COMSATS INSTITUTE OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

 Institutional
Model
 Process Model
 Rational Model
 Incremental Model
 Group Model
 Elite Model
 Public Choice Model
 Game theory Model
POLICY AS INSTITUTIONAL
OUTPUT
 Focus of political science

 Authoritatively determined,
implemented, and enforced

 Very close relationship

 Policy does not become a

public policy
 Government lends legitimacy to
policies

 Government policies involve

universality

 Government monopolizes coercion in

society
POLICY AS POLITICAL
ACTIVITY
Political scientists – Policy Process – Outlines

 Problem Identification

 Policy Formulation

 Policy Legitimation

 Policy Implementation

 Policy Evaluation
POLICY AS MAXIMUM SOCIAL
GAIN
 
"Maximum social gain“

 Choice Of Policies
› Costs < benefit

 Refrain from Policies

› Costs > benefits

 No Policy adoption
› if its costs exceed its benefits

 Policy Alternatives
› Decision Making
 Preferences and their relative weights

 Policy alternatives available,

 Consequences of each policy alternative

 Calculate the ratio of benefits to costs for

each policy alternative, and

 Most efficient policy alternative.

POLICY AS VARIATIONS ON THE
PAST
 
 continuation of past government
activities with only incremental
modifications

 Constraints prevents policymakers

from identification

 Policymakersaccept the legitimacy of

established programs, agree and
continue them

 uncertainty about the consequences

POLICY AS GROUP EQUILIBRIUM  
 Balancing the interests of
groups

 Makepolicy by continuously
responds to:
› Pressure groups
› Negotiate with there demands
POLICY AS ELITE PREFERENCE  
 Very Powerful

 Manipuilate the masses

 It reflects the Interests,

values & prefrences of Elite
POLICY AS COLLECTIVE
DECISION MAKING BY SELF-
INTERESTED INDIVIDUALS  
 Self-interests

 Mutual benefit of government

and individuals
 
In short, interest groups, like
other political actors, pursue
their self-interest in the
political marketplace.
POLICY AS RATIONAL CHOICE
IN COMPETITIVE SITUATIONS 
 Game Players
 Decision in favor of public

Perhaps the suggestion of a

"game" is unfavorable,
suggesting that the game theory
is not really appropriate for
serious conflict situations. Game
theory is a conceptual and
deductive model of