The Law of Conservation of Mass The Law of Definite Proportions The Couple Proportion Law The Combination of Volume

Law

Avogadro Hypothesis

LAVOISIERS LAW
Antoine Lavoisier Discovered that the total mass of the substances during a chemical reaction experiences no change. Law of Conservation of Mass, states that:
In a chemical reaction, the total mass of substances before and after the reaction remains the same

Found that the elements consrtucted calcium carbonate (CaCO3), both natural and synthetically made in laboratory have a constant number in proportion and mass. The Law of Define Proportions states: A Chemical compound always contains the same proportion of elements by mass

Based on his observation, Dalton formulated the Law of Multiple Proportions (Daltons Law)
If two types of elements combine and form more than one compound, and if the mass of one of the elements in the compounds is the same, the the ration of the masses of the other element in the compounds will take the form of simple whole number

The Law of Combining Volume

Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac
Conducted a study on gases with accurate quantitative measures. When studying the composition of oxygen in air, He was interested in the chemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen gases that formed water vapor

The Law of Combining Volumes

Hydrogen gas + Oxygen gas Water Vapor 2 Voulmes : 1 Volume : 2 Volumes

In 1880, Gay-Lussac formulated The Law of Combining Volumes for reaction that involve gases

At constant temperature and pressure, the ratio of the volumes of gases consumed or produced in a chemical reaction takes the form of simple whole number

AVOGADROS HYPOTHESIS
Amedeo Avogadro, in 1811, Finally explained Gay-Lussacs experiment
2 Volumes hydrogen gas + 1 volume oxygen gas 2 volumes water vapor

Avogadro: 2 molecules hydrogen gas + 1 molecule oxygen gas 2 molecules water vapor

HYPOTHESIS AVOGADRO
At the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of all gases containt the same number of mulecules