,
34 .
.
0 ,
.
.
1 ()
, 28 .
.
, 0 1
.
40- ,
4- (. 9.4),
44- .
. 9.4. ( ): ,
40- 2,54 . ,

( ).
AT A/ AT API ,
. 9.5, .
() , 1-40 (.
. 9.3), - (. 9.4)
. 50 2 (. 9.5, ), 144 . 9.3, A-D . 9.4 (
,
). 50-
IBM Thinkpad/Travelstar:
10 +5 ;
: 0,
1;
366 _________________________________ 9.
:
Standby, Idle;
D 28 (CSEL) 10
+5 .
, , , . Toshiba

( +5 47 ), GND, D
( 1).
. 9.5. : SFF8057,
SFF8058, SFF8212 (50- )
9.4.
SFF8057
SFF8058
SFF8212
Toshiba (1996)

Master
Master Slave
Slave
-
E-F
G-H
G-H,E-F
-
A-F
A-B
E-F
E-F
C-D
A-D
B-D
A-B
A-D
B-D
C-D
-
HP 36, ATA/ATAPI .
- ,
CompactFlash Association.
. ATA/ATAPI4.
RESET* (Device Reset) (
). 25
.

.
.2. /ATAPI (IDE)
____________________________________367
DA[2:0] (Device Address) ,

.
DD[15:0] (Device Data) 16-
. 8-
D[7:0].
DD7 - 10
GND.
:
BSY .
DIOR* (Device I/O Read) -.
.
DIOW# (Device I/O Write) -.
.
IORDY (I/O channel Ready)
.
.
Mode 3 . - 1
.
IOCS16* 16- .
, , 8-. Mode 0,1,2
16-, 8-.
Mode 3,4 DMA 16-,
( 512- )
. ATA/ATAPI-3 .
DMARQ (DMA Request) DMA
(). ( )
. DMARQ,
-
DMACK*, DMARQ.
. Multiword DMA
.
, DMA
(0 1) . -1
, .
DMARQ . -
GND 5,6 .
DMACK# (DMA Acknowledge) DMA.
- .
DIOR* DIOW*.
DMA IOCS16#, CSO# CS1# ,
16- .
INTRQ (Interrupt Request) .
, ( )
-
368 _________________________________ 9.
,
n IE N Device
Control. RESET*, SRST
Devi Control,
. PIO
(
). : Format Track, Write Sector(S),Write
Buffer Write Long
. DMA
. -
10 GND.
CSO# (Chip Select 0)
(Command Block Registers).
- !FOhlF7h ( CS1FX*).
CS1# (Chip Select 1) (Control Block
Registers).
- 3F6h-3F7h (
CS3FX*).
PDIAG* (Passed Diagnostics) .
,
.
( DASP#),
31 6
. ,
7 .
,

. ( -4
CBLID*).
CBLID* (Cable assembly type identifier) .
80- 34 -
GND, 34 ,
- .
10 .
( PDIAG* )
80- .
DASP# (Device Active, Slave Present) :
.

10 +5 . RESET*
1
, 400
.
-
9.2. /ATAPI (IDE)
_______________________________ 369
450 .
31 (
).
.
.
SPSYNC/CSEL (Spindle Synchronization/Cable Select)
. ,
. SPSYNC
( RAID-);
,
ATA/ATAPI-3 . CSEL

28
( ). -
, ,
.
10 . ( ) 31
RESET*.
Ultra DMA
.
STOP (Stop Ultra DMA burst) Ultra DMA.
DDMARDY* (Device Ultra DMA ready)
Ultra DMA ( ).
DSTROBE (Host Ultra DMA data strobe)
. DSTROBE.
HDMARDY* (Host Ultra DMA ready)
Ultra DMA ( ).
HSTROBE (Host Ultra DMA data strobe)
.
HSTROBE.
IDE 68 PCMCIA (PC Card), . 9.5.
.
SELATA* (Select 68-pin ATA) ,
, PC Card ( ) (
, ).
. 19
, .
, .
, PC Card
.
CD1 # CD2# (Card Detect)
.
CS1# (Device chip select 1) ,
( 42), .
9.
370
DMARQ, DMACK* IORDY .

M/S# (Master/Slave) CSEL. M/S#
CSEL , .
GND

. CSO#, CS1#, RESET* SELATA*
.
9.5.68- PC Card (PCMCIA)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
GND
DD3
DD4
DD5
DD6
DD7
CSO#
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
SELATA* 43
44
CS1#
45
46
47
48
49
INTRQ
50
+5
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
DA2
61
DA1
62
DAO
63
DDO
64
DD1
65
DD2
66
67
GND
68
GND
CD1#
DD11
DD12
DD13
DD14
DD15
CS1#
DIOR#
DIOW#
+5
M/S#
CSEL
RESET#
IORDY*
DMARQ
DMACK
DASP#
PDIAG*
DD8
DD9
DD10
CD2#
GND
9.2. /ATAPI (IDE) _______________________________________ 371
8- ,
XT-IDE, XT-Bus. [2,5], AT , 40- , 16- AT
. XT-IDE AT ,
.
XT/AT ( Seagate
).

, - (CSO#, CS1#, DA2, DA1, , DIOR* DIOW#).
(. 9.6) ,
CSO# CS1#, ( , )
. -
IBM PC- .
DMACK* .

.

.
BSY
.
BSY=0 DRQ=0, .
,
,
.
9.6.

(0 , 1 )
CSO# CS1#
DA2 DA2 DA1
(R , W )
(
)
3FX 37
X
X
(
)
Control Block Registers
X
3F6
376
3F6
376
3F7
377
(
)
(
)
R: Alternate Status (AS)

W: Device Control (DC)
R: Drive Address (DA)

( )1
^
372 _________________________________ 9.
9.6. ()

(R , W ) (0
, 1 )
1
2 CSO# CS1# DA2 DA1 ______________________________________________
1FX 17 Command Block Registers
1F 170 0
1
0
0
0 R/W: Data (DR)
1F 171 0
1
0
0
1 R: Error (ER)
1F 171 0
1
0
0
1 W: Features (FR)
1F 172 0
1
0
1
0 R/W: Sector Count (SC)
2
1F
3
1F
4
1F
5
1F
6
1F
7
1F
173 0
174 0
2
0 /LBA[7:0]
175 0
2
1 [15:8]
176 0
2
0 /1-[23:1 ]
177 0
2
1 /1_[27:24]
177 0
R/W: Sector Number (SN)

R/W: Cylinder Low (CL)
R/W: Cylinder High (CH)
R/W: Device/Head (D/H)
R: Status (SR)
W: Command (CR)
, .
, LBA
.
2
AS ( 3F6h,
376h) , (. ),
.
DC (3F6h, 376h)

. .
DC
Sleep. DC:
[7:3] ;
2 SRST (Software Reset) , ,
(
);
1 n IE N (Interrupt Enable)
(
INTRQ );
0 - 0.
DA (3F7h, 377h)
,
.
(
)
9.2. /ATAPI (IDE) _______________________________________ 373
, .
, DD7
,
. -
, ()
. DA:
7 (HiZ) ,
;
6 nWTG (
);
[5:2] nHS [3 :0] ( );
[1:0] nDS [1:0] ( ): 10
0, 01 1.
DR (IFOh, 170h) 8- 16 , .
(
DMACK* ), ( Out)
, PI ( In) . DMA
,
DMARQ DMACK*, CSO# CS1# .
ER (IFlh, 171h)
.
ERR .
ER:
7 ;
6 UNC (Uncorrectable Data Error) ;
5 (Media Changed) (
,
);
4 IDN F (ID Not Found)
;
3 MCR (Media Change Requested)
( Door Lock
ERR MCR, MCR
Door Unlock, Medi a Ej ect );
2 ABRT (Aborted Command) ,
;
1 TK0NF (Track ONot Found) ,
Recalibrate ;
0 AMNF (Address Mark Not Found)
.
374 _________________________________ 9.
Execute Device Diagnostic

. , 2 (ABRT), .
FR (IFlh, 171h) .
Set Features .
.
-2
- .
SC (lF2h, 172h) ,
.
( 256 ).
.
, ,
. Initialize
Device Parameters Write Same
.
.
S N (1 F3h, 173h)
L (1 F4h, 174h) (lF5h, 175h)
(CHS LEA).
-,
,
.
D/H (IFGh, 176h)

.
D/H:
7 5 -3 , AT A/ AT
API -4 ;
6 L
LBA, CHS;
4 DEV (Device) , DEV=0 ,
DEV=1 ;
[3:0]
, CHS , LBA
.
(5,1_), D/H
-,
, .
-2 ,
,
. S R (l F7h, 177h)
: ,
, .

.
9.2. /ATAPI (IDE)
______________________________________375
SR .
7 BSY (Busy) ,
. BSY=1
,
. BSY=0
, DRQ,
RR
( IDX, DRDY, DF,
DSC CORR). ,
. :
;
, DRQ;
, DRQ;
DMA.
6 DRDY (Device Ready)
. ,
. DRDY=0
Execute Device Diagnostic
Initialize Device Parameters,
ABRT ERR
.
. AT API
Execute Device Diagnostic. AT
A, . AT API
,
Device Reset Execute Device Diagnostic.
5 DF (Device Fault) .
4 DSC (Device Seek Complete)
. , , SERV
(Service Required) .
3 DRQ (Data Request)
.
2 CORR (Corrected Data)
.
1 I DX (Index) , .
0 ERR (Error)
.
.
ERR, ,
,
, ,
. PacketnService
.
ATA/ATAPI-4 4 5
, 1 2 .
9.
376
CR (lF7h, 177h) .
,
. Devi ce Reset AT API
BSY DRQ, Sleep.
[4,5,9].

,
- IN OUT.

INSW/OUTSW DMA. ( DMA)
.
, DMA .
. 9.7.
9.7.
, /
mode 0
mode 1
600
383
3,3
5,2
mode 2
240
8,3
mode 3
180
11,1
E-IDE, -2
( IORDY)
mode 4
120
16,6
Singleword DMA Mode 0
960
2,08
E-IDE, Fast -2
( IORDY)
480
4,16
240
8,33
Multiword DMA Mode 0
480
4,12
150
13,3
-2
120
16,6
Fast-2
Ultra DMA Mode 0
120'
16,6
ATA/ATAPI-4
Ultra DMA Mode 1
80'
601
25
33
ATA/ATAPI-4
Ultra DMA Mode 2

Ultra DMA Mode 3
451
44,4
ATA/ATAPI-5
Ultra DMA Mode 4
66,6
ATA/ATAPI-5
Ultra DMA Mode 5
201
100
ATA/ATAPI-6
ATA/ATAPI-4
Ultra DMA ,
, .
.
(Programmed Input/Output)
.
9.2. ATA/ATAPI (IDE) ________________________________________ 377
, , Mode 0-4.

.
- REP INS REP OUTS
( ) .

.
AT ,
( ISA IOCHRDY). 0,1
2 , -.
-2 ( Mode 3 )
, IORDY.
, .
DMA -
.
,
( ).
DMA ISA -
.
. DMA
.
Singleword DMA
DMARQ DMACK#,
. Multiword
DMA DMARQ ,
DMACK*. ,
DMARQ,
.
.
ATA/ATAPI-4 Ultra DMA,
16,6 /,
.
, ,
DMA ( !). -4
3 Ultra DMA (0,1 2), ;
Set Features. Ultra DMA
DMARQ DMACK* ,
DIOR#, DIQW# IORDY (Ultra DMA Burst)
. , , . 33
/, 8,33 "1 (
Mode 4 Multiword
DMA Mode 2). CRC-,
- .
, .
378 __________________________________ 9.

, .
, (DDMARDY* HDMARDY*).
( )
( STOP).
STOP DMARQ .
. READ DMA,WRITE DMA, READ DMA QUEUED WRITE
DMA QUEUED ER 7 (ICRC) 2
(ABRT). REQUEST SENSE ( )
SR ()
(Sense key) OBh ( ).

04h ( ),
REQUEST SENSE 5/5 08h/03h ( CRC
). ,
. ,
( Ultra DMA).
- ( ),
,
. , ,
BIOS Setup.
Ultra DMA Mode 3 80-
,
. , ,
() 3 4
40- ( ).

, ,
.
[4].
-, -
CBLID*.

Identyf (Packet) Devi 1.
1 -3
PDIAG#/CBLID# , .
,
(
). ,
- 80-
CBLID*.
, 40-
80-.
9-2. /ATAPI (IDE) _______________________________________ 379
PDIAG#/CBLID# -
0,047 20 %.
.
Identyf (Packet) Device
1, ( PDIAG*).
0. 30

, 20-30
13 93. +5
10 , . 40 , -
. 80-,
PDIAG*/CBLID*
, . , 40-
80-, .
,
80- 40-.

- CBLID#, (
). 80- ,
.
1 80-
(,
).
. Mode 0,
. ,

, . Set Features
.
.
, .
BIOS ,
Setup. , ,
PIO. ( AT)

.
.
.
(, PIO Mode 1 3)
(PIO Mode 1).
( IDE)
CD-ROM.

BIOS.
380 _________________________________ 9.
DMA .
,
.
PIO .
DMA, , ,
.
(, DMA
UltraDMA);
. UltraDMA
DMA ;
UltraDMA
( ).
.
1. ,
S Y. ,

.
2. , D/H
, DEV .

AT :
.
3.
, (DRDY=1).
4. .
5. .
6. BSY .
, .
, , ( 7)
. , BSY
( ).
.
BSY 6 7
, ,
.
, ,
.
7. ,
DRQ. ,
. BSY
( ).
8. BSY ( ),
, .
9.2. /ATAPI (IDE) _______________________________________ 381
9. DRQ,
PIO ( ).
, .
:
8
, BSY
7;
,
DRQ .

, BSY.
, PIO,
6 .
7. AT,
DRQ ( )
B5Y. , .
8. BSY, .
9. DRQ,
PIO .
10. :
, DRQ,
,

( );
, BSY
.
11. , :
,
B5Y ,
;
,
, ;
,
.
12.
DRQ, BSY .
13. BSY ( )
.
14. DRQ,
, 11.
382 _________________________________ 9.
DMA ,
.
PIO .
DMA ,
DMARQ .

.

.
IDE.
- ;
DMA.
, .
.
(. 9.8).
DMA3, 8, 16- DMA.
DMA
.
9.8.
CSO
1
2
3
4
1FOh-1F7h
170h-177h
1E8h-1Efh
168h-16Fh
CS1
3F6h-3F7h
376h-377h
3Eeh-3Efh
36Eh-36Fh
IRQ
14
15 10
12 11
10 9
PCI
, 1 2.
- ,
.

.
, (
):
46 ,
35 .
.
ATA/ATAPI-6 .
DIOR#, DIOW# IORDY ( );
CSO# CS1# (
, ).
, Ultra DMA.
9.2. /ATAPI (IDE)
383
Ultra DMA 0,1 2 ( 33 /)

DMACK#.
Ultra DMA 3 (44-100 /)
.
RESET*, INTRQ, DA(2:0), CSO#, CS1# DASP#,
.
-, Mode
/.
.
.
AT , PCI (bus
mastering) DMA Ultra DMA.

.
DMA
UltraDM A Mode 1 Mode
4 (. . 9.7). DMA
,
().
( )
, Mode.

Bus-Master,
( , ). PCI IDE .
MS-DOS DMA ( ) .
(Windows 9x/NT/2000, OS/2, Unix, Linux, NetWare...)

( ). ,
DMA .
Ultra DMA ( Multiword DMA),

, ,
( )
.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
UltraDMA ,
(,
).
32- PCI,
.
32- PCI
16- . 32-
IDE 32-bit Transfer
(Enable/Disable) BIOS Setup.
384 ______________________________
9.
( ) - . RAID- -.
BIOS.
( CD-ROM). 3 4.
, BIOS
POST . BIOS
,
.
, .
HDD XT
, , LPT-.
, AT A/ AT API
USB. USB 2.0
.
PCI IDE
PCI IDE
( ,
ISA- ). PCI IDE Controller Specification
1994 , ,
. ,

( ).
Programming Interface for Bus Master IDE Controller,
DMA
. PCI;
PCI.
:
(compatibility),
- ;
PCI (native-PCI),

.
. 9.9.
PCI,
PCI-PCI
. PCI
.
.
( ) ,

.
9.2. /ATAPI (IDE) _______________________________________ 385
,
. :
7 (bus mastering)
;
6:4 000 ( , PCI
IDE Controller Specification);
3
( 2);
2 : 0
ATA IDE, 1 - PCI IDE;
1
( 0);
0 : 0 ATA IDE, I PCI IDE.
9.9. PCI IDE
: PCI:
(

)
12
12
1FOh-1F7h 170h-177h
10h
14h
3F6h
376h
18h
1Ch
14
15
01:01:80h
.
-,
AT A/ AT API .
PCI (bus mastering),
DMA.

(3,3-16,6 /), DMA 8237 (2-16,6 /)
UltraDMA (16,6-100 /).
PCI,
.
POST,
AT A/ AT API DMA/UltraDMA.
-
BIOS Setup.
POST
DMA ( DMA).
,
REP IN5/OUTS.
DMA
, .
386 __________________________________ 9.
16- ,
-. 20h ( 16
). . 9.10,
BMI (Bus Master IDE)
(Primary) , S (Secondary) ;
( ).
9.10. PCI IDE
, /
J _______ 2 _______________________________________________________________________
0
8
1
BMICP/BMICS (RW) : 0:
1 , 0 ; 3 : 0
, 1 ; 1 -2, 3-7 (0)
1
9
1
(0)
2
OAh
1
BMISP/BMISS : 0 (R/O)
; 1 (RWC) PCI;
2 (RWC) ; 3-4
(0); 5 (RW) 0 DMA;
6 (RW) 1 DMA; 7
(1,
)
3
OBh
1
(0)
4
4
BMIDPTP/BMIDPTS(RW)
BMICx, ,
.
0 ,
. ( )
ATA/ATAPI ( ).

. ,
.
BMISx 1 2 ,
.

. 5 6
, POST
.

PCI. I DPTx
,
.
(gathered read),
(scatter write).
-
9.2. /ATAPI (IDE) _______________________________________ 387
EISA-,
, DMA 86. 8 :
0-3 ( ) ();
4-5 () (, 0000 65 536);
6-7 () ( 15), 0-14
(0).
(
ISA) ,
64 .

, 64 .
, .
, ;
.
,
.
, .

:
0,1 ,
;
1,0 ,
( );
1,1 ,
, ( );
0,0 ( 1), ,
.

. . XT AT
. Seagate, ,
: (16 ,) X XT (8 ),
AT/XT .

.
CS (Cable Select ).

CS,
(. . 9.3). ,

388 __________________________________ 9.
, -, 28.
28 (
RAID-). .
,

, .
, ,
.
, (. . 9.2). CS
, ,
. ,
(0/1), , AT ,
(
DASP#).
, IDE.
M/S (Master/Slave /) .
,
. ,
. C/D ( :/ D:),
IDE .
IDE- 1 , 504
(0
1) . IDE
* .
SP (Slave Present), DSP (Drive Slave Present), Master but Slave is not ATAcompatible Master but Slave uses only PDIAG-signal
.
, , POST
. ,
DASP*.
Single Drive , ,
( Western Digital).
.
ACT (Drive Active) , DASP*
.
0, .
HSP , DASP* (,
ACT). 1
( ).
AT-
.

.
9.2. /ATAPI (IDE) ________________________________________ 389
, ,

Disk Manager.
, ().
, ,
(. . 9.5).
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ,
. , ,
-, .
9.2.2. Serial
,
100 / UltraDM A Mode 5.
(, ,
,
)
.
,
( ),
, .
(
137 ). Serial ATA
1.0 2001 . www.serialata.org.
Serial ATA II

.
1.0.
Serial ATA -,
,
,
, .
, , ,
.
( ) ,
.
Serial ATA ,
ATA/ATAPI-5. Serial ATA (
) . -
, ,
. Serial ATA
: - (Shadow
Registers),
. .
.
390 _________________________________ 9.

, ,
. . , (Frame Information Structure, FIS).

8/10 (8 10- )
-,
NRZ ( ).
,
.
.
Serial ATA
1500 /, 8/10 150
/ ( ).
,

, .
- ,
Serial ATA.
.
PARTIAL SLUMBER ,
(10 ).
, ,
. PIO DMA
(legacy DMA) .
-
( FIS
,
). D
DMA, (First-party DMA)
Serial ATA. DMA
,
, (. .
9.2.1). , ,
,
, Serial ATA.

DMA -
. ;
- ( )
, . - ,
,
,
.
9.2. /ATAPI (IDE) ________________________________________ 391
Serial ATA
, , . 1 , ,
- .
-
.
' , .
7 (S1-S7), 15 (1-15);
1,27 .
. 9.11. ( 36 )

. (
4- ).
. 9.6.
,
4 12,
, 7 13 ( ),
.
9.11. Serial ATA
51
52
GND
+
53
54
GND
55
56
GND
57

1
2
V33
V33
3,3
3,3
V33
3,3 ,
GND
GND
GND
V5
5 ,
8
9
V5
V5
5
5
10
GND
11
12
GND
13
V12
12,
14
15
V12
V12
12
12
392__________________________________ 9.
. 9.6. Serial ATA: a ,

, ,
-,
Serial ATA
, Serial ATA,
,
(. . 9.2.1) , .

; PCI-

.
, , (AS
, DC ).
SC, SN, CL 16 ,
. LBA SN, L
[24:31], [32:39] [40:47] .
D/H DEV (
DEV ). ,
D/H LBA[27:24],
SN.
SCR (Serial ATA Status and Control registers)
16 32- SCR0-SCR15,
3 ( ).
SStatus (SCR0)
( ).
[3:0] DET, :
0000 , ;
0001 , ;
, ;
0100 (
).
9.2. /ATAPI (IDE) ________________________________________ 393
[7:4] SPD, :
0000 (
);
0001 1- .
[11:8] IPM, :
0000 , ;
0001 ;
0010 PARTIAL;
0110 SLUMBER.
.
SError (SCR1) ,
. ,
. ,
(
).
[15:0] ERR, ,
:
9
( ,
);
11 , - (
,
);
0 I (
, , ,
);
1 (
, ,
);
10 ,
(
);
8 ,
.
[31:16] DIAG, :
19 10/8;
21 CRC ;
20 D (Disparity);
26 F FIS (,
CRC-);
17 I ;
394 _________________________________ 9.
16 N ;
22 (
, , D);
23 S
;
24 ;
18 W Wake.
.
SControl (SCR2) (
).
[3:0] DET,
:
0000 ;
0001 (
);
0100
Offline.
[7:4] SPD,
:
0000 ;
0001 1- .
[11:8] IPM, :
0000 ;
0001 PARTIAL;
0010 SLUMBER;
0011 PARTIAL SLUMBER.
9.3.

,

,
,
(GPS), .
-,
NAND (. . 7.3.2).
- ,
(256 512 ), . ,

,
, .
- (
), ,
9.3.
395
, , , , .
: ()
( ), .
, - ( 105),
- ,
.

, .
, Miniature
Card, (
).
,
(FRAM), .
-
() 3" ,
.
;
. 9.12.
9.12.
CompactFlash
SmartMedia
Card
MultiMedia
Card
Sequre
Digital
Miniature
Card
36,0
45,0
32,0
32,0
33,0
43,0
37,0
24,0
24,0
38,0
3,3/5,0
0,76
1,4
2,1
3,5
50
22
60
.
: PC Card (
), USB ( )
.
(). ,
,
.
(, . .)
() ( ).

AT . DOM (Disk On
Module) , 40-
, . ,
: 4-256 ,
1,6 /,
$1,5 . -
NAND , .

,
.
9.
396
9.3.1. CompactFlash
CompactFlash (. 9.7), CFA (Compact
Flash association), :
, , -,
, , ,
, , . 42,8 36,4
3,3 (4 ) 50- ( ,
1,27 ).
. 9.13. 50 68-
PC Card Type II III,
.
4 1 , 5
3,3 . :
(Mem), - PC Card (I/O), IDE (ATA).
,
PC Card. IDE
(. . 9.2.1), ,
. IDE
ATA_SEL#.
[2:0] ( );
8 , 16.
CSO# CS1#
. PDIAG#, DASP#, CSEL#,
RESET* IORDY . CSEL#
: 0 (master),
1 (slave);
. REG# WE#
(Vcc). CD1# CD2#
( , ). .
9.14 ,
Compact Flash (IDE),
.
. 9.7. CompactFlash
397
9.3.
9.13. CompactFlash
I/O
IDE
CD1#
D11
CD1#
D11
CD1#
D11
28
D12
D12
D12
29
30
31
32
D13
D14
D15
CE2#
D13
D14
D15
CE2#
D13
D14
D15
CS1#
A10
ATA_SEL#
33
34
VS1#
IORD#
VS1#
IORD#
VS1#
IORD#
A09
A08
A09
A08
35
36
IOWR#
WE#
IOWR#
WE#
IOWR#
WE#
IDE
Mem
I/O
1
2
GND
DOS
GND
DOS
GND
DOS
26
27
D04
D04
D04
4
5
6
7
DOS
D06
D07
CE1#
DOS
D06
D07
CE1#
DOS
D06
D07
CSO#
8
9
A10
OE#
A10
OE#
10
11
A09
A08
12
A07
Mem
A07
A07
37
RDY/BSY
IREQ
INTRQ
13. VCC
14 A06
15 A05
VCC
A06
A05
VCC
A06
A05
38
39
40
VCC
CSEL#
VS2#
VCC
CSEL#
VS2#
VCC
CSEL#
VS2#
16
17
18
A04
A03
A02
A04
A03
A02
A04
A03
A02
41
42
43
RESET
WAIT*
INPACK*
RESET
WAIT#
INPACK*
RESET#
IORDY
INPACK#
19
20
A01
AGO
A01
AOO
A01
AOO
44
45
REG#
BVD2
REG#
SPKR#
REG#
DASP#
21
DOO
DOO
DOO
46
BVD1
STSCHG#
PDIAGtf
22
23
24
D01
D02
WP
D01
D02
IOIS16*
D01
D02
IOCS16*
47
48
49
D08
D09
D10
DOS
D09
D10
DOS
D09
D10
25
CD2#
CD2#
CD2#
50
GND
GND
GND
9.14. CompactFlash Card ATA

ATA, .
CFC, . CFC, .
2
11
GND
DOS
1
2
9
7
5
3
37
GND1
GND'
GND1
GND1
GND1
+5V2
GND1
D04
DOS
D06
4
5
D07
CSO#
6
7
A10
8
ATA_SEL# 9
A09
10
A08
A07
11
12
VCC
13
A06
14
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
ATA, .
CD1#
D11
D12
10
12
D13
14
D14
D15
16
18
CS1#
VS1#
38
-
IORD#
IOWR#
25
23
WE#
INTRQ
+5V2
31
VCC
CSEL#
+5V2
283
&
9.
398
9.14 ()
, .
1
CFC, .
CFC, .
ATA, .
GND
GND1
GND1
05
04
15
16
17
40
41
42
VS2#
RESET*
IORDY
1
27
36
02
18
43
INPACK#
33
01
19
44
REG#
+5V2
35
17
15
DOO
D01
20
21
22
45
46
47
DASP#
PDIAG#
D08
39
34
4
13
D02
23
48
D09
32
IOCS16#
24
49
D10
CD2#
25
50
GND
GND'
1
2
3
GND 2,19,22,24,26,30 40 ,
.
+5V .
, GND :
, .
9.3.2. SmartMedia Card

SmartMedia Card, PCMCIA,
, CompactFlash.
,
( 22) , .
-
NAND. 2 /,
10. . 9.8, . 9.15.
5 1632 (2 4 ). 3,3
16, 32 64 (2, 4, 8 ); 17
Vcc. SmartMedia
PC Card Type II. FlashPath
(!) 1,44 .
. 9.8. SmartMedia: 5 , 3,3
9.3. ______________ 399

9.15. SmartMedia Card
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
14
13
12
VCC(5 B)
#
RE#
1
2
3
Vss
CLE
ALE
R/B
WE#
GND
Power Detect
5
6
WP#
1/01
I/08
I/02
I/O?
I/O3
I/06
I/O4
I/O5
10
Vss
Vcc
11
vss
9.3.3. MultiMediaCard Sequre Digital

MultiMediaCard (MMC) Secure Digital (SD)
32x24 1,4 2,1 SD.
, 7- 9-
SD. , ,
. SD
4 ,
. SD ,
, , ,
( SD ).
(, ). SD
, CompactFlash;
(eBook).
:
, , ,
. SD ( ) , .
SD Toshiba, Matsushita (
Panasonic) SanDisk,
SDA (Secure Digital Association), ,
.
; SD
( ).
SD (. 9.9) 32x24x2,1 ;
(WP),
. SD -
NAND, SD- . 9-
SD (. 9.16) 1-7 . SD
/ .
10 000 -. 200
000-300 000 --
400 _________________________________ 9.
3 . , .
SD 2 /, 8-512
; 2002 . 10 / 1
, 2004 20 / 4 .
$3 1 ,
$1 1 ( !) .
. 9.9. SD ( )
SD ( )
:
(SD-Rewritable)
(SD-Read Only);
ISO 9293;

(SD-Audio), (SD-Picture), (SD-Voice),
(SD-Video) .
9.16. SD

1
2
3
4
5
Command
Vss
Vdd
Clock
Vss

6
7
8
9
Data
Datal
Data 2
Data3
(Security),
SD. SD
CPRM (Content Protection for Recordable Media
)
/,
IBM, Intel, Matsushita (Panasonic) Toshiba. SD-Audio
SDMI1 (Secure Digital Music Initiative)
.
SDMI RIAA (Recording Industry Association of
America) (
UMG, , EMI, WMG, SME),
.
9.3.
401
SD :
,
.
, -
(, ).
,
: , .
,
(
).
SD ;
SD,
. (, ) ,
, , ,
.
SD . SD-
; SD
(FAT),
/ .
.
, , SD -
. (
) SD,
( ).
- SD- (
).
SD-, - (SD I/O
card). Bluetooth,
,
SD, , .
9.3.4. Miniature Card

Miniature Card
-,
(. 9.10).
64
. 16-
.
8- (
, BS8# ).
DRAM -;

PC.
, ( DRAM!) .
,
: GND, VCC CINS* (, -
9.
402
). ,
CD#.
5 3,3 ;
VS1 #, VS2#. Miniature Card
PC Card 2.
GND CINS#
Vcc
. 9.10. Miniature Card: ,
DRAM [12:0]
RAS#, CASH* CASL# (
), WE#.
Veer .
- [24:0]
# (), WE# (), # 1_# (
).
9.4.
BIOS
. BIOS

,
.
BIOS Int 13h .
BIOS ( )
.
Int 13 h ,
(physical drive).
,
IBM PC/XT. 528
(. [1,4,9]). ,
( ),
, ,
9.4. _____________________________ 403
8,4 .
BlOSlnt 13hc ,
.

, BIOS, .
, ,
, (logical drive),
(:, :, :,..., Z:).
() .
(MBR
), .
.

, .
,
, (
). , ,
Set Max Address ( ).
, , , BIOS.
BIOS Int 13h
, (
40h), 8,4 (
) 528 ( ).

,
.
DOS,
, ,
/ .
( 0)
, ,
, .
FAT ,
, , .
,
, ,
, .

FAT ( ,
).
,
.
, ,
: ,
404 ________________________________ 9.
(
). ,
, .
CD-ROM ( )
( ), CD-ROM
. CD-ROM,
BIOS,
CD-ROM (, ) BIOS .
CD-ROM
, .
CD-ROM Phoenix IBM
El Torito Bootable CD-ROM Format Specification, 1.0
1995 .
CD-ROM BIOS (
). :
(Boot Catalog),
CD-ROM;
CD-ROM
;
( );
BIOS ( LBA)
;
DOS Windows,
Int 13h.

ATAPI SCSI.
BIOS,
10

(
) . Ethernet
10,100 1000 /, 10 /.

()
. .
ARCNet, Token Ring, l OOVG- Any LAN
, . Ethernet,
[3].
10.1. Ethernet
Ethernet ,
XBaseY, X
, / (10, 100, 1000...); Base
( ); Y
. Ethernet
.
( , hub)
(switch). .
,
.
lOBaseFP.
(media converter),
. ,
.
Ethernet 10 / .
10Base5 RG-8 (50 )
, 500 .
AUI,
- (4 )
, .
(, , ).
406 _______________________________ 10.
10Base2 RG-58 (50 )

, 185 .
BNC
( AUI ). ( )
; .
WBaseT 3 (2 ),
100 ( 5 200
, ).
RJ-45 ( ).
,
- .
5 100
1000 / ( ).
WBaseF FOIRL ( ).
AUI,
.
( 850 ) 1 .
( )
(1310 ),
( 2 ).
Fast Ethernet 100 /
.
100BaseTX 5 (2 ),
100 . RJ-45.
(/)
.
1000 / (
).
100BaseT4 3 (4 ),
100 . RJ-45, .
100BaseFX ( ).
(1310 ),
( 2 ).
.
lOOBaseSX
(850 ), 300 .
lOBaseF,
(10/100).
Gigabit Ethernet 1000 /
.
lOOOBaseCX ( 25 )
STP .
lOOOBaseT 5 (4 )
100 . RJ-45.
lOOOBaseSX ,
200-500 ( ).
lOOOBaseLX ,
50 ( ).
10.1. Ethernet ___________________________________ 407

, (
) ,
[3].
,

( ). 10-
Ethernet .
5-4-3: 5
4 , ()
3 .
( )
4 ().
: (
)
5 .
1024 (
30-50).
Fast Ethernet .
205 .
II,
I.
Gigabit Ethernet ,
.
: ST, SC,
MT-RJ .
( N BNC ). ,
50
.
,
BNC- , .
,
.
RJ-45 (. 10.1),
( MDI) . 10.1.
lOBaseT, 100BaseTX 100BaseT4 MDIX,
RX .
( MDI-MDIX, . 10.2, )
(. 10.3, ),
(MDI-MDI, . 10.2, 6)
(MDIX-MDIX)
(. 10.3, ). , ,
MDI-MDIX .
10.
408
10.1. RJ-45 Ethernet
10BaseT/100BaseTX
100BaseT4
1000BaseTX
1
2
+
-
Tx D1 +
Tx_D1-
BlD1 +
BlD1-
RX+
Rx_D2+
BlD2+
BI_D3+
B!_D3+
BI_D3-
BI_D3-
Rx-
Rx_D2-
BI_D2-
BI_D4+
BI_D4+
BI_ D4-
BI_ D4-
. 10.1. RJ-45: a ,
. 10.2. 10BaseT/100BaseTX: ,
. 10.3. Ethernet: ,
10.1. Ethernet ___________________________________ 409
, , , . ,
-' .
, . , 4,
5, 7 8 100BaseT4 lOOOBaseTX, lOBaseT
100BaseTX , .
Gigabit Ethernet lOOOBaseTX .
Fast Ethernet (
). Gigabit Ethernet
, 100BaseTX.
Ethernet
(autonegotiation),

() .
( ).
,
. :
,
100BaseTX
,
100BaseT4,100BaseTX
, lOBaseT , lOBaseT .
(
), . (, Fast Ethernet 10/100), 100BaseT4
.
, - , . , , ,
.
Ethernet (10 /) AUI (Attachment Unit
Interface ),
()
. ,
. AUI .
10.2, DB-15 ( ,
).
10.2. AUI -
Ethernet
1
2
3
4
Collision
Collision +
Transmit +
Receive ()
^
410
10
10 .2 ()
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Receive +
DC Power GND
He
He
Collision Transmit Transmit ()
Receive DC Power (+12B)
DC Power ()
He
Fast Ethernet (Media Independent

Interface , ).
4-
( 2,5 25
10 100 ) ( 10 /).

, ( , ),
SMI (. . 11.2),
.
(40- ),
.
10.2.
,
(Network Interface Card, NIC).
,
. :
()
,
( , CRC-),
.
. , ,
, ,
, .
(promiscuous mode),
.
( , CRC).

.
, ,
10.2. _____________________________ = ____________________________ 411
, .
, .
.
PC ISA, EISA, MCA, VLB, PCI,
PC Card. , LPT-
PC;
(, . .) (
),
( 10 /).
USB.
.
, , .
,
.
(DMA), - (), .
8- ISA
2 /, 16- 4 /.
(1514 ) 1,3 2,6 .
12 , Ethernet,
. Fast Ethernet,
1,2 ,
.
- (),
(bus mastering)
ISA/ EISA, ( 8 / ISA 16
33 / EISA). 100 /
ISA .
PCI, 32-
33 132 /.
Gigabit Ethernet - , , PCI
: 66 64 ,
. ,
, PCI.
PCI, .
.

,
,
.
ISA/EISA :
( )
64 ,
,
. PCI
( ) 100 /

412 _______________________________ 10.
2 . Gigabit
Ethernet (256 ).

.
, .

.

(?) 100 /, ,

. ,
NE2000 16-
ISA Novell-Eagle.
PCI.
10/100 /
.
Boot ROM,
(remote wake up), DMI
ACPI. 3-
, .

( +5VSB),
.
,
(Magic Packet) no .
,
;
DMI.
, ,
, .

PCI32/64 33/66 ,
EISA .
,
.
802.3.
802.1,
,
(tagged VLAN), Fast IP, IP. ,
, ,
.
(Resilient Link)
.
- , .
, . (Self-Healing Drivers)
-
10.2. ________________________________________________ 413
()
. ,
, . ( )
SNMP RMON. ( ,
4 ) ,
, .
PCI ( EISA
). 100
/, Gigabit Ethernet
.
:
BNC 10Base2;
AUI DB-15 ()
lOBaseS, 10Base2, lOBaseT, lOBaseF, FOIRL;
RJ-45 8-
( ) lOBaseT, 100BaseTX /
100BaseT4;
SC (), ST
100BaseFX, lOOOBaseSX, lOOOBaseLX.
10- BNC+AUI RJ45+AUI, Combo 10-
BNC/AUI/ RJ 45. 10 100 /
RJ-45 .
(, BNC RJ-45)
.
RJ-45
lOBaseT 100BaseTX.
,
.
.
- , 4-32
, 10- ( ISA) 16- (EISA,
PCI) .
,
, .
(IRQ3,5,7,9,10,11,12 15),
, ,
( - ).
,
.
(DMA)
ISA/EISA; (bus mastering) ISA
16- 5-7.
(adapter RAM)
ISA
(UMA), AOOOOh-FFFFFh.
PCI ,
.
.
414 _______________________________ 10.
(adapter ROM)
ROM BIOS, 4/8/16/32 COOOO-DFFFFh.

(Boot ROM)
.

PC . ,
, .
(), .
ISA.
, .
(NVRAM,
EEPROM),
ISA.
(jumperless),
.
, () .
,
EISA ,
(ESCD EISA).
ECU (EISA Configuration
Utility) EISA.
PnP ISA PCI.
.
() . ,
PnP . PnP, ,
.
.
( )
. 10Base2 (BNC) ,
305 185.
, ,
.
,
.
.
10.3.

(dial-up lines)
,
. ,
( ).
(
)
10.3. 415
3,1 (300-3400 ),
, .

, ,
.
4- , .
10.4, .
. ,
.
RJ-11 6--
, (. 10.4,
).
.

. .
1-1,5 . , , ( ).
. 10.4. : ,

. 10.5. (idle)
60
700-1500 .
(on-hook) KT
(),
.
120 25 .
.
(off-hook) (
), 150-600 .
,
.
.

, .
(425 )
. ( -
416
10.
)
5-15 ,
( ) . ( , on-hook)
.
(pulse dialing). ( )
-1.
-2 , (
, 010 ).
-1
. (60 ) (101 /)
.

.
(busy) 425 ,
0,35 (1 , 3 ),
, . . 10.6.
. 10.5. ( )
. 10.6.
(tone dialing)
, .
16 , 10
-
10.3.
417
( #, *) .
( 40
) , .
,

.
-,
.
- ,
-.
()
.
.
1
2. ,
,
. (/ )
(
,
, ).
,

. :
( ).
() ,
:
, .
,
.
.
() , . , . 10.7.
,
, 24 ,
250-275 .
500 100 .

, 7-
. 40
(700,900,1100, 1300, 1500 1700 ).
0-9 .
, ,
(
). ( -
418
10.
) , , , . .
( ) , 5-15 . .
(
)
(Caller Id),
. .
. 10.7.
, - . ( ),
,
. , (
) 250 , ( )
50 .
: 40 ,
90 ,
. - , ,
,
. - (
200 )
.
:

. (
), .

(. 10.8),

10.3.
419
. ,
, ^ ( RJ-11).
, .
. 10.8.
, ( ).
11

, , ,
. PC
DIMM,
.
SMBus, PC.
,

.
CNR ( )
- .
PC, VESA DDC1/2B,

( ). DDC
15- VGA, EVC
P&D, DVI DFP.
DDC1/2AB

ACCES.Bus , (
).
(, ), , - . .
ACCESS.Bus, PC,
DEC ,
( VESA DDC),
(Smart Battery) . . PC
(firmware) ()
. PC
100 400 /,
RS-232C 115 /
, /
PnP. PC
, 3,4 /,

.
11.1. I2C ________________________________ 421
SMI ,
Fast Ethernet,
(
). SPI JTAG ,
,
(
).
,
.
11.1. I2C
PC, Philips
,
.
, ,
. PC
.
,
.
PC ACCESS.bus SMBus,
( PC . . 7.3.3).
11.1.1. I2C
Inter 1C Bus ( ), , , PC,
,
. 8-
. ,
, . ,
, , N-,
+5 , (3,3 ).
PC, ,
.
.
,
, PC,
.
PC , 1.0 1992 .
() , (
) . (Low speed),
Standard Mode (5)
0-100 /. 1.0
Fast Mode (F) 0-400 /
.
10- . 2.0 1998 .,
PC -
422
11.
, .
High speed (Hs),
3,4 /. FH
,
F/S.

2 . 2.1 (2000 .)
,
Hs. PC
2.1, www.philips.com.
. 11.1.4,
SMBus ACCESS.Bus.
PC : SDA (Serial Data)
SCL (Serial Clock).
(master) (slave).
, .

( ).
F/S . 11.1.
,
.
( ),
SCL .
:
, , ,
. (Idle,
) . ,
, ,
.
. 11.1. I2C
Start
, , (
SCL SDA). Start ( S)
SDA SCL
SDA
SCL Stop ( ),
. SDA
SCL,
SCL
,
11.1. I2C ________________________________ 423
Stop, repeated Start ( , S ).

S Sr .
8 , ( MSB
),
.
Ac k, ,
.
, SCL
. F/S
, SCL
, .
SCL , SCL:
, ( )
, , SCL
( ).
. SCL ,
. SCL
:
,
, ( );

.
() , ( ) , , ( ) . SCL SDA
. , ( ),
SDA ( ),
SCL SDA (
SCL ).

. ,
. ,
, (
Ethernet). , ,
,
,
.
, , .
, () ,
.
( )

.
. ,
Stop,
. ,
,
.
424 __________ 11.

SDA SCL, S
r.

PC. , .
S S
(. 11.1).
, Start,
;
, 5.

7 , 10- ,
7-.
7-, 10- .
7- S (Sr)
7 ([6:0] [7:1]) RW (
RW=1 , RW=0 ).
, .

Philips. , , 7-
: 4 [:3]
(EEPROM 1010), 3 [0:2]
. PC
, 1 0
, ,
.
,
, RW=0.
(=0),
,
.
, RW=1.
(),
.
, .
, ,
.
, , (Sr),
.
, PC
( )

. ,
.
.
11.1. I2C
11.1. I
425
[7:1 ] 0 (RW)
0000000
0000 000
0
1
General call address
0000 001
CBUS ( )
0000 010
0000 011
0000 1
Hs
1111 1
1111
10-
Start
, . 11.1, .
,
, (. ).
Start
PC ( ,
). S t a r t .
SDA (. 11.2)
,
PC.
()
.
CBUS ( PC)
PC .
10- [2:1]
, 10- .
. 11.2. Start
, , . =0 , ,
, ( 00000110) ()
.
. ,
( ). =1
.
7 ( ,
),
426___________ 11.
, . ( , ) ( ),
.
, , , ,
. :
( ) ,
( )
,
.
10- :
7-
112 , 10- 1024 .
10- :
S (S ) 2:1 , 0
RW=0; 8 ,
. .
,
RW
. 10-
:
10- 2 ,
. Sr
10- (RW=1) .
, 2 , 5,
.
, 7- .
:
10- , Sr
. ( 5) 7- 10-
. 10-
, 7-,
( 8
). (Hs)
3,4 /,
Hs (-F/5).

,
.
SDAH SCLH;
Hs SDA
SCL ( F/S
). Hs
F/S;
11.1. I2C ________________________________ 427
(
),
. SCLH (2:1).

. Hs
( 5) 0000 1,
. (
F/S)
,
. Hs
, Hs
( 000 ),
.
Hs,
.
Hs
(S ). , F/S,
. Hs
, S r,
Hs ,
F/S.
11.1.2. ACCESS.Bus
ACCESS.Bus (Accessory Bus)
DEC
,
, (, -),
(
VESA DDC). ACCESS.Bus 1991 .;

, ,
(Smart Battery) . .
SM (System Management),
SMBus,
PC.
125 ( ).
PC ACCESS.Bus
,
. /
.
ACCESS.bus Specifications Version 3.0
ACCESS.bus Industry Group 1995 .,
.
PC
( 100 /) 7-
. .

ACCESS.bus

428 __________ 11.
, . ,
() (). SMBus

5.
, .
(Off-board ACCESS.bus),
, 4- (MOLEX SEMCONN AMP SDL),
. 11.2. -
5 50-1000 . ( ),
I ()
().
( 1000 )
. (125 )
. ( )
10 . PC SDA
SCL ( ).

SDA SCL
51 . ,
GND +5 .
11.2. ACCESS.bus

GND
SDA
+5 ( )
SCL
VESA ACCESS.Bus
, 5- ACCESS.Bus;
. 11.3.
11.3. ACCESS.Bus (VESA)

GND
1
2
3
SDA
+5 ( )
SCL
11.1. I2C _________________________________ 429
(On-board ACCESS.bus)
(350 );
.
.
1995 .,
SMBus,
, SMBus.
ACCESS.bus 3.0 :
(Programmable Address)
FA . ( ,
) .
;
FA SM- (System Management).
FA SMBus, ,

. SM Write Word
(. ).
(. ). ACCESS.bus -:
;
- (. ).

0110 111;
.

( ).
, . 11.3.
DestAddr (
PC). SrcAddr
( ,
). : =0
(Device Data Stream); P=l
/ (control/status). Length
( ); (Body) .
Checksum
XOR ( )
.
XOR .
.
4, 131 (127
4 ).
, .
,
.
, , PC 7-
RW, ACCESS.bus. 50h
-, 10h SM-.
6Eh
430
11.
,
. 02-4;
52-GCh; 70-FEh 125 ,
SM- .
. 11.3. ACCESS.Bus
ACCESS.bus 9 ( =1),
().

.
.
Reset
. FOh.
, .
, .
Identification Request .
Flh.
Assign Address ,
, . ( 30)
F2h, 28- ,
.
Capabilities Request
. F3h 16-
.
,
( ),
.
Enable Application Report .
F5h : , 01
Presence Check .
F7h ( ).
11.1. !2 _________________________________ 431
.
Attenti on (
). EOh.
Identification Reply .
( 29) Elh, 28-
.
Capabilities Reply .
( 3-35) E3h, 16-
(. ) (0-32 ).
, .
,
,
( -1).
Resource Requeset ( ). E5h
- .
;
; ,
; (
); .
Resource Grant , . F4h
.
Application Hardware Signal
-. AOh
:
1 Reset ;
2 Halt ;
3 Attention ( ).
Application Test
( Blh).
Application Test Reply
. Alh (0
, ) 0-30 .
Application Status Message
( ). A2h ,
2 . :
00 ;
01 ;
02 ;
03 ;
04 (, ).
432 __________ 11.
Device Power Management Command

. F6 :
00 Run;
01 Standby;
02 Suspend;
03 Shutdown;
04 ;
05 ;
06 .
. ,
=0.
ACCESS.bus 28
(protocol revision), 7 (module revision), 8-
(vendor name) (module name), 32 (device number).
( ,
), , (
). , ,

(Capabilities) ( ) .
.
:
,
. , .

, (
). -
Attenti on,
.
ACCESS.bus
-.
ACCESS.bus Manager ,
, . ,
, -
MPD; ,
. ,
( -).
,
.
( ) ,
,
11.1. I2C _________________________________ 433
. - MPD (Mini Port Driver)

-.

. ACCESS.bus
(Device Driver, Mini Port Driver),
, (Locator), ,
.
11.1.3. SMBus
SMBus (System Management Bus )

, .

.
,
SMBus Smart Battery System
Specifications ( ).
, , (Smart Battery System)
() ,
-, . ( , ), (
-) .
, . SMBus
1995 ., 1.1 1998 . 2.0 2000 .,
.
System Management Bus (SMBus) Specification Version 2.0,
(SBS,
www.sbs-forum.org),
, Intel.
(OSI),
.
SMBus 12,
. 11.1.1.
( ) . PC

(. . 11.1.4), .
, PC,
. SMBus BIOS
. SMBus,
,
,
( ) .
, BIOS
, BIOS .
434 __________ 11.
(1- OSI)
. (
) .
(low power)
SMBus ;
. (high power)
SMBus (,
PCI).
, .

, .
.
(10 ), (100 );

. -,
, ,
. PC
.
SMBus .
SMBSUS* .
;
( ) SDA SCL ( PC)
(
).
SMBALERT#
,
.
. ,
0001 100,
(
).
(2- OSI)
, PC: S, P, Sr; ; 7-
RW , 5 (5). PC,
,
; ( Sr).
SMBus .
,
.
.
NACK ,
.

( ).
NACK . NACK
( ).
, , NACK
.
11.1. 1 _________________________________ 435
(3- OSI) SMBus

.
SMBus
SMBus (host) ,
.
,
.
; 7- (. 11.4),
, PC. 10-
. .
SMBus WG
(Purpose-assigned addresses). , Smart Battery
0001 011, 0001 001.
SMBus,
. SMBus
, .
,
. , ,
SMBus ,
,
www.smbus.org. -
- . SMBus 2.0
,
.
11.4. SMBus
[7:1] 0 (RW)
0000 000
0 General call address
0000 000
1
Start
0000 001
X
CBUS ( )
0000 010
X

0000 011
X
,
0000 1
X
0101000
X
ACCESS.bus
0110111
X
ACCESS.bus
1111
X
10-
1111 1
X
0001 000
X
SMBus
0001 100
X
SMBus
1100001
X SMBus
1001
X -
436 __________ 11.
SMBus ,
.
, .
11 , SMBus.
1.1 SMBus
PEC (Packet error checking). PEC
CRC-,
, .
;
, .
, .
NACK, ,
.
:
;
.
. ,
,
,
.
SMBus PC 7-
.
Quick Command, , ;
RW .
Send Byte, ,
(RW=0) .
, .
Receive Byte, ,
(RW=1) .
, .
Write Byte, Write Word, /,
(RW=0) ,
1 2 (, ) .
.
Read Byte, Read Word, /,
:
(RW=0),
. , 5
, RW=1, 1 2
.
() .
Block Write, ,
(RW=0) , ( ) .
.
; ;
32 .
11.1. PC _________________________________ 437
Block Read, , :
(RW=0), .
, S
, RW=1, - ,
.
() .
.
Process Call, , Write Word
( ) .
, ,
.
,
.
Block Write-Block Read Process Call
.
,
.
, ( ), (SMBus
host notify protocol): RW=0 ( )
, ( )
. ;
SMBALERT* (. ).

SMBus
/ PC.
, 2.0,
().
. ,
, (
) , .

, .
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol).
( )
SMBus ( PC).
, . PSA (Persistent Slave
Address),
.
, .
SMBus.
438 __________ 11.

-
(
PnP). UDID
(Unique Device Identifier) 128- ,
, , , ,
.
(Device Capabilities),
, .
ARP
SMBus.
,
. (
) , .
, ,
.

:
00 ,
;
01 (persistent) PSA;
10 (volatile) ;
11 ,
.
, .
.
UDID 32- ,
.
, ( ),
, ( )
.
, ARP, :
AR (Address Resolved) ARP
;
AV (Addres Valid) ,
( AV=0
, ).
AV=AR-0
ARP ( ). AV=1 AR=0
, ARP.
AV=AR=1 ,
.
(
). AV=0 AR=1 .
11.1. I2C ________________________________ 439
ARP .
Get UDID (general)
1100 001 3. ,
ARP, 17 ,
. 16 UDID, 17-
( ). AV=0,
1111 111.
AV AR.
Assign address
1100 001 4 17 ,
. 16 UDID, 17-
( ). ,
UDID ,
AV=AR=1.
Get UDID (directed)
1100 001,
.
, ,
17 , . 16
UDID, 17- (
). AV AR.
Reset device (general)
1100 001 2, .
AR AV
(PSA- AV ).
Reset device ARP (di r ted)
1100 001 (
), .
AR AV (PSA-
AV ).
Notify ARP master ARP
0001 000 1100 0010,
.
ARP ,

.
ARP-, ,
.
ARP- ARP- .
:
ARP-
UDID , , .

ARP-,
. ARP
440 __________ 11.
.
, ARP- . ARP- .
SMBus BIOS ACPI

SMBus, ACCESS.bus,
BIOS. ,
SMBus ACPI.
1995 . SMBus BIOS
System Management Bus BIOS Interface Specification,
.
-.
BIOS :
( V86), 16- 32-.
BIOS Int 15h (
V86), ,
. ( )
BIOS Int 15h; Int 15 h
( ).
, .
.
SMBus BIOS -
: -
,
.
, Wri te Word.
,
7 (

).
.
SMBus ,
SMI (System
Management Interrupt )
. - BIOS ,
SMI .
, SMI, SMM,
,
, BIOS SMBus.
SMBus:
SMBus Installation Check (Olh) ;
SMBus Real Mode Connect (02h) ;
SMBus 16-Bit Connect (03h) 16-
;
11.1. I2C ________________________________ 441
SMBus 32-Bit Connect (04h) 32-

;
SMBus Disconnect (05h) ;
SMBus Devi Address (06h)
SMBus;
SMBus Critical Messages (07h) ,
.
SMBus
, SMBus
.
, ( )
.
BIOS;
,
.
;
.
SMBus:
SMBus Request (10h) ;
SMBus Request Continuation (llh) ;
SMBus Request Abort (12h)
;
SMBus Request Data and Status (13h) .
SMBus ACPI.
SMBus ACPI SMBus CMI
System Management Bus (SMBus) Control Method Interface
Specification Version 1.0, 1999 .
SMBus
.
.
ACPI
- (
).
SMBus.
1.0 1.1
SMBus
.
. Smart Battery System
Implementers Forum (SBS-IF)
Windows /2000, http://www.sbsforum.org/smbus/.
CMI
. , SMBus, CMI,
, SMBus BIOS. ,
, (
80h).
442 __________ 11.
11.1.4. I2C, ACCESS.bus

SMBus
, ; ,
.
(. 11.5) ,
(5 ) (Vdd
).
11.5. I2C, ACCESS.bus SMBus

. 0,

. 1,

. 0,

. 0,

,
,
12
ACCESS.bus
ACCESS.bus
SMBus
SMBus
1,5,,
0,3Vdd
0,3VM
0,8
0,8
3,0 0,7Vdd
0,7Vdd
0,7VM
2,1
2,1
0,4 0,2Vdd
0,6
0,6
0,4
0,4
Vdd<2
3
0,35
0,35
400
1000
400
400
0-100,0-400,
0-3400
0-100
0-100
10-100
10-100
' .
ACCESS.Bus (),
, (5 ) ;
.
, .
ACCES.Bus
,
.
ACCES.Bus SMBus
, 50 .
SCL
2 . PC .
SMBus
, ACCESS.Bus ,
40 . SMBus ,
,
(
, ).
11.2. SMI
443
11.2. SMI
IEEE 802.3u Ethernet 1995 .
(Media Independent Interface ,
),
(PHY) .
SMI
(Serial Management Interface),
PHY. PHY
; ,
. , ,
,
. SMI
( MDC, GND),
16-
. 5-
, 32
. 32 .
- ,
, .
MDC,
( )
. , ,
.
;
() ,
(+5 +3,3 ). MDC,
, 2,5 ,
.
. 11.4. ,

MDC, .
.
. 11.4. SMI: a ,
444 __________ 11.

32 .
Start
01, Cmd: 10
01 . 5-
(PhyAd), 5- (RegAd).
(turnaround)
.
10, 16
(WData) .
,
,
. 16
(RData) .
( ); ,
.
: 1 .
11.3. SPI
SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface), Microwire,

.
(, FPGA
Altera), .
12 SPI .
5 (
);
, .
,
.
,
,
. . 3
:
SCK (Serial Clock) ,
;
MOSI (Master Output Slave Input)
;
MISO (Master Input Slave Output)
.
445
11.3. SPI
, SS#
(Slave Select, CS# Chip Select):

MISO ;
MISO .
SS#,
,
.
: SCK, MOSI MISO , SS#
( ).

. SS#
, ,
. ,
,
MISO .

.
. 11.5. SPI
.
(SPI Mode 0... SPI Mode 3),
. . 11.5
. ,

. , SS#.
( )
SS#,
.
() SCK, SS# .

-
446 __________ 11.
, . SPI, ,
. ,
: MOSI
; .
,
MISO.
SS#,
.
11.4. JTAG
JTAG (Joint Test Action Group)
, .
IEEE 1149.1 Boundary Scan Architecture
,
,
. JTAG -
( ),
.
JTAG.
(Test Clock) ;
. 16
.
IMS (Test Mode Select) .
.
TDI (Test Data Input) ,
( ).
(Test Data Output) ,
.
TRST (Test Logic Reset)
, .
( ), , (Test Access Port),
().

,
, .

, JTAG.
(. 11.6).

( , , JTAG).
11.4. JTAG
447
. 11.6. JTAG
. 11.7,
, ,
(, ) .
B/S
,
(boundary) . -
.
Boundary Scan, .
-
,
, ,
( ). JTAG
,

, .
, , JTAG,
:
( );
-, ;
IR (Instruction Register),
TDI (
,
);
,
: PR (Bupas Register), DID (Device Identification
Register) BSR (Boundary Scan Register).
, . ( )
TDI, ( ) .
.
R .
,
.
448
11.
. 11.7.
BSR ,
,
. ( ),
,
, ,
. , 6 BSR
159 .
DID 32 ,
, - ,
.
IR .
.
BYPASS, IDCODE, SAMPLE EXTEST.
BYPASS ( )
,
;
. TDI
, JTAG
.
.
11.4. JTAG ________________________________________________ 449
IDCODE ( 10)
DID, (
).
SAMPLE/PRELOAD ( 01)
. - Capture-DR (.
),
.
.
Update-DR
( ),
( ) EXTEST.
.
EXTEST ( 00)
( ).
,
BSR, .
BSR.
1149.1
INTE5T, .
(TAP-controller)
,
. TMS (Test
Mode State), .
. 11.8.
TMS .
Test-Logic-Reset

TMS, .
Test-Logic-Reset
TRST. ,
.
Run-Test/Idle
. .
Capture-DR EXTEST
SAMPLE/ PRELOAD
.
Shift-DR TDI
.
Pause-DR
.
Update-DR
' .
Capture-IR
SAMPLE.
450
11.
. 11.8.
Shift-IR TDI
, .
Pause-IR
.
Update-IR
, TDI-TDO .
,
, ,
. Select-DR-Scan, Exti1-DR,
Exit2-DR, Select-DR-Scan, Exit1-IR Exit2-IR.
JTAG
BSDL (Boundary Scan Description Language).
-
11.5. - 451
( ) .
JTAG ,
,
. JTAG
PCI, (
, ).
JTAG ;
( ),
(probe mode, . [6, 7]).

; ,
JTAG,
.
11.5. -

PC, SMBus, SMI, SPI JTAG
:
.
.
. 11.9 I2C, SMBus
SMI LPT-. SCL ( MDC SMI)
Strobe;
CR (
LPT_BASE+2) ( ) ().
SDA ( SMI) :
1 CR (LPT_BASE+2) ,
.
( ), ()
7 SR (LPT_BASE+1).
. - 310 311; , ,
( ).
DOS Windows 9x

. (UNIX, Linux,
Windows NT/ 2000) LPT-
API.
.
452
11.
( ).
( ) RS-422
. 2 , ,
LPT-,
.
. 11.9. LPT-
-.
DTR RTS
CIS, DSR, DCD RI.
RS-232C
( , Maxim,
Sypex), .
SPI JTAG LPT-,
. SCK MOSI
(SPI), TCK, TMS, TRST (JTAG)
, MISO (SPI), TDI (JTAG) .
100-150
,
.
(20-30 ), .
,
(, 74244 15565).
-' ,
. -

, . ByteBlaster,
Altera
. SPI (
), JTAG
Serial Passive.
.

50-150 / LPT- . 1-2 /,
11.5. - 453
( ). ,
PCI
ISA, . USB Ethernet. ,
, .
12

IBM PC-
, , IBM-PC-
.
,
. 8 , - . DMA,
, BIOS
()
IBM PC.
12.1.
PC
(), .
AOOOOh-FFFFFh Upper Memory Area
(UMA), 384 , IBM PC
. UMA
(E)ISA (, ) (BIOS
). UM.

ROM BIOS.
BIOS
ROM BIOS EOOOOh-FFFFFh FOOOOh-OFFFFFh. ,
BIOS
, 86
(FFFFOh - 8086/88, FFFFFOh 80286 386SX, FFFFFFFOh - 386DX 32- ,
FFFFFFFFOh - 6 36- ).
-286 386SX 24-
FDFFFFh ( 15,9 ).
12.2. - _____________________________________
455
FEOOOOh-FFFFFFh ROM BIOS,

ROM BIOS OEOOOOh-OFFFFFh.
386DX 32-
4 , BIOS
FFFEOOOOh-FFFFFFFFh. 6+ 36-
64 BIOS
FFFFEOOOOh-FFFFFFFFFh.
, ROM BIOS,
(E)ISA PCI (AGP).
, ISA,
UMA AOOOOh-EFFFFh AOOOOh-DFFFFh (
ROM BIOS).
BIOS (. . 12.7.1). ISA FEOOOOhFFFFFFh, (
^) .
ISA ( ) CMOS Setup Memory Hole
At 15-16,
15 .
ISA 24- ,
(ISA Bus Master) (

)
16 (000000-FFFFFFh). To
DMA,
ISA ( ).
PCI 32- ,
1. PCI
, , ROM BIOS ISA.
, PCI,
.
PCI
.
12.2. -
- IBM PC, 86,
. , 32-,
- 16- (
-FFFFh). PC 16
10 (0-9),
0-3FFL ,
, .
, 378h, 778h, B78h F78h,
. ,
, , ISA
. ISA, Legacy Card
( ),
1
4 36 PCI
64- .
12. IBM PC-
456
1
.
12- ISA,
10- .
PCI
16 . -
PC . 12.1.
10- . ,
,
, .
12.1. - AT
PS/2
PC/XT
000-OOF
010-01F
020-021
020-021
040-05F
040-043
(PC/XT: 8253, AT: 8254)
060
060
POST ( )
060-063
060,064
8255
AT 8042
061
070-07F
080
NMI
CMOS NMI
-
080-08F
090-097
000-OOF
DMA #1 8237
PS/2 DMA#1
#1 8259
080-083
DMA
PS/2 ,
NMI
#2 8259
OAOOBF
OCOODF
OFO-OFF
DMA #2 8237-5
80287
100-1EF
PS/2
170-177
#2 (IDE#2)
1FO-1F7
200-207
#1 (IDE#1)
200-20F
210-217
238-23F
278-27F
278-27F

COM4
LPT2 (LPT3 MDA)
2CO-2DF
22-2
2CO-2DF
4acbiMSM48321RS
EGA #2
2-27
COM4
2E8-2EF
COM4
2F8-2FF
300-31F
2F8-2FF
COM2

320-32F
XT
COM3
<,
#2
378-37F
LPT1 (LPT2 MDA)
338-33F
370-377
376-377
378-37F
IDE#2
12.3.
AT PS/2
PC/XT
380-38F
380-38F
3AO-3AF
-9
BSC#1
(MDA)
3BC-3BF
LPT1 MDA
4-9
3BC--3BF
SDLC/BSC #2
PS/2
3CO--3CF
3CO-3CF
EGA#1
3CO-3DF
3CO-3DF
VGA
3DO-3DF
3DO-3DF
CGA/EGA
-7
COM3
3E8-3EF
COM3
3FO-3F7
3FO-3F7
3F6-3F7
3F8-3FF
457
#1
IDE*1
3F8-3FF
, , ,
, .
( )
. Oh-OFFh
. ( )

.
(ISA, PCI)
BIOS .
12.3.
, . 86 [6,7].
,
. (NMI)
( NMI );
2. PC
.
NMI ,
ISA (IOCHK) PCI (SERR#). NMI
1 7 070h,
061h:
2 R/W ERP SERR# PCI;

3 R/W EIC ISA;
6 R IOCHK ISA ( #);
7 R SERR* PCI.
458
12. IBM PC-

IF ( LI , STI
). , ,
() ,
.
,
, ,
.
,

.
,
IF,
. ( I RET)
, IF,
.
( ),
STI. ; STI ,
( ) .

EOI (End Of Interrupt).
. , 8259.

. AT
. 8259#1
, 1, 3-7;
. 2 8259#2,
8-15.
8-15
1 3 ,
. XT
, 8259 8 .
18259 [1, 7];
,
. 20-21h (8259A#1) AO-Alh
(8259A#2), -.
( POST )
(
),
IRET.

.
, ( 21h
8259#1, Alh 8259#2), -
459
12.3.
(. . 12.2) .

(
)
.
I (End Of Interruption), :
1- 20h 20h;
2- 2Oh AOh (EOI
), 20h 20h (EOI
).

. , . ,
( ).

(, , CMOS-, ),
.
, , ISA/EISA. IRQx
(. 12.2).
PCI.
. ,
,

.
.
12.2. ( )
(1)
NMI
02h
IRQO
08h
#1/1h
,
( XT )
( 8253/8254)
IRQ1
09h
#1/2h
IRQ2
OAh
#1/4h
IRQ8
70h
#2/1 h
XT , AT
( IRQ8-IRQ15)
CMOS RTC
IRQ9
71h
#2/2h
IRQ10
72h
#2/4h
IRQ11
73h
#2/8h
IRQ12
74h
#2/10h
PS/2-Mouse ()
IRQ 13
75h
#2/20h
460 _____ 12. IBM PC-

12.2 ()
(1) /
IRQ14
IRQ15
76h
77h
#2/40h
#2/80h
HOC
IRQ3
IRQ4
OBh
OCh
#1/4h
#1/10h
COM2, COM4
COM1,COM3
IRQ5
ODh
#1/20h
XT HOC, AT LPT2, Sound ()
IRQ6
OEh
#1/40h
FDC
IRQ7
OFh
#1/80h
LPT1
0,1,8 13 .
PCI 4
, INTR , , , D.
, (
).
IRQx
. IRQx, PCI,
ISA. ,

CMOS Setup, PnP. ISA Legacy IRQx
ISA ( ), a PCI/PnP
PCI PnP ISA ( ).
. 12.1.
. 12.1.
, ,
.
: -, , ,
12.3. ___________________________________________ 461
( ). -, ,
, . PnP
ISA PCI,
CMOS Setup.
.
(level sensitive) ,

( ISA ) DRQx.
(
EOI )
DRQx,
.
(edge sensitive) ,

( ISA ) DRQx.

,
.
IRQx
, ,
.
,
(spurious interrupt),
(IRQ7 IRQ 15
). ,

.
ISA
. :
, -, ,
, -,
(. ),
.
(Level) (Edge)
,
ISA
.
, , 8259.
8259.
,
POST, .
,
.
Pentium
APIC (Advanced Programmable
462
12. IBM PC-
Interruption Controller).
APIC, ,
APIC.
8259 .
12.3.1.
, , , , (shared interrupts).
() , ( , ), .
, . ,
,
;
.
. -,
-,
.
, . -, ,
. ,
, ( ,
).
.
(, ),
,
.
, , , ,
.
; ()
();
.
( )
,
.
, . 1
, ( ) 2,
.
: 1

12.4. DMA ' __________________________________ 463
, . ,
.
, ISA
.
8259
,
ISA . ,
.
CMOS Setup,
.
PCI, ,
, ,
,
.
,
PCI,
.
, ,
.
PCI ,
INTR . PCI
, , . 12.1,
.
, .
PCI, ,
,
. AGP
PCI.
.
( ). ( , ,
) . ,
. , .
12.4. DMA
(Direct Memory Access, DMA)
,
. , DMA, .
, Slave DMA,
DMA, .
464
12. IBM PC-
, Bus Master DMA,

(
, ). DMA
, (. 6).
DMA ,
.
DMA ,
,
, .
DMA, ,
, . DMA
,
,
( , PCI, ISA
). DMA
-,
.
DMA ,
- ().
, DMA
. DMA
-,
DMA
.
DMA
,
ISA. DMA
: DRQx DACKx*.
PC/AT 7 DMA 8- ( 0-3) 16 (5-7),
. 4 (
). PC/XT 8- , 0 . DMA
i8237, PC/XT AT.
. 12.3.
12.3.
DMA*
MRFR -
XT
42
FDD
FDD
HDD
-
64
10OOh
128 ,
2000h
816-23
717-23
087 083
000 002
081
004
082
006
08F 08 089
4 8
087
001 003
005
007
' 0 XT
(MRFR). 2 4 PS/2 .
12.4. DMA ________________________ ;________________ 465
16- DMA 5-7

ISA (bus mastering),
DMA .
, DMA,
ISA/EISA ( , LPT ECP wjm Fast Centonics, ).
DMA,
ISA.
, ISA,
DMA PCI.
DMA: PC/PCI DDMA.
PC/PCI (. . 6.2.7) Intel
ISA ,
- PCI. DDMA
(Distributed DMA DMA)

PCI.
PCI ISA,
( )
CMOS Setup.
12.4.1. 8237
8237, PC AT,
,
. (8237#2)
,
. 8237 16-
,
64 .
DMA, , . 12.4.
.
.
( 008 ODO) BIOS
POST; XT
0, .
ISA 008 ODO .

-. 16-
/ .
OOCh (OD8h )
, .
, ,
.
466 _____ 12. IBM PC-

12.4. DMA 8237A 8237#1
,
(/),
(), . 8237
16-,
(DMA page register),
8237. 8237
DMA

. PC/AT [23:16] 8-
[23:17] 16-. PC/XT
4 [19:16]. 16-
1 ,
12.4. DMA ___________________________________ 467
. 16- 0=0 (
). 16-,
64 ( 8- ) ( 16 ). ,
, FFFF 65 534
(216). (
) ,
.
, , ,
DMA.
,
- ()

.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- FFFFh OOOOh, , , .
, 64 ,
. 80x86 ,
, 16-
( 10h), 10OOOh.
,
, DMA,
( ) .
16- , . 5-7 64
, 20000h.
DMA
16- ,
.
.
(single transfer mode)
DACKx#, DRQx,
DMA .
, .
(block transfer mode)
DACKx#, DRQx,
DMA
. ,
DRQx.
,
.
(demand transfer mode)
DACKx#, DRQx
, .
DMA
.
, DMA ,
,
.
468 _______ 12. IBM PC-

---------------------------- ---------------- ------------------------------------
DMA , , ,
15 .
DMA ISA 8

. 1,125 .
DMA 1 / 8-
2 / 16- ( 1 ).
DMA
; 8237
.
BIOS Setup.
12.5. 86
IBM PC-
, 86.
(),
() -,
. 86, ,
, -
, -
( -) ( , ). ,
( , PCI, ISA).
,
( ) .
-
( ), ,
().
()
. : , ,
, .
4- .
(supervisor), , (user),
.
,
, .
, -
86 [6, 7],
.
12.5. 86 __________________________________________________ 469
12.5.1.

PC
86
.
8086/88 1
-FFFFFh, 20-
16- Addr =
Segxl6 + Offset, Seg (CS, DS, SS
ES), a Offset ,
.

() 64 .

, .
, Seg = FFFFh n Offset = FFFFh
lOFFEFh, 20-
OFFEFh. ,
.
80286 24 ,
(Protected Mode),
16-
.
16-
. 16-
( ) 24-
.
, 80286 ,
, 8086 ( ).
, 8086/88, -
20,
8086/88, ,
1
OFFEFh. 8086/88
PC 20 GateA20,
, 20
.
, (64 -16) .
(. . 8.1.2) .
J5 32- , 80386,
(16-),
, ,
232= 4 .
.
(), (
),
470 ______ 12. IBM PC-
, , . ,
.
, .
, . , ,
(16 -2) ( ),
4 .
, (CS, DS, SS, E5, F5
GS).
- 32-
, 4 .
,

.
80286 ( 16- ),
.
( ) 32- ,
32- 86.
32- ( )
32- 36- ,
. ,
(),
.
,
.
,
. , ,

, , .

,
( ) .
(Demand-Paged Virtual Memory),

. , , , .
, , 4 ,

, .
( ) ( )
.

4 . Pentium
4 ( PSE).

12.5. 86 __________________________________________________ 471
6 36 ,
6 ,
4 2
. Pentium III
PSE-36, 4-
36-
4- .

.
32-
, 80286, -lOFFEFh, Gate A20 .
,
64 .
16 32- , ,

32 .
64- -' .
,
. , .
EMM386
UMA.
, , 32- 86, (unreal),
(big real) . ,
4- (
) . ,

-
. , ,
.
,
, (CS, DS, SS,
ES, FS GS) .

, 64 .
16- ,
,
64 . ,
, 4

,
,
.
472 _____ 12. IBM PC-
F.S GS,
,
. 32 , BIOS ( DOS)
. ,

. , ,
, CS,
64- .
,

. ,
DOS-,
.
, 32- , . , . (flat) ,
( , ),
4 ,
( )
.
, .
, ,
.
.
4 ( ?),
.
, , ,
.
12.5.2.
( )
, , ,
. , ,
( ) ( UMA).

, ,
. ( ) ,
(
- ). -
( ^
).

( ).
12.5. 86 __________________________________________________ 473
,
DMA, ISA PCI,
.
DMA ,
,
.
, DMA,
( , ).
,
,
(
) . 4
,
,
DMA.
DMA (scatter write)
(gather read). DMA
( ).
, , .
, , PCI IDE (. .
9.2.1). DMA
, (. . 12.4).
, DMA.
, ,
.
;
.
. ,
( )
,
.
12.5.3. -
-
: IN ( ), OUT
( ), INS (
) OUTS ( ).
, 80286,
REP,
. ,
-,
PIO(Programmed Input/Output -).

(DMA), , DMA PIO
.
474
12. IBM PC-
, -, 8, 16 32 .

. ,
/ . ISA IORD* IOWR*
; -
,
MEMRD* MEMWR*. PCI
-
, ,
.

16- , 32-
.
.
,
( ) .
, ,
.
-. ,
, 16- ,
-
.
AT .
1FO (1 ) 16- ,
8- 1F1.
Serial ATA 16-
( ) 2, 3, 4
5, 8-.
. 32- ( V86)
-,
( 64 ),

. (
Permission Bitmap)
(TSS).
,
. -
( ...
). ,
,
-.
- -
12.5. 86 __________________________________________________ 475
. , Windows 9x
-; , , DOS-
, ,
.
12.5.4.
86 , . ; ,
( )
SMI (SMM).

,
Int N (N=0-255). ,
, BIOS DOS.
,
(,
). 0-31,

NMI, BIOS. 8086/88 ,
.
;
.
.
,
( ).
, , (16-
). ,
.
;
.
. 8- . , . , , ,
,
. (
).

. ( ) ,
, -
476 ______ 12. IBM PC-
[6,7]. , Windows 9x MSDOS

,
MS-DOS.
, ,
,
( , MS-DOS).
12.6.
IBM PC/AT .
- -, 18254 ( XT
8253), :
0: (IRQO) 54,936
( 18,206 ),
( 40:006 BIOS Data Area);
1 ;
2 .
16 ,
8- .
(LSB), (MSB)
(LSB/MSB), , .

. . 12.5. 1,19318
. .
0 1 . 2
GATE, , (T2G, R/W)
AT (061h). 2
(20, 5 ). 2
(
SPK, R/W, 1 061h).
12,.5. - ,
R/W
040 RW
0 . 011, LSB/MSB, Binary,

0 ( 65 536)
041 RW
1 . 010, LSB, Binary,

12h (18)
042 RW
2 , . GATE 0
8255 (061). 011, LSB/MSB, Binary,
12.6. _____________________________ 477

, R/W _____________________________________________________________________
043 W
. 7,6 0,1,2. 5,4
, : 00 ; 01 LSB ; 10
MSB ; 11 LSB/MSB , .
3-1 : 000 ; 001
(, 8254 8253); 10
; 11 ; 100
; 101 . 0 0=Bin ( ), 1
=BCD (- )
- CMOS RTC
146818 , IBM PC/AT
.
(32,768 ), :
- (, , , , , );
, , ;
,
( , 1024 ).
CMOS RTC (IRQ8).
,
.
OBh.
CMOS RTC - 070h
( ) 071h (). , 7 70h
NMI (. . 12.4), CMOS
0-7Fh.
, -
.
, 0-9, .
7 OAh.

.
CMOS RTC, ,
. 12.6 ( . [1]).
12.6. CMOS RTC
00h-09h, 32h BCD-: 00 ; 01 ;

(37 PS/2)
02 ; 03 ; 04 ; 05 ; 06
; 07 ; 08 ; 09 (2 ); 32h -1 (2
); 37h -1 (2 ) PS/2

478 _____ 12. IBM PC-

12.6 ()
OAh
RTC Status Register ( ): 7

( ); [6:4] ( 32,768 010);
[3:0] 0110 1024
OBh
PTC Status Register ( ): 7

( ); 6 (
); 5 ( ); 4
(0 ); 3 (.
OAh) (0 ); 2
BCD/BIN (0 BCD); 1 12/24- (1 24-); 0
/ ( )
OCh
RTC Status Register ( ):

: 7 IRQF ( ); 6 PF
( ); 5 AF ( ); 4 UF
( ); [3:0]
ODh
RTC Status Register D ( D): 7 (1 ,

0 ); [6:0]
BIOS ( .
[1,8,9]). BIOS Int I Ah
( 40:006Eh BIOS Data Area ),
, CMOS RTC.
BIOS Int 15 h CMOS RTC
( 7
). ,
(
), 70 .
Pentium,
.
64- TSC (Time Stamp Counter),
( RESET*).
.
RDTSC, , TSD
CR4 ()
( ).
, 3,
.
, . ,
-
, . , ( ).
12.7. ______________________________________ 479
12.7.
-
() .
,
. ( ) POST (
) ROM BIOS,
. POST (
ROM BIOS ),
ROM BIOS .
POST ( ),
(),
. ,
,
: ,

.
( ).
, ,
( config.sys,
autoexec.bat . . ).
. .
,
BIOS, POST.
,
,
.
,
, .

(, , ),
(. . 9.3).
.
DiskOnChip
,
, M-Systems.
, 8/16- ,
ISA ( ). Millenium Plus
32 - NAND,
SRAM (1 ), ,
.
8-
CSOOO-EFFFFh.
- SRAM;
,
480
12. IBM PC-
() . *
, POST
BIOS. -
( ), ( ).
( Int 13h),c
.
4 , 128
,
( ).

.
750 /, 2,4 /. /
20 /.
, (),

().
12.8. BIOS
BIOS ,
-
. BIOS
V86
(Int xx).
(
ROM BIOS) (CAL L f a r)
(
). BIOS 16-
, , V86
16- .
386+ 32 .
BIOS (, )
, Phoenix 32-
BIOS32. BIOS32 ,
: OEOOOO-OFFFFFh
( 4 ) - "_32_"
( 325F5F33H) ,
. .
,
.
, BIOS, .
.
12.8. BIOS _____________________________________ 481
:
Int 00h 0;
Int 01h ;
Int 03h ;
Int 04h ;
Int 06h 286+;
Int 07h NPU.
:
Int 02h ;
Int 08h - 8253/8254;
Int 09h ;
Int 0Ah - IRQ2/9;
Int 0Bh- IRQ3;
Int 0Ch-IRQ4;
Int 0Dh IRQ5;
Int 0Eh IRQ6 ;
Int 0Fh-IRQ7;
Int 70h - CMOS-;
Int 7Ih IRQ9 ( Int 0Ah);
Int 72h- IRQ10;
Int 73h IRQ11;
Int 74h IRQ 12 ( PS/2);
Int 75h IRQ 13 ;
Int 76h IRQ14 ;
Int 77h-IRQ15.
Int 70h-77h AT.
ROM BIOS (16- ):

Int 05h (FOOO:FF54h) - ;
Int 10h ;
Int llh ( BDA 0040:001 0h),
:
15:14 LPT-: 00 0,... 11 3;
13 ;
12 ;
482 ______ 12. IBM PC-
11:9 -: 000 0,... 111 7;

8 DMA;
7:6 : 00 1,... 11 4;
5:4 : 00 , 10 80-
, 01 40- , 11 ;
3:2 ( 00);
1 ;
0 ;
Int 12h ;
Int 13h ( -);
Int 14h -;
Int 15h - ( ,
/):
00-
( - !) PC;
4fh ;
53xxh (Advanced Power
Management);
8300h , ;
830 lh ;
84h (. . 8.6);
86h ;
87h ;
88h ;
89h V86;
COh ,
(CF=0, AH=0) ES:BX
;
80-82h, 85h, 90h, 91h (BIOS
);
Int 16h -;
Int 17h LPT-;
Int 18h
( - ROM-Basic);
Int 19h ( Bootstrap);
Int lAh , , 16-
PCI;
Int IBh Ctrl+Break;
12.8. BIOS _____________________________________ 483
Int I C h User Timer Interrupt, , I n t

0 8 h 55 ; BIOS (IRET),
;
( NMI).
Int ;
Int 4Ah ,
BIOS Int lAh(6); ,
,
; BIOS (IRET);
Int 67h - EMS-.
:
Int
Int
Int
Int
Int
Int
IDh ;
lEh ;
IFh GA;
41h HDD 0;
46h HDD 1;
43h EGA.
12.8.1. Int 09h, Int16 h

.
, , BIOS Int 9h. - ( )
. ( ,
ASCII- - ) , .
. ,
.
( )
, .
. Ctrl, Shift,
Alt ,
.
Ctrl+Alt+Del, PrintScreen (SysRq)
,
.

BIOS (BIOS Data Area):
0:0417,0:418 ;
0:0419 Alt-;
484 ______ 12. IBM PC-
0:041 (Buffer Head), 2 (

);
0:041 (Buffer Tail), 2 (
);
0:041E-0:042D (16 ).
- BIOS IntlSh AH=4Fh, AL -.
Int 15h(4Fh) CF=0,
,
- - (
AL), CF=1. BIOS
,
Int 15h(COh).
USB ,
, Int 9h
.
: - Int 15h(4Fh)
, .
BIOS Int 16h.
.
,
.
= OOh ( )
( ).
. , AT
Int 15h ( 90), ,
, .
,
Olh.
83- .
= Olh , (
).
ZF.
= 02h ( AL 0:417h, . ).
= 03h : BL
(00=250, 01=500,02=750,03=1000 ), - (. .
9.2.1).
= 05h (
). AL=Q, ,
AL=1.
= 10h AH=*llh , Olh,
101/102-
.
, -84,
, OOh Olh.
12.8. BIOS ___________________________________
485
AH=12h . (
KbdShif tFlagslOlRec), ,
i 02h ( 0:417h), 0:418h.
:
0 Shift () ;
1 Shift () ;
2 Ctrl () ;
3 Alt () ;
4 Scroll Lock;
5 Num Lock;
6 Caps Lock;
7 Insert;
8 Ctrl () ;
9 Alt () ;
10 Ctrl () ;
11 Alt () ;
12 Scroll Lock ;
13 Num Lock ;
14 Caps Lock ;
15 SysReq .
(00 10h) AL ASCII-

, -. ,
( Alt-), -. Alt

Alt, Alt.
AL=0 ASCII- (Extended ASCII
Keystroke). 101/102
10h-12h EOh -,
83/84-
.
(05h), ,
.

(In t 9h),
,
.
ASCII- , , [1, 7].
( )
()
.
486 _____ 12. IBM PC-
12.8.2.
int 10h
Int 10h .
(BIOS Video
Mode), . BIOS

()

.
.

,
, ,
. ,
.
.
Int 10h ,
.
( ),
Int 10h(0Eh). AH=OEh, AL
, BL ( ).
, ,

. (CR,
ODh), (LF, OAh) (BEL, 07h).
,
(, BIOS,
,
). ,
, .
12.8.3.
Int 13h
Int 13h.

(diskette) (fixed disk). (. 7.8)
,
. :
0-7Fh ( 0-3),
80h-FFh.
,
BIOS, Int 13h,
. IBM PC/XT
, BIOS ,
POST, Int 13 h,
( BIOS)
Int 40h.
BIOS,
12.8. BIOS _______________________________________ 487
Int 40h
. clnt 13h,
( DL) 7Fh.
(Int 13h)c ,
Int 0Eh ( IRQ 6) Int 76h
( IRQ 14).
IRQ 15 ( 77h). XT
IRQ 5 ( ODh).
.
( )
. BIOS ,

( IRET).
BIOS (
) .

. :
, ,
,
.
BIOS
16- ,
.
CHS .
Int 13h,
:
3Fh;
DL ( 7 = 0
);
(-1023) (8)7:6] (
2 );
(0-255) DH;
(1-63) CL [ 5 :0];
, , 8 AL (0255);

(address of buffer) S: ;
: F = 0
, CF = 1 (
,
40:4lh, 40:74h);
(DPT)
0:78h, (HDPT) 0:104h 0:118h.
488
12. IBM PC-
. 12.7,
[4, 9].
,
Olh.
12.7.
12.8. BIOS
1
2
3
.
.
.
,
1024 256 63 = 16 515 072 ( 8,4 ).
, ,
. 15 481 935
(. ).
528 . ,
, Int
13h, 4- ( BIOS 6 ).
, 16-
( BIOS 10 ). ,
( )
.
, ,
528 :
(210 = 1024 ) (24
- 528 482 304 .
16 ) (26 - 1 = 63 ) 512 =
528- ,
, BIOS . -
490 ______ 12. IBM PC-
(
) :
(216 = 65 536 ) (24 = 16 ) (28 - 1 = 255 ) 512
= - 136,9 .
BIOS (8,4 ),
Int 13h,
, * ,
-. , ( 8),
,
Int 13h .
, : (
S) ( 8) (LBA, Large Disk,
5).[1,4,9]
BIOS
BIOS 8,4
, .
BIOS, Enhanced Disk Drive Services (EDD),
Phoenix Technologies LTD,
BIOS .
, 264 ,
IA-32 IA-64.
(LBA).
,
, .

(, USB IEEE1394),
.

.
15-20 .
BIOS Int 13h Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows
2000. ,
(FDISK, FORMAT),
32- . BIOS Int 13h
DOS ( ), Windows 3. lx, Windows NT, Novell NetWare,
OS/2 Warp, Linux, Unix. :
(fixed disk access subset) 4144h,47h 48h;
(device locking and ej ecting subset)
41 h,45h, 46h, 48h 49h;
1
,
, .
12.8. BIOS
____________________________ 491
(enhanced disk drive (EDD) support subset)

41h 48h.
, ,
I n t 13 h 3Fh ( );
( DL) 80h-FFh.
,
(device address packet).

.
BIOS ,
( 41h).
( ),
, .
.
, , (42h, 43h, 44h 47h)
.
/,
(45h, 46h 49h).
(48h).

, , BIOS.
(4Eh)
(, DMA),
().
CD-ROM BIOS Int 13h
:
/ (4Ah/4Bh),
(4Ch);
(4Dh); 41-48h
CD-ROM (
LBA 2048 ),
.
[4].
12.8.4. Int 14h -

- BIOS Int 14h,
.
( ,
AL; ). DTR
RTS ( ).
Olh AL ( ).
DTR RTS, THR
.
, - .
492 _____ 12. IBM -,
02h ( ).
DTR (RTS ),
, AL.
,
-.
03h ( SRLSR).

- -.
I n t 14h , (0-3)
DX (0 1, 1 COM2...). 0,1 3
( LSR), AL
(MSR). 2
7 AL;
7 ,
3. ( ) :
7 - ( 2
);
6 ( );
5 (
);
4 ;
3 ( -);
2 ;
1 ( );
0 .
( AL 0,1,3)
:
7 DCD;
6 RI;
5 DSR;
4 CTS;
3 DCD;
2 RI;
1 DSR;
0 CTS.
AL :
[7:5] :
000=110; 100=1200; 001=150; 101=2400;
010=300; 110=4800;011=600; 111=9600 /;
12.8. BIOS _______________________________________ 493
[4:3] :
01 ;
11 ;
0 10 ;
2 -: 0 1 , 1 2 ( /
1,5 -);
[1:0] : 00 5 , 01 6 , 10 7 , 11 8
.
POST BIOS ( UART 8250 )
BIOS
Data Area 0:0400, 0402, 0404, 0406.
1-4.
. 0:047, 047D, 047,
047F , - .
2400 /, 7
(even), 1 -.
DTR RTS
( ).
12.8.5. Int17 h
BIOS I n t 17 h: ,
, LPT-.
, LPT- DX.
= AL Centronics (
). , ,
( Busy),
.
= Olh (
, lnit#,

).
= 02h ( ).
,
SR [7:3] -.
6 3 , ,
. :
7 ( Busy); ,
( Off-Line, );
6 ( Ack#); ,
;
494 _____ 12. IBM PC-
5 ( PaperEnd);
4 ( Select); ,
Off-Line;
3 ( Error*);
;
2:1=00 ( );
0 -,
, Busy ,
- ( BIOS Data Area);
Centronics .
Int 17h
.
PNP
.
, ( Int 17h
LPT- PNP ), .

.
12.8.6. Int 1Ah Int 15h

BIOS Int I Ah
, ,
CMOS RTC.
.
1. =0 ( 40:006Eh
BIOS Data Area, 0 8253/8254 55 .
POST ).
, , DX . 1_=0,
24 .
AL ,
40:0070h ( ).
2. =1 ( , DX
) ()
40:0070h. CF=1.
3. =2 RTC. BCD-
( ), (CL), (DH)
/ (DL=1 , DL=0 ).
CF=0.
BIOS CF .
4. =3 RTC,
2.
12.8. BIOS _______________________________________ 495
5. =4 RTC. BCD-
( ), (CL), (DH) (DL).
CF=0.
BIOS CF .
6. =5 RTC,
4.
7. =6 RTC.
BCD- ( ), (CL)
(DH). ,
CF-1.
Int 4Ah.
8. =7 .
BIOS Int 15h CMOS RTC , ( , DX ).
.
,
70 .
.
9. AH=86h .
.
7 BDA 0040:.
, CF=1 (
CF=0, AL , 8259#2).
10. AX=8300h ,
7 , ES: .
CF=0; ( ) CF=1 AL=0.
, .
, ,
830 lh (-, ; -,
,
, ,
).
. AX=8301h .
12.8.7. PCI BIOS

PCI BIOS PCI ,
(. . 8.2).
,
,
. 16- , V86 16-
, PCI BIOS Int lAh;
.
-
496
12. IBM PC-
OOOFFE6EH (
Int lAh) .
CF=0 =0; CF-1
:
81h ;
83h ;
86h ;
87h PCI.
( 1024 ). 32-
,
32- (. ),
CF .
32-
PCI. PCI BIOS :
- 101 PCI BIOS. PCI BIOS
CF=0, =0 EDX=20494350h ( "PCI ");
. AL

PCI:
0 1
;
1 2
;
2:3=00 ();
4 1;
5 2;
6:7=00 ().
BL (BCD), CL PCI,
( +1, ).
EDI 32-
BIOS. BIOS (
EDI); EDI
.
= 102 .
, DX
, SI ( ) .
, BL[7:3] ,
BL[2:0] .
, SI
0 86h.
12.9. ROM BIOS ___________________________________________ 497
AX = B103h . [23:16]
, [15:8] , [7:0]
, SI ( ).
, BL[7:3] ,
BL[2:0] .
- B106h PCI. BL
, EDX .
= 108h
PCI. , BL[7:3]
, BL[2:0] , DI (-FFh).
CL .
= B109h
PCI. , BL[7:3]
, BL[2:0] , DI (-FFh,
). .
= 10Ah
PCI. , BL[7:3]
, BL[2:0] , DI (-FFh,
4). .
= 10Bh
PCI. , BL[7:3]
, BL[2:0] , DI (-FFh),
CL .
= 10
PCI. , BL[7:3]
, BL[2:0] , DI (-FFh,
), .
= BWAh
PCI. , BL[7:3]
, BL[2:0] , DI (-FFh,
4), .
12.9. ROM BIOS

ROM BIOS, ,
( ) .
,
(ISA, PCI, PCMCIA),
Additional ROM BIOS (
ROM BIOS), Expansion ROM. ,
.

PC. ROM
BIOS EGA/VGA/SVGA,
, SCSI, .
ISA
CSOOOh-
498
12. IBM PC-
F4000h. POST 2
BIOS (
).
BIOS (EGA, VGA, SVGA...)
(
). PCI

, POST,
ROM BIOS ,
2- ,
. 12.8.
12.8.

0
2 ( ): 0=55h, 1=
2
1 , 512
3
3 , Ret Far
( Far Call POST).
JMP,
6-17h
18h
2 PCI ( PCI), . .
12.9.1
1Ah
2
ISA PnP, .
. 12.9.2
3 ,
PCI ISA PnP . ,
55 ( )
( 256)
( ,
, , ).
POST (Call Far)
, 3- . . ,
BIOS. Bootstrap (Int 19h),
, , ,
(Remote Boot Reset).
, (
, - ,
,
POST.

, ,
12.9. ROM BIOS ___________________________________________ 499
. ,
, , ( - ). .
, ,
, , ROM BIOS,
DDIM (Device Driver Initialization Model
). POST
( )
(), .
( ) ( 3).
, DDIM, ,
: ( )
DDIM ( ).
, , ,
. DDIM ( ),
.
, ( )
,
.
- ,
. ,
, ,
POST. POST
( )
( , 4 ), . POST, ,
( UMA)
.

UMA ( ,
). ,
( ,
POST),
. , ,
(
). ISA
DDIM , (. );
DDIM PGI.
DDIM
, ( ),
POST .
Big Real Mode, 32 (. . 12.3.1).
Phoenics Intel

500
12. ' PC-
(POST Memory Manager Specification), 1.01

1997 .
BIOS, , ,
.
, a BIOS 32-
( ).
32- (handle),
. ( FFFFFFFFh)
.
(Int 19h), Gate A20 .
BIOS
, .
,
BCV, PnP (. ). ,
BEV, ,
Bint 19h.
, - $
EOOOO-FFFFOh.
http://www.phoenix.com/techs.
12.9.1. ROM BIOS ISA PnP

PnP PnP BIOS
(Expansion Header Structure).
, . 12.9.
(
), .

.
.
, ,
.
12.9. ROM BIOS ISA PnP
Oh
, $PnP ( ASCII)
04h
(01 h)
05h
( 16 )
06h
(OOOOh, )
08h
(0)
09h
OAh
PnP
OEh
(0, )
10h
(0, )
12h
12.9. ROM BIOS ___________________________________________ 501

15h
16h
18h
1Ah
1Ch
1Eh

BCV (Boot Connection Vector) 0,
(Disconnect Vector) 0,
BEV (Bootstrap Entry Point) 0,
(0)
(Static Resource Information
Vector) Real/Protected mode (0 )

PnP, . ,
,
.
:
7 (Device
Driver Initialization Model);
6 ;
5 ;
4 ;
3 (0);
2 (IPL-);
1 ( );
0 ().
BCV (Boot Connection Vector, Interrupt Connection
Vector) ,
,
( Int 9h, Int 10 Int 13h ),
, .
0,1 2 Int 9h, Int
10hInt 13 ( ), ES: DI
PnP BIOS (System BIOS PnP Installation Check
Structure), BX (CSN) ISA PnP (
FFFFh); DX ISA PnP (
FFFFh).
, .
BEV ,
,
Int 13h. BIOS
Int 19h.
, , (Remote Programm
Loading, RPL) .
502 ______ 12. IBM PC-
, ( , ISA PnP).
1024 ES: DI .
, 3
, PnP (
),
.
S: DI PnP
BIOS, CSN ISA PnP ( FFFFh); DX
ISA PnP ( FFFFh).

BDA BDA,
Int 9h, Int 10h, Int 13h
BDA EBDA.
:
8 ,
INT 13h;
7 ,
( ) INT 10h;
6 , I NT 9h;
5:4 : 00
, 01 , 10 ( RPL
), 11 ;
3:2 (
);
1:0 (
).
,
BIOS
BIOS
BIOS
.
ISA PnP.
,
BIOS PnP. ,
PnP
BIOS.
ISA PnP , BIOS
PnP, .
: PnP BIOS
, INT 19h,
PnP BIOS ,
BIOS .
12.9. ROM BIOS ___________________________________________ 503
12.9.2. Expansion ROM PCI

BIOS, PCI,
,
ROM BIOS. ,
PCI (. 12.10).
,
PCI.
PCI PC,
. ,
.
(
) . ()
, BIOS .
, , IBM PC, Power PC.
12.10. PCI
0
4
6
8
Ah
Ch
Dh
10h
12h
14h
15h
16h
4
2
2
2
2
1
3
2
2
1
1
2
, "PCIR"

1
(),
(0 )

/
: 0 86 -, 2 HP PA-RISC
: 1 , 0
PCI 2.2 Vital Product Data (

).
PCI ,
. , 2- ,
. POST
, (
3). ,
, . ,
PCI ( 10h), ,

( ,
). .
PCI .
504 _____ 12. IBM PC-
PCI
DDIM(. ). POST Expansion ROM
Base Address
.
,
55. , POST (

PCI) ( COOOO-DFFFFh),
. (
Expansion ROM Base ^Address),
( 3). POST (
), (AL[7:3]) (AL[2:0]),
.
, ( 2,
),
. , , 2. (
2), , , .
VGA ( )
COOOOh.
PnP BIOS ,
PnP , 5: DI,
.
13

,
. , , GND.
,
.
PS/2 (+5 ), USB (+5 ) Fire
Wire (8-40 ).
LPT- ( 5 ) - (, 12 ),

.
,
.
,
( )
, .

, .
13.1.

, .

(. 13.1).

. ,
(
-
506
13. ,
). ,
, - .
, (. 13.2):
,
, 220 .
. 13.1.
-220
. 13.2.
,
1 ,
, :
=220 , F=50 ,
. =0,01
0,7 . , .
() , ,
,
,
.
13.1.
507
. ,

, , .
,
.
, ( ) .
.
()
(. 13.3), .
. 13.3.

,
,
INUL (. 13.4).
, (
-) .
... ENUL
( ) ,
( ).
IINT
:
ENUL = INUL*RNUL; INUL = P/220, RNUL

, RINT
, , ,
( = 2 + ).
,
, , .

508
13. ,
, . ,
. .
INUL
. 13.4.
,
( ).
,
. . ,
190 ,
.
/ ,
.
: ( ) ,

.
(. 13.5),
.
, ,
. ,
( ).
,
. , , .
13.1.
509
. 13.5.

Pilot . ,
, .
,
(). ( )

. ,
,
(
).
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
. ,
, ( ) ,
.
.

, , () , .
(. 13.6, ).
-,
.
, .
, ,
. 13.6, .
, ()
, .
( 3 ).

.
510 _______ 13. ,
. 13.6. , : ,

, , ,
( ),
( ).
, , , . ,
(. . 13.4).

( !);

.
.
(UTP) ( )
(STP)
.
. [3].
13.2.

, .

,
, .
,

.
, ,
.
()
(,
-
13.3. PC
___________________________________ 511
-) . 1-1,5 , .
- , , ,
MIDI. ( )
,
. Fiber
Channel, Ethernet ( ),
- (S/PDIF).
, .
.
,
,
,
. -
, .
,
,
. , , 0,5-2,5 .
(
Ethernet
), Fibre Channel,
, (S/PDIF).
,
, .
Fire Wire.
, .
,
.

(110-240 , 50-60 ),
( , ).
(,
-) ;
.
13.3. PC
PC
.
PC
;
.
-
512 ______ 13. ,
+5 .
,
.
() ,
. PC (50 60 )
.
.
,

110-127 . ,
, 220
. ,
Autoswitching Power Supply,

110230 .
PC
.

.
. ,
, ,
.
,
.

100-150 350-500
.
( ) +5 10-50 ; +12 3,5-15
; -12 0,3-1
; -5 0,3-0,5 (
, ISA Bus).
P.G. (Power Good)
. 3-6 0,10,5 .

,
. ,
+5 .

CMOS .
Reset
P.G. .
13.3. PC
513
(. 13.7).
, .
,
+5 +12 , , ,
. , ,
3"
.
PS-8, PS-9
, GND .
, .
:
GND ;
-12V ;
+5V ;
-5V ;
+ 12V ;
P.G. ( ).
. 13.7.
7
,
. +3,3
(Standby)
+5VSB.
10 ( 2.01) .
,
(, ,
).
720
,
.
PS-ON, +5, +3,3, +12, -12 -5
(. 13.8).
514
13. ,
PS-ON .

.
PW-OK (Power O'Key),
P.G. .
.
. 13.8.

(. 13.9, ).
, ,
.

,
.
() , . 13.9, . FanM

,
. FanC
0...+12 20 .
+10,5 ,
. +1
.
. FanC
+12 , ,
,
. 1394V (+)
1394R (-) 8-48
IEEE-1394 (FireWire). +3.3V Sense
+3,3 .
13.3. PC
. 13.9.
- ( GND );
+5V ;
+12V;
-5V - ;
-12V ;
+3.3V ;
+3.3V Sense ( 11);
+5VSB ;
PS-ON ;
PW-ON-.
:
+3.3V Sense ;
FanC ;
FanM ;
1394V ;
1394R .
515

1. . IBM PC: . 2- . .:
, 2001.
2. . IBM PC: . .: ,
1998.
3. . : . .:
,'
2000.
4. . . .: , 2001.
5. . : . .: , 1999.
6. ., . Pentium 4, Athlon . .: ,
2001.
7. ., . Pentium III, Athlon . .: ,
2000.
8. . :
. - .: , 2001.
9. . . .: , 2002.

lOOOBaseCX, 406
lOOOBaseLX, 406
lOOOBaseSX, 406
lOOOBaseT, 406
100BaseFX, 406
lOOBaseSX, 406
100BaseT4, 406
100BaseTX, 406
10Base2, 406
lOBaseS, 405
lOBaseF, 406
lOBaseT, 406
168-pin Registered DIMM, 267
168-pin Unbuffered DIMM,
267
A20, 313,315
ACCESS.Bus, 331,427
Additional ROM BIOS, 497
AGP, 211 Ix, 218 2x,
218 4x, 218 , 212
, 219 , 213
AGP Pro, 221 AGP8X, 223
APIC, 461 ASK IR, 79
ATA, 359
Bus-Master, 383 PIO
Mode, 377 Ultra
DMA, 377 ,
382 , 388
,
387 , 383
, 387 , 380
, 371
, 376 DMA,
377 PIO, 376 ,
363,366
ATA ()
Master Slave,
360
, -, 360 ,
,
362
-2, 361
-3, 361
ATA/ATAPI-4, 361,362
ATAPI, 360
ATX, , 513
AUI, 409
BEDO 240
Bi-tron'ics, 20
BIOS
32- , 480,
/
-, 69,491,493
IntOSh, 325
Int 08h, 358
Int09h, 316,325
IntOEh, 357
Int 13h, 403
Int l4h, 48
Int 15h, 478
Int16h, 316
Int17h, 17,320,325
Int 19h, 498
Int 1 Ah, 210,478
Int 33h, 318
PCI, 210
SMBus, 440
, 486
, 484
, 316
, 318
, 325
, 497
, 481

, 487 BIOS Int 15h, 495
BIOS Int 16h, 484,493 BIOS Int
1Ah, 494 BIOS Int 9h, 483
BIOS32, 480 Bluetooth, 82 , 332
518
Bootable CD-ROM,
404 Boundary Scan,
447 bus mastering,
411,465 Bus-Master,
360,383 Byte Mode,
24
DRAM, 235
BEDO,
240 EDO,
239
DTE, 49
DVI, 337
Caller Id, 418

CardBus, 229
CAS Latency, 241
CD-ROM
, 404
,
404 Centronics, 321 CHS,
, 360 CMOS
RTC, 477
,
477
,
478,495
, 477
-,
70
UART 8250/16450/16550, 63
, 70
, 70

, 73
, 76
BIOS, 69,493
, 52
Compact PCI, 196
Composite Video,
341 cPCI 196 CR,
321
E-IDE, 362 ECP,

22,29,322 EDD,
490 EDO, 239
EEPROM, 164
EISA, 146,151,164
El Tonto, 404 EOI,
459 EPP, 22,25
Ethernet, 405 AUI,
409 7^j 410
, 412 AUI/
413 BNC, 413
Combo, 413 ,
413
, 413
, 414
, 413 ,
412 ,
410 , 405
, 407
, 405
, 407
, 410
,
409 EVC, 333 expansion
bus, 145 Expansion ROM,
497,503 Extended ASCII
Keystroke, 485
, 49
DDC1, 331
DDC2, 331
DDC2AB, 331
DDC2B, 331
DDIM, 499
DDMA, 465
DDR SDRAM, 267
DFP, 336
dial-up, 414
DIMM, 261
DiskOnChip, 479
DMA, 21,70,157,463 '
16- , 465
8- , 464
LPT-, 21
PC/PCI, 465
, 464
,
473 DPMS, 332
fast ATA-2, 361

Fast Centronics, 21
Fast Ethernet, 406
Fast IP) 412
Fast SCSI, 117
Fast Wide SCSI, 117
FCAL 140
FDC, 356
Feature connector, 340
Fibre Channel, 140
, 141
, 141
, 141
,
141 , 141
519

FireWire, 106
, 112
, 110
, 111
,
111
, 110
, 113
, 107
, 112
, 111
, 109
, 107
USB, 87
,
112 Flow
Control, 60
FOIRL, 406
FRAM, 305
Game-, 349
GateA20, 315,469
Gigabit Ethernet, 406
H
Handshaking, 60
HP7SllMAf
, U
I
PC, 331,421
i8042, 313
IDE
ATA, AT-BUS, 361
XT, 371
,
361 IEEE 1149.1, 446 IEEE 1284,
22,322
ECP, 29
EPP, 25
LPT-, 22
PnP, 41
, 24
, 40
,
23 IEEE 1394, 106,109
IN, 376
Infra Red Connection, 78
Int05h, 325 IntO8h, 358
Int09h, 316,325 IntOEh,
357,487 Int 10h, 71
Int13h, 142,403
Int I3h ()
, 487
00-24h, 487 4149h, 491 4A-4D, 491 Int
u^ 4g59,71,491 Int 15h'
478 Int 16h, 71,316
Int17h, 17,320,325 Int
19h, 498 Int lAh, 210,478
Int33h, 318 Int 40h, 486
Int 76h, 487 Int 9h, 484 Ir
TP, 80 IR-Connector, 81
IrCOMM, 80 IrDA, 78
FIR, 79
HDLC, 79
MIR, 79
SIR, 79
,
81 IrDA4PPM, 80
IrLAN, 81 IrLAP, 80
IrLMP, 80 IrOBEX, 81
IRQ 15, 487 IRQ 6, 487
IRQ11, 70 IRQ4, 70
IRQ5> 20 IRQ7, 20 ISA,
146
bus mastering, 159
Bus-Master, 360
legacy card, 165
PnP, 165
DMA, 147
, 164
, 146
, 164
PnP, 165
, 147,160
, 147

159
,
157
,
147
, 159
, 149
, 148
, 146
ISO_8482,
56
520
JTAG, 446
jumperless,
164,414
LapLink, 18 LBA,
, 361
Legacy Card, 455 LF,
321 Loop Back, 46
Low-Profile PCI, 196
LPC, 223 LPT-,
17
Fast Centronics, 21
IEEE 1284, 22
, 21
, 42

, 323
, 44
, 21

, 21
, 42
,
18 ,
20 , 19
, 45
BIOS, 41
Magic Packet, 412

Master, 360
MDI, 407
MDIX, 407
Ml-PC, 232
Microwire, 444
MIDI, 345,350
Mil, 410
Miniature Card, 229,402
, 400
mouse
Bus, 319
MS Mouse, 317
PC Mouse, 317
PS/2, 318
Serial, 317 MPU401, 346
MultiMediaCard, 400
N
Nibble Mode, 20,23
NIC, 410 NVRAM,
277
OFF-Line, 321
OUT, 376
Output Enable,
156
P&D, 336 P&DA, 333 P&DA/D, 336 PC
Card, 229
, 229
, 228
PC/104, 161
PC/PCI, 465 PC/PCI
DMA, 191 PCI, 175
BIOS, 210
concurrency, 199
posted write, 200
, 204
, 183
, 179
, 177
, 181
, 209
, 185
, 202
, 198
, 177
, 176
, 199
,
198
, 189
, 177
, 192193
, 198
/ 182
, 176
, 193
, 175
,
192
DMA, 191
PCI Bridge, 198 PCI
IDE> 384 PCI-X, 196
PCMCIA, 228 Peer-toPeer Bridge, 198 PIO,
376,473 PIO Mode, 377
PnP BIOS, 500 PS/2, 21
pulse dialing, 416 PXI,
197
RC, ,
341 RDRAM,
245,269
, 249
, 246
, 247
refresh, 238 RGB
Analog, 327 RJ-11,
415 RAM, 22,30
ROM BIOS, 454,500
RS-232C, 49,55,389

RTS/CTS, 61
UART, 63

XON/XOFF,
62 RS-422, 55,56,57 RS-423
55 RS-485, '55,56,57
S-VHS, 342
S-Video,
341 S/PDIF,
344 SBA,
213 SCAM,
116 SCSI
SPI, 115
,
129 , 116
,
116 , 129
, 118,120
, 134,142
, 116
LVD, 117
,
135
-50, 119
DB-25, 119
HD-50, 119
HD-68, 119
IDC-50, 118
MiniDSO, 119
MiniD68, 119
SCA, 120
VHDCI-68, 120
, 118,121
, 143
, 125
, 116
SCSI ()
, 142
129
-, 141
, 129
, 114,134,142
SCSI.2> SCSI-3, 115
SD 4(
SDRAM, 240,245,262
Secure Digital, 400
Self-Healing Driver,
412 Serial ATA, 389
Setup, 44 SIMM, 257
SIMM-30, 257 SIPP,
256 Slave, 360
SmartMedia Card, 399
SMBus, 433 SMI Mil,
443 SPCI, 196 SPI,
115,444 SPP, 18
SRAM, 274
Tagged VLAN, 412
TinyTP, 80 tone
dialing, 416
Toslink, 345 lype l,
21
UART, 63
8250/16450/16550, , 63 MPU-401, 346 RS232C, 63
Ultra DMA, 361,362,377
Ultra SCSI, 117
Ultral60SCSI, 117
Ultra2SCSI, 117
Ultra320 SCSI, 117
unreal, 471
USB, 88
,
101
, 99
, 98
, 89
(HS),
88
, 97 ,
90 , 95
522
USB
(
) , 95
, 94
, 96
(LS), 88

, 96
, 91
(FS), 88 ,
95
, 103
, 97
101 , 95
, 97
, 98
, 95
FireWire, 87
, 94
, 93
, 96
, 88 , 89
, 92 , 89,99 , 100 > 88
PCI, 204
USg 1Q1
, 204
, 382
bus master, 411
Ethernet, 410
Fibre Channel, 141
,
, 43
CHS, 360
LBA, 361
-, 223
, 30
,
216,223
, 491 ,
49
, 342 ,
417 , 49
,
415
, 50
V.11, 56
VESA, 332
VESA DDC, 331
VESA Feature connector, 340
VGA Palette Snooping, 201
VP&D, 336
VT-100, 71
VT-42 71
, 24
528 , 489

, 513
PC, 511
, 505
, 512
,
417
w
Wide Ultra SCSI, 117
Wide Ultra2 SCSI,
117
, 24
, 24
,
23 -
, 473
10/12 , 455
, 473
, 474
, 456
20, 315
,
486 ,
341 , 341
, 470
, 412
, 387
X27 56
XON/XOFF 62
Y
Y/C, 342
z
ZV Port, 232
52<$
,
58,510 , 198
, 89
LPT, 21
, 24
, 24 , 349
, 486

, 490
, 490
BIOS, 486
, 490 ,
487 BNC, 332 VESA Feature
Connector, 339 VGA Auxiliary
Video Connector, 339
, 331
DDC, 331 RGBTTL, 326
RGB , 327
, 341

, 332

SCSI, 116
, 412
, 14
, 506
, 507
,
469 ,
348
,
161
, 331
,
402
ACCESS.bus, 442
AUI, 409
DDC, , 331
DFP, 336
DVI, 337
()
Ethernet, 405 PC,
421,442 IrDA, 78
JTAG, 446 LPC, 223
microwire, 444 ,
410 P&D, 336
RGBTTL, ,
326 RGB , 327 RS232C, 55 RS-422, 55 RS-423, 55
RS-485, 55 S-VHS, 342 S-video,
341 S/PDIF, 344 . SCSI, 116
Serial ATA, 389 SMBus, 442 SMI,
443 SPI, 444 USB, 90 Y/C, 342
, 342 , 344
, 78 , 341
,
15 PNP, 323 ,
311 , 326 ,
316 , 353,354
, 13
Centronics, 321
LPT-, 17
, 13
MIDI 345
RS-232C, 49
, 59
, 78
, 324
, 57
, 61
, 320
, 415
, 57 , 14
, 394
, 410
, 39
, 78
PNP, 323
524
, 39
Fire Wire, 106
IDE ATA, 363
MIDI, 345
SCSI, 120
STP, 406
USB, 88,89,333
UTP, 108
, IEEE 1284,
40
, 355
, 39
, 326
-, 70
, 505
, 323
,
387 ATA, 383
AGP, 212
CompactFlash, 396
ISA, 44,81
, 400
PC Card 81228
PCI, 18,81
PCMClf 228,399
SD, 400
SmartMedia Card, 399
,
146
,
60 ,
311
Alt-, 485
ASCII-, 485
Int09h 316
Intl6h, 316,483,484,493
Int9h, 483,484,493
483
, 311
, 484
BDA, 483
, 483
XT, AT, PS/2,
311
ASCII, 485
-, 310
Fibre Channel,
141 ,
414 , 30,34
DMA 8237, 465

.
FDCAT, 356
PCI IDE, 384
,
356 , 357
8259, 456

, 44,89
, 387
-, 70
jumperless, 414
LPT-, 44
SCSI, 134,142
Ethernet, 414 ISA,
164 Fibre
Channel, 141
SCSI, 116

, 414
, 70
Fibre Channel,
141
, 458 ,
341
Fibre Channel, 141
PCI, 198
, 198
,
198 , 70
, 43
, 24
,
43
, 353,354
, 356
, 356
, 357
" 56
, 356
, 354
,
457
, 14
, 14
, 14

, 459
, 198
, 49 .
,
DDR SDRAM, 244

DRAM, 235
525
()
NVRAM, 277
RDRAM, 245
SDRAM, 240
, 245
, 240
, 241
SIPP, 256
,
254 , 454
, 470
, 236
, 235
BEDO, 240
EDO, 239
FPM, 238
, 238
, 236
, 251
, 240
,
254
DIMM, 261
DIMM-184, 267
DRAM cards, 274
ECC, 253
RIMM, 269
SIMM-30, 257
SIMM-72, 258
SIPP 257
SO DIMM-144, 272
SODIMM-72, 271
, 252
, 257
, 254,255
, 257
, 252
, 252
, 252
,
253 , 238
CBR, 238
ROR, 238
, 238
CAS, 238
, 238

I2C, 308
SPI, 309

, 305
, 242,249
, 274
, 274
,
275 , 454
()
,
276 EEPROM,
277,282 EPROM,
277,280 FRAM, 277
PROM, 277 UVEPROM, 277
, 278
,
278 , 279
, 276
, 278
EPROM, 279 1
282
,
13 Centronics, 321 SCSI 116
, 43 , 43
, 43 , 23
, 23
, 14
,
13,49,59,78 , 60
ISA, 461 LPT-, 20
NMI, 457 PCI, 460
, 20,457,459,481
, 483
, 460
, 463 , 461
, 458
,
461 , 462
, 459
, 461
86, 468
, 411,465
,
463,465
, 15,510
, 511
, 510
,
511
AT, 363
-, 52
526
()
DFP, 337
DVI, 337
EVC. 333
FireWire, 107
Game-, 349
LPT-, 42,43
MIDI, 346
P&D, 336
P&D-, 333,336
RCA, 341
RS-232C, 52
SCSI, 121
USB, 89
VAFC, 326
VFC, 326
, 342
ATX, 514
, 334
XT, AT,
PS/2, 311
, 354
, 513
, 513
LPT-,
21
DMAATA, 377
, 471
, 376
, 376
,
471
, 494
, 495
, 494
LPT-,
42 , 360
, 506 , 34
,
14
,
476 , 43
,
55
AGP, 219
AGP Pro, 221
ISA, 27,44,137
PC Card, 228,229
PCI, 113,137
PCMCIA, 145
Small PCI, 234
, 476
CMOS RTC, 477

, 478,494
, 476
, 476

, 417
, 417
, 416
, 415
, 418
,
416
, 414
,
415
SCSI, 125
, 45
-, 73
LPT-, 45
, 57,58
, 14
, 490 , 70
-,
476
SCSI,
142 ,
369
RTS/CTS, 61
, 60
, 61
XON/XOFF, 62
, 93,332
, 307
,
486 -, 282
boot block, 284,293
bulk erase, 284,291
data polling, 301
flash file, 284,296
NAND, 285
NOR, 285
PCMCIA, 291
smart voltage, 300
toggle bit, 301
, 284
, 284
, , 286

-
()
, 287
, 288

DRAM, 286
LPC, 286

, 285
, 293
AMD, 301
Intel, 283
-, 141
ATA, 360
SCSI, 141
ACCESS.Bus, 427
CardBus, 229
Compact PCI, 196
EISA, 146,148,151
IEEE 1394, 106
ISA, 146
DMA,
147 ,
147
()
, 147
,
147
, 149
, 148 Mini
PCI, 196 Miniature
Card, 229 PC
Card, 228,229
PC/104, 161 PCI,
175
, 204
, 185
, 198
, 193
PCI-X, 196
PCMCIA, 228
PXI, 197
SCSI, 114,134,142
Small PCI, 196
SMBus, 433 USB,
88 ,
145,146
,
506

, 510 ,
506

Аппаратные интерфейсы ПК

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Аппаратные интерфейсы ПК

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

-

(Security devices), LPT-, .

PnP (Plug and Play

I/O (-) . O/I ,

1.1. LPT- _____________________________________________ 19

1.3. IEEE 1284

Enhanced Parallel Port).

1.3. IEEE 1284

2-9 Data [0:7] Data [0:7]

1:3. IEEE 1284 -

SPP Data Port

SPP Status Port

SPP Control Port

EPP Address Port

EPP Data Port

1.3. IEEE 1284 _________________________________________________ 29

1.3. IEEE 1284

1.3. IEEE 1284 _________________________________________________ 33

Fast Centronics, FIFO DMA

100 Parallel Port mode, 1

1.3. IEEE 1284

ECR. 3 DMAEN (DMA Enable) DMA;

1.3.6. IEEE 1284

1.3. IEEE 1284

Request Extensibility Link

1.3. IEEE 1284

. 1.7. IEEE 1284: a ,

Type A Male Type A Male

Type A Male Plug

Type A Male Plug

Plug Type Plug

Plug Type Plug

1.3.8. IEEE 1284

1.5. PnP _____________________________________

1.6. LPT- ______________________________________________ 43

. 1.8. LPT-: Norton

Data Set Ready (

Data Terminal Ready .

Data Carrier Detected

Ring Indicator ().

. 2.7. RS-232C: 1489 ( RS-232,

EIA-RS-422 (ITU-T V.ll, X.27) EIA-RS-485 (ISO 8482)

. 2.9. : RS-422, RS-485 ,

. 2.10. RS-422 RS-485

2.4. ____________ :_____________________________________________ 61

- UART (Universal Asynchronous Receiver-Transmitter

Transmit Holding Register

Divisor Latch MSB

DTRC, RISC, OUT1C, IE;

2.8. - ________ ___ _____________________________7

, 1 IRQ4, COM2 IRQ3. ,

3E8h 0:402h BIOS Data Area,

. 2.16. - (LoopBack Checklt Norton Diagnostics)

Sharp ASK IR (Amplitude Shifted Keyed IR).

80 ____________________ _^__^_ ____________ 3.

IrDA HDLC 0,576 1,152 /

3.1. IrDA ________________________________

3.2. Bluetooth ___________________________________________ 83

. , 3Com, Agere Systems, Ericsson, IBM, Intel, Microsoft,

3.2. Bluetooth ____________________________________________ 85

FEC (Forward Error Correction code). FEC 1/3

- HCI (Host Controller Interface)

88 ____________________________ 4. USB FireWire

4.1. USB _____________

2.4. :_________________________________ 61

2.8. - ______ _ _____________________________7

116 ________________ . 5.