GIAO AN Buoi 2 TB

Trng THCS Nam Chn
Gio n bui 2
PHN S HC :
Bui 1:
Ch-ng 1:n tpv b tc v s t nhin:

A.MC TIU
- Rn HS k nng vit tp hp, vit tp hp con ca mt tp hp cho tr-c, s dng ng,

chnh xc cc k hiu ,, , , .
- S khc nhau gia tp hp N , N *
- Bit tm s phn t ca mt tp hp -c vit d-i dng dy s cquy lut
B.kin thc cbn
I. n tp l thuyt.
Cu 1: Hy cho mt s VD v tp hp th-ng gp trong i sng hng ngy v mt s VD
v tp hp th-ng gp trong ton hc?
Cu 2: Hy nu cch vit, cc k hiu th-ng gp trong tp hp.
Cu 3: Mt tp hp c th c bao nhiu phn t?
Cu 4: C g khc nhau gia tp hp N v N * ?
II. Bi tp
*.Dng 1: Rn k nng vit tp hp, vit tp hp con, s dng k hiu
Bi 1: Cho tp hp A l cc ch ci trong cm t Thnh ph H Ch Minh
a. Hy lit k cc phn t ca tp hp A.
b. in k hiu thch hp vo vung
b WA
;
c WA ;
h WA
H-ng dn
a/ A = {a, c, h, I, m, n, , p, t}
b/ b A
cA
hA
L-u HS: Bi ton trn khng phn bit ch in hoa v ch in th-ng trong cm t cho.
Bi 2: Cho tp hp cc ch ci X = {A, C, O}
a/ Tm chm ch to thnh t cc ch ca tp hp X.
b/ Vit tp hp X bng cch ch ra cc tnh cht c tr-ng cho cc phn t ca X.
H-ng dn
a/ Chng hn cm t CA CAO hoc C C
b/ X = {x: x-ch ci trong cm ch CA CAO }
Bi 3: Cho cc tp hp
A = {1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6} ; B = {1; 3; 5; 7; 9}
a/ Vit tp hp C cc phn t thuc A v khng thuc B.
b/ Vit tp hp D cc phn t thuc B v khng thuc A.
c/ Vit tp hp E cc phn t va thuc A va thuc B.
d/ Vit tp hp F cc phn t hoc thuc A hoc thuc B.
H-ng dn:
a/ C = {2; 4; 6}
b/ D = {5; 9}
c/ E = {1; 3; 5}
d/ F = {1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9}
Bi 4: Cho tp hp A = {1; 2; a; b}
a/ Hy ch r cc tp hp con ca A c 1 phn t.
b/ Hy ch r cc tp hp con ca A c 2 phn t.
Gio vin : Trn Quc Bo
Nm hc : 2011- 2012
1
Trng THCS Nam Chn
Gio n bui 2
c/ Tp hp B = {a, b, c} c phi l tp hp con ca A khng?

H-ng dn
a/ {1} { 2} { a } { b}
b/ {1; 2} {1; a} {1; b} {2; a} {2; b} { a; b}
c/ Tp hp B khng phi l tp hp con ca tp hp A bi v c B nh-ng c A
Bi 5: Cho tp hp B = {x, y, z} . Hi tp hp B c tt c bao nhiu tp hp con?
H-ng dn
- Tp hp con ca B khng c phn t no l .
- Tp hp con ca B c 1phn t l {x} { y} { z }
- Cc tp hp con ca B c hai phn t l {x, y} { x, z} { y, z }
- Tp hp con ca B c 3 phn t chnh l B = {x, y, z}
Vy tp hp A c tt c 8 tp hp con.
Ghi ch. Mt tp hp A bt k lun c hai tp hp con c bit. l tp hp rng v
chnh tp hp A. Ta quy -c l tp hp con ca mi tp hp.
Bi 6: Cho A = {1; 3; a; b} ; B = {3; b}
in cc k hiu ,, thch hp vo vung
1 WA ;
3 WA
;
3 WB
;
B WA
Bi 7: Cho cc tp hp
A x N / 9 x 99 ; B x N * / x 100
Hy in du hay vo cc d-i y
N WN* ;
A WB
*Dng 2: Cc bi tp v xc nh s phn t ca mt tp hp
Bi 1: Gi A l tp hp cc s t nhin c 3 ch s. Hi tp hp A c bao nhiu phn t?
H-ng dn:
Tp hp A c (999 100) + 1 = 900 phn t.
Bi 2: Hy tnh s phn t ca cc tp hp sau:
a/ Tp hp A cc s t nhin l c 3 ch s.
b/ Tp hp B cc s 2, 5, 8, 11, , 296.
c/ Tp hp C cc s 7, 11, 15, 19, , 283.
H-ng dn
a/ Tp hp A c (999 101):2 +1 = 450 phn t.
b/ Tp hp B c (296 2 ): 3 + 1 = 99 phn t.
c/ Tp hp C c (283 7 ):4 + 1 = 70 phn t.
Cho HS pht biu tng qut:
- Tp hp cc s chn t s chn a n s chn b c (b a) : 2 + 1 phn t.
- Tp hp cc s l t s l m n s l n c (n m) : 2 + 1 phn t.
- Tp hp cc s t s c n s d l dy s cc u, khong cch gia hai s lin tip ca
dy l 3 c (d c ): 3 + 1 phn t.
Bi 3: Cha mua cho em mt quyn s tay dy 256 trang. tin theo di em nh s
trang t 1 n 256. Hi em phi vit bao nhiu ch s nh ht cun s tay?
H-ng dn:
- T trang 1 n trang 9, vit 9 s.
- T trang 10 n trang 99 c 90 trang, vit 90 . 2 = 180 ch s.
- T trang 100 n trang 256 c (256 100) + 1 = 157 trang, cn vit 157 . 3 = 471 s.
Vy em cn vit 9 + 180 + 471 = 660 s.
Bi 4: Cc s t nhin t 1000 n 10000 c bao nhiu s c ng 3 ch s ging nhau.
H-ng dn:
Nm hc : 2011- 2012
Trng THCS Nam Chn
Gio n bui 2
- S 10000 l s duy nht c 5 ch s, s ny c hn 3 ch s ging nhau nn khng tho

mn yu cu ca bi ton.
Vy s cn tm ch c th c dng: abbb , babb , bbab , bbba vi a b l c ch s.
- Xt s dng abbb , ch s a c 9 cch chn ( a 0) c 9 cch chn b khc a.
Vy c 9 . 8 = 71 s c dng abbb .
Lp lun t-ng t ta thy cc dng cn li u c 81 s. Suy ta tt c cc s t 1000 n
10000 c ng 3 ch s ging nhau gm 81.4 = 3
Bui 2, 3:
PHP CNG V PHP NHN

- PHP TR V PHP CHIA
A.MC TIU
- n tp li cc tnh cht ca php cng v php nhn, php tr v php chia.

- Rn luyn k nng vn dng cc tnh cht trn vo cc bi tp tnh nhm, tnh nhanh v
gii ton mt cch hp l.
- Vn dng vic tm s phn t ca mt tp hp -c hc tr-c vo mt s bi ton.
- H-ng dn HS cch s dng my tnh b ti.
- Gii thiu HS v ma ph-ng.
B. Kin thc
I. n tp l thuyt.
+ Php cng hai s t nhin bt k lun cho ta mt s t nhin duy nht gi l tng ca
chng.Tadng du + ch php cng:
Vit: a + b = c
( s hng ) + (s hng) = (tng )
+)Php nhn hai st nhin bt klun cho ta mt st nhin duy nhtgi l tch ca chng.
Tadng du . Thay cho du x tiuhc ch php nhn.
Vit: a . b = c
(tha s ) . (tha s ) = (tch )
* Ch : Trong mt tch nu hai tha s u bng s th bt buc phi vit du nhn . Cn
c mt tha s bng s v mt tha s bng ch hoc hai tha s bng ch th khng cn vit
du nhn . Cng -c .V d: 12.3 cn 4.x = 4x; a . b = ab.
+) Tch ca mt s vi 0 th bng 0, ng-c li nu mt tch bng 0 th mt trong cc tha s
ca tch phi bng 0.
* TQ: Nu a .b= 0tha = 0 hoc b = 0.
+) Tnh cht ca php cng v php nhn:
a)Tnh cht giaohon: a + b= b+ a a . b= b.a
Pht biu: + Khi i ch cc s hng trong mt tngthtng khng thay i.
+ Khi i ch cc tha strongtch th tch khng thay i.
b)Tnh cht kt hp: ( a + b) +c = a+ (b+ c) (a .b). c =a .( b.c )
Pht biu : + Mun cng mt tng hai s vi mt s th ba tac th cng s th nht vi tng
ca s thhai v s th ba.
+ Mun nhn mt tch hai s vi mt s th ba ta c th nhn s th nht vi tch ca s th
hai v s th ba.
c)Tnh cht cng vi 0 v tnh cht nhn vi 1: a + 0 = 0+ a= a a . 1= 1.a = a
Nm hc : 2011- 2012
Trng THCS Nam Chn
Gio n bui 2
d)Tnh cht phn phi ca php nhn vi php cng: a.(b+ c )= a.b+ a.c
Pht biu: Mun nhn mt s vi mt tng ta nhn s vi tng s hng ca tng ri cng
cc kt qu li
* Ch : Khi tnh nhanh, tnh bng cch hp l nht ta cn ch vn dng cc tnh cht
trnc th l:
- Nh tnh cht giao hon v kt hp nn trong mt tng hoc mt tch tac th thay i v tr
cc s hng hoc tha s ng thi s dng du ngoc nhm cc s thch hp vi nhau ri
thc hin phptnh tr-c.
- Nh tnh cht phn phi ta c th thc hin theo cch ng-c li gi l t tha s
chung a. b + a. c = a. (b + c)
Cu 1: Php cng v php nhn c nhng tnh cht c bn no?
Cu 2: Php tr v php chia c nhng tnh cht c bn no?
II. Bi tp
*.Dng 1: Cc bi ton tnh nhanh

Bi 1: Tnh tng sau y mt cch hp l nht.
a/ 67 + 135 + 33
b/ 277 + 113 + 323 + 87
S: a/ 235
b/ 800
Bi 2: Tnh nhanh cc php tnh sau:
a/ 8 x 17 x 125
b/ 4 x 37 x 25
S: a/ 17000
b/ 3700
Bi 3: Tnh nhanh mt cch hp l:
a/ 997 + 86
b/ 37. 38 + 62. 37
c/ 43. 11; 67. 101; 423. 1001
d/ 67. 99; 998. 34
H-ng dn
a/ 997 + (3 + 83) = (997 + 3) + 83 = 1000 + 80 = 1083
S dng tnh cht kt hp ca php cng.
Nhn xt: 997 + 86 = (997 + 3) + (86 -3) = 1000 + 83 = 1083. Ta c th thm vo s hng
ny ng thi bt i s hng kia vi cng mt s.
b/ 37. 38 + 62. 37 = 37.(38 + 62) = 37.100 = 3700.
S dng tnh cht phn phi ca php nhn i vi php cng.
c/ 43. 11 = 43.(10 + 1) = 43.10 + 43. 1 = 430 + 43 = 4373.
67. 101= 6767
423. 1001 = 423 423
d/ 67. 99 = 67.(100 1) = 67.100 67 = 6700 67 = 6633
998. 34 = 34. (100 2) = 34.100 34.2 = 3400 68 = 33 932
Bi 4: Tnh nhanh cc php tnh:
a/ 37581 9999
b/ 7345 1998
c/ 485321 99999
d/ 7593 1997
H-ng dn:
a/ 37581 9999 = (37581 + 1 ) (9999 + 1) = 37582 10000 = 89999 (cng cng
mt s vo s b tr v s tr
Nm hc : 2011- 2012
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Trng THCS Nam Chn
Gio n bui 2
b/ 7345 1998 = (7345 + 2) (1998 + 2) = 7347 2000 = 5347

c/ S: 385322
d/ S: 5596
*) Tnh nhanh tng hai s bng cch tch mt s hng thnh hai s hng ri p dng tnh
cht kt hp ca php cng:
VD: Tnh nhanh: 97 + 24 = 97 + ( 3 + 21) = ( 97 + 3) + 21 = 100 + 21 = 121.
Bi 5:Tnh nhanh:
a) 996 + 45 b) 37 + 198 c) 1998 + 234 d) 1994 +576
Bi 5: (VN )Tnh nhanh:
a) 294 + 47 b) 597 + 78 c) 3985 + 26 d) 1996 + 455
+) Tnh nhanh tch hai s bng cch tch mt tha s thnh hai tha s ri p dng tnh cht
kt hp ca php nhn:
VD: Tnh nhanh: 45. 6 = 45. ( 2. 3) = ( 45. 2). 3 = 90. 3 = 270.
Bi 6:Tnh nhanh:
a) 15. 18 b) 25. 24 c) 125. 72 d) 55. 14
Bi 7: (VN )Tnh nhanh:
a) 25. 36 b) 125. 88 c) 35. 18 d) 45. 12
+)Tnh nhanh tch hai s bng cch tch mt tha s thnh tng hai s ri p dng tnh cht
phn phi:
VD: Tnh nhanh: 45.6 = ( 40 + 5). 6 = 40. 6 + 5. 6 = 240 + 30 = 270.
Bi 8:Tnh nhanh:
a) 25. 12 b) 34. 11 c) 47. 101 d) 15.302
Bi 9: (VN)Tnh nhanh:
a) 125.18 b) 25.24 c) 34.201 d) 123. 1001
+) S dngtnh cht giao hon kt hp ca php cng tnh bng cch hp l:
VD:Thc hin php tnh bng cch hp l nht:
135 + 360 + 65 + 40 = (135 + 65) + ( 360 + 40) = 200 + 400 = 600.
Bi 10:Thc hin php tnh bng cch hp l nht:
a) 463 + 318 + 137 + 22
b) 189 + 424 +511 + 276 + 55
c) (321 +27) + 79
d) 185 +434 + 515 + 266 + 155
Bi 11: (VN)Thc hin php tnh bng cch hp l nht:
a) 168 + 79 + 132 b) 29 + 132 + 237 + 868 + 763
c) 652 + 327 + 148 + 15 + 73 d) 347 + 418 + 123 + 12
+. S dng tnh cht giao hon kt hp ca php nhn tnh bngcch hp lnht:
VD: Tnh bng cch hp ln ht:
5. 25. 2. 37. 4 = (5. 2). (25. 4). 37 = 10. 100. 37 = 37 000.
Bi 12:Tnh bng cch hp l nht:
a) 5. 125. 2. 41. 8
b) 25. 7. 10. 4
c) 8. 12. 125. 2
d) 4. 36. 25. 50
Bi 12: (VN)Tnh bng cch hp l nht:
a) 72. 125. 3
b) 25. 5. 4. 27. 2
c) 9. 4. 25. 8. 125
d) 32. 46. 125. 25
*. S dng tnh cht phn phi tnh nhanh:
Ch : Quy tc t tha s chung : a. b+ a.c = a. (b+ c) hoc a. b + a. c + a. d = a.(b + c + d)
VD: Tnh bng cch hp l nht:
a) 28. 64 + 28. 36 = 28.(64 + 36 ) = 28. 100 = 2800
b) 3. 25. 8 + 4. 37. 6 + 2. 38. 12 = 24. 25 + 24. 37 + 24. 38 = 24.(25 + 37 + 38 )
= 24. 100 = 2400
Bi 13:Tnh bng cch hp l nht:
Nm hc : 2011- 2012
Trng THCS Nam Chn
Gio n bui 2
a) 38. 63 + 37. 38 b) 12.53 + 53. 172 53. 84

b) c) 35.34 +35.38 + 65.75 + 65.45
c) 39.8 + 60.2 + 21.8
d) 36.28 + 36.82 + 64.69 + 64.41
Bi 14: (VN)Tnh bng cch hp l nht:
a) 32. 47 + 32. 53 b) 37.7 + 80.3 +43.7
b) c) 113.38 + 113.62 + 87.62 + 87.38
c) 123.456 + 456.321 256.444
d) 43.37 + 93.43 + 57.61 + 69.57
*.Dng 2: Cc bi ton c lin quan n dy s, tp hp
1:Dy s cch u:
VD: Tnh tng: S = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + ... + 49
* Nhn xt:+ s hng ul : 1v s hng cui l: 49.
+ Khong cch gia hai s hng l: 2
+Sc 25 s hng -c tnh bng cch: ( 49 1 ): 2 + 1 = 25
Tatnh tng S nh- sau:
S = 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + .. . + 49
S = 49 + 47 + 45 + 43 + .. . + 1
S + S = ( 1 + 49) + ( 3 + 47) + (5 + 45) + (7 + 43) + .. . + (49 + 1)
2S = 50+ 50 +50 + 50 +.. . +50 (c25 s hng )
2S = 50. 25
S = 50.25 : 2 = 625
*TQ: Cho Tng : S = a1 + a2 + a3 + .. . + an
Trong : s hng u l: a1 ;s hng cuil: an ; khong cch l: k
Ss hng -c tnh bng cch: s s hng = ( shng cui s hng u) :khong cch + 1
Ss hng m= ( an a1 ) : k + 1
Tng S -c tnh bng cch:Tng S = ( s hng cui+ s hng u ).Ss hng : 2
S = ( an + a1) . m : 2
Bi 1:Tnh tng sau:
a) A = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + .. . + 100
b) B = 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + .. . + 100
c) C = 4 + 7 + 10 + 13 + .. . + 301
d) D = 5 + 9 + 13 + 17 + .. .+ 201.
Bi 2: (VN)Tnh cc tng:
a) A = 5 + 8 + 11 + 14 + .. . + 302
b) B = 7 + 11 + 15 + 19 + .. .+ 203.
c) C = 6 + 11 + 16 + 21 + .. . + 301
d) D =8 + 15 + 22 + 29 + .. . + 351.
Bi 3: Cho tng S = 5 + 8 + 11 + 14 + .. .
a)Tm s hng th100 ca tng.
b) Tnh tng 100 s hng u tin.
Bi 4: (VN ) Cho tng S = 7 + 12 + 17 + 22 + .. .
a)Tm s hng t50 ca tng.
b) Tnh tng ca 50 s hng u tin.
Bi 5:Tnh tng ca tt c cc s tnhin x, bit xl s c hai ch s v 12 < x < 91
Bi 6: (VN) Tnh tng cacc st nhin a , bit a c ba ch s v 119 < a < 501.
Bi 7: Cho s A= 123456 .. .50515253.bng cch vit lin tip cc s t nhin t1 n 53.
a)Hi Ac bao nhiu ch s.
b) Ch s2 xut hin bao nhiu ln.?
c) Chs th 50l ch s no ?
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Gio n bui 2
d)Tmhtng cc chs ca A.
Bi 8 : (VN)Vit lin tipcc st nhin t 5n 90ta -c s B = 5678910888990.
a)Hi B cbao nhiu chs?
b) Ch s5 xut hin bao nhiu ln ?
c) Ch s th 100ca B l chs no ?
d)Tnh tng cc chs ca B.
Bi 9: Tnh 1 + 2 + 3 + .. . + 1998 + 1999
H-ng dn
- p dng theo cch tch tng ca Gauss
- Nhn xt: Tng trn c 1999 s hng
Do
S = 1 + 2 + 3 + .. . + 1998 + 1999 = (1 + 1999). 1999: 2 = 2000.1999: 2 = 1999000
Bi 10: Tnh tng ca:
a/ Tt c cc s t nhin c 3 ch s.
b/ Tt c cc s l c 3 ch s.
H-ng dn:
a/ S1 = 100 + 101 + .. . + 998 + 999
Tng trn c (999 100) + 1 = 900 s hng. Do
S1= (100+999).900: 2 = 494550
b/ S2 = 101+ 103+ .. . + 997+ 999
Tng trn c (999 101): 2 + 1 = 450 s hng. Do
S2 = (101 + 999). 450 : 2 = 247500
Bi 11: Tnh tng
a/ Tt c cc s: 2, 5, 8, 11, .. ., 296
b/ Tt c cc s: 7, 11, 15, 19, .. ., 283
S:
a/ 14751
b/ 10150
Cc gii t-ng t nh- trn. Cn xc nh s cc s hng trong dy s trn, l nhng dy
s cch u.
Bi 12: Cho dy s:
a/ 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 19.
b/ 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26, 29.
c/ 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, .. .
Hy tm cng thc biu din cc dy s trn.
S:
a/ ak = 3k + 1 vi k = 0, 1, 2, .. ., 6
b/ bk = 3k + 2 vi k = 0, 1, 2, .. ., 9
c/ ck = 4k + 1 vi k = 0, 1, 2, .. . hoc ck = 4k + 1 vi k N
Ghi ch: Cc s t nhin l l nhng s khng chia ht cho 2, cng thc biu din l
2k 1 , k N
Cc s t nhin chn l nhng s chia ht cho 2, cng thc biu din l 2k , k N6) Bi
13:Tnh nhanh :
a) 12 .25 +29 .25 +59 .25
b) 28 (231 +69 ) +72 (231 +69 )
a) 53 .11
;75 .11
d) 79 .101
gii :
a)12 .25 +29 .25+59 .25 =
b) 28.(231 +69) +72(321 +69) =

Nm hc : 2011- 2012
Trng THCS Nam Chn
(12 +29 +59 ).25 =

100 .25 =2500
Gio n bui 2
(231 +69)(28 +72) =300.100=30000
c)53 .11 =53 .(10 +1) =530 +53 =583 ;

75.11 =750 +75 =825
*Ch : Mun nhn 1 s c 2 ch s vi 11 ta cng 2 ch s ri ghi kt qu vo gia
2 ch s . Nu tng ln hn 9 th ghi hng n v vo gia ri cng 1 vo ch s
hng chc.
vd : 34 .11 =374 ;
69.11 =759
d ) 79.101 =79(100 +1) =7900 +79 =7979
*Ch : mun nhn mt s c 2 ch s vi 101 th kt qu chnh l 1 s c c bng
cch vit ch s 2 ln kht nhau
vd: 84 .101 =8484
; 63 .101 =6363
; 90.101 =9090
*Ch : mun nhn mt s c 3 ch s vi 1001 th kt qu chnh l 1 s c c bng
cch vit ch s 2 ln kht nhau
V d:123.1001 = 123123
Bui 4
Cc bi ton tm gi tr ch-a bit

Bi 1:Tm x N bit
a) (x 15) .15 = 0
x 15 = 0
x =15
Bi 2:Tm x N bit :
a ) (x 15 ) 75 = 0
x 15 =75
x =75 + 15 =90
Bi 3:Tm x N bit :
a) x 105 :21 =15
x-5 = 15
x = 20
b) 32 (x 10 ) = 32
x 10 = 1
x = 11
b)575- (6x +70) =445

6x+70 =575-445
6x =60
x =10
c) 315+(125-x)= 435
125-x =435-315
x =125-120
x =5
b)
(x- 105) :21 =15

x-105 =21.15
x-105 =315
x = 420
Nm hc : 2011- 2012
Trng THCS Nam Chn
Bi 4:Tm x N bit
a( x 5)(x 7) = 0
b/ 541 + (218 x) = 735
c/ 96 3(x + 1) = 42
d/ ( x 47) 115 = 0
e/ (x 36):18 = 12
Gio n bui 2
(S:x=5; x = 7)
(S: x = 24)
(S: x = 17)
(S: x = 162)
(S: x = 252)
*.Dng 4: Ma ph-ng
Cho bng s sau:
9 19 5
7 11 15
17 3 10
Cc s t trong hnh vung c tnh cht rt c bit. l tng cc s theo hng, ct hay
-ng cho u bng nhau. Mt bng ba dng ba ct c tnh cht nhvy gi l ma ph-ng
cp 3 (hnh vung k diu)
Bi 1: in vo cc cn li -c mt ma ph-ng cp 3 c tng cc s theo hng,
theo ct bng 42.
15 10
H-ng dn:
12
15 10 17
16 14 12
Bi 2: in cc s111, 18
2, 3,134, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 vo bng c 3 dng 3 ct -c mt ma
ph-ng cp 3?
1
4 9 2
4
2
3 5 7
7
5
3
8 1 6
8
6
9
H-ng dn: Ta v hnh 3 x 3 = 9 v t thm 4o ph vo gia cc cnh hnh vung v

ghi li ln l-t cc s vo cc nh- hnh bn tri. Sau chuyn mi s ph vo hnh
vung qua tm hnh vung nh- hnh bn phi.
Bi 3: Cho bng sau
8
9
2
4
3
6
Ta c mt ma ph-ng cp
cc trng cn li c ma
2
6
6
S: a = 16, b = 20, c = 4, d = 8, e = 25
3 i vi php
ph-ng?
10
100
d
nhn. Hy in tip vo
a
b
e
50
c
40
Nm hc : 2011- 2012
Trng THCS Nam Chn
Gio n bui 2
Bui 5:
LU THA VI S M T NHIN
A MC TIU
- n li cc kin thc c bn v lu tha vi s m t nhin nh-: Ly tha bc n ca s a,

nhn, chia hai lu tha cng c s, .. .
- Rn luyn tnh chnh xc khi vn dng cc quy tc nhn, chia hai lu tha cng c s
- Tnh bnh ph-ng, lp ph-ng ca mt s. Gii thiu v ghi s cho my tnh (h nh
phn).
- Bit th t thc hin cc php tnh, -c l-ng kt qu php tnh.
B. Kin thc
I. n tp l thuyt.
1. Ly tha bc n ca s a l tch ca n tha s bng nhau, mi tha s bng a
an a
.a...a ( n 0). a gi l c s, no gi l s m.
{
n tha s a
2. Nhn hai lu tha cng c s am .an amn

3. Chia hai lu tha cng c s am : an amn ( a 0, m n)
Quy -c a0 = 1 ( a 0)
n
4. Lu tha ca lu tha
am amn
5. Lu tha mt tch
a.b a m .bm
6. Mt s lu tha ca 10:
- Mt nghn: 1 000 = 103
- Mt vn:
10 000 = 104
- Mt triu:
1 000 000 = 106
- Mt t: 1 000 000 000 = 109
Tng qut: nu n l s t nhin khc 0 th: 10n = 100...00
14 2 43
m
n tha s 0
II. Bi tp
*.Dng 1: Cc bi ton v lu tha
Bi 1: Vit cc tch sau y d-i dng mt lu tha ca mt s:
a/ A = 82.324
b/ B = 273.94.243
S: a/ A = 82.324 = 26.220 = 226. hoc A = 413
b/ B = 273.94.243 = 322
Bi 2: Tm cc s m n sao cho lu tha 3n tho mn iu kin: 25 < 3n < 250
H-ng dn
Ta c: 32 = 9, 33 = 27 > 25, 34 = 41, 35 = 243 < 250 nh-ng 36 = 243. 3 = 729 > 250
Vy vi s m n = 3,4,5 ta c 25 < 3n < 250
Bi 3: So sch cc cp s sau:
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Gio n bui 2
a/ A = 27 v B = 243
b/ A = 2 300 v B = 3200
H-ng dn
a/ Ta c A = 275 = (33)5 = 315 v B = (35)3 = 315
Vy A = B
b/ A = 2 300 = 33.100 = 8100
v B = 3200 = 32.100 = 9100
V 8 < 9 nn 8100 < 9100 v A < B.
Ghi ch: Trong hai lu tha c cng c s, lu tha no c c s ln hn th ln hn.
*.Dng 2: Bnh ph-ng, lp ph-ng
Bi 1: Cho a l mt s t nhin th:
a2 gi l bnh ph-ng ca a hay a bnh ph-ng
a3 gi l lp ph-ng ca a hay a lp ph-ng
a/ Tm bnh ph-ng ca cc s: 11, 101, 1001, 10001, 10001, 1000001, .. ., 100...1
k s 0
b/ Tm lp ph-ng ca cc s: 11, 101, 1001, 10001, 10001, 1000001, .. ., 100...01

k s 0
H-ng dn
Tng qut 100...012
k s 0
= 100.. .0200.. .01

k s
k s 0
100...013 = 100.. .0300.. .0300.. .01

k s 0
k s 0
k s 0
k s 0
- Cho HS dng my tnh kim tra li.

Bi 2: Tnh v so snh
a/ A = (3 + 5)2 v B = 32 + 52
b/ C = (3 + 5)3 v D = 33 + 53
S: a/ A > B ; b/ C > D
L-u HS trnh sai lm khi vit (a + b)2 = a2 + b2 hoc (a + b)3 = a3 + b3
*.Dng 3: Ghi s cho my tnh - h nh phn(dng ny ch gii thiu cho hc sinh kh
)
- Nhc li v h ghi s thp phn
VD: 1998 = 1.103 + 9.102 +9.10 + 8
abcde a.104 b.103 c.102 d .10 e trong a, b, c, d, e l mt trong cc s 0, 1, 2, , 9 v
a khc 0.
- ghi cc s dng cho my in ton ng-i ta dng h ghi s nh phn. Trong h nh
phn s abcde(2) c gi tr nh- sau: abcde(2) a.24 b.23 c.22 d .2 e
Bi 1: Cc s -c ghi theo h nh phn d-i y bng s no trong h thp phn?
a/ A 1011101(2)
b/ B 101000101(2)
S: A = 93
B = 325
Bi 2: Vit cc s trong h thp phn d-i y d-i dng s ghi trong h nh phn:
a/ 20
b/ 50
c/ 1335
S: 20 = 10100(2)
50 = 110010(2) 1355 = 10100110111(2)
GV h-ng dn cho HS 2 cch ghi: theo l thuyt v theo thc hnh.
Bi 3: Tm tng cc s ghi theo h nh phn:
a/ 11111(2) + 1111(2)
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Gio n bui 2
b/ 10111(2) + 10011(2)
H-ng dn
a/ Ta dng bng cng cho cc s theo h nh phn
+
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
10
1
1
1
1
1
1
t php tnh nh- lm tnh cng cc s theo h thp phn

1
+
1
1
1
1
1(2)
1(2)
0(2)
b/ Lm t-ng t nh- cu a ta c kt qu 101010(2)

*.Dng 4: Th t thc hin cc php tnh - -c l-ng cc php tnh
- Yu cu HS nhc li th t thc hin cc php tnh hc.
- -c l-ng cc php tnh, ng-i ta th-ng -c l-ng cc thnh phn ca php tnh
Bi 1: Tnh gi tr ca biu thc:
A = 2002.20012001 2001.20022002
H-ng dn
A = 2002.(20010000 + 2001) 2001.(20020000 + 2002)
= 2002.(2001.104 + 2001) 2001.(2002.104 + 2001)
= 2002.2001.104 + 2002.2001 2001.2002.104 2001.2002
=0
Bi 2: Thc hin php tnh
a/ A = (456.11 + 912).37 : 13: 74
b/ B = [(315 + 372).3 + (372 + 315).7] : (26.13 + 74.14)
S: A = 228
B=5
Bi 3: Tnh gi tr ca biu thc
a/ 12:{390: [500 (125 + 35.7)]}
b/ 12000 (1500.2 + 1800.3 + 1800.2:3)
S: a/ 4
b/ 2400
*.Dng 5: Tm x
Bi 1: Tm x, bit:
a/ 2x = 16
b) x50 = x
(S: x = 4)
(S: x 0;1 )
S HC 6 NNG CAO s1
1. Vit cc tp hp sau bng cch lit k cc phn t ca n:
a) Tp hp A cc s t nhin c hai ch s trong ch s hng chc ln hn ch s
hng n v l 3.
b) Tp hp B cc s t nhin c ba ch s m tng cc ch s bng 5.
2. * Ghi s nh nht c: a) chn ch s
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Gio n bui 2
b) n ch s (n N*)
c) mi ch s khc nhau
** Ghi s ln nht c: a) chn ch s
b) n ch s (n N*)
c) mi ch s khc nhau
3. Ngi ta vit lin tip cc s t nhin thnh dy s sau:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 ...Hi:
a) Ch s hng n v ca s 52 ng hng th my?
b) Ch s ng hng th 873 l ch s g? Ch s ca s t nhin no?
4. in k hiu thch hp vo vung:
a) 2 {1; 2; 6}
e) {a}
b) 3 {1; 2; 6}
f) 0 {0}
c) {1} {1; 2; 6}
g) {3; 4} N
d) {2;1; 6} {1; 2; 6}
h) 0 N*
5. Trong t thi ua "Bng hoa im 10" mng ngy Nh gio Vit Nam - Lp 6/1 c 45 bn
t t 1 im 10 tr ln, 38 bn t t 2 im 10 tr ln, 15 bn t t 3
im 10 tr ln, 9 bn t 4 im 10, khng c ai t trn 4 im 10. Hi trong t thi ua
, lp 6/1 c tt c bao nhiu im 10?
6. Trong t d thi "Hi kho Ph ng", kt qu iu tra mt lp cho thy; c 25 hc
sinh thch bng , 22 hc sinh thch in kinh, 24 hc sinh thch cu lng, 14 hc sinh thch
bng v in kinh, 16 hc sinh thch bng v cu lng, 15 hc sinh thch cu lng v
in kinh, 9 hc sinh thch c 3 mn, cn li l 6 hc sinh thch c vua. Hi lp c bao
nhiu hc sinh?
7. Mun vit tt c cc s t nhin t 1 n 1000 phi dng bao nhiu ch s 5?
8. in cc ch s thch hp vo trng tng ba ch s lin nhau bng 23:
6
9. Tm s c hai ch s sao cho s ln hn 6 ln tng cc ch s ca n l 2 n v.

10. Tm s b chia v s chia nh nht thng ca php chia l 15 v s d l 36.
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Gio n bui 2
11. Em hy t cc du (+) v du (-) vo gia cc ch s ca s 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (c th

ghp chng li vi nhau) kt qu ca php tnh bng 200.
12. Tm s t nhin c hai ch s, bit rng tng cc ch s ca n l 11 v nu i ch hai
ch s cho nhau ta c s mi hn s c 63 n v.
13. Mt php chia c tng ca s b chia v s chia l 97. Bit rng thng l 4 v s d l 7.
Tm s b chia v s chia.
14. So snh: 21000 v 5400
15. Tm n N, bit:
a) 2n . 8 = 512
b) (2n + 1)3 = 729
16. Tnh gi tr ca biu thc:

a) 39 : 37 + 5 . 22
c)
b) 23 . 32 - 516 : 514
47. 34 . 96
613
d)
216 + 28
213 + 25
17. Tm x, y N, bit rng:
2x + 242 = 3y
18. Tm x N, bit:
a) 1440 : [41 - (2x - 5)] = 24 . 3
b) 5.[225 - (x - 10)] -125 = 0
19. Tnh gi tr ca cc biu thc sau:
a) [545 - (45 + 4.25)] : 50 - 2000 : 250 + 215 : 213
b) [504 - (25.8 + 70)] : 9 - 15 + 190
c) 5 . {26 - [3.(5 + 2.5) + 15] : 15}
d) [1104 - (25.8 + 40)] : 9 + 316 : 312
20. Tm x bit:
a) (x - 15) : 5 + 22 = 24
b) 42 - (2x + 32) + 12 : 2 = 6
c) 134 - 2{156 - 6.[54 - 2.(9 + 6)]}. x = 86
21. Xt xem:
a) 20022003 + 20032004 c chia ht cho 2 khng?
b) 34n - 6 c chia ht cho 5 khng? (n N*)
c) 20012002 - 1 c chia ht cho 10 khng?
22. Tm x, y s 30 xy chia ht cho c 2 v 3, v chia cho 5 d 2.
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Gio n bui 2
23. Vit s t nhin nh nht c nm ch s, tn cng bng 6 v chia ht cho 9.
bui 6, 7:
DU HIU CHIA HT
A.MC TIU
- HS -c cng c khc su cc kin thc v du hiu chia ht cho 2, 3, 5 v 9.
- Vn dng thnh tho cc du hiu chia ht nhanh chng nhn ra mt s, mt tng hay
mt hiu c chia ht cho 2, 3, 5, 9.
B.kin thc:
I. n tp l thuyt.
+)TNH CHT CHIA HT CA MT TNG.
Tnh cht 1:
a m , b m , c m (a + b + c) m
Ch : Tnh cht 1 cng ng vi mt hiu a m , b m , (a - b) m
Tnh cht 2:
a m , b m , c m (a + b + c) m
Ch : Tnh cht 2 cng ng vi mt hiu. a m , b m , (a - b) mCc tnh cht 1& 2
cng ng vi mt tng(hiu) nhiu s hng.
+)DU HIU CHIA HT CHO 2, CHO 5.
Du hiu chia ht cho 2: Cc s c ch s tn cng l ch s chn th chia ht cho 2 v

ch nhng s mi chia ht cho 2.
Du hiu chia ht cho 5: Cc s c ch s tn cng l 0 hoc 5 th chia ht cho 5 v ch
nhng s mi chia ht cho 5.
+)DU HIU CHIA HT CHO 3, CHO 9.
Du hiu chia ht cho 3: Cc s c tng cc ch s chia ht cho 3 th chia ht cho 3 v ch

nhng s mi chia ht cho 3.
Ch : S chia ht cho 9 th chia ht cho 3.
S chia ht cho 3 c th khng chia ht cho 9.
2- S dng tnh cht chia ht ca mt tng v mt hiu.
II. Bi tp
Bi 1: Xt xem cc hiu sau c chia ht cho 6 khng?
a/ 66 42
Ta c: 66 6 , 42 6 66 42 6.
b/ 60 15
Ta c: 60 6 , 15 6 60 15 6.
Bi 2: Xt xem tng no chia ht cho 8?
a/ 24 + 40 + 72
24 8 , 40 8 , 72 8 24 + 40 + 72 8.
b/ 80 + 25 + 48.
80 8 , 25 8 , 48 8 80 + 25 + 48 8.
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Gio n bui 2
c/ 32 + 47 + 33.
32 8 , 47 8 , 33 8 nh-ng
47 + 33 = 80 8 32 + 47 + 33 8.
*. Bi tp tm iu kin ca mt s hng tng (hiu ) chia ht cho mt s:
Bi 3: Cho A = 12 + 15 + 21 + x vi x N.
Tm iu kin ca x A 3, A 3.
Gii:
- Tr-ng hp A 3
V 12 3,15 3,213 nn A 3 th x 3.
- Tr-ng hp A 3.
V 12 3,15 3,213 nn A 3 th x 3.
Bi 4:Khi chia STN a cho 24 -c s d- l 10. Hi s a c chia ht cho 2 khng, c chia ht
cho 4 khng?
Gii:
S a c th -c biu din l: a = 24.k + 10.
Ta c: 24.k 2 , 10 2 a 2.
24. k 2 , 10 4 a 4.
*. Bi tpchn la m rng:
Bi 6: Chng t rng:
a/ Tng ba STN lin tip l mt s chia ht cho 3.
b/ Tng bn STN lin tip l mt s khng chia ht cho 4.
Gii:
a/ Tng ba STN lin tip l:
a + (a + 1) + (a + 2 ) = 3.a + 3 chia ht cho 3
b/ Tng bn STN lin tip l:
a + (a + 1) + (a + 2 ) + (a + 4)= 4.a + 6
khng chia ht cho 4.
Bui 7-8:
C V BI
S NGUYN T - HP S
A> MC TIU
- HS bit kim tra mt s c hay khng l -c hoc bi ca mt s cho tr-c, bit cch
tm -c v bi ca mt s cho tr-c .
- Bit nhn ra mt s l s nguyn t hay hp s.
- Bit vn dng hp l cc kin thc v chia ht hc nhn bit hp s.
B> kin thc
I. n tp l thuyt.
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Gio n bui 2
Cu 1: Th no l -c, l bi ca mt s?
Cu 2: Nu cch tm -c v bi ca mt s?
Cu 3: nh ngha s nguyn t, hp s?
Cu 4: Hy k 20 s nguyn t u tin?
II. Bi tp
Dng 1:
Bi 1: Tm cc -c ca 4, 6, 9, 13, 1
Bi 2: Tm cc bi ca 1, 7, 9, 13
Bi 3: Chng t rng:
a/ Gi tr ca biu thc A = 5 + 52 + 53 + .. . + 58 l bi ca 30.
b/ Gi tr ca biu thc B = 3 + 33 + 35 + 37 + .. .+ 329 l bi ca 273
H-ng dn
a/ A = 5 + 52 + 53 + .. . + 58 = (5 + 52) + (53 + 54) + (55 + 56) + (57 + 58)
= (5 + 52) + 52.(5 + 52) + 54(5 + 52) + 56(5 + 52)
= 30 + 30.52 + 30.54 + 30.56 = 30 (1+ 52 + 54 + 56) M 3
b/ Bin i ta -c B = 273.(1 + 36 + .. . + 324 )M 273
Bi 4: Bit s t nhin aaa ch c 3 -c khc 1. tm s .
H-ng dn
aaa = 111.a = 3.37.a ch c 3 -c s khc 1 l 3; 37; 3.37 khia a = 1.
Vy s phi tm l 111
(Nt a 2 th 3.37.a c nhiu hn 3 -c s khc 1).
Dng 2:
Bi 1: Tng (hiu) sau l s nguyn t hay hp s:
a/ 3150 + 2125
b/ 5163 + 2532
c/ 19. 21. 23 + 21. 25 .27
d/ 15. 19. 37 225
H-ng dn
a/ Tng ln hn 5 v chia ht cho 5, nn tng l hp s.
b/ Hiu ln hn 3 v chia ht cho 3, nn hiu l hp s.
c/ Tng ln hn 21 v chia ht cho 21 nn tng l hp s.
d/ Hiu ln hn 15 v chia ht cho 15 nn hiu l hp s.
Bi 2: Chng t rng cc s sau y l hp s:
a/ 297; 39743; 987624
b/ 1111 c 2001 ch s 1 hoc 2007 ch s 1
c/ 8765 397 639 763
H-ng dn
a/ Cc s trn u chia ht cho 11
Dng du hiu chia ht cho 11 nhn bit: Nu mt s t nhin c tng cc ch s ng
v tr hng chn bng tng cc ch s hng l ( s th t -c tnh t tri qua phi, s u
tin l s l) th s chia ht cho 11. Chng hn 561, 2574,
b/ Nu s c 2001 ch s 1 th tng cc ch s ca n bng 2001 chia ht cho 3. Vy
s chia ht cho 3. T-ng t nu s c 2007 ch s 1 th s cng chia ht cho 9.
c/ 8765 397 639 763 = 87654.100001 l hp s.
Bi 3: Chng minh rng cc tng sau y l hp s
a/ abcabc 7
b/ abcabc 22
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Gio n bui 2
c/ abcabc 39
H-ng dn
a/ abcabc 7 = a.105 + b.104 + c.103 + a. 102 + b.10 + c + 7
= 100100a + 10010b + 1001c + 7
= 1001(100a + 101b + c) + 7
V 1001 M7 1001(100a + 101b + c) M7 v 7M7
Do abcabc 7 M7, vy abcabc 7 l hp s
b/ abcabc 22 = 1001(100a + 101b + c) + 22
1001 M11 1001(100a + 101b + c) M11 v 22 M11
Suy ra abcabc 22 = 1001(100a + 101b + c) + 22 chia ht cho 11 v abcabc 22 >11 nn
abcabc 22 l hp s
c/ T-ng t abcabc 39 chia ht cho 13 v abcabc 39 >13 nn abcabc 39 l hp s
Bi 4: a/ Tm s t nhin k s 23.k l s nguyn t
b/ Ti sao 2 l s nguyn t chn duy nht?
H-ng dn
a/ Vi k = 0 th 23.k = 0 khng l s nguyn t
vi k = 1 th 23.k = 23 l s nguyn t.
Vi k>1 th 23.k M23 v 23.k > 23 nn 23.k l hp s.
b/ 2 l s nguyn t chn duy nht, v nu c mt s chn ln hn 2 th s chia ht cho
2, nn -c s ca n ngoi 1 v chnh n cn c -c l 2 nn s ny l hp s.
Bi 5: Tm mt s nguyn t, bit rng s lin sau ca n cng l mt s nguyn t
H-ng dn
Ta bit hai s t nhin lin tip bao gi cng c mt s chn v mt s l, mun c hai l
s nguyn t th phi c mt s nguyn t chn l s 2. Vy s nguyn t phi tm l 2.
Dng 3: Du hiu nhn bit mt s nguyn t
Ta c th dng du hiu sau nhn bit mt s no c l s nguyn t hay khng:
S t nhin a khng chia ht cho mi s nguyn t p m p2 < a th a l s nguyn t.
VD1: Ta bit 29 l s nguyn t.
Ta th nhn bit theo du hiu trn nh- sau:
- Tm cc s nguyn t p m p2 < 29: l cc s nguyn t 2, 3, 5 (72 = 49 19 nn ta
dng li s nguyn t 5).
- Th cc php chia 29 cho cc s nguyn t trn. R rng 29 khng chia ht cho s
nguyn t no trong cc s 2, 3, 5. Vy 29 l s nguyn t.
VD2: Hy xt xem cc s t nhin t 1991 n 2005 s no l s nguyn t?
H-ng dn
- Tr-c ht ta loi b cc s chn: 1992, 1994, .. ., 2004
- Loi b tip cc s chia ht cho 3: 1995, 2001
- Ta cn phi xt cc s 1991, 1993, 1997, 1999, 2003 nguyn t p m p2 < 2005 l 11,
13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43.
- S 1991 chia ht cho 11 nn ta loi.
- Cc s cn li 1993, 1997, 1999, 2003 u khng chia ht cho cc s nguyn t tn.
Vy t 1991 n 2005 ch c 4 s nguyn t l 1993, 1997, 1999, 2003
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Gio n bui 2
Bui 9-10:
PHN TCH MT S RA THA S NGUYN T

A> MC TIU
- HS bit phn tch mt s ra tha s nguyn t.

- Da vo vic phn tch ra tha s nguyn t, HS tm -c tp hp ca cc -c ca s cho
tr-c
- Gii thiu cho HS bit s hon chnh.
- Thng qua phn tch ra tha s nguyn t nhn bit mt s c bao nhiu -c, ng dng
gii mt vi bi ton thc t n gin.
B> kin thc
I. n tp l thuyt.
Cu 1: Th no l phn tch mt s ra tha s nguyn t?
Cu 2: Hy phn tch s 250 ra tha s nguyn t bng 2 cch.
II. Bi tp
Bi 1: Phn tch cc s 120, 900, 100000 ra tha s nguyn t
S: 120 = 23. 3. 5
900 = 22. 32. 52
100000 = 105 = 22.55
Bi 2. Mt s t nhin gi l s hon chnh nu tng tt c cc -c ca n gp hai ln s
. Hy nu ra mt vi s hon chnh.
VD 6 l s hon chnh v (6) = {1; 2; 3; 6} v 1 + 2 + 3 + 6 = 12
T-ng t 48, 496 l s hon chnh.
Bi 3: Hc sinh lp 6A -c nhn phn th-ng ca nh tr-ng v mi em -c nhn
phn th-ng nh- nhau. C hiu tr-ng chia ht 129 quyn v v 215 bt ch mu. Hi s
hc sinh lp 6A l bao nhiu?
H-ng dn
Nu gi x l s HS ca lp 6A th ta c:
129 Mx v 215 Mx
Hay ni cch khc x l -c ca 129 v -c ca 215
Ta c 129 = 3. 43; 215 = 5. 43
(129) = {1; 3; 43; 129}
(215) = {1; 5; 43; 215}
Vy x {1; 43}. Nh-ng x khng th bng 1. Vy x = 43.
*.MT S C BAO NHIU -C?
VD: - Ta c (20) = {1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20}. S 20 c tt c 6 -c.

- Phn tch s 20 ra tha s nguyn t, ta -c 20 = 22. 5
So snh tch ca (2 + 1). (1 + 1) vi 6. T rt ra nhn xt g?
Bi 1: a/ S t nhin khi phn tch ra tha s nguyn t c dng 22 . 33. Hi s c bao
nhiu -c?
b/ A = p1k. p2l. p3m c bao nhiu -c?
H-ng dn
a/ S c (2+1).(3+1) = 3. 4 = 12 (-c).
b/ A = p1k. p2l. p3m c (k + 1).(l + 1).(m + 1) -c
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Gio n bui 2
Ghi nh: Ng-i ta chng minh -c rng: S cc -c ca mt s t nhin a bng mt

tch m cc tha s l cc s m ca cc tha s nguyn t ca a cng thm 1
a = pkqm.. .rn
S phn t ca (a) = (k+1)(m+1).. .(n+1)
Bi 2: Hy tm s phn t ca (252):
S: 18 phn t.
C CHUNG V BI CHUNG
C CHUNG LN NHT - BI CUNG NH NHT
A> MC TIU
- Rn k nng tm -c chung v bi chung: Tm giao ca hai tp hp.

- Bit tm CLN, BCNN ca hai hay nhiu s bng cch phn tch cc s ra tha s
nguyn t.
- Bit vn dng C, CLN, BC, BCNN vo cc bi ton thc t n gin.
B> NI DUNG
I. n tp l thuyt.
Cu 1: c chung ca hai hay nhiu s l gi? x C(a; b) khi no?
Cu 2: Bi chung nh nht ca hai hay nhiu s l gi?
Cu 3: Nu cc b-c tm UCLL
Cu 4: Nu cc b-c tm BCNN
II. Bi tp
Dng 1:
Bi 1: Vit cc tp hp
a/ (6), (12), (42) v C(6, 12, 42)
b/ B(6), B(12), B(42) v BC(6, 12, 42)
S:
a/ (6) = 1; 2;3;6
(12) = 1; 2;3; 4;6;12
(42) = 1;2;3;6;7;14;21;42
C(6, 12, 42) = 1; 2;3;6
b/ B(6) = 0;6;12;18;24;...;84;90;...;168;...
B(12) = 0;12;24;36;...;84;90;...;168;...
B(42) = 0;42;84;126;168;...
BC = 84;168; 252;...
Bi 2: Tm CLL ca
a/ 12, 80 v 56
b/ 144, 120 v 135
c/ 150 v 50
d/ 1800 v 90
H-ng dn
a/ 12 = 22.3
80 = 24. 5 56 = 33.7
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Gio n bui 2
2
Vy CLN(12, 80, 56) = 2 = 4.

b/ 144 = 24. 32 120 = 23. 3. 5
135 = 33. 5
Vy CLN (144, 120, 135) = 3.
c/ CLN(150,50) = 50 v 150 chia ht cho 50.
d/ CLN(1800,90) = 90 v 1800 chia ht cho 90.
Bi 3: Tm
a/ BCNN (24, 10)
b/ BCNN( 8, 12, 15)
H-ng dn
a/ 24 = 23. 3
;
10 = 2. 5
3
BCNN (24, 10) = 2 . 3. 5 = 120
b/ 8 = 23 ;
12 = 22. 3 ;
15 = 3.5
BCNN( 8, 12, 15) = 23. 3. 5 = 120
Dng 2: Dng thut ton clit tm CLL (khng cn phn tch chng ra tha s
nguyn t)
1/ GV gii thiu clit: clit l nh ton hc thi c Hy Lp, tc gi nhiu cng trnh khoa
hc. ng sng vo th k th III tr-c CN. Cun sch gio kha hnh hc ca ng t hn 2000
n-am v tr-c bao gm phn ln nhng ni dung mn hnh hc ph thng ca th gii ngy
nay.
2/ Gii thiu thut ton clit:
tm CLN(a, b) ta thc hin nh- sau:
- Chia a cho b c s d- l r
+ Nu r = 0 th CLN(a, b) = b. Vic tm CLN dng li.
+ Nu r > 0, ta chia tip b cho r, -c s d- r1
- Nu r1 = 0 th r1 = CLN(a, b). Dng li vic tm CLN
- Nu r1 > 0 th ta thc hin php chia r cho r1 v lp li qu trnh nh- trn. CLN(a, b) l
s d- khc 0 nh nht trong dy php chia ni trn.
VD: Hy tm CLN (1575, 343)
Ta c: 1575 = 343. 4 + 203
343 = 203. 1 + 140
203 = 140. 1 + 63
140 = 63. 2 + 14
63 = 14.4 + 7
14 = 7.2 + 0 (chia ht)
Vy: Hy tm CLN (1575, 343) = 7
Trong thc hnh ng-i ta t php chia nh- sau:
203
140 63
63 14 2
7 4
14
0 2
1575 343
343 203 4
140 1
1
Suy ra CLN (1575, 343) = 7

Bi tp1: Tm CLN(702, 306) bng cch phn tch ra tha s nguyn t v bng thut
ton clit.
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Gio n bui 2
S: 18
Bi tp 2: Dng thut ton clit tm
a/ CLN(318, 214)
b/ CLN(6756, 2463)
S: a/ 2 b/ 1 (ngha l 6756 v 2463 l hai s nguyn t cng nhau).
Dng 2: Tm -c chung thng qua -c chung ln nht
Dng
Dng 3: Cc bi ton thc t
Bi 1: Mt lp hc c 24 HS nam v 18 HS n. C bao nhiu cch chia t sao cho s nam
v s n -c chia u vo cc t?
H-ng dn
S t l -c chung ca 24 v 18
Tp hp cc -c ca 18 l A = 1; 2;3;6;9;18
Tp hp cc -c ca 24 l B = 1;2;3;4;6;8;12;24
Tp hp cc -c chung ca 18 v 24 l C = A B = 1; 2;3;6
Vy c 3 cch chia t l 2 t hoc 3 t hoc 6 t.
Bi 2: Mt n v b i khi xp hng, mi hng c 20 ng-i, hoc 25 ng-i, hoc 30
ng-i u tha 15 ng-i. Nu xp mi hng 41 ng-i th va (khng c hng no thiu,
khng c ai ngoi hng). Hi n v c bao nhiu ng-i, bit rng s ng-i ca n v ch-a
n 1000?
H-ng dn
Gi s ng-i ca n v b i l x (x N)
x : 20 d- 15 x 15 M20
x : 25 d- 15 x 15 M25
x : 30 d- 15 x 15 M30
Suy ra x 15 l BC(20, 25, 35)
Ta c 20 = 22. 5; 25 = 52 ; 30 = 2. 3. 5; BCNN(20, 25, 30) = 22. 52. 3 = 300
BC(20, 25, 35) = 300k (k N)
x 15 = 300k x = 300k + 15 m x < 1000 nn
300k + 15 < 1000 300k < 985 k < 3
17
(k N)
60
Suy ra k = 1; 2; 3
Ch c k = 2 th x = 300k + 15 = 615 M41
Vy n v b i c 615 ng-i
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Gio n bui 2
TP HP Z CC S NGUYN
A> MC TIU
- Cng c khi nim Z, N, th t trong Z.

- Rn luyn v bi tp so snh hai s nguyn, cch tm gi tr tuyt i, cc bi ton tm x.
B> NI DUNG
I. Cu hi n tp l thuyt
Cu 1: Ly VD thc t trong c s nguyn m, gii thch ngha ca s nguyn m
.
Cu 2: Tp hp Z cc s nguyn bao gm nhng s no?
Cu 3: Cho bit trn trc s hai s i nhau c c im g?
Cu 4: Ni tp hp Z bao gm hai b phn l s t nhin v s nguyn m ng khng?
Cu 5: Nhc li cch so snh hai s nguyn a v b trn trc s?
II. Bi tp
Bi 1: Cho tp hp M = { 0; -10; -8; 4; 2}
a/ Vit tp hp N gm cc phn t l s i ca cc phn t thuc tp M.
b/ Vit tp hp P gm cc phn t ca M v N
H-ng dn
a/ N = {0; 10; 8; -4; -2}
b/ P = {0; -10; -8; -4; -2; 10; 8; 4; 2}
Bi 2: Trong cc cu sau cu no ng? cu no sai?
a/ Mi s t nhin u l s nguyn.
b/ Mi s nguyn u l s t nhin.
c/ C nhng s nguyn ng thi l s t nhin.
d/ C nhng s nguyn khng l s t nhin.
e/ S i ca 0 l 0, s i ca a l ( a).
g/ Khi biu din cc s (-5) v (-3) trn trc s th im (-3) bn tri im (-5).
h/ C nhng s khng l s t nhin cng khng l s nguyn.
S: Cc cu sai: b/ g/
Bi 3: Trong cc cu sau cu no ng? cu no sai?
a/ Bt k s nguyn d-ng no xng ln hn s nguyn n.
b/ Bt k s t nhin no cng ln hn s nguyn m.
c/ Bt k s nguyn d-ng no cng ln hn s t nhin.
d/ Bt k s t nhin no cng ln hn s nguyn d-ng.
e/ Bt k s nguyn m no cng nh hn 0.
S: Cc cu sai: d/
Bi 4: a/ Sp xp cc s nguyn sau theo th t tng dn
2, 0, -1, -5, -17, 8
b/ Sp xp cc s nguyn sau theo th t gim dn
-103, -2004, 15, 9, -5, 2004
H-ng dn
a/ -17. -5, -1, 0, 2, 8
b/ 2004, 15, 9, -5, -103, -2004
Bi 5: Trong cc cch vit sau, cch vit no ng?
a/ -3 < 0
b/ 5 > -5
c/ -12 > -11
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Gio n bui 2
d/ |9| = 9
e/ |-2004| < 2004
f/ |-16| < |-15|
S: Cc cu sai: c/ e/ f/
Bi 6: Tm x bit:
a/ |x- 5| = 3
b/ |1 -x| = 7
c/ |2x + 5| = 1
H-ng dn
a/ |x -5| = 3 nn x -5 = 3
+) x-5=3 x=8
+) x - 5 = -3 x = 2
b/ |1 - x| = 7 nn 1 -x = 7
+) 1 -x = 7 x = -6
+) 1 - x = -7 x = 8
c/ x = -2, x = 3
Bi 7: So snh
a/ |-2|300 v |-4|150
b/ |-2|300 v |-3|200
H-ng dn
a/ Ta c |-2|300 = 2300
| -4 |150 = 4150 = 2300 Vy |-2|300 = |-4|150
b/ |-2|300 = 2300 = (23)100 = 8100
-3|200 = 3200 = (32)100 = 9100
V 8 < 9 nn 8100 < 9100 suy ra |-2|300 < |-3|200
CNG, TR HAI S NGUYN

A> MC TIU
- N tp HS v php cng hai s nguyn cng du, khc du v tnh cht ca php cng
cc s nguyn
- HS rn luyn k nng tr hai s nguyn: bin tr thnh cng, thc hin php cng.
- Rn luyn k nng tnh ton hp l, bit cch chuyn v, quy tc b du ngoc.
B> NI DUNG
I. Cu hi n tp l thuyt:
Cu 1: Mun cng hai s nguyn d-ng ta thc hin th no? Mun cng hai s nguyn
m ta thc hin th no? Cho VD?
Cu 2: Nu kt qu tng ca hai s i nhau? Cho VD?
Cu 3: Mun cng hai s nguyn khc du khng i nhau ta lm th no?
Cu 4: Pht biu quy tc php tr s nguyn. Vit cng thc.
II. Bi tp
Dng 1:
Bi 1: Trong cc cu sau cu no ng, cu no sai? Hy ch-a cu sai thnh cu ng.
a/ Tng hai s nguyn d-ng l mt s nguyn d-ng.
b/ Tng hai s nguyn m l mt s nguyn m.
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Gio n bui 2
c/ Tng ca mt s nguyn m v mt s nguyn d-ng l mt s nguyn d-ng.

d/ Tng ca mt s nguyn d-ng v mt s nguyn m l mt s nguyn m.
e/ Tng ca hai s i nhau bng 0.
H-ng dn
a/ b/ e/ ng
c/ sai, VD (-5) + 2 = -3 l s m.
Sa cu c/ nh- sau:
Tng ca mt s nguyn m v mt s nguyn d-ng l mt s nguyn d-ng khi v ch
khi gi tr tuyt i ca s d-ng ln hn gi tr tuyt i ca s m.
d/ sai, sa li nh- sau:
Tng ca mt s d-ng v mt s m l mt s m khi v ch khi gi tr tuyt i ca s
m ln hn gi tr tuyt i ca s d-ng.
Bi 2: in s thch hp vo trng
(-15) + = -15;
(-25) + 5 =
(-37) + = 15;
+ 25 = 0
H-ng dn
(-15) + 0 = -15;
(-25) + 5 = 20
(-37) + 52 = 15;
25 + 25 = 0
Bi 3: Tnh nhanh:
a/ 234 - 117 + (-100) + (-234)
b/ -927 + 1421 + 930 + (-1421)
S: a/ 17
b/ 3
Bi 4: Tnh:
a/ 11 - 12 + 13 14 + 15 16 + 17 18 + 19 20
b/ 101 102 (-103) 104 (-105) 106 (-107) 108 (-109) 110
H-ng dn
a/ 11 - 12 + 13 14 + 15 16 + 17 18 + 19 20
= [11 + (-12)] + [13 + (-14)] + [15 + (-16)] + [17 + (-18)] + [19 + (-20)]
= (-1) + (-1) + (-1) + (-1) + (-1) = -5
b/ 101 102 (-103) 104 (-105) 106 (-107) 108 (-109) 110
= 101 102 + 103 104 + 105 106 + 107 108 + 109 110
= (-1) + (-1) + (-1) + (-1) + (-1) = -5
Bi 5: Thc hin php tr
a/ (a -1) - (a -3)
b/ (2 + b) - (b + 1)
Vi a, b Z
H-ng dn
a/ (a - 1) - (a -3) = (a - 1) + (3 - a) = [a + (-a)] + [(-1) + 3] = 2
b/ Thc hin t-ng t ta -c kt qu bng 1.
Bi 6: a/ Tnh tng cc s nguyn m ln nht c 1 ch s, c 2 ch s v c 3 ch s.
b/ Tnh tng cc s nguyn m nh nht c 1 ch s, c 2 ch s v c 3 ch s.
c/ Tnh tng cc s nguyn m c hai ch s.
H-ng dn
a/ (-1) + (-10) + (-100) = -111
b/ (-9) + (-99) = (-999) = -1107
Bi 7: Tnh tng:
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Gio n bui 2
a/ (-125) +100 + 80 + 125 + 20

b/ 27 + 55 + (-17) + (-55)
c/ (-92) +(-251) + (-8) +251
d/ (-31) + (-95) + 131 + (-5)
Bi 8: Tnh cc tng i s sau:
a/ S1 = 2 -4 + 6 - 8 + . .. + 1998 - 2000
b/ S2 = 2 - 4 -6 + 8 + 10- 12 - 14 + 16 + .. .+ 1994 - 1996 -1998 + 2000
H-ng dn
a/ S1 = 2 + (-4 + 6) + ( 8 + 10) + .. . + (-1996 + 1998) - 2000
= (2 + 2 + .. . + 2) - 2000 = -1000
Cch 2:
S1 = ( 2 + 4 + 6 + .. . + 1998) - (4 + 8 + .. . + 2000)
= (1998 + 2).50 : 2 - (2000 + 4).500 : 2 = -1000
b/ S2 = (2 - 4 - 6 + 8) + (10- 12 - 14 + 16) + .. . + (1994 - 1996 - 1998 + 2000)
= 0 + 0 + .. . + 0 = 0
Dng 2: BT p dng quy tc b du ngoc, chuyn v
Bi 1: Rt gn biu thc
a/ x + (-30) [95 + (-40) + (-30)]
b/ a + (273 120) (270 120)
c/ b (294 +130) + (94 + 130)
H-ng dn
a/ x + (-30) 95 (-40) 5 (-30)
= x + (-30) 95 + 40 5 + 30
= x + (-30) + (-30) + (- 100) + 70 = x + (- 60).
b/ a + 273 + (- 120) 270 (-120)
= a + 273 + (-270) + (-120) + 120 = a + 3
c/ b 294 130 + 94 +130
= b 200 = b + (-200)
Bi 2: 1/ n gin biu thc sau khi b ngoc:
a/ -a (b a c)
b/ - (a c) (a b + c)
c/ b ( b+a c)
d/ - (a b + c) (a + b + c)
H-ng dn
1. a/ - a b + a + c = c b
b/ - a + c a + b c = b 2a.
c/ b b a + c = c a
d/ -a + b c a b c = - 2a -2c.
Bi 3: So snh P vi Q bit:
P = a {(a 3) [( a + 3) (- a 2)]}.
Q = [ a + (a + 3)] [( a + 2) (a 2)].
H-ng dn
P = a {(a 3) [(a + 3) (- a 2)]
= a {a 3 [a + 3 + a + 2]} = a {a 3 a 3 a 2}
= a {- a 8} = a + a + 8 = 2a + 8.
Q = [a+ (a + 3)] [a + 2 (a 2)]
= [a + a + 3] [a + 2 a + 2] = 2a + 3 4 = 2a 1
Xt hiu P Q = (2a + 8) (2a 1) = 2a + 8 2a + 1 = 9 > 0
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Gio n bui 2
Vy P > Q
Bi 4: Chng minh rng a (b c) = (a b) + c = (a + c) b
H-ng dn
p dng quy tc b du ngoc
Bi 5: Chng minh:
a/ (a b) + (c d) = (a + c) (b + d)
b/ (a b) (c d) = (a + d) (b +c)
p dung tnh
1. (325 47) + (175 -53)
2. (756 217) (183 -44)
H-ng dn:
p dng quy tc b du ngoc.
Dng 3: Tm x
Bi 1: Tm x bit:
a/ -x + 8 = -17
b/ 35 x = 37
c/ -19 x = -20
d/ x 45 = -17
H-ng dn
a/ x = 25
b/ x = -2
c/ x = 1
d/ x = 28
Bi 2: Tm x bit
a/ |x + 3| = 15
b/ |x 7| + 13 = 25
c/ |x 3| - 16 = -4
d/ 26 - |x + 9| = -13
H-ng dn
a/ |x + 3| = 15 nn x + 3 = 15
+) x + 3 = 15 x = 12
+) x + 3 = - 15 x = -18
b/ |x 7| + 13 = 25 nn x 7 = 12
+) x = 19
+) x = -5
c/ |x 3| - 16 = -4
|x 3| = -4 + 16
|x 3| = 12
x 3 = 12
+) x - 3 = 12 x = 15
+) x - 3 = -12 x = -9
d/ T-ng t ta tm -c x = 30 ; x = -48
Bi 3. Cho a,b Z. Tm x Z sao cho:
a/ x a = 2
b/ x + b = 4
c/ a x = 21
d/ 14 x = b + 9.
H-ng dn
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Gio n bui 2
a/ x = 2 + a
b/ x = 4 b
c/ x = a 21
d/ x = 14 (b + 9)
x = 14 b 9
x = 5 b.
KIM TRA 45 P
I. Trc nghim (5 )
Cu 1: in ch (ng), ch S (sai) vo vung vnh cc cch vit sau:
a/ 5 N
b/ -5 N
c/ 0 N
d/ -3 Z
Cu 2: Hy in s thch hp vo ch thiu (.. .) -c cc cu ng
a/ S i ca 1 l s:.. .
b/ S i ca 3 l s.. .
c/ S i ca -25 l s.. .
d/ S i ca 0 l s.. .
Cu 3: in du (>, <, =) thch hp vo vung
a/ 5 -3
b/ -5 -3
c/ |-2004| |2003|
d/ |-10| |0|
Cu 4: Sp xp cc s nguyn sau theo th t tng dn:
a/ 12; -12; 34; -45; -2
b/ 102; -111; 7; -50; 0
c/ -21; -23; 77; -77; 23
d/ -2003; 19; 5; -45; 2004
Cu 5: in s thch hp vo trng hon thnh bng sao
x
a/
b/
c/
d/
y
27
-33
123
-321
x+y
|x + y|
-28
89
-22
222
Cu 6: Vit tip 3 s ca mi dy s sau:

a/ 3, 2, 1, .. ., .. ., .. .
b/ .. ., .., .. .., -19, -16, -13
c/ -2, 0, 2, .. ., .. ., .. .
d/ .. ., .. ., .. ., 1, 5, 9
Cu 7: Ni ct A v B -c kt qu ng
Ct A
(-12)-(-15)
-28
27 -30
Ct B
-3
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43-54
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Gio n bui 2
Cu 8: Gi tr ca biu thc A = 23. 3 + 23.7 52 l:

a/ 25
b/ 35
c/ 45
d/ 55
II. Bi tp t lun: (5 )
Bi 1: Tnh (1 )
a/ (187 -23) (20 180)
b/ (-50 +19 +143) (-79 + 25 + 48)
Bi 2: Tnh tng: (1, 5)
a/ S1 = 1 + (-2) + 3 + (-4) + .. . + 2001 + ( -2002)
b/ S2 = 1 + (-3) + 5 + (-7) + .. . + (-1999) + 2001
c/ S 3 = 1 + (-2) + (-3) + 4 + 5 + (-6) + (-7) + 8 + .. . + 1997 + (-1008) + (-1999) + 2000
Bi 3: B du ngoc ri thu gn biu thc: (1 )
a/ A = (a + b) (a b) + (a c) (a + c)
b/ B = (a + b c) + (a b + c) (b + c a) (a b c)
Bi 4: 1/ Tm x bit: (1, 5 )
a/ 5 (10 x) = 7
b/ - 32 - (x 5) = 0
c/ - 12 + (x 9) = 0
d/ 11 + (15 x) = 1
HNG DN CHM
I. Trc nghim: 5 im
- Mi ng trong cu 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8 t 0.15 im.
- Cc cu 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8 mi cu ng 4 t 0,6 .Cu 5 ng tt c 8 t 0,8
Cu 1: in ch (ng), ch S (sai) vo vung vnh cc cch vit sau:
a/ 5 N
b/ -5 N
S
c/ 0 N
S
d/ -3 Z
Cu 2: Hy in s thch hp vo ch thiu (.. .) -c cc cu ng

a/ S i ca 1 l s:1
b/ S i ca 3 l s -3
c/ S i ca -25 l s -25
d/ S i ca 0 l s 0
Cu 3: in du (>, <, =) thch hp vo vung
a/ 5 -3
b/ -5 -3
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Gio n bui 2
c/ |-2004| |2003|
d/ |-10| |0|
Cu 4: Sp xp cc s nguyn sau theo th t tng dn:
a/ -45; -12; -2; 12; 34
b/ -111; -50; 0; 7; 102
c/ -77; -23; -21; 23; 77
d/ -2003; -45; 5; 19; 2004
Cu 5: in s thch hp vo trng hon thnh bng sao
x
a/
b/
c/
d/
y
27
-33
123
-321
-28
89
-22
222
x+y
-1
56
121
99
|x + y|
1
56
121
99
Cu 6: Vit tip 3 s ca mi dy s sau:

a/ 3, 2, 1, 0, -1, -2
b/ -28, -25, -22, -19, -16, -13
c/ -2, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8
d/ -11, -7, -3, 1, 5, 9
Cu 7: Ni ct A v B -c kt qu ng
Ct A
(-12)-(-15)
-28
27 -30
4 + (-15)
Ct B
-3
11 + (-39)
43-54
3
Cu 8: Gi tr ca biu thc A = 23. 3 + 23.7 52 l:

a/ 25
b/ 35
c/ 45
d/ 55
II. Bi tp t lun ( 5 )
Bi 1:
(1 )
a/ 324
b/ 118
Mi cu ng 0, 5 .
Bi 2: (1, 5 )
a/ S1 = [1 + (-2)] + [3 + (-4)] + .. . + [2001 + ( -2002)] = (-1) + (-1) + .. .+ (-1) = -1001
b/ S2 = [1 + (-3)] + [5 + (-7]) + .. . + [1997 + (-1999)] + 2001 = (-1000) + 2001 =1001
- Mi cu ng 0.75 .
- Nt nhm cc s hng ng: 0.25 , nu tnh -c tng mi cp ng 0.25 , kt qu
ng 0.25 .
Bi 3: (1 )
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Gio n bui 2
H-ng dn
a/ A = a + b a + b + a c a c = 2b -2c
b/ B = a + b c + a b + c b c + a a + b + c
= a + a + a a + b b b + b c + c c +c = 2a
- B du ngoc ng 0.5 .
- Rt gn ng 0.5
Bi 4: (1, 5 )
1. a/ 5 (10 x) = 7 5 10 + x = 7
- 5 + x = 7 x = 7 + 5 = 12.
Th li 5 (10 12) = 5 10 + 12 = 7
Vy x = 12 ng l nghim.
b/ - 32 (x -5) = 0 - 32 x + 5 = 0 - 27 x = 0 x = - 27
c/ x = 21
d/ x = 25
- Mi cu ng 0.75 .
- Mi cu chuyn v ng 0.5 .
- Kt qu 0.25 .
PHN S - PHN S BNG NHAU

A> MC TIU
- Hc n tp khi nim phn s, nh ngha hai phn s bnh nhau.
- Luyn tp vit phn s theo iu kin cho tr-c, tm hai phn s bng nhau
- Rn luyn k nng tnh ton.
B> NI DUNG
Bi 1: nh ngha hai phn s bng nhau. Cho VD?

Bi 2: Dng hai trong ba s sau 2, 3, 5 vit thnh phn s (t s v mu s khc nhau)
H-ng dn
C cc phn s:
2 2 3 35 5
; ; ;
;
3 5 5 22 3
Bi 3: 1/ S nguyn a phi c iu kin g ta c phn s?

32
a 1
a
b/
5a 30
a/
2/ S nguyn a phi c iu kin g cc phn s sau l s nguyn:

a 1
3
a2
b/
5
a/
3/ Tm s nguyn x cc phn s sau l s nguyn:

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Gio n bui 2
13
x 1
x3
b/
x2
a/
H-ng dn
1/ a/ a 0
b/ a 6
a 1
Z khi v ch khi a + 1 = 3k (k Z). Vy a = 3k 1 (k Z)
3
a2
b/
Z khi v ch khi a - 2 = 5k (k Z). Vy a = 5k +2 (k Z)
5
13
3/
Z khi v ch khi x 1 l -c ca 13.
x 1
2/ a/
Cc -c ca 13 l 1; -1; 13; -13

Suy ra:
x-1
x
b/
-1
0
1
2
-13
-12
13
14
x3
x25 x2
5
5
=
1
Z khi v ch khi x 2 l -c ca 5.
x2
x2
x2 x2
x2
x-2
x
-1
1
1
3
-5
-3
5
7
Bi 4: Tm x bit:
a/
b/
c/
d/
e/
f/
x 2
5 5
3 6
8 x
1 x
9 27
4 8
x 6
3
4
x 5 x 2
x 8
2 x
H-ng dn
a/
b/
c/
d/
e/
x 2
5.2
2
x
5
5 5
3 6
8.6
x
16
8 x
3
1 x
27.1
x
3
9 27
9
4 8
6.4
x
3
x 6
8
3
4
x 5 x 2
Nm hc : 2011- 2012
32
Trng THCS Nam Chn
Gio n bui 2
( x 2).3 ( x 5).(4)
3x 6 4 x 20
x2
x 8
f/
2 x
x.x 8.(2)
x 2 16
x 4
Bi 5: a/ Chng minh rng

2/ Tm x v y bit
a c
a ac
th
b d
b bd
x y
v x + y = 16
5 3
H-ng dn
a c
ad bc ad ab bc ab a(b d ) b(a c)
b d
a ac
Suy ra:
b bd
x y x y 16
b/ Ta c:
2
5 3
8
8
a/ Ta c
Suy ra x = 10, y = 6
Bi 6: Cho
a c
2a 3c 2a 3c
, chng minh rng
b d
2b 3d 2a 3d
H-ng dn
p dng kt qu chng minh trn ta c
a c 2a 3c 2a 3c

b d 2b 3d 2b 3d
TNH CHT C BN CA PHN S - RT GN PHN S

.
A> MC TIU
- HS -c n tp v tnh cht c bn ca phn s

- Luyn tp k nng vn dng kin thc c bn ca phn s thc hin cc bi tp rt
gn, chng minh. Bit tm phn s ti gin.
- Rn luyn k nng tnh ton hp l.
B> NI DUNG
Cu 1: Hy nu tnh cht c bn ca phn s.
Cu 2: Nu cch rt gn phn s. p dng rt gn phn s
135
140
Cu 3: Th no l phn s ti gin? Cho VD 2 phn s ti gin, 2 phn s ch-a ti gin.

II. Bi tp
Bi 1: 1/ Chng t rng cc phn s sau y bng nhau:
a/
25 2525
252525
;
v
53 5353
535353
Nm hc : 2011- 2012
33
Trng THCS Nam Chn
b/
Gio n bui 2
37 3737
373737
;
v
41 4141
414141
2/ Tm phn s bng phn s
11
v bit rng hiu ca mu v t ca n bng 6.
13
H-ng dn
1/ a/ Ta c:
25.101 25
2525
=
53.101 53
5353
252525
25.10101 25
=
535353
53.10101 53
b/ T-ng t
x
x
11
(x -6), theo bi th
=
x6
x 6 13
33
T suy ra x = 33, phn s cn tm l
39
2/ Gi phn s cn tm c dng
Bi 2: in s thch hp vo vung
a/
b/
H-ng dn
a/
1 2 3 4
...
2 4 6 8
b/
5
10
15 20

7
28
14
21
Bi 3. Gii thch v sao cc phn s sau bng nhau:

22 26
;
55
65
114 5757
b/
122 6161
a/
H-ng dn
22 21:11 2
;
55
55 :11
5
26
13
2
65 65 :13 5
a/
b/ HS gii t-ng t
Bi 4. Rt gn cc phn s sau:
125 198 3 103
;
;
;
1000 126 243 3090
H-ng dn
125 1 198 11 3
1 103
1
;
;
;
1000 8 126 7 243 81 3090 30
Rt gn cc phn s sau:
a/
23.34 24.52.112.7
;
22.32.5 23.53.7 2.11
Nm hc : 2011- 2012
34
Trng THCS Nam Chn
Gio n bui 2
121.75.130.169
39.60.11.198
1998.1990 3978
c/
1992.1991 3984
b/
H-ng dn
23.34
232.342 18
22.32.5
5
5
a/ 4 2 2
2 .5 .11 .7 22
23.53.7 2.11 35
121.75.130.169 112 .52 .3.13.5.2.132 11.52 .132
b/
39.60.11.198
3.13.22 .3.5.11.2.32
22 .33
1998.1990 3978 (1991 2).1990 3978
1992.1991 3984 (190 2).1991 3984

c/
1990.1991 3980 3978 1990.1991 2
1
1990.1991 3982 3984 1990.1991 2
Bi 5. Rt gn
310.(5) 21
a/
(5) 20 .312
115.137
115.138
210.310 210.39
c/
29.310
511.712 511.711
d/ 12 12
5 .7 9.511.7 11
b/
H-ng dn
a/
310.(5) 21 5
(5) 20 .312
9
c/
210.310 210.39 4
29.310
3
Bi 6. Tng ca t v mu ca phn s bng 4812. Sau khi rt gn phn s ta -c

phn s
5
. Hy tm phn s ch-a rt gn.
7
H-ng dn
Tng s phn bng nhau l 12
Tng ca t v mu bng 4812
Do : t s bng 4811:12.5 = 2005
Mu s bng 4812:12.7 = 2807.
Vy phn s cn tm l
2005
2807
Bi 7. Mu s ca mt phn s ln hn t s 14 n v. Sau khi rt gn phn s ta -c

993
. Hy tm phn s ban u.
1000
Hiu s phn ca mu v t l 1000 993 = 7

Do t s l (14:7).993 = 1986
Mu s l (14:7).1000 = 2000
Nm hc : 2011- 2012
35
Trng THCS Nam Chn
Vy phn s ban u l
Gio n bui 2
1986
2000
Bi 8: a/ Vi a l s nguyn no th phn s
b/ Vi b l s nguyn no th phn s
c/ Chng t rng
a
l ti gin.
74
b
l ti gin.
225
3n
(n N ) l phn s ti gin
3n 1
H-ng dn
a
a
l phn s ti gin khi a l s nguyn khc 2 v 37
74 37.2
b
b
b/
2 2 l phn s ti gin khi b l s nguyn khc 3 v 5
225 3 .5
a/ Ta c
c/ Ta c CLN(3n + 1; 3n) = CLN(3n + 1 3n; 3n) = CLN(1; 3n) = 1

Vy
3n
(n N ) l phn s ti gin (v t v mu l hai s nguyn t cng nhau)
3n 1
QUY NG MU PHN S - SO SNH PHN S

A> MC TIU
- n tp v cc b-c quy ng mu hai hay nhiu phn s.

- n tp v so snh hai phn s
- Rn luyn HS thc lm vic theo quy trnh, thc hin ng, y cc b-c quy ng,
rn k nng tnh ton, rt gn v so snh phn s.
B> NI DUNG
Cu 1: Pht biu quy tc quy ng mu hai hay nhiu phn s c mu s d-ng?
17
19
v
20
20
11
21
3
Cu 3: Nu cch so snh hai phn s khng cng mu. AD so snh:
v
;
v
29 14
29
Cu 2: Nu cch so snh hai phn s cng mu. AD so snh hai phn s
15
28
Cu 4: Th no l phn s m, phn s d-ng? Cho VD.

II. Bi ton
Bi 1: a/ Quy ng mu cc phn s sau:
1 1 1 1
; ; ;
2 3 38 12
b/ Rt gn ri quy ng mu cc phn s sau:

9 98 15
; ;
30 80 1000
H-ng dn
a/ 38 = 2.19; 12 = 22.3
BCNN(2, 3, 38, 12) = 22. 3. 19 = 228
Nm hc : 2011- 2012
36
Trng THCS Nam Chn
Gio n bui 2
1 114 1 76 1
6 1 19
;
;
;
2 228 3 228 38 228 12 288
9
3 98 49 15
3
b/
; ;
30 10 80 40 1000 200
BCNN(10, 40, 200) = 23. 52 = 200

9
3
6 98 94 245 15
30

;
30 10 200 80 40 200 100 200
Bi 2: Cc phn s sau c bng nhau hay khng?

3
39
v
;
5
65
9
41
b/
v
27
123
3
4
c/
v
4
5
2
5
d/
v
3
7
a/
H-ng dn
- C th so snh theo nh ngha hai phn s bng nhau hoc quy ng cng mu ri so
snh
- Kt qu:
3
39
=
;
5
65
9
41
b/
=
27
123
3
4
c/
>
4
5
2
5
d/
>
3
7
a/
Bi 3: Rt gn ri quy ng mu cc phn s:
25.9 25.17
48.12 48.15
v
8.80 8.10
3.270 3.30
5
5
2 .7 2
34.5 36
b/ 5 2 5 v 4
2 .5 2 .3
3 .13 34
a/
H-ng dn
125
25.9 25.17
=
;
200
8.80 8.10
25.7 25
28
b/ 5 2 5
;
2 .5 2 .3 77
32
48.12 48.15
=
200
3.270 3.30
4
6
3 .5 3
22
4
4
3 .13 3
77
Bi 4: Tm tt c cc phn s c t s l 15 ln hn
5
3
v nh hn
8
7
H-ng dn
15
(a 0 ), theo bi ta c
a
15 15 15
3 15 5

. Quy ng t s ta -c
35 a 24
7 a 8
15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15
Vy ta -c cc phn s cn tm l
; ;
; ; ;
; ;
;
;
34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25
Gi phn s phi tm l
Nm hc : 2011- 2012
37
Trng THCS Nam Chn
Gio n bui 2
Bi 5: Tm tt c cc phn s c mu s l 12 ln hn
2
1
v nh hn
3
4
H-ng dn
Cch thc hin t-ng t
Ta -c cc phn s cn tm l
7 6 5 4
;
; ;
12 12 12 12
Bi 6: Sp xp cc phn s sau theo th t

5 7 7 16 3 2
; ; ; ; ;
6 8 24 17 4 3
5 7 16 20 214 205
b/ Gim dn: ; ;
; ;
;
8 10 19 23 315 107
a/ Tmg dn:
H-ng dn
5 3 7 2 7 16
; ; ; ; ;
6 4 24 3 8 17
205 20 7 214 5 16
b/
; ; ;
; ;
107 23 10 315 8 19
a/ S:
Bi 7: Quy ng mu cc phn s sau:

17
,
20
25
b/ ,
75
a/
41
13
v
60
15
17
121
v
34
132
H-ng dn
a/ Nhn xt rng 60 l bi ca cc mu cn li, ta ly mu chung l 60.
Ta -c kt qu
17
51
=
20
60
52
13
=
60
15
41 41
=
60 60
b/ - Nhn xt cc phn s ch-a rt gn, ta cn rt gn tr-c

ta c
25
1
= ,
75
3
17
1
121 11
= v
=
34
2
132 12
4 6 11
Kt qu quy ng l: ; ;
12 12 12
a
a
Bi 8: Cho phn s l phn s ti gin. Hi phn s
c phi l phn s ti gin
ab
b
khng?
H-ng dn
Gi s a, b l cc s t nhin v CLN(a, b) = 1 (v
a
ti gin)
b
nu d l -c chung t nhin a ca a + b th
(a + b) Md v a Md
Suy ra: [(a + b) a ] = b Md, tc l d cng bng 1.
kt lun: Nu phn s
a
a
l phn s ti gin th phn s
cng l phn s ti gin.
ab
b
Nm hc : 2011- 2012
38
Trng THCS Nam Chn
Gio n bui 2
CNG, TR PHN S
A> MC TIU
- n tp v php cng, tr hai phn s cng mu, khng cng mu.

- Rn luyn k nng cng, tr phn s. Bit p dng cc tnh cht ca php cng, tr phn
s vo vic gii bi tp.
- p dng vo vic gii cc bi tp thc t
B> NI DUNG
Cu 1: Nu quy tc cng hai phn s cng mu. AD tnh
6 8
7 7
Cu 2: Mun cng hai phn s khng cng mu ta thc hin th no?

Cu 3 Php cng hai phn s c nhng tnh cht c bn no?
Cu 4: Th no l hai s i nhau? Cho VD hai s i nhau.
Cu 5: Mun thc hin php tr phn s ta thc hin th no?
II. Bi tp
Bi 1: Cng cc phn s sau:
65 33
91 55
36 100
b/
84 450
650 588
c/
1430 686
2004
8
d/
2010 670
a/
H-ng dn
S: a/
4
13
31
66
b/
c/
d/
35
63
77
77
Bi 2: Tm x bit:
7 1
25 5
5 4
b/ x
11 9
5 x 1
c/
9 1 3
a/ x
H-ng dn
1
2
8
b/ x
c/ x
99
25
9
2004
10 1
102005 1
Bi 3: Cho A 2005
v B 2006
10 1
10 1
S: a/ x
So snh A v B
H-ng dn
10 A 10.
102004 1 102005 10
9
2005
1 2005
2005
10 1 10 1
10 1
Nm hc : 2011- 2012
39
Trng THCS Nam Chn
10 B 10.
Gio n bui 2
102005 1 102006 10
9
2006
1 2006
2006
10 1 10 1
10 1
Hai phn s c t s bng nhau, 102005 +1 < 102006 +1 nn 10A > 10 B

T suy ra A > B
Bi 4: C 9 qu cam chia cho 12 ng-i. Lm cch no m khng phi ct bt k qu no
thnh 12 phn bng nhau?
H-ng dn
- Lu 6 qu cam ct mi qu thnh 2 phn bng nhau, mi ng-i -c # qu. Cn li 3
qu ct lm 4 phn bng nhau, mi ng-i -c # qu. Nh- vy 9 qu cam chia u cho 12
ng-i, mi ng-i -c
1 1 3
(qu).
2 4 4
Ch 9 qu cam chia u cho 12 ng-i th mi ng-i -c 9/12 = # qu nn ta c cch

chia nh- trn.
Bi 5: Tnh nhanh gi tr cc biu thc sau:
-7
1
(1 )
21
3
2
5 6
B=
( )
15 9 9
-1 3
3
B= ( )
5 12
4
A=
H-ng dn
-7 1
) 1 0 1 1
21 3
2 6 5 24 25 1
B = ( )
15 9
9 45 45 15
3 3 1 1 1 5 2 7
C= ( )

12 4
5
2 5 10 10 10
A=(
Bi 6: Tnh theo cch hp l:
4 16 6 3 2 10 3

20 42 15 5 21 21 20
42 250 2121 125125
b/
46 186 2323 143143
a/
H-ng dn
4 16 6 3 2 10 3

20 42 15 5 21 21 10
1 8 2 3 2 10 3

5 21 5 5 21 21 20
1 2 3
8 2 10
3
3
( )(
)
5 5 5
21 21 21
20 20
42 250 2121 125125
b/ 46 186 2323 143143

21 125 21 125
21 21
125 125
(
)(
) 0 0 0
23 143 23 143
23 23
143 143
a/
Bi 8: Tnh:
a/
7 1 3

3 2 70
Nm hc : 2011- 2012
40
Trng THCS Nam Chn
Gio n bui 2
5
3
3
12 16 4
34
S: a/
35
65
b/
48
b/
Bi 9: Tm x, bit:
3
x 1
4
1
b/ x 4
5
1
c/ x 2
5
5 1
d/ x
3 81
134
1
19
11
S: a/ x b/ x c/ x d/ x
81
4
5
5
a/
Bi 10: Tnh tng cc phn s sau:

1
1
1
1
K
1.2 2.3 3.4
2003.2004
1
1
1
1
b/
K
1.3 3.5 5.7
2003.2005
a/
H-ng dn
a/ GV h-ng dn chng minh cng thc sau:
1
1
1
n n 1 n(n 1)
HD: Quy ng mu VT, rt gn -c VP.

T cng thc trn ta thy, cn phn tch bi ton nh- sau:
1
1
1
1
K
1.2 2.3 3.4
2003.2004
1 1
1 1
1 1
1
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ... (
)
1 2
2 3
3 4
2003 2004
1
2003
1
2004 2004
1
1
1
1
b/ t B =
K
1.3 3.5 5.7
2003.2005
2
2
2
2
K
1.3 3.5 5.7
2003.2005
1
1 1
1 1
1
1
Ta c 2B = (1 ) ( ) ( ) ... (
)
3
3 5
5 7
2003 2005
1
2004
1
2005 2005
1002
Suy ra B =
2005
Nm hc : 2011- 2012
41
Trng THCS Nam Chn
Gio n bui 2
Bi 11: Hai can ng 13 lt n-c. Nu bt can th nht 2 lt v thm vo can th hai

lt, th can th nht nhiu hn can th hai
9
2
1
lt. Hi lc u mi can ng -c bao nhiu lt
2
n-c?
H-ng dn
- Dng s on thng d dng thy cch lm.
-Ta c:
S n-c can th nht nhiu hn can th hai l:
1 1
4 2 7(l )
2 2
S n-c can th hai l (13-7):2 = 3 (l )

S n-c can th nht l 3 +7 = 10 (l )
========================================================
PHP NHN V PHP CHIA PHN S

A> MC TIU
- HS bit thc hin php nhn v php chia phn s.

- Nm -c tnh cht ca php nhn v php chia phn s. p dng vo vic gii bi tp c
th.
- n tp v s nghch o, rt gn phn s
- Rn k nng lm ton nhn, chia phn s.
B> NI DUNG
Cu 1: Nu quy tc thc hin php nhn phn s? Cho VD
Cu 2: Php nhn phn s c nhng tnh cht c bn no?
Cu 3: Hai s nh- th no gi l hai s nghch o ca nhau? Cho VD.
Cu 4. Mun chia hai phn s ta thc hin nh- th no?
II. Bi ton
Bi 1: Thc hin php nhn sau:
3 14
7 5
35 81
b/
9 7
28 68
c/
17 14
35 23
d/
46 205
a/
H-ng dn
S: a/
6
5
b/ 45
c/ 8
d/
1
6
Nm hc : 2011- 2012
42
Trng THCS Nam Chn
Gio n bui 2
Bi 2: Tm x, bit:
10
7 3
=
3
15 5
3
27 11
b/ x
22 121 9
8 46
1
c/ x
23 24
3
49 5
d/ 1 x
65 7
a/ x -
H-ng dn
10
7 3
=
3
15 5
7
3
x
25 10
14 15
x
50 50
29
x
50
3
27 11
b/ x
22 121 9
3 3
x
11 22
3
x
22
8 46
1
c/ x
23 24
3
8 46 1
x .
23 24 3
2 1
x
3 3
1
x
3
49 5
d/ 1 x
65 7
49 5
x 1 .
65 7
7
x 1
13
6
x
13
a/ x -
Bi 3: Lp 6A c 42 HS -c chia lm 3 loi: Gii, kh, Tb. Bit rng s HSG bng 1/6
s HS kh, s HS Tb bng 1/5 tng s HS gii v kh. Tm s HS ca mi loi.
H-ng dn
Gi s HS gii l x th s HS kh l 6x,
1
5
s hc sinh trung bnh l (x + 6x).

x 6x
5
Nm hc : 2011- 2012
43
Trng THCS Nam Chn
Gio n bui 2
M lp c 42 hc sinh nn ta c: x 6 x
7x
42
5
T suy ra x = 5 (HS)
Vy s HS gii l 5 hc sinh.
S hc sinh kh l 5.6 = 30 (hc sinh)
S hc sinh trung bnh l (5 + 30):5 = 7 (HS)
Bi 4: Tnh gi tr ca cc biu thc sau bng cach tnh nhanh nht:
21 11 5
. .
25 9 7
5 17 5 9
b/ . .
23 26 23 26
3 1 29
c/
29 5 3
a/
H-ng dn
21 11 5
21 5 11 11
. . ( . ).
25 9 7
25 7 9 15
5 17 5 9
5 17 9
5
b/ . . ( )
23 26 23 26 23 26 26 23
a/
3 1 29 29 3 29
29 16
c/ . 1
29 15 3
3 29
45
45
45
Bi 5: Tm cc tch sau:
16 5 54 56
. . .
15 14 24 21
7 5 15 4
b/ . . .
3 2 21 5
a/
H-ng dn
16 5 54 56 16
. . .
15 14 24 21
7
7 5 15 4 10
b/ . . .
3 2 21 5 3
a/
Bi 6: Tnh nhm
7
5
3 7 1 7
b. . .
4 9 4 9
1 5 5 1 5 3
c/ . . .
7 9 9 7 9 7
3 9
d/ 4.11. .
4 121
a/ 5.
Bi 7: Chng t rng:
1 1 1
1
... 2
2 3 4
63
1 1 1
1
t H = ...
2 3 4
63
Vy
Nm hc : 2011- 2012
44
Trng THCS Nam Chn
Gio n bui 2
1 1 1
1
H 1 1 ...
2 3 4
63
1
1 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1
1
1 1
1
1 1
1
1
(1 ) ( ) ( ) ( ... ) ( .. ) ( ... )
2
3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11
16
17 18
32
33 34
64 64
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
H 1 .2 .2 .4 .8 .16 .32
2
4
8
16
32
64
64
1 1 1 1 1 1
H 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 64
3
H 1 3
64
Do H > 2
Bi 9: Tm A bit:
A
7
7
7
2 3 ...
10 10 10
H-ng dn
Ta c (A -
7
7
).10 = A. Vy 10A 7 = A suy ra 9A = 7 hay A =
10
9
Bi 10: Lc 6 gi 50 pht bn Vit i xe p t A n B vi vn tc 15 km/h. Lc 7 gi

10 pht bn Nam i xe p t B n A vi vn tc 12 km/h/ Hai bn gp nhau C lc 7 gi
30 pht. Tnh qung -ng AB.
H-ng dn
Thi gian Vit i l:
7 gi 30 pht 6 gi 50 pht = 40 pht =
2
gi
3
Qung -ng Vit i l:

2
15 =10 (km)
3
Thi gian Nam i l:

7 gi 30 pht 7 gi 10 pht = 20 pht =
1
gi
3
1
3
Qung -ng Nam i l 12. 4 (km)

Bi 11: . Tnh gi tr ca biu thc:
A
5 x 5 y 5 z
bit x + y = -z
21
21
21
H-ng dn
A
5 x 5 y 5 z 5
5
( x y z)
( z z ) 0
21
21
21 21
21
Bi 12: Tnh g tr cc biu thc A, B, C ri tm s nghch o ca chng.

2002
2003
179 59 3
b/ B =

30 30 5
46 1
c/ C = 11
5 11
a/ A = 1
H-ng dn
Nm hc : 2011- 2012
45
Trng THCS Nam Chn
Gio n bui 2
2002
1
nn s nghch o ca A l 2003
2003 2003
5
179 59 3 23
b/ B =
nn s nghc o cu B l

23
30 30 5 5
501
46 1
501
c/ C = 11
nn s nghch o ca C l
5
5
5 11
a/ A = 1
Bi 13: Thc hin php tnh chia sau:

12 16
: ;
5 15
9 6
b/ :
8 5
7 14
c/ :
5 25
3 6
d/ :
14 7
a/
Bi 14: Tm x bit:
62
29 3
.x
:
7
9 56
1
1 1
b/ : x
5
5 7
1
c/ 2 : x 2
2a 1
a/
H-ng dn
62
29 3
5684
.x
: x
7
9 56
837
1
1 1
7
b/ : x x
5
5 7
2
1
1
c/ 2 : x 2 x
2a 1
2(2a 2 1)
a/
Bi 15: ng h ch 6 gi. Hi sau bao lu kim pht v kim gi li gp nhau?

H-ng dn
Lc 6 gi hai kim gi v pht cch nhau 1/ 2 vng trn.
Vn tc ca kim pht l:
1
(vng/h)
12
1
11
=
(vng/h)
12
12
1 11
6
Vy thi gian hai kim gp nhau l: : =
(gi)
2 12
11
Hiu vn tc gia kim pht v kim gi l: 1-
Bi 16: Mt can xui dng t A n B mt 2 gi v ng-c dng t B v A mt 2 gi 30

pht. Hi mt m bo tri t A n B mt bao lu?
H-ng dn
Vn tc xui dng ca can l:
AB
(km/h)
2
Nm hc : 2011- 2012
46
Trng THCS Nam Chn
Gio n bui 2
Vn tc ng-c dng ca can l:

AB
AB
AB
(km/h)
2,5
5 AB 4 AB
AB
Vn tc dng n-c l:
:2=
(km/h)
: 2 =
10
20
2 2,5
Vn tc bo tri bng vn tc dng n-c, nn thi gian bo tri t A n B l:
AB:
AB
20
= AB :
= 20 (gi)
20
AB
==========================================================
SO SNH PHN S
:
so snh 2 phn s , ty theo mt s tr-ng hp c th ca c im cc phn s , ta
c th s dng nhiu cch tnh nhanh v hp l .Tnh cht bc cu ca th t th-ng -c s
a
b
c
d
c
d
dng ( &
m a m
th ), trong pht hin ra mt s trung gian lm cu ni l rt
n
b n
quan trng.Sau y ti xin gii thiu mt s ph-ng php so snh phn s

PHN I: CC PHNG PHP SO SNH .
I/CCH 1:
Quy ng mu d-ng ri so snh cc t :t no ln hn th phn s ln hn
11 17
?
&
12
18
11 33 17 17 34
33 34
11 17
Ta vit :
; V
&
12
36 18 18
36
36
36
12 18
Ch :Phi vit phn s d-i mu d-ng .
II/CCH 2:
Quy ng t d-ng ri so snh cc mu c cng du + hay cng du - :
mu no nh hn th phn s ln hn .
V d : So snh
2
2
3 3
v 5 4;
v 7 5
5 4
7 5
2 5
V d 2: So snh & ?
5 7
2 10 5 10
10 10
2 5
Ta c : & ; V
5 25 7 24
25 24
5 7
3 6
&
V d 3: So snh
?
4
7
3 3
6 6 6
6
6
3 6
Ta c :
; V
&
4 4 8 7 7
8 7
4
7
Ch : Khi quy ng t cc phn s th phi vit cc t d-ng .
III/CCH 3:
(Tch cho vi cc mu b v d u l d-ng )
a c
a c
+Nu a.d>b.c th
+ Nu a.d<b.c th ; + Nu a.d=b.c th
b d
b d
a c
5b 7d
V d 1: v5.8 7.6
6 8
4 4
V d 2: v 4.8 4.5
5
8
V d 1 :
Nm hc : 2011- 2012
47
Trng THCS Nam Chn
Gio n bui 2
3
4
3 3 4 4
; V tch cho 3.5 > -4.4 nn
& ? Ta vit
&
4 5
4 4 5 5
V d 3: So snh
3
4
4 5
Ch : Phi vit cc mu ca cc phn s l cc mu d-ng

v chng hn
IV/CCH 4:
3 4
do 3.5 < -4.(-4) l sai
4 5
Dng s hoc phn s lm trung gian .
1) Dng s 1 lm trung gian:

a
c
a c
1&1
b
d
b d
a
c
a c
b) Nu M 1; N 1 m M > N th
b
d
b d
a) Nu
M,N l phn tha so vi 1 ca 2 phn s cho .

Phn s no c phn tha ln hn th phn s ln hn.
c) Nu
a
c
a c
M 1; N 1 m M > N th
b
d
b d
M,N l phn thiu hay phn b n n v ca 2 phn s .

Phn s no c phn b ln hn th phn s nh hn.
Bi tp p dng :
19 2005
&
?
18 2004
19 1
2005
1
1
1
19 2005
Ta c : 1&
1 ; V

18 18
2004 2004
18 2004 18 2004
72 98
Bi tp 2: So snh & ?
73 99
72 1
98 1
1
1
72 98
Ta c : 1& 1 ;
V
73 73
99 99
73 99
73 99
7 19
7
19
7 19
Bi tp 3 : So snh & ? Ta c 1
9 17
9
17
9 17
Bi tp 1: So snh
2) Dng 1 phn s lm trung gian:(Phn s ny c t l t ca phn s th nht , c

mu l mu ca phn s th hai)
18
18 15
.
& ta xt phn s trung gian
37
31 37
18 18 18 15 18 15
V &
31 37 37 37
31 37
V d : so snh
*Nhn xt : Trong hai phn s , phn s no va c t ln hn , va c mu

nh hn th phn s ln hn (iu kin cc t v mu u d-ng ).
*Tnh bc cu :
a c c m a m
& th
b d d n
b n
Bi tp p dng :
72 58
& ?
73 99
72
72 72 72 58
72 58
&
-Xt phn s trung gian l , ta thy

99
73 99 99 99
73 99
Bi tp 1: So snh
Nm hc : 2011- 2012
48
Trng THCS Nam Chn
Gio n bui 2
58
72 58 58 58
72 58
, ta thy
&
73
73 73 73 99
73 99
n
n 1
Bi tp 2: So snh
&
;(n N * )
n3 n2
n
Dng phn s trung gian l
n2
n
n
n
n 1
n
n 1
Ta c :
&
;(n N * )
n3 n2 n2 n2
n3 n2
-Hoc xt s trung gian l
Bi tp 3: (T gii) So snh cc phn s sau:

12 13
& ?
49 47
64 73
b)
& ?
85 81
19 17
c)
& ?
31 35
67 73
d)
& ?
77 83
456 123
&
?
461 128
2003.2004 1 2004.2005 1
f)
&
?
2003.2004
2004.2005
149 449
g)
&
?
157 457
1999.2000
2000.2001
h)
&
?
1999.2000 1 2000.2001 1
a)
e)
(H-ng dn : T cu a c :Xt phn s trung gian.

T cu d h :Xt phn b n n v )
3) Dng phn s xp x lm phn s trung gian.
V d : So snh
12 19
& ?
47 77
1
4
Ta thy c hai phn s cho u xp x vi phn s trung gian l .

Ta c :
12 12 1 19 19 1
12 19
&

47 48 4 77 76 4
47 77
Bi tp p dng :
Dng phn s xp x lm phn s trung gian so snh :
11 16
58 36 12 19
18 26
& ; b) & ; c ) & ; d ) &
32 49
89 53 37 54
53 78
13 34
25
74
58 36
e) &
;f)
&
; h) & .
79 204
103 295
63 55
V/ CCH 5:
Dng tnh cht sau vi m 0 :
a
a am
a
a am
* 1
* 1
.
b
b bm
b
b bm
a
a am
a c ac
* 1
*
.
b
b bm
b d bd
a)
1011 1
1010 1
Bi tp 1: So snh A 12 & B 11 ?
10 1
10 1
11
1011 1 (1011 1) 11 1011 10 1010 1
10 1
Ta c : A 12 1 (v t < mu) A 12 12
B
10 1
10 1 (10 1) 11 1012 10 1011 1
Vy A < B .
Bi tp 2: So snh M
2004 2005
2004 2005
&N
?
2005 2006
2005 2006
Nm hc : 2011- 2012
49
Trng THCS Nam Chn
Gio n bui 2
2004
2004
Ta c : 2005 2005 2006 Cng theo v ta c kt qu M > N.

2005
2005
2006 2005 2006

37 3737
Bi tp 3:So snh &
?
39 3939
a c ac
37 3700 3700 37 3737
Gii:
(p dng
.)
b d bd
39 3900 3900 39 3939
VI/CCH 6:
i phn s ln hn n v ra hn s so snh :
+Hn s no c phn nguyn ln hn th hn s ln hn.
+Nu phn nguyn bng nhau th xt so snh cc phn s km theo.

134 55 77 116
theo th t tng dn.
; ; ;
43 21 19 37
5 13 1
5
Gii: i ra hn s : 3 ; 2 ; 4 ;3
43 21 19 37
13
5
5
1
55 134 116 77
Ta thy: 2 3 3 4 nn
.
21
43
37
19
21 43 37 19
108 2
108
Bi tp 2: So snh A 8 & B 8 ?
10 1
10 3
3
3
3
3
Gii: A 1 8 & B 1 8 m 8 8 A B
10 1
10 3
10 1 10 3
47 17 27 37
Bi tp 3: Sp xp cc phn s
theo th t tng dn.
; ;
;
223 98 148 183
223 98 148 183
Gii: Xt cc phn s nghch o:
, i ra hn s
; ;
;
47 17 27 37
35 13 13 35
4 ;5 ;5 ; 4
47 17 27 37
13
13
35
35
17 27 37
47
a c
b d
Ta thy: 5 5 4 4
(v )
17
27
37
47
98 148 183 223 b d
a c
3535.232323
3535
2323
Bi tp 4: So snh cc phn s : A
?
;B
;C
353535.2323
3534
2322
H-ng dn gii: Rt gn A=1 , i B;C ra hn s A<B<C.
5 11.13 22.26
1382 690
&N
?
Bi tp 5: So snh M
22.26 44.54
1372 548
5
1
138
1
H-ng dn gii:-Rt gn M 1 & N
1
M N.
4
4
137
137
Bi tp 1:Sp xp cc phn s
l :
( Ch : 690=138.5&548=137.4 )
Bi tp 6: (T gii) Sp xp cc phn s
63 158 43 58
;
; ; theo th t gim dn.
31 51 21 41
PHN II: CC BI TP TNG HP .

Bi tp 1: So snh cc phn s sau bng cch hp l:
7 210 11 13 31 313 53 531 25 25251
a) &
; b) & c) &
d) &
e) &
8 243 15 17 41 413 57 571 26 26261
Nm hc : 2011- 2012
50
Trng THCS Nam Chn
Gio n bui 2
(Gi : a) Quy ng t c) Xt phn b , ch :
10 100 100
41 410 413
53 530
Xt phn b n n v
57 570
1
1010
1010
e)Ch : phn b n n v l:
)
26 26260 26261
d)Ch :
Bi tp 2: Khng thc hin php tnh mu , hy dng tnh cht ca phn s so

snh cc phn s sau:
a) A
244.395 151
423134.846267 423133
&B
244 395.243
423133.846267 423134
H-ng dn gii:S dng tnh cht a(b + c)= ab + ac

+Vit 244.395=(243+1).395=243.395+395
+Vit 423134.846267=(423133+1).846267=.. .
+Kt qu A=B=1
b)M
53.71 18
54.107 53
135.269 133
;N
;P
?
71.52 53
53.107 54
134.269 135
(Gi : lm nh- cu a trn ,kt qu M=N=1,P>1)

33.103
3774
&B
3
3
2 .5.10 7000
5217
33
3774 :111 34
Gi : 7000=7.103 ,rt gn A & B
47
5217 :111 47
4
3 5 6
5
6 4 5
Bi tp 4: So snh A 5 2 3 4 & B 4 5 2 3 ?
7
7 7 7
7
7 7 7
3 6
153 6 5
329
Gi : Ch tnh 2 4 ... 4 & 2 4 ... 4
7 7
7
7 7
7
Bi tp 3: So snh A
T kt lun d dng : A < B

Bi tp 5:So snh M
1919.171717
18
&N ?
191919.1717
19
Gi : 1919=19.101 & 191919=19.10101 ; Kt qu

M rng : 123123123=123.1001001 ;...
M>N
17 1717
&
?
19 1919
a c ac
17 1700
. ; ch :
Gi : +Cch 1: S dng
b d bd
19 1900
Bi tp 6: So snh
+Cch 2: Rt gn phn s sau cho 101.

Bi tp 7: Cho a,m,n N* .Hy so snh : A
10 10
11 9
n &B m n ?
m
a
a
a
a
Gii: A m n n & B m n m
a a
a a
a
a
10
10
Mun so snh A & B ,ta so snh
1
1
& m bng cch xt cc tr-ng hp sau:
n
a
a
a) Vi a=1 th am = an A=B
b) Vi a 0:
Nu m= n th am = an A=B
Nu m< n th am < an
1
1
n A < B
m
a
a
Nm hc : 2011- 2012
51
Trng THCS Nam Chn
Gio n bui 2
1
1
n A >B
m
a
a
31 32 33 60
Bi tp 8: So snh P v Q, bit rng: P . . .... & Q 1.3.5.7....59 ?
2 2 2
2
31 32 33 60 31.32.33....60 (31.32.33.60).(1.2.3....30)
P . . ....
2 2 2
2
230
230.(1.2.3....30)
(1.3.5....59).(2.4.6....60)
1.3.5....59 Q
2.4.6....60
Nu m > n th am > an
Vy P = Q
7.9 14.27 21.36

37
&N
?
21.27 42.81 63.108
333
7.9 14.27 21.36
7.9.(1 2.3 3.4)
37 : 37 1
Gii: Rt gn M
&N
21.27 42.81 63.108 21.27.(1 2.3 3.4)

333: 37 9
Bi tp 9: So snh M
Vy M = N
Bi tp 10: Sp xp cc phn s
21 62 93
theo th t tng dn ?
; &
49 97 140
Gi : Quy ng t ri so snh .
1
x y 1
?
18 12 9 4
2 3x 4 y 9
Gi : Quy ng mu , ta -c
2 < 3x < 4y < 9
36 36 36 36
Bi tp 11: Tm cc s nguyn x,y bit:
Do x=y=1 hay x=1 ; y=2 hay x=y=2.

7
1
1
3
5
Bi tp 12: So snh a) A & B
; b)C & D
80
243
8
243
n
x
xn
Gii: Ap dng cng thc: n & x m x m.n
y
y
7
7
7
6
6
1
1
1
1
1 1 1
1 1
a) A 4 28 & B
5 30 ;V 28 30 A B
3
3
80 81 3 3
243 3 3
5
3 3 243
5 5 125
b)C 3 15 & D
5 15 .
2
3
8 2
243 3
125
125
125
Chn 15 lm phn s trung gian ,so snh 15 > 15 C > D.
2
2
3
1 3 5 99
2 4 6 100
Bi tp 13: Cho M . . ...
& N . . ...
2 4 6 100
3 5 7 101
a)Chng minh: M < N b) Tm tch M.N
c) Chng minh: M
1
10
Gii: Nhn xt M v N u c 45 tha s

1 2 3 4 5 6
99 100
; ; ;...
nn M < N
2 3 4 5 6 7 100 101
1
b) Tch M.N
101
1
1
1
c)V M.N
m M < N nn ta suy ra -c : M.M <
<
101
101 100
1 1
1
tc l M.M < . M <
10 10
10
a)V
Nm hc : 2011- 2012
52
Trng THCS Nam Chn
Gio n bui 2
Bi tp 14: Cho tng : S
1 1
1
3
4
.Chng minh: S
...
31 32
60
5
5
Gii: Tng S c 30 s hng , c nhm 10 s hng lm thnh mt nhm .Gi nguyn t ,

nu thay mu bng mt mu khc ln hn th gi tr ca phn s s gim i. Ng-c li ,
nu thay mu bng mt mu khc nh hn th gi tr ca phn s s tng ln.
Ta c : S ... ... ...
40 41 42
50 51 52
60
31 32
1
1
1 1
1
1 1
1
1
1
S ... ... ...
30 40 40
40 50 50
50
30 30
4
10 10 10
47 48
hay S tc l: S
Vy S (1)
5
30 40 50
60 60
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Mt khc: S ... ... ...
40 50 50
50 60 60
60
40 40
3
10 10 10
37 36
tc l : S
Vy S (2).
S

5
40 50 60
60 60
T (1) v (2) suy ra :pcm.
HN S. S THP PHN. PHN TRM

A> MC TIU
- n tp v hn s, s thp phn, phn s thp phn, phn trm

- Hc sinh bit vit mt phn s d-i dng hn s v ng-c li.
- Lm quen vi cc bi ton thc t
B> NI DUNG
Bi tp
Bi 1: 1/ Vit cc phn s sau y d-i dng hn s:
33 15 24 102 2003
; ; ;
;
12 7 5 9 2002
2/ Vit cc hn s sau y d-i dng phn s:

1 1 2000 2002 2010
5 ;9 ;5
;7
;2
5 7 2001 2006 2015
3/ So snh cc hn s sau:
3
3
1
v 4 ;
2
2
3
3
v 4 ;
8
7
3
6
v 8
5
7
H-ng dn:
3 1 4
1
1
4 7 5
3 2002
76 244 12005 16023 1208
2/ ,
,
,
,
15 27 2001 2003 403
1/ 2 , 2 , 4 ,11 ,1
3/ Mun so snh hai hn s c hai cch:

- Vit cc hn s d-i dng phn s, hn s c phn s ln hn th ln hn
- So snh hai phn nguyn:
+ Hn s no c phn nguyn ln hn th ln hn.
+ Nu hai phn nguyn bng nhau th so snh hai phn s i km, hn s c phn s i
km ln hn th ln hn. bi ny ta s dng cch hai th ngn gn hn:
Nm hc : 2011- 2012
53
Trng THCS Nam Chn
Gio n bui 2
1
2
3
3
3 3
4 3 ( do 4 > 3), 4 4 (do , hai phn s c cng t s phn s ns c mss
2
3
7
8
7 8
nh hn th ln hn).
2
5
Bi 2: Tm 5 phn s c mu l 5, ln hn 1/5 v nh hn 1 .
H-ng dn:
1 2 3 4 5 6
2 7
, , , , 1
5 5 5 5 5 5
5 5
Bi 3: Hai t cng xut pht t H Ni i Vinh. t th nht o t 4 gi 10 pht, t

th hai ia t lc 5 gi 15 pht.
1
2
a/ Lc 11 gi cng ngy hai t cch nhau bao nhiu km? Bit rng vn tc ca t th
1
2
nht l 35 km/h. Vn tc ca t th hai l 34 km/h.

b/ Khi t th nht n Vinh th t th hai cch Vinh bao nhiu Km? Bit rng H Ni
cch Vinh 319 km.
H-ng dn:
a/ Thi gian t th nht i:
1
1
1 1
1
1
11 4 7 7 7 (gi)
2
6
2 6
3
3
Qung -ng t th nht i -c:

35.7
1
2
256 (km)
2
3
Thi gian t th hai i:

1
1
1
11 5 6 (gi)
2
4
4
Qung -ng t th hai i:

1
1
5
34 6 215 (km)
2
4
8
Lc 11 gi 30 pht cng ngy hai t cch nhau:

2
5
1
(km)
256 215 41
3
8
24
b/ Thi gian t th nht n Vinh l:

319 : 35 9
4
(gi)
35
t n Vinh vo lc:
1
4
59
(gi)
4 9 13
6
35
210
Khi t th nht n Vinh th thi gian t th hai i:

13
59
1
269 1
538 105
433
5 7
7
7
(gi)
210
4
210 4
420 420
420
Qung -ng m t th hai i -c:

7
433
1
.34 277 (km)
420
2
Vy t th nht n Vinh th t th hai cch Vinh l:

319 277 = 42 (km)
Nm hc : 2011- 2012
54
Trng THCS Nam Chn
Gio n bui 2
Bi 4: Tng tin l-ng ca bc cng nhn A, B, C l 2.500.000 . Bit 40% tin l-ng
ca bc A vng 50% tin l-ng ca bc B v bng 4/7 tin l-ng ca bc C. Hi tin l-ng
ca mi bc l bao nhiu?
H-ng dn:
40% =
40 2
1
, 50% =
100 5
2
1 2 4
1 4 2 4 4
, , -c: , ,
2 5 7
2 8 5 10 7
4
4
4
Nh- vy:
l-ng ca bc A bng l-ng ca bc B v bng l-ng ca bc C.
10
8
7
1
1
1
Suy ra,
l-ng ca bc A bng l-ng ca bc B v bng l-ng ca bc C. Ta c s
8
10
7
Quy ng t cc phn s
nh- sau:
L-ng ca bc A : 2500000 : (10+8+7) x 10 = 1000000 ()
L-ng ca bc B : 2500000 : (10+8+7) x 8 = 800000 ()
L-ng ca bc C : 2500000 : (10+8+7) x 7 = 700000 ()
========================================================
TM GI TR PHN S CA
MT S CHO TRC
A> MC TIU
- n tp li quy tc tm gi tr phn s ca mt s cho tr-c

- Bit tm gi tr phn s ca mt s cho tr-c v ng dng vo vic gii cc bi ton thc
t.
- Hc sinh thc hnh trn my tnh cch tm gi tr phn s ca mt s cho tr-c.
B> NI DUNG
Bi 1: Nu quy tc tm gi tr phn s ca mt s cho tr-c. p dng: Tm
3
ca 14
4
Bi 2: Tm x, bit:
a/ x
11
4
100 200
50 x
b/ x 5 .
25 x
30 200x
5
100 100
H-ng dn:
a/ x
11
4
100 200
50 x
25 x
1
100 x 25 x
x
11
200
4
200 x 100 x 25 x
1
11
200
4
45
75x =
.200 = 2250
4
Nm hc : 2011- 2012
55
Trng THCS Nam Chn
Gio n bui 2
x = 2250: 75 = 30.
30 200x
b/ x 5 .
5
100 100
p dng tnh cht phn phi ca php nhn i vi php tr ta c:

30 x 150 20 x
5
100 100 100
p dng mi quan h gia s b tr, s tr v hiu ta c:

30 x 20 x
150
5
100 100
100
p dng quan h gia cc s hng ca tng v tng ta c:

10 x 650
650
x
.100 :10 x 65
100 100
100
Bi 3: Trong mt tr-ng hc s hc sinh gi bng 6/5 s hc sinh trai.

a/ Tnh xem s HS gi bng my phn s HS ton tr-ng.
b/ Nu s HS ton tr-ng l 1210 em th tr-ng c bao nhiu HS trai, HS gi?
H-ng dn:
a/ Theo bi, trong tr-ng c 5 phn hc sinh nam th c 6 phn hc sinh n. Nhvy, nu hc sinh trong ton tr-ng l 11 phn th s hc sinh n chim 6 phn, nn s hc
6
s hc sinh ton tr-ng.
11
5
S hc sinh nam bng
s hc sinh ton tr-ng.
11
sinh n bng
b/ Nu ton t-ng c 1210 hc sinh th:

6
660 (hc sinh)
11
5
S hc sinh nam l: 1210 550 (hc sinh)
11
S hc sinh n l: 1210
Bi 4: Mt ming t hnh ch nht di 220m, chiu rng bng # chiu li. Ng-i ta
trng cy xung quanh ming t, bit rng cy n cch cy kia 5m v 4 gc c 4 cy. Hi
cn tt c bao nhiu cy?
H-ng dn:
3
4
Chu vi hnh ch nht: 220 165 .2 770 (m)
Chiu rng hnh ch nht: 220. 165 (m)
S cy cn thit l: 770: 5 = 154 (cy)

Bi 5: Ba lp 6 c 102 hc sinh. S HS lp A bng 8/9 s HS lp B. S HS lp C bng
17/16 s HS lp A. Hi mi lp c bao nhiu hc sinh?
H-ng dn:
9
18
hc sinh lp 6A (hay bng )
8
16
17
S hc sinh lp 6C bng
hc sinh lp 6A
16
S hc sinh lp 6B bng
Tng s phn ca 3 lp: 18+16+17 = 51 (phn)

S hc sinh lp 6A l: (102 : 51) . 16 = 32 (hc sinh)
S hc sinh lp 6B l: (102 : 51) . 18 = 36 (hc sinh)
S hc sinh lp 6C l: (102 : 51) . 17 = 34 (hc sinh)
Nm hc : 2011- 2012
56
Trng THCS Nam Chn
Gio n bui 2
Bi 6: 1/ Gi nguyn t s, hy thay i mu s ca phn s

gim i
275
soa cho gi tr ca n
289
7
gi tr ca n. Mu s mi l bao nhiu?
24
H-ng dn
Gi mu s phi tm l x, theo bi ta c:
275 275 7 275 275
7 275 17 275
.
1
x
289 24 289 289 24 289 24 408
275
Vy x =
408
Bi 7: Ba t cng nhn trng -c tt c 286 cy cng vin. S cy t 1 trng -c

bng
24
9
s cy t 2 v s cy t 3 trng -c bng
s cy t 2. Hi mi t trng -c bao
25
10
nhiu cy?
H-ng dn:
90 cy; 100 cy; 96 cy.
==========================================================
TM MT S BIT GI TR
PHN S CA N
.
A> MC TIU
- HS nhn bit v hiu quy tc tm mt s bit gi tr mt phan s ca n

- C k nng vn dng quy tc , ng dng vo vic gii cc bi ton thc t.
- Hc sinh thc hnh trn my tnh cch tm gi tr phn s ca mt s cho tr-c.
B> NI DUNG
Bi tp
Bi 1: 1/ Mt lp hc c s HS n bng
5
s HS nam. Nu 10 HS nam ch-a vo lp th
3
s HS n gp 7 ln s HS nam. Tm s HS nam v n ca lp .
2/ Trong gi ra chi s HS ngoi bng 1/5 s HS trong lp. Sau khi 2 hc sinh vo lp
th s s HS ngoi bng 1/7 s HS trong lp. Hi lp c bao nhiu HS?
H-ng dn:
3
3
s HS n, nn s HS nam bng s HS c lp.
5
8
1
1
Khi 10 HS nam ch-a vo lp th s HS nam bng s HS n tc bng s HS c lp.
8
7
3 1
1
Vy 10 HS biu th - = (HS c lp)
8 8
4
1
Nn s HS c lp l: 10 : = 40 (HS)
4
3
S HS nam l : 40. = 15 (HS)
8
5
S HS n l : 40. = 25 (HS)
8
1/ S HS nam bng
Nm hc : 2011- 2012
57
Trng THCS Nam Chn
Gio n bui 2
2/ Lc u s HS ra ngoi bng
1
1
s HS trong lp, tc s HS ra ngoi bng s HS trong
5
6
lp.
Sau khi 2 em vo lp th s HS ngoi bng
1
s HS ca lp. Vy 2 HS biu th
8
1 1
2
- =
(s HS ca lp)
6 8
48
2
Vy s HS ca lp l: 2 :
= 48 (HS)
48
Bi 2: 1/ Ba tm vi c tt c 542m. Nt ct tm th nht
bng
1
3
, tm th hai , tm th ba
7
14
2
chiu di ca n th chiu di cn li ca ba tm bng nhau. Hi mi tm vi bao
5
nhiu mt?
H-ng dn:
Ngy th hai hp tc x gt -c:
5 7 13 7
7
(din tch la)

1 . .
18 13 18 13 18
Din tch cn li sau ngy th hai:

15 7 1
1 (din tch la)
18 18 3
1
din tch la bng 30,6 a. Vy tr la sm hp tc x gt l:
3
1
30,6 : = 91,8 (a)
3
Bi 3: Mt ng-i c xoi em bn. Sau khi n -c 2/5 s xoi v 1 tri th cn li 50 tri

xoi. Hi lc u ng-i bn c bao nhiu tri xoi
H-ng dn
Cch 1: S xoi lc u chia 5 phn th bn 2 phn v 1 tri. Nh- vy s xoi cn li l
3 phn bt 1 trsi tc l: 3 phn bng 51 tri.
S xoi c l
5
.5 85 tri
31
Cch 2: Gi s xoi em bn c a tri. S xoi bn l
2
a 1
5
S xoi cn li bng:
2
a ( a 1) 50 a 85 (tri)
5
==========================================================
TM T S CA HAI S
A> MC TIU
- HS hiu -c ngha v bit cch tm t s ca hai s, t s phn trm, t l xch.

- C k nng tm t s, t s phn trn v t l xch.
- C thc p dng cc kin thc v k nng ni teen vo vic gii mt s bi ton thc
tin.
Nm hc : 2011- 2012
58
Trng THCS Nam Chn
Gio n bui 2
B> NI DUNG
Bi tp
Bi 1: 1/ Mt t i t A v pha B, mt xe my i t B v pha A. Hai xe khi hnh
cng mt lc cho n khi gp nhau th qung -ng t i -c ln hn qung -ng ca xe
my i l 50km. Bit 30% qung -ng t i -c bng 45% qung -ng xe my i -c.
Hi qung -ng mi xe i -c bng my phn trm qung -ng AB.
2/ Mt t khch chy vi tc 45 km/h t H Ni v Thi Sn. Sau mt thi gian mt
t du lch cng xut pht t H Ni ui theo t khch vi vn tc 60 km/h. D nh
chng gp nhau ti th x Thi Bnh cch Thi Sn 10 km. Hi qung -ng H Ni Thi
Sn?
H-ng dn:
1/ 30% =
3
9
9
; 45% =
10 30
20
9
9
qung -ng t i -c bng
qung -ng xe my i -c.
30
20
1
1
Suy ra,
qung -ng t i -c bng
qung -ng xe my i -c.
30
20
Qung -ng t i -c: 50: (30 20) x 30 = 150 (km)

Qung -ng xe my i -c: 50: (30 20) x 20 = 100 (km)
2/ Qung -ng i t N n Thi Bnh di l: 40 10 = 30 (km)
Thi gian t du lch i qung -ng N n Thi Bnh l: 30 : 60 =
1
(h)
2
1
2
Trong thi gian t khch chy qung -ng NC l: 40. = 20 (km)

T s vn tc ca xe khch tr-c v sau khi thay i l:
40 9
45 8
T s ny chnh l t s qung -ng M n Thi Bnh v M n C nn:

M TB 9
MC
8
9
1
MC MC = MC
8
8
1
Vy qung -ng MC l: 10 : = 80 (km)
8
3
10
V M TS = 1 =
(H TS)
13
13
M TB MC =
Vy khong cch H Ni n Thi Sn (HN TS) di l:

100 :
10
13
= 100. = 130 (km)
13
10
Bi 2: . 1/ Nh em c 60 kg go ng trong hai thng. Nu ly 25% s go ca thng th

nht chuyn sang thng th hai th s go ca hai thng bng nhau. Hi s go ca mi
thng l bao nhiu kg?
H-ng dn:
Nu ly s go thng th nht lm n v th s go ca thng th hai bng
25% =
1
(n v) (do
2
1
3
1
) v s go ca thng th nht bng s go ca thng th hai + s go ca
4
4
4
thng th nht.
Nm hc : 2011- 2012
59
Trng THCS Nam Chn
Gio n bui 2
1
2
Vy s go ca hai thng l: 1
3
(n v)
2
3
3
2
n v bng 60 kg. Vy s go ca thng th nht l: 60 : 60. 40 (kg)
2
2
3
S go ca thng th hai l: 60 40 = 20 (kg)

Bi 3: Mt i my cy ngy th nht cy -c 50% nh ng v thm 3 ha na. Ngy
th hai cy -c 25% phn cn li ca cnh ng v 9 ha cui cng. Hi din tch cnh ng
l bao nhiu ha?
2/ N-c bin ch-a 6% mui (v khi l-ng). Hi phi thm bao nhiu kg n-c th-ng vo
50 kg n-c bin cho hn hp c 3% mui?
H-ng dn:
3
4
1/ Ngy th hai cy -c: 9 : 12 (ha)

50
30 (ha)
100
50 6
2/ L-ng mui cha trong 50kg n-c bin:
3 (kg)
100
Din tch cnh ng l: 12 3 :
L-ng n-c th-ng cn phi pha vo 50kg n-c bin -c hn hp cho 3% mui:
100 50 = 50 (kg)
Bi4: Trn mt bn c t l xch l 1: 500000. Hy tm:
a/ Khong cch trn thc t ca hai im trn bn cch nhau 125 milimet.
b/ Khong cch trn bn ca hai thnh ph cch nhau 350 km (trn thc t).
H-ng dn
a/ Khng cch trn thc t ca hai im l:
125.500000 (mm) = 125500 (m) = 62.5 (km).
b/ Khng cch gia hai thnh ph trn bn l:
350 km: 500000 = 350000:500000 (m) = 0.7 m
=======================================================
Nm hc : 2011- 2012
60

GIAO AN Buoi 2 TB

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Trng THCS Nam Chn

Ch-ng 1:n tpv b tc v s t nhin:

- Rn HS k nng vit tp hp, vit tp hp con ca mt tp hp cho tr-c, s dng ng,

Trng THCS Nam Chn

c/ Tp hp B = {a, b, c} c phi l tp hp con ca A khng?

Trng THCS Nam Chn

- S 10000 l s duy nht c 5 ch s, s ny c hn 3 ch s ging nhau nn khng tho

PHP CNG V PHP NHN

- n tp li cc tnh cht ca php cng v php nhn, php tr v php chia.

Trng THCS Nam Chn

*.Dng 1: Cc bi ton tnh nhanh

Trng THCS Nam Chn

b/ 7345 1998 = (7345 + 2) (1998 + 2) = 7347 2000 = 5347

Trng THCS Nam Chn

a) 38. 63 + 37. 38 b) 12.53 + 53. 172 53. 84

Trng THCS Nam Chn

b) 28.(231 +69) +72(321 +69) =

Trng THCS Nam Chn

(12 +29 +59 ).25 =

(231 +69)(28 +72) =300.100=30000

c)53 .11 =53 .(10 +1) =530 +53 =583 ;

Cc bi ton tm gi tr ch-a bit

Gio vin : Trn Quc Bo

b)575- (6x +70) =445

(x- 105) :21 =15

Trng THCS Nam Chn

H-ng dn: Ta v hnh 3 x 3 = 9 v t thm 4o ph vo gia cc cnh hnh vung v

Gio vin : Trn Quc Bo

Trng THCS Nam Chn

- n li cc kin thc c bn v lu tha vi s m t nhin nh-: Ly tha bc n ca s a,

2. Nhn hai lu tha cng c s am .an amn

Gio vin : Trn Quc Bo

Trng THCS Nam Chn

b/ Tm lp ph-ng ca cc s: 11, 101, 1001, 10001, 10001, 1000001, .. ., 100...01

= 100.. .0200.. .01

100...013 = 100.. .0300.. .0300.. .01

- Cho HS dng my tnh kim tra li.

Trng THCS Nam Chn

t php tnh nh- lm tnh cng cc s theo h thp phn

b/ Lm t-ng t nh- cu a ta c kt qu 101010(2)

Trng THCS Nam Chn

9. Tm s c hai ch s sao cho s ln hn 6 ln tng cc ch s ca n l 2 n v.

Trng THCS Nam Chn

11. Em hy t cc du (+) v du (-) vo gia cc ch s ca s 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (c th

b) (2n + 1)3 = 729

16. Tnh gi tr ca biu thc:

17. Tm x, y N, bit rng:

Trng THCS Nam Chn

23. Vit s t nhin nh nht c nm ch s, tn cng bng 6 v chia ht cho 9.

Du hiu chia ht cho 2: Cc s c ch s tn cng l ch s chn th chia ht cho 2 v

Du hiu chia ht cho 3: Cc s c tng cc ch s chia ht cho 3 th chia ht cho 3 v ch

Trng THCS Nam Chn

Trng THCS Nam Chn

Trng THCS Nam Chn

Gio vin : Trn Quc Bo

Trng THCS Nam Chn

PHN TCH MT S RA THA S NGUYN T

- HS bit phn tch mt s ra tha s nguyn t.

VD: - Ta c (20) = {1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 20}. S 20 c tt c 6 -c.

Trng THCS Nam Chn

Ghi nh: Ng-i ta chng minh -c rng: S cc -c ca mt s t nhin a bng mt

- Rn k nng tm -c chung v bi chung: Tm giao ca hai tp hp.

Trng THCS Nam Chn