CHAPTER 10

10.1
A/C temperature
Automobile
coolant temperature
gasoline level
oil pressure
sound intensity
inside temperature
Battery charge level
Battery voltage
Fluid level
Computer display
hue
contrast
brightness
Electrical variables
voltage amplitude
voltage phase

current amplitude
current phase
power
power factor
spectrum
Fan speed
Humidity
Lawn mower speed
Light intensity
Oven temperature
Refrigerator temperature
Sewing machine speed
Stereo volume
Stove temperature
Time
TV picture brightness
TV sound level
Wind velocity

10.2
(a) 20 log (120) = 41.6 dB | 20 log (60) = 35.6 dB | 20 log (50000) = 94.0 dB

20 log(100000) = 100 dB | 20 log(0.90) = 0.915 dB

(b) 20 log (600) = 55.6 dB | 20 log (3000) = 69.5 dB | 20 log (106 ) = 120 dB
20 log(200000) = 106 dB | 20 log(0.95) = 0.446 dB
(c) 10 log (2x109 ) = 93.0 dB | 10 log (4x105 ) = 56.0 dB
10 log (6x108 ) = 87.8 dB | 10 log(1010 ) = 100 dB
10.3 (a)
4
vO

0
vS

-2

-4
0

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

x 10 -3

10-1

(b) 500 Hz :
(c) 500 Hz :
(d) 500 Hz :
(e) Yes

10 o | 1500 Hz : 0.3330 o | 2500 Hz : 0.2000 o

230 o | 1500 Hz : 130 o | 2500 Hz : 130 o
230 o | 1500 Hz : 330 o | 2500 Hz : 530 o

10.4
Vs = 0.0025V | PO = 40W | Vo = 2PO RL = 2(40)(8) = 25.3V

25.3
= 10100 | 20 log (10100)= 80.1 dB
.0025
0.0025V
V
25.3V
Is =
= 45.45nA | I o = o =
= 3.162 A
5k + 50k
8
8
3.162 A
Ai =
= 6.96 x 10 7 | 20 log 3.48 x 10 7 = 157 dB
45.45nA
40W
Ap =
= 7.04 x 1011 | 10 log 7.04 x 1011 = 118 dB
.0025V (45.45nA)
Av =

2
10.5
Vs = 0.01V | PO = 20mW | Vo = 2PO RL = 2(.02)(8) = 0.566V
0.566
= 56.6 | 20 log (56.6) = 35.0 dB
.01
0.01V
V
0.566V
= 192nA | Io = o =
= 70.8mA
Is =
2k + 50k
8
8
70.8mA
Ai =
= 3.68 x 10 5 | 20 log (3.68 x 10 5 )= 111 dB
192nA
0.02W
= 2.08 x 10 7 | 10 log (2.08 x 10 7 )= 73.2 dB
Ap =
.01V (192nA)
2
Av =

10.6

(a) v
Rth

v th

+
-

vo =

(b) v
vo =

th

= voc = 0.768 2 = 1.09 V

0.768 0.721
RL
v v
v th Rth = RL th o = 430
= 28.0
0.721
Rth + RL
vo

th

= voc = 0.760 2 = 1.08 V

0.760 0.740
RL
v v
v th Rth = RL th o = 1040
= 28.1
0.740
Rth + RL
vo

(c) 1.09 V and 1.08 V 9% error and 8% error

10-2

G4 laptop 1 V, 28 .

10.7

10.8
(a) Vo = 2RL PO = 2(8)(20) = 17.9V
Pi =

Vi2
12
1V
17.9V
=
= 25.0W | I i =
= 49.9A | I o =
= 2.24 A
20000 + 32
8
2Ri 40066

Av =

Vo 17.9V
20W
2.24 A
=
= 17.9 | AP =
= 8.00x105 | Ai =
= 4.49x10 4
1V
25W
49.9A
Vi

(b) V = 17.9 V ; recommend 20 - V supplies

o

10.9
2P
R
The 24- case represents a good trade off between voltage and current.
V = 2PR

| I=

R ()

V (V)

I (mA)

1.27

158

24

2.19

91.3

1000

14.1

14.1

10.10
In the dc steady state, the internal circuit voltages cannot exceed the power supply limits.
(a) +15 V (b) -9 V
10.11

(a) For VB = 0.6V , VO = +8V | Av =

Av = 32 dB AV = 180

dvO
dvI

=
v I =0.6V

12 4
= 40
0.5 0.7

| VM 0.100 V for linear operation

(b) vI (t )= (0.6 + 0.1sin1000t ) V

vO (t )= (8 4sin1000t ) V

10-3

10.12
(a) For VB = 0.5V , VO = +12V |

dvO
is different for positive and negative values of
dvI

VM sin1000t. Thus, the gain is different for positive and negative signal excursions
and the output will always be a distorted sine wave. This is not a useful choice of
bias point for the amplifier.
(b) For VB = 1.1V , VO = +2V and

dvO
= 0. The gain is zero for this bias point.
dvI

Thus this is also not a useful choice of bias point for the amplifier.

10.13

(a) For V

= 0.8V , VO = +3V | Av =

dvO
dv I

=
v I =0.8V

42
= 10
0.7 0.9

Av = 20dB AV = 180 o | VM 0.100 V for linear operation

(b) For V

= 0.2V , VO = +14V | Av =

dvO
dv I

=0
v I =0.8V

The output signal will be distorted regardless of the value of VM .

10.14
14

vO
12

10

Time
2
0

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01

0.012

0.014

The amplifier is operating in a linear region. vO = 8 - 4 sin 1000t volts There are only two
spectral components: 8 V at dc and -4 V at 159 Hz

10-4

10.15
For sin 1000t 0, vO = 12 4 sin 1000t

For sin 1000t < 0, vO = 12 1 sin 1000t

14

vO
12

10

8
Time
6
0

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.01

0.012

0.014

Using the MATLAB FFT capability with a fundamental frequency of 1000/2

Hz:

t=linspace(0,2*pi/1000,1000);
y=12-4*sin(1000*t).*(sin(1000*t)>=0)-sin(1000*t).*(sin(1000*t)<0);
z=fftshift(fft(y))/1000;
yields the following series:

v O (t ) = 11.05 2.50sin(1000t ) + 0.638cos(2000t ) + 0.127cos(4000t ) + 0.0546cos(6000t )Note:

It is worth plotting this function to see if it is correct.
The Fourier coefficients may also be calculated directly using MATLAB. For example, for the
cosine terms:
Define a function:
function y=four(t)
y=cos(fn*1000*t).*(12-4*sin(1000*t).*(sin(1000*t)>=0)sin(1000*t).*(sin(1000*t)<0));
global fn
fn=0; quad('four',0,pi/500)*1000/pi
10.16

vI = 0.004sin 2000t V | Av =
THD = 100

5V
= 1250 | Third and fifth harmonics are present.
0.004V

0.252 + 0.102
% = 5.39 %
5

10.17
At the input signal frequency : vi = 0.25sin1200t V | vo = 4sin1200t V

4V
0.42 + 0.22
Av =
= 16 | Second and third harmonics are present. THD = 100
% = 11.2 %
0.25V
4

10-5

10.18 (a)
w=200*pi*linspace(0,0.001,512);
v=6+4*sin(w).*(sin(w)>=0)+2*sin(w).*sin(w)<0;
s=fft(v)/512;
vmag=sqrt(s.*conj(s));
vmag(1:3)
ans = 6.6354 1.4985 0.2129

dc component: 6.64 V

fundamental:

1.50 V

2nd harmonic:

0.213 V

(b) Define m-files for a(n) and b(n)

function f=an(t);
global n;
ftemp=6+(4*sin(2000*pi*t)).*(t<=0.0005)+(2*sin(2000*pi*t)).*(t>0.0005);
f=ftemp.*cos(2000*n*pi*t);
function f=bn(t);
global n;
ftemp=6+(4*sin(2000*pi*t)).*(t<=0.0005)+(2*sin(2000*pi*t)).*(t>0.0005);
f=ftemp.*sin(2000*n*pi*t);
Then n=0; quad(an,0,0.001)
Then n=1; quad(bn,0,0.001)

ans: 13.27
ans 3.000 etc

f = 6.63 + 3sin(2000 t) 0.4244cos(4000 t) 0.0849cos(8000 t)

10-6

10.19
t=linspace(0,0.002,512);
y=max(-1,min(1,1.5*sin(1400*pi*t)));
plot(t,y)
1.5

0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

2
x 10-3

w=1400*pi*linspace(0,0.001428571,512);
y=max(-1,min(1,1.5*sin(w)));
s=fft(y)/512;
ymag=sqrt(s.*conj(s));
y2=ymag.*ymag;
sumy2=sum(y2)-2*y2(1)-2*y2(2);
thd=100*sqrt(sumy2)/(2*y2(2))

thd = 18.3929 %

10.20
g11 =

i1
: v1 = 10 4 i1 + 101 i1 (240k) g11 = 4.124 x 108 S = 4.12 x 108 S
v1 i = 0
2

g12 =
g21 =
g22 =

i1
i2

v1 =0

v2
v1

i2 = 0

: i1 =

v2
i2
i

240k
(i2 + 100i1) g12 = 9.90 x 103
240k + 10k

: v2 = 101i1 (240k) | i1 = g11v1 g21 = 1.00

: i2 =
v1 =0

v2
v
v
+ 2 + 100 2 g22 = 99.0
240k 10k
10k
i

10 k

v1 = 0

100 i 1

240 k

i
2

i2 = 0

10 k
100 i 1

240 k

10-7

10.21

g11 =

1
24.25 M

g12 = 9.897x103

g21 = 0.9996

g22 = 98.97

10.22
g11 =
g21 =
g22 =

i1
v1

=
i2=0

v2
v1

i2=0

v2
i2

v1 = 0

1
= 0.286 mS
2.5k +1k

: v 2 = v1

=
v1 = 0

1k
= 0.286
2.5k +1k

: v 2 = (i 2 0.04 v a )60k + i 2 (1k 2.5k) | v a = i 2 (1k 2.5k)

60 k
0.04 v

2.5 k

i1
i2

1k
2.5k
+ v1
(0.04 )(60k) g21 = 1710
2.5k +1k
2.5k +1k

g22 = 1.78 x 10 6

i1

| g12 =

i2
i2

va

v2

1k

v1 = 0

10.23

g11 =

i1
: v1 = 103 i1 g11 = 1.00 x 103 S
v1 i =0
2

g12 =
g21 =
g22 =

i1
i2

v1 =0

v2
v1

i2 =0

v2
i2

: i1 = i2 g12 = 1.00
: v2 = v1 + 0.1v1(20k) | v1 = 2001v1 g21 = 2001
: i2 =
v1 =0

v2
g 22 = 20 k
20k

20 k

20 k

0.1v
i1

0.1v

i2

i1

10-8

0.1v

1k

i =0
2

=0
i2

+
v1

1k
v1 = 0

i=0

0.1v

=0

+
v2
-

10.24

g11 =

1
1.000 k

g12 = 1.000

g21 = 2001

g22 = 20.00 k

10.25

Rin
RL
A
(a) VO = VS
Rin + RS RL + Rout

| A = 10

54
20

= 501.2

16
10 6
Av = 3
501.2)
= 485.5 | AvdB = 20 log(485.5) = 53.7 dB
6 (
10 + 10
0.5 + 16
485.5VS
IO
16
= 3.041 x 10 7 | A idB = 20 log(3.041 x 10 7 )= 150 dB
Ai = =
VS
IS
10 3 + 10 6
485.5VS
VO IO 485.5VS 16
=
= 485.5(3.041 x 10 7 ) = 1.478 x 1010
AP =
V
VS IS
VS 3 S 6
10 + 10
A PdB = 10 log(1.478 x 1010 )= 102 dB
VO2
5.657
VO = 5.657 V | VS =
= 11.65 mV
(b) 1 =
2(16)
485.5

(c) R out and R L see the same current.

IO2
1
R = 0.5 = 31.25 mW | PR in
2
16
P = 31.25mW + 67.7 pW = 31.3 mW

PR out =

IO2
I2 1
RL O =
2
2 16
0.01165 2 10 6
IS2
= Rin = 3
= 67.7 pW

10 + 10 6 2
2

P=

10.26

54 16
Rin
1000
RL
(a) VO = VS R + R A R + R = VS 1000 + 1000 10 20 16 + 16 = 125 VS
in
S
L
out

VO2
5.66
1=
VO = 5.66V | VS =
= 45.3 mV
125
2(16)
(b) Since R out and R L have the same current and same value, the power dissipated in R out is 1 W.
45.3mV 2
1
The power lost in R in is
= 0.257W | PD = 0.257W + 1.00W = 1.00 W

2 2(1000)

10-9

10.27

io =

2(0.1W )
2Po
=
= 91.3 mA | v = io (28 + 24 ) = 4.75 V
RL
24

iv
i2R
(91.3mA) (28) = 117 mW
PD = o = 217mW | PL = o out =
2
2
2
2

10.28

io =

2(0.1W )
2Po
=
= 14.1 mA | v = io (28 + 1000) = 14.5 V
RL
1000

iv
i2R
(14.1mA) (28) = 2.78 mW
PD = o = 103 mW | PL = o out =
2
2
2
2

10.29
Rin = | Rout = 0 | vO = AvS = 2000v S | vO = 0.01V (2000)= 20 V

P=

VO2
202
12.5W
=
= 12.5 W | AP =
=
2RL 2(16)
0

10.30
77
20

20k
2k
A
A = 7805
20k + 1k 2k + 0.1k
A = 7800 | AdB = 20 log(7800)= 77.8 dB

Av = 10

= 7079 | 7079 =

10.31

i1 = is

RS
RS + Rin

io = i1

Rout
Rout + RL

Ai =

Rout
RS
Rout + RL RS + Rin

Rin = 0

Rout =

10.32

IO = I S

RS
Rout

RS + Rin Rout + RL

10.33

| 200 =

300k
200k

= 243
200k + 10k 300k + 47k

106 A(5000)] 4
[
IO2
125mW
= | P = RL =
10 = 125 mW | AP =
=
2
2
0
2

Rin = 0 | Rout

10-10

10.34
VO = VS

Rin
RL
Rin
A
A
Rin + RS Rin + Rout RL + Rout

5000
100
5000
1200)
1200)
= +1.82 x 105
(
(
5000 + 500
100 + 500
5000 + 1000
5
AvdB = 20 log 1.82 x 10 = 105 dB
Av =

IO 1.82x105VS 1
=
= +1.09 x 10 7 | AidB = 20 log 1.36 x 10 7 = 141 dB
VS
IS
100
6000
5
1.82x10 VS +1.09 x 10 7 I S
= +1.98 x 1012 | APdB = 10 log 1.98 x 1012 = 123 dB
AP =
VS I S
Ai =

10.35

VO
VO 2 RS + Rin
VO IO
RL
AP =
=
=
VS
VS IS V
RL
VS
S
RS + Rin

2
VO 2
R + Rin
VO RS + Rin

= 10log + 10log S
APdB = 10log

RL
VS
VS
RL
V
RL
RL
APdB = 20log O 10log
= AvdB 10log

VS
RS + Rin
RS + Rin
VO

I 2 R
VO IO
IO RL IO
L
AP =
=
= O
VS IS IS (RS + Rin )IS IS RS + Rin
2
2

IO
RL
IO
RL
= 10log + 10log
AidB = 10log

IS RS + Rin
IS
RS + Rin
I
R

L
L
APdB = 20log O + 10log
= AidB + 10log

IS
RS + Rin
RS + Rin
Note : APdB =

AvdB + AidB
2

10-11

10.36

(a) A (s)=
i

(s

3x109 s2

)(

+ 51s + 50 s2 + 13000s + 3x10 7

3x109 s2
(s + 1)(s + 50)(s + 3000)(s + 10000)

Zeros : s = 0, s = 0 | Poles : s = -1, s = -50, s = -3000, s = -10000

(b) A (s)= s

105 s2 + 51s + 50

+ 1000s + 50000s + 20000s + 13000s + 3x10 7

Using MATLAB to find the poles:
v

| Zeros : s = -1, s = -50

Av=[1 1000 50000 20000 13000 3e7];

roots(Av)
ans = -947.24 -52.13 -9.170 4.27 + j6.93 4.27 - j6.93
10.37

R2 1
R2
1.5k
Vo
| Amid =
=
=
= 0.600 | Amid-dB = 4.44 dB
s
Vs R1 + R2
R1 + R2 1k + 1.5k
1+

H
1
1
=
= 26.5 kHz
fH =
2 R1 R2 C 2 1k 1.5k 0.01F

10.38

R2 1
R2
100k
Vo
| Amid =
=
=
= 0.909 | Amid-dB = 0.828 dB
s
Vs R1 + R2
R1 + R2 10k + 100k
1+

H
1
1
fH =
=
= 1.75 kHz
2 R1 R2 C 2 10k 100k 0.01F

10.39
0.5

(a) Amid 10 20 = 0.944 |

C=

2 R1 R2 f H

(b) R

10-12

R2
0.944 R2 9440 | Choose R2 = 10 k
560 + R2

2 560 10k 20kHz

= 10 k | C = 15.0 nF

= 0.015 F

10.40
Vo
R2 s
R2
20k
=
=
= 0.667 | Amid-dB = 3.52 dB

| Amid =
Vs R1 + R2 s + L
R1 + R2 10k + 20k
1
1
=
= 531 Hz
2 (R1 + R2 )C 2 (10k + 20k)0.01F

fL =

10.41
Vo
R2 s
R2
78k
=
=
= 0.886 | Amid-dB = 1.05 dB

| Amid =
Vs R1 + R2 s + L
R1 + R2 10k + 78k
1
1
=
= 181 Hz
2 (R1 + R2 )C 2 (10k + 78k)0.01F

fL =

10.42

(a) A

mid

C=

10

0.5
20

R2
0.944 R2 5560 | Choose R 2 = 7.5 k
330 + R2

= 0.944 |

1
1
=
= 1.02 nF
2 (R1 + R2 )f L 2 (330 + 7500)20kHz

(b) R

10.43

Av =

= 7.5 k | C = 1.0 nF | Checking : f L = 20.3 kHz

2 x 10 7 s

(s + 20 )(s + 2 x 10 )
4

1000s
| A mid = +1000 = 60 dB

s
(s + 20 )1+ 2 x 104

20
2 x 10 4
= 10 Hz | f H =
= 10 kHz | BW = 10kHz 10Hz = 9.99 kHz
2
2
Bandpass Amplifier
fL =

10.44

10 4 s
| High - pass Amplifier | A mid = +10 4 = 80 dB
s + 200
200
fL =
= 100 Hz | f H = | BW =
2

Av =

10.45
2 x 106
=
s + 200

10 4
Low - pass Amplifier | A mid = +10 4 = 80 dB
s
1+
200
200
= 100 Hz | BW = 100Hz 0Hz = 100 Hz
f L = 0 Hz | f H =
2

Av =

10-13

10.46

Av (s) =

s2 + s

10 s
10 s
= 102 2
= Amid
5
14
s + 10 s + 10
s + 105 s + 1014
2

Bandpass Amplifier | Amid = 100 = 40 dB | f o =

Q
Q

+ 2o

10

= 1.592 MHz | Q = o5 = 100

2
10
7

1.592 MHz
= 15.92 kHz | For a high Q circuit :
100
BW
= 1.592 MHz 15.92kHz = 1.584 MHz
fL fo
2
BW
fH fo +
= 1.592 MHz + 15.92kHz = 1.600 MHz
2

BW =

10.47

s 2 + 1012
s2 + o2
=
A
| Notch Filter
mid

s2 + 10 4 s + 1012
s2 + s o + o2
Q

s o
s o

Q
Q
Note : Av (s) = 201
is a bandpass function.
where
o
2
2
s2 + s o + o2
s + s + o
Q
Q

Av (s) = 20

Amid = 20 = 20 dB but Av = 0 at f o | f o =
The width of the null = BW =

o 10 6

=
= 159.2 kHz | Q = o4 = 100
2 2
10

159.2kHz
= 1.592 kHz | For a high Q circuit :
100

BW
= 159.2Hz 1.592kHz = 157.6 kHz
2
BW
= 159.2Hz + 1.592kHz = 160.8 kHz
f H fo
2

fL fo

10-14

10.48

Av (s) =

4 2 x 1014 s2
(s + 20 )(s + 50 )(s + 2 x 10 5 )(s + 2 x 10 6 )

Av (s) =

10 3 s2

s
s
1+

(s + 20 )(s + 50 )1+
2 x 10 5 2 x 10 6

| Amid = 1000 = 60 dB

Zeros : s = 0, s = 0 | Poles : s = -20 , s = -50 , s = -2 x 10 5 , s = -2 x 10 6

10 3

s
s
1+
1+
5
6
2 x 10 2 x 10
Since the two high frequency poles are separated in frequency by a decade,
For s >> 50 , Av (s)

2 x 10 5
= 100 kHz | However, we are not that lucky at low frequencies.
fH
2
10 3 s2
10 3 L2
10 3
For s << 2 x 10 5, Av (s)
| Av ( j L ) =
=
2
2
2
(s + 20 )(s + 50 )
2 + (20 ) 2 + (50 )

L4 (20 ) + (50 ) L2 (20 ) (50 ) = 0 L = 178 | f L =

2

)(

178
= 28.3 Hz
2

10-15

10.49
Using MATLAB: n=[2e7*pi 0]; d=[1 (20*pi+2e4*pi) 40e4*pi^2]; bode(n,d)
70
60

Gain dB

50
40
30
20
10
0
10 0

10 1

10 2

10 3
10 4
Frequency (rad/sec)

10 5

10

100
50

Phase deg

0
-50

-100
-150
-200
10 0

10 1

10.50
Using MATLAB:

10 2

10 3
10 4
Frequency (rad/sec)

10 5

10 6

n=[1e4 0]; d=[1 200*pi]; bode(n,d)

Bode Diagrams

80

70
60

50
40
100
80
60
40
20
0 1
10

10

10
Frequency (rad/sec)

10-16

10

10.51
Using MATLAB:

n=[2e6*pi]; d=[1 200*pi]; bode(n,d)

Bode Diagrams

80
75
70
65
60
55
0
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100 2
10

10

10

Frequency (rad/sec)

10.52
Using MATLAB:

n=[1e7 0]; d=[1 1e5 1e14]; bode(n,d)

100

Gain dB

50
0
-50
-100

10

10 7
Frequency (rad/sec)

10 8

Phase deg

100
50
0
-50

-100

10 6

10 7
Frequency (rad/sec)

10 8

10-17

10.53
Using MATLAB:

n=[-20 0 -2e13]; d=[1 1e4 1e12]; bode(n,d)

Gain dB

30
20
10
0
10 5

10 6
Frequency (rad/sec)

10 7

10 6
Frequency (rad/sec)

10

Phase deg

200

150

100
10 5

10.54
Using MATLAB:
n=[4e14*pi^2 0 0];
p1=[1 20*pi]; p2=[1 50*pi]; p3=[1 2e5*pi]; p4=[1 2e6*pi];
d=conv(conv(p1,p2),conv(p3,p4));
bode(n,d)
60

Gain dB

40

20

-20

-40

-60
10 -1

10 0

10 1

10

10 4
10 5
10 3
Frequency (rad/sec)

10

10 7

10

10 0

10 1

10

10 4
10 5
10 3
Frequency (rad/sec)

10

10 7

10

200

Phase deg

100

-100

-200
10 -1

10-18

10.55
Using MATLAB:
n=[2e7*pi 0]; d=conv([1 20*pi],[1 2e4*pi]); w=2*pi*[5 500 50000];
a=freqs(n,d,w); am=abs(a); ap=angle(a)*180/pi

Magnitudes: 447.2135 998.5526 196.1161

Phases:
63.4063 -1.7166 -78.6786
(a) vO = 0.447sin(10t + 63.4 o ) V

(b) vO = 0.999sin(1000t 1.72 o ) V

(c ) vO = 0.196sin(105 t 78.7 o ) V
10.56

Av (s) =

10 4 s
s + 200

Av (j ) =

| Av ( j )=

10 4 f

10 4 j
10 4 jf
=
j + 200 jf + 100

| Av (j )= 90 o tan 1

f 2 + 1002

(a) 1 Hz : A (j ) = 100 | A (j )= 89.4 |

(b) 50 Hz : A (j ) = 4472 | A (j )= 63.4
(c) 5 kHz : A (j ) = 9998 | A (j )= 1.15
o

f
100

vO = 0.03 sin 2t + 89.4 o V

(
)
= 3.00 sin (10 t + 1.15 ) V

| vO = 1.34 sin 100t + 63.4 o V

| vO

10.57
Using MATLAB:
n=[1e4 0]; d=[1 200*pi]; w=2*pi*[2 2000 200000];
a=freqs(n,d,w); am=abs(a); ap=angle(a)*180/pi
Magnitudes: 2.0000e+02 9.9875e+03 1.0000e+04
Phases:
88.8542 2.8624 0.0286
(a) vO = 2.00sin 4t + 88.9o mV

(
)
(b) v = 0.999sin(4000t + 2.86 )V
(c) v = 0.100sin(4x10 t + 0.0286 )V
o

10-19

10.58
Using MATLAB:
n=[-1e7 0]; d=[1 1e5 1e14];
w=2*pi*[1.59e6 1e6 5e6];
a=freqs(n,d,w);
am=abs(a)
ap=angle(a)*180/pi
Magnitudes: 98.1550 1.0381 0.3542
Phases:
-168.9767 -90.5948 90.2029
(a) vO = 0.393sin 3.18x106 t 169o V

(
)
(b) v = 4.15sin(2x10 t 90.6 )mV
(c) v = 1.42sin(10 t + 90.2 )mV
6

10.59
Using MATLAB:
n=[-20 0 -2e13]; d=[1 1e4 1e12];
w=2*pi*[1.59e5 5e4 2e5];
a=freqs(n,d,w);
am=abs(a)
ap=angle(a)*180/pi
Magnitudes: 3.8242 19.9999 19.9953
Phases:
101.0233 179.8003 -178.7570
(a) vO = 0.956sin 3.18x105 t + 101o mV

(
)
(b) v = 5.00sin(10 t + 180)V
(c) v = 5.00sin(4x10 t 179 )V
5

10.60
Using MATLAB:
n=[4e14*pi^2 0 0];
p1=[1 20*pi]; p2=[1 50*pi]; p3=[1 2e5*pi]; p4=[1 2e6*pi];
d=conv(conv(p1,p2),conv(p3,p4));
w=2*pi*[5 500 50000];
a=freqs(n,d,w);
am=abs(a)
ap=angle(a)*180/pi
Magnitudes: 87.7058 998.5400 893.3111
Phases:
142.1219 3.6930 -29.3873
(a) vO = 175sin 10t + 142o mV

(
)
(b) v = 2.00sin(1000t + 3.69 )V
(c) v = 1.79sin(10 t 29.4 )V
o

10-20

10.61
26

(a) Amid = +10 20 = +20 | Av =

1+

(b) A

20
s

2 x 5 x 106

20
2x108
=
s
s +10 7
1+ 7
10

2x10
s +10 7
8

10.62

(a) A

mid

= +10

(b) Av (s)=

40
20

= +100 | Av (s) = 100

s
(s + 400 )1+ 2 x 105

2 x 10 7 s

(s + 400 )(s + 2 x 10 )
5

2 x 10 7 s

(s + 400 )(s + 2 x 10 )
5

10-21

10.63

50000
1
Av (s) = 1000
= 1000
| A mid = 1000
s
s + 50000
1+

50000

dB
dB
f H = 0.64 f1 = 0.644(25kHz) = 16.1 kHz | 2 20
= 40

dec
dec
2

Using MATLAB:
n=1000*(50000*pi)^2;
d=[1 2*50000*pi (50000*pi)^2 ];
bode(n,d)
60

Gain dB

50
40
30
- 40 dB/dec

20
10
0
10 4

10 5
Frequency (rad/sec)

10

Phase deg

-50
-100

-150
-200

10 4

10-22

10 5
Frequency (rad/sec)

10 6

10.64

3 A

1 3

1
= o
Av (s) = Ao
| Av ( j H ) = Ao

2
2
2
s + 1
H + 1

| BW = f H

1
f H 2

dB
dB
2 = 1+ f H = f1 2 3 1 = 25kHz(0.5098) = 12.8 kHz | 3 -20
= 60

dec
dec
f1
1
3

Using MATLAB:
n=2000*(50000*pi)^3;
d=[1 3*50000*pi 3*(50000*pi)^2 (50000*pi)^3];
bode(n,d)
Bode Diagrams

70
60
50
40
30

-60 dB/dec

20
10
200
150
100
50
0
-50
-100
10 4

10 5

10 6

Frequency (rad/sec)

10-23

10.65
(a) To avoid distortion of the waveform, the phase shift must be proportional to frequency. 30o
at 1500 Hz and 50o at 2500 Hz.
o
o
o
(b) vO = 3.16sin 1000t + 10 + 1.05sin 3000t + 30 + 0.632sin 5000t + 50

(c) Using MATLAB:

t=linspace(0,.004);
a=10^(10/20);
vs=sin(1000*pi*t)+0.333*sin(3000*pi*t)+0.200*sin(5000*pi*t);
vo=A*(sin(1000*pi*t+pi/18)+0.333*sin(3000*pi*t+3*pi/18)+0.2*sin(5000*pi*t+5*pi/18));
plot(t,A*vs,t,vo)
3

-1

-2

-3

0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

4
x 10

10-24

-3