_ Flow of FluidsFLOW OF FLUIDS THROUGH VALVES, FITTINGS, AND PIPE METRIC EDITION — SI UNITS CRANE {All rights reserved. This publication is fully protected by copyright and nothing that appears in it may be re printed, either wholly or in part, without special per rission. Crane Co. specifically excludes warranties, express or implied, as to the accuracy of the data and other information set forth in this publication and dees not assume liability for any losses o damage resulting from the use of the materials or application of the data discussed in this publication, CRANE CO. 200 Park Avenue Now York, N.¥, 10022 © 1982—CRA Price $8.00 Price Outside U.S.A, $10.00CRANE Bibliography *R. A. Dodge & M. J. Thompson, "Fluid. Mechanics NeGiaw tl Book Company, ne 1997; pass 193,286 *H, Rowe, “Elementary Mochancs of Fluids"; John Wiley Sons fie, New Vouk, 1586 °F. Grizz, “Simplification of Gay Flow Culeulations by Meni of Now Spacil Sige Rule"; Perolown Bnginoor, Sepember, 205 *H. Kuchbach, “Lose of Energy in Miter Bends"; Trane actions of the Munich Hydraake Inttue, Balen No 3, faptin Solty"or Mechanical Enact, New York, is *“Dowthem, Handbook”; Dow Chemical Co., Midland, Michigan, 1984; pape 1. "RJ, S, Pigott, “Pressure Lovet in Tubing, Pipe, and Ftc lungs"; Tramsctions of the American Socley of Mechanicel Brginers, Volume 72, 1950; pages 679 10 688. ‘Steam Tables 1964” * Nation Engineering, Laboratory, MSO Eainbargh, UK *R.P, Stgamns, R. M. Jackson, RR. fobason, and C. A. Larson, Flow) Measurement with Orifice Mote” D. Van ‘Nostrand Compary, Ine, New York, 198), * setuid Meters”; American Society of Mechanical Engineers, art T~61h Eaton, New York, 1991 *R. G._Cunninghap, “Osco Meters with Supereritia! Compressile Flow"y ASME Paper No. S0-4-45 Ale Congoning Retienting aes Book Deg” _Amercan Sockty of Regering Engines, Sth Editon, Sow York 1338 See W. L. Nelson, “Poucleum Refinery Bnglncering"; McCrae: iat Book Co, New York 1a * Lional Marks, “Meshagical Engineers Handbook’ MoGrawtiat Hook Co, New Vere, 981 "YR. Mayhew & G. F.C Ropers, “Theemodyonmic sid Tiangpor? Properties of Fields" Bas lark, Ontord. UR DT2 1. B Mpxwell, “Data Book on fiyérocarbons"s D. Ven Nostrand Company. tne. New York, 1980, 1. Cop and BO. Rute “Loss of Head i Yates an Gf Onell to Twelve Inches Damier Lnvrersts of tuconsin Experimental Station Fealetin, Volume 9B 92s "GL. tuve and RE. Sprenle, “Orifice Discharge Cost ‘ian fr Viscous Liguiee"-Insraiments, November. 1a page 201 "LF. Moody, “Friction Factors for Pipe Haw” Tre sgtions of the American Society 0f Mecha! Emenee ‘Yotume'@6, November 1944; pages 71 Wo 8 MA. H. Shapico, “The Dynamics and Thermedynuna of Compressible Fluid Flow": The Konald Frew Compr 1955) Chapter 6 % ASME Steam Tables, 1967 °K. Hi ue), “Presute Loves for Fluid Flow in 90 Deptee Pipe Bends": Journal of Reveoreh of the National Barsot of Standards, Volume 2, uly 1938 Honfarke’ Standard Handbook for Mechonigol Liner Seventh Edition 1966, MeGraw-flt Book Ca, New Singha, EC. and Jaskion, RF, Burau of Sond Buen 14; pages 38 1 86 (S298. August. 19% ats) *T. R. Weymouth, Trnsations of the america Sets Mechanical Engrs, Voluoie 34,1912 pane 19 YR 1S, Pigott, “the Few of Fide in Chesed Combis” ‘Mechanical Engineering, Volume 82,6. Suo 13 paseo? “Emory Kemer, “A Study of Data on the Flow of Puids In Pipes,” Tragetins of the American Soctet) of Mecha. Eel Brgincers, Nol. 38,1935, 55 jandbook of Chemistry and, Physics,” 44:h Edition, 196251963 Chena Rubber Publishing Co, Cleland V1 Suetes, “Fluid Mechanles", Ist Eaton, 1951 Standards of Hydnalic Insitute", Eighth Eton, 1947, luernatonal Gas Union, Appendix 1 of sepost "Probes ising fom snterchangeabisty of scone amy ater" ay 9%6FOREWORD ‘The more complex indusiry becomes. the more vital becomes the role played by fuids in the industrial machine, One hundzed years 2g0 Water was the only important fluid which was conveyed from one point to another in pipe. ‘Today, almost every conceivable Auld is handled in pipe during #s production, processing, trans- portation, oF utihzation, The age of atomic ‘eneegy and rocket power has added fluids such as liquid metals... . ie, sodium, potassium, and bismuth, as well 35 lguid oxygen, nitrogen, fe... to the list of more common fluids such as oll, water, gazes, acids, and liquors that are being seansported in pipe today. Nor is the lwansportation of fluids the only phase of hydsaulics which warants attention now. Hydraulle and pneumatic mechanisms are used extensively for the controls of modern sicralt, seagoing vessels, awomotive equipment, machine tools, earth-moving and road-building machines, and even in scientific laboratory equipment where precise control of fluid flow ssrequized, So extensive are the applications of hydraulies ‘nd Duid mechanics that almost every engineer has found it necessary to famiarize himself ‘with at least the elementary laws of fuid flow To satisfy a demand for a simple and practical treatment of the subject of flow in pipe, Crane Co. published in 1935, « booklet entitled Flow fof Fluids and Heat Transmission. A revised edition on the subject of Flow of Fluids ‘Through Valves, Fitungs, and Pipe was pub: lished in 1942. Technical Paper No. 410, 8 com= pletely new edition with an all-new fosmat was introduced in 1957, In TP. 410, Crane has endeavoured to present the latest available Information on flow of fluids, in summarized form with all auxiliary data necessary to the sphition of all but the most unusual fluid flow problems, From 19S7 until the present, there have been ‘numerous printings of Technical Paper No. 410. Each successive printing is updated, as neces: sary, to reflect the latest low information aval able. This continual updating, we believe, serves the best interests ofthe users ofthis publication, ‘The fifteenth printing (1976 edition) presented a conceptual change regarding the valves of Equivalent Length “L/D” and Resistance Co- efficient "K™ for valves and fitings relative 10 the fiction factor in pipes. This change had relatively minor effect on most problemsdealing with flow conditions that result in Reynolds ‘numbers Falling in the turbulent zone. However for flow in the laminar zone, the change avoided 4 significant overstatement of pressure drop. Consistent with the conceptual revision, the resistance to flow through valves and fittings ‘was expressed in terms of resistance coefficient “K™ instead of equivalent length “L/D”, and the coverage of valve and fitting types was expanded: Further important revisions included the up ating of steam viscosity date, orifice costfi- cients, and.nozzie coefficients. TP, 410M was introduced in early 1977 as a metric version of the fiteenth printing of TP ‘410, Technical data, with eertsin exceptions, ate presented in terms of SI metre units. Exceptions Decur in instances Where present units outside the SI system (eg. nominal pipe sizes in inches) fare expected 10 continue in vee for an indefinite period, or whofe agreement has not yet been Feached on the specific metric units to be used (as for flow coefficients) Successive printings of T.P. 410M, like TP. 4410, ate updated as necessary 10 reMlect latest, low information availble, Aerangement of material i alike in both editions. Theory is presented in Chapters 1 and 2... practical ap- lication to low problems in Chapters 3and 4 Physical properties of fluids and flow charac: teristics of valves, fittings, and pipe in Appendix A... and sorversion units and other useful engineering dats in Appendix B. Most of the data on flow through valves and fittings were obtained by carefully conducted experiments in the Crane Engineering Lebo ratories. Liberal use his been made, howeves ‘of other reliable sources of data on this subject land cue credit har been given these sources in the text. The bibliography of references will provide a source for further study of the sub: Jeet presented CRANE co.