Cu 6: V sao a ch IP li c chia lp A, B, C, D?

- Do t chc v ln ca cc mng con (subnet) ca lin mng c th khc nhau, nn ngi ta chia a chia IP thnh 5 lp k hiu l A, B, C, D v E d qun l. Trong lp A, B, C cha a ch c th gn c. Lp D dnh ring cho lp k thut multicasting. Lp E c dnh nhng ng dng trong tng lai. Cu 13: ngha vic phn tng ca m hnh TCP/IP? -Vic phn tng ca m hnh TCP/IP l d thun li cho vic thit k, pht trin, bo dng, nng cp mt cch d dng cc thnh phn sau ny. V mi tng gii quyt mt tp cc vn c lin quan n vic truyn d liu, v cung cp cho cc giao thc tng cp trn mt dch v c nh ngha r rng da trn vic s dng cc dch v ca cc tng thp hn. V mt lgic, cc tng trn gn vi ngi dng hn v lm vic vi d liu tru tng hn, chng da vo cc giao thc tng cp di bin i d liu thnh cc dng m cui cng c th c truyn i mt cch vt l. C th nh sau: + Cc giao thc hot ng tng Application: FTP (File transfer Protocol): Giao thc truyn tp, cho php ngi dng ly hoc gi mt tp tin n mt my khc. Telnet: Chng trnh m phng thit b u cui cho php ngi dng login vo my ch t mt my khc trn mng. SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): Mt giao thc truyn th DNS (Domain Name Service): Dch v tn min cho php nhn ra mt my tnh t tn min ca n thay v phi nh vo a ch IP kh nh. Nhiu bn thng nhm DNS l Domain Name Server Sai. SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol): Giao thc cung cp cc cng c qun tr mng. + Cc giao thc hot ng tng Transport: UDP (User Datagram Protocol): Giao thc truyn khng tin cy nhng u im ca n l nhanh v tit kim. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): Cung cp mt phng thc truyn tin cy + Cc giao thc hot ng tng Internet: IP (Internet Protocol): Giao thc Internet, cung cp cc thng tin lm sao cc gi tin c th n c ch. ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): Giao thc chuyn a ch IP thnh a mng ch vt l ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): Mt giao thc thng bo li xy ra trn ng truyn. + Cc cng ngh thng gp tng vt l: Ethernet, Token Ring, Token Bus, Fiber. Cng ging nh m hnh tham chiu OSI, d liu t tng Application i xung cc tng di, ni m mi tng c nhng nh ngha ring v d liu m n s dng, chng thm vo cc header ca ring mnh trc khi chuyn tip xung tng tip theo, qu trnh nhn din ra ngc li. Cu 20: Swicth dng a ch no cho vic chuyn frame? V sao?

- Qu trnh chuyn frame a ch da hon ton vo a ch MAC cha bn trong tng frame. Mt switch s khng chuyn mt frame cho n khi no n bit a ch ch ca frame. -V Switch l thit b tng 2, nn phi da thng tin tng 2 chuyn i nn phi dng a ch MAC. Cu 27: Routing Table dng lm g? Routing Table dng lu li nhng a ch hay con ng n ch m PC hay router hc c. Thng 1 routing table s bao gm a ch ch, node k cn vi n ti ch v gi tr ca con ng v trong TH c nhiu ng ti ch n s dng gi tr no tt nht ti ch. Cu 34: Khi no th chng ta cn kt ni WAN? K tn mt s cng ngh WAN? Chng ta cn kt ni mng WAN khi ni cc my tnh trong ni b, cc quc gia cng 1 chu lc.
Thng thng kt ni ny c thc hin qua mng vin thng. -Cc cng ngh mng WAN

1. Lease line 2. VPN 3. ADSL 4. Frame Relay 5. MegaWAN 6. ISDN Dial-Up (BRI) 7. ISDN Dial-Up (PRI) 8. Dial-Up Analog 9. X.25 Cu 41: Default gateway dng lm g? Thc cht Defaut gateway l i ch IP ca router. Defaut gateway l cng m cc my trong mng cc b c th i ra c internet m mun ra ngoi internet th phi qua router chnh v vy cng ny chnh l router ca mnh (v router ngoi vic kt ni internet cn c dng ni hai mng c ln li vi nhau). Defaut gateway nh l mt cu ni gia hai mng vi nhau nn mun giao tip hay ping ti mt mng cc b khc bt buc mnh phi c n. Cu 48: C th thay i a ch MAC khng? V sao? a ch MAC (a ch vt l) l a ch phng c chiu di 48 bit. a ch MAC l a ch duy nht ca mi host trn mt Ethernet , v vy n khng th thay i c. V a ch ny c lu gi trn card mng, c biu din bng 12 s hexa (c s 16), trong 24 bit u l m s ca cng ty sn xut card mng (cisco, 3com, planet,) cn 24 bit sau l s seri ca tng Card mng i vi mt hng sn xut. Nh vy bo m khng c hai card mng no trng nhau v a ch vt l, ni chnh xc hn l s Identification ca tng card

mng. Cc s Identification ny c lu trong mt chip ROM gn trn mi card mng ngay t khi sn xut ( gi l Burnt-in Address) do ngi dng khng th thay i c. Cu 55: Tn min l g?Cho v d? Tn min (Domain name) l mt tp hp cc k t dng ch-s-du dng thay th cho chui cc k t dng s phc tp v kh nh. Thc cht, tn min l s nhn dng v tr ca mt my tnh trn mng Internet ni cch khc tn min l tn ca cc mng li, tn ca cc my ch trn mng Internet dng lm a ch cho ngi dng truy cp n website hay my ch . V d: tn min www.google.com.vn c gi l tn min quc gia. www: my ch world wide web. .google: l tn ng k ca my ch. .com: l ui ca tn min (dnh cho t chc, c nhn c hot ng thng mi). .vn: l ui k hiu ca quc gia Vit Nam.

Cu 62: Gii thch hai kiu truy vn recursive v iterative ca DNS? Recursive DNS: L kiu truy vn quy, trong kiu truy vn ny, DNS server b truy vn c yu cu tr li vi d liu c yu cu hoc vi mt li ni v d liu ca loi c yu cu hoc tn min c ch nh l khng tn ti. Kiu truy vn ny thng c cc DNS client s dng truy vn DNS server. Nhc im ca kiu truy vn ny l DNS client t nng gnh phn gii tn ln DNS server c lin h nn d xy ra tnh trng qu ti d liu. Iterative ca DNS: L truy vn lp li, trong mt iterative query, name server b truy vn c th tr li cu hi tt nht m hin ti n c cho DNS resolver. Cu tr li ny c th l tn c phn gii hoc mt s chuyn n name server khc m n gn hn p ng yu cu gc ca DNS client. Kiu truy vn ny thng c cc DNS server s dng truy vn cc DNS server khc. Nhc im ca kiu truy vn ny l DNS server c lin h tr v tn ca DNS server khc lin h. V vy, d liu c tr v c th c kt qu sai hoc cha t yu cu c cc DNS server gi i. Cu 69: Trng Window Size trong TCP Header dng lm g? Window Size ch s lng byte c th gi tip trc khi nhn Acknowledgment. Sau khi mt host truyn s lng byte bng Window Size, n phi ch nhn c Acknowledgment trc khi chuyn tip. Window Size quyt nh s lng d liu bn nhn c th chp nhn ti mt thi im. Window Size cng ln th tc truyn cng nhanh v ngc li.