12. Through what angle should you rotate a mirror so that a reflected ray rotates through 30?

13. The mirrors in Fig. 30.19 make a 60 angle. A light ray enters parallel to the symmetry axis, as shown, (a) How many reflections does it make? (b) Where and in what direction does it exit the mirror system?

16. In which substance in Table 30.1 does the speed of light have the value 2.292 X 108m/s?

17. Information in a compact disc is stored in "pits" whose depth is essentially one-fourth the wavelength of the laser light used to "read" the information. That wavelength is 780 nm in air, but the wavelength on which the pit depth is based is measured in the n = 1.55 plastic that makes up most of the disc. Find the pit depth.

18. Light is incident on an air-glass interface, and the refracted light in the glass makes a 40 angle with the normal to the interface. The glass has refractive index 1.52. Find the incidence angle.

20. Light propagating in the glass (n= 1.52) wall of an aquarium tank strikes the interior edge of the wall with incidence angle 12.4. What is the angle of refraction in the water?

25. What is the critical angle for light propagating in glass with n= 1.52 when the glass is immersed in (a) water, (b) benzene, and (c) diiodomethane?

28. White light propagating in air is incident at 45 on the equilateral prism of Fig. 30.20. Find the angular dispersion of the outgoing beam if the prism has refractive indices nred= 1.582 and nviolet= 1.633.

33. A meter stick lies on the bottom of the rectangular tank in Fig. 30.21, with its zero mark at the left edge of the tank. You look into the long dimension of the tank at a 45 angle, with your line of sight just grazing the top edge of the tank, as shown. What mark on the meter stick do you see when the tank is (a) empty, (b) half full of water, and (c) full of water?

37. You've dropped your car keys at night off the end of a dock into water 1.6 m deep. A flashlight held directly above the dock edge and 0.50 m above the water illuminates the keys when it's pointed at 40 to the vertical, as shown in Fig. 30.22. What is the horizontal distance x from the edge of the dock to the keys?

39. The prism in Fig. 30.23 has n = 1.52 and = 60 and is surrounded by air. A light beam is incident at 1 = 37. Find the angle through which the beam is deflected.