AVIONICS-2401 2008 regulations VII Sem AERO

UNIT -1 INTRODUCTION TO AVIONICS

SYLLABUS
1. Need for Avionics in civil and military aircraft and space systems 1. Typical avionics sub systems 2. Integrated Avionics and Weapon system 3. Design approaches and recent advances 4. Application Technologies.

Need for Avionics in civil and military aircraft and space systems
Need of Avionics in Civil, Military and Space systems

1. Need for avionics in Civil Aircraft systems

1) For Flight Control Computations and flight surfaces control (PWM) 2) For Mission and Management computation 3) For Navigating the aircraft full solution, AHRS (Altitude and Head Reference System) 4) For getting the magnetic field thru Magnetometer 5) For various Payloads and Data-link Control through extended I/O
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Need of Avionics in Civil Aircrafts

1. Reduce the crew workload 2. By Avionics in Civil Aircrafts, aircraft mission carried safely and efficiently. 3. By All Weather operation thru avionics reduce the maintenance cost of aircraft 4. Thru Avionics, Air Datas obtained like altitude, outside temp and pressure

Military Aircrafts
Stealth- F-117 Nighthawk (1980s-2008) B-2 Spirit "Stealth Bomber, F-22 Raptor F-35 Lightning F18 Super-cruice Aircraft A10 Thunderbolt Jet (Brahmos Supersonic Cruice Missile)
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NEED FOR AVIONICS FOR MILITARY AIR CRAFT-s

Avionics in Military Aircrafts for Super cruise, for Reliability, Availability, and room for growth capacity Less expensive for a Single Seater fighter than 2 seater fighter with Avionics Improved Aircraft Performance Secure Communication

F22 Integrated Avionic Suite (LOCKHEED MARTIN)

Need for Avionics in Space Systems

Thru Avionics, Fly-by-wire control systems for vehicle attitude and translation control used Thru Avionics, excellent Sensors used around the spacefraft for data acquisition. Redundancy system and autopilot are the needs using Avionics in Space systems On board computers in satellites for processing.
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AVIONICS
Onboard and ground avionics, air traffic management

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AVIONICS
1. FLIGHT CONTROL for controlling the flight on its course 2. COCK PIT ELECTRONICS-various types of displays for facilitating the Pilot 3. COMMUNICATION-Pilot to Ground and Pilot to passengers 4. NAVIGATION using VOR and GPS 5. RADAR using Transponder in Aircraft and RADAR at the ground to find altitude, speed and bearing of Aircraft
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Avionics
Onboard 1. Flight Control Avionics 2. Cockpit avionics, 3. Communication and Navigation avionics, 4. Cabin Avionics and 5. Auxiliary & power systems Ground : 1. Air traffic Management Electronics (ATC)
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Air traffic management from Chennai to New Delhi

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Air Traffic Management

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Types of Aircrafts & Missiles

Avionic Companies

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Avionic Giants
Honeywell USA- for all avionic sub sustems Bendix & King-US-Radar Baker Electronics USA-VHF Radio, Cockpit electronics Allied Signal, -Radar and navigation system Rockwell Collins, GE, Rolls Royce USA- for Aircraft Thales France-ATC Radar Garmin-USA-GPS
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Aircrafts-Civilian
Boeing-737 to 787-Seatle Airbus-A320 to A380 Toules-France DC-3,DC-10 (Dooughlas)-California

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Aircrafts, Missiles
Sparrow by Raytheon USA Thor Missile-IRBM from Douglas Aircraft Co AGM 86-Cruice Missile-Boeing A-64 Apache-Boeing

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Thor Missile(IRBM)2400 KM

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Sparrow-Air to Air Missile

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Avionic Sub Systems

7 sub systems with brief explanation

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Avionic Sub Systems

AVIONIC SUB SYSTEMS
For Pr. Mach No. 1.Air Data System For Flight planning 7.FMS system

2.Flight Control System For Aircraft Stability

3.Navigation System For position of Aircraft

4.Cockpit System LCD Displays

Communication Pilot to Grnd, Crew to Passenger

6.Engine Control Controlling Engine temp Pr.

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Avionic Subsystems
1. Air Data System-indicating Pr,Altitude,Speed, Mach Number,Statc Air Temp etc 2. Flight Control System-indicating Signals for 3 axes Auto stabilization 3. Navigation System-using DME,VOR, GPS 4. Display System-like HUD,HOTAS 5. Cabin Inter-Communiication System 6. Engine Control system for engine temp, pr. 7. Flight Management System-FMS for flight path
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1.Air Data System

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Indicate Pr, Altitude, Speed, Mach Number, Statc Air Temp etc thru a computer called ADC

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Air Data System for Total Air temp , Dynamic Pr, True Air speed

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Air Data Computer

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2. Flight Control System-Autopilot System

1. Means Fly by wire and Fly by Light two methods in Flight Control system 2. Include automatically controlling flight using auto-pilots Scheme to control heading and altitude and for Autostablization-AFC 3. Limited authority on thrust and flight control surfaces
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Flight Control

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Flight Control System (Autopilot)

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3. Navigation system
A. By Very High Frequency Omni directional Range or Distance Measuring Equipment DME B. By Satellite Based Navigation by MEO Satellites at 1575 MHz Satcom via the Inmarsat satellites using 4 Satellites centralized over the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Atlantic Ocean-East, and Atlantic Ocean-West for high altitudes
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NAVIGATION SYSTEM
A. Ground Based Navigation using LOS by VOR/DME having B-Nav and P-nav where the track accuracy is within +/- 5 nm and +/-1nm Use VOR for getting the navigation track from many ground stations between Aircraft and ATC through VHF Freq. (108.1 through 117.95 MHz) B. Satellite Based Navigation by GPS on 1575 MHz
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A. VOR
A Radio Navigation system for Aircrafts sending VHF AM signal to the Aircraft Aircraft derive a Magnetic bearing from the station to the aircraft (direction from the VOR station in relation to Earths North at the time of installation) Providing OMNI (VOR) or LOCALIZER (LOC) information with built-in VOR/LOC Converter Used with other nav/comms
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A. VOR & DME

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A. VOR/DME Ground Station

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A. DME in the Aircraft

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A. Air band Receiver FOR VOR

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GPS Navigation
Offering an inexpensive and reliable Navigation to existing navigation techniques for aircraft. With GPS, an aircraft's computers can be programmed to fly a direct route to a destination GPS saves in fuel and time

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GPS Navigation

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GPS Navigation
Aircraft position by signals from MEO Satellites high above the Earth 3 satellites for fixing aircrafts position 3 segments; 1. space segment (SS), 2. a control segment (CS), and 3.user segment Space Segment for No.of Satellites (12)Control Segment to track the position of Satellites, (3).User segment (GPS receiver)

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Space Segment (12 Visible Sat)

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GPS at the cockpit

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B. GPS at Aircraft
GPS-400W

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3. Satellite Based Navigation using 12 Satellites( GPS)

GPS-400W

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4.Display System
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Produce Pre-Flight info Giving Navigation Information Airframe Data Warning Information Head up Display and Multifunction Display

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5.Communication

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5. COMMUNICATION
Communications connecting the flight deck to the ground, and the flight deck to the passengers Flight Deck to Ground work on the Airband of 118.000 MHz to 136.975 MHz (Air band Receiver) On board communication for Public Address system to the passengers and Aircraft intercom to the crew .
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5.Communication system
1. Direct dialling to Aircraft thru INMARSAT or Iridium satellite 2. Voice Activated hands free intercom system with Transmit facility from Pilot to Passengers with PTT for Pilot and Co pilot 3. Music thru Satellite Radio, MP3 or CD player on Stereo
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5.Communication system

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5. Communication
Communication system using AIR Band Receiver for contacting ATC and fellow pilots. Air band Receiver use 136.000 to 163.975 MHz with 720 COMM channels Air Band Radios available @ 14 volt or 28 volt

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Air band Receiver

118.000 MHz to 136.975 MHz

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Why Beacon Freq =108.1 MHz on FM

Beacon use VHF thru LOS (line of Sight) using 108.1- 117.95 MHz Storms and other weather phenomena cause interference 108.1- 117.95 MHz free from Static and interference caused by storms or other weather phenomena

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6.Engine Control system

Engine control for Air density, throttle lever position, engine temperature and engine pressure etc. providing optimum engine efficiency for a given flight condition with redundant digital panels for Safety.

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6. Engine Control System

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7. Flight Management System

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7.Flight Management System

Flight Crew enter Flight Data such as Wind conditions, Runway Length, Cruice Altitude to FMS FMS computes power settings for various phases of the flight

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Description
Giving End-to-end flight planning Inclue the aircraft track within an accuracy of three wing-widths and within time of arrival to within 6 seconds in the flight plan. Navigation (integration of inertial, radio and GPS sensors) Trajectory prediction/optimization Flight guidance interface (roll, pitch and thrust commands) Electronic map interface (horizontal and vertical flight plan display)
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GPS System for Navigation

Basic theory, Orbital positions, GPS segments, Triangulation, Advantages of GPS

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Garmin GPS RX

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Basic Theory
GPS navigation by 24 MEO satellites having atomic clocks revolving in Polar orbits at an altitude of 20,000 km from earth, having 3 segments as space segment (SS), 2. a control segment (CS), and 3.user segment Control segment for controlling the orbit of satellites, Space segment for 24 satellites, 4 slots/satellites, inclined at 55* to the equator Some places on earth can see from 6 to 12 satellites GPS RX is User Segment
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GPS 24 MEO satellites-20,000 km in Polar Orbits-55* to Equator

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GPS components

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Principle of working
GPS Satellites send signals containing satellites position and time. GPS RX receive signals from 4 satellites at any time, measuring the time difference from satellite to the receiver Distance to satellite = c x time difference Knowing the distances of 4 satellites, position of RX in Long and Lat computed by a process of Triangulation
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In Detail
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. MEO satellites emit high-frequency radio signals and have atomic clocks set to Greenwich time called ZULU time Received by GPS receiver at the Aircraft, measuring nearest 2 satellites called Acuisition. These signals contain data about exact orbits of the satellites and the time of atomic clocks on the satellites Time taken by the nearest 2 satellites and the aircraft creates a precise triangle informing the pilot his latitude and longitude to within one meter Distance between satellite and RX is computed by Acquisition from the time difference between satellite and received signal d= (c/t) c= 300,000 km/sec
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GPS Data-s
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Direction of Heading Speed of Aircraft Aircraft Altitude A Map of current location and destination Traveled distance How long we are travelling Estimated time of Arrival
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GPS Navigation
GPS-400W

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GPS Navigation

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Advantages of GPS
1. Aircrafts can fly the most direct routes between 2 airports, thus saving fuel and time. 2. Enable the Pilot to keep the aircraft On course 3. GPS also provide ground speed and wind 4. GPS enable the aircraft for safe landing under bad weather. 5. Under poor visibility, GPS make the airacraft for even touch down.

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Ground Based Navigation

Ground Based System use VOR for getting the navigation track from many ground stations between Aircraft and ATC through VHF Freq. (108.1 through 117.95 MHz) Ground Based System give heading when the aircraft remains in the same track envelop Ground Based System use line-of-sight.
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3. FLIGHT CONTROL
1. Autopilot scheme to control aircraft in flight consisting of connecting linkage by Mechanical, Hydraulic Electronic (Analog ,Digital) 2. Thunderstorms causes rapid changes in the three-dimensional wind velocity Causes of air disaster called low level windshear. just above ground level.
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3. Various Flight Control Schemes ( Honeywel-USA)

Boeing 737-providing control and guidance in the pitch and roll axes, and performs warning functions, and automatic pitch trim. Boeing 747-Autopilot - Flight Director is an integrated automatic pilot/flight director (A/P - F/D) system in which the system computers are used for autopilot and flight director functions.
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Drivers for Civil Transport Aircraft

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Avionic Drivers in Civil Transport Aircrafts

1. GPS Technology 2. Cost and weight of on-board navigation equipment-a potential breakthrough in air traffic management 3. integration of satellite positioning with digital map displays simplifies navigation 4. extensive radio navigation infrastructure like LORAN-C, DECCA and maritime radio and visual beacons.
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Survivability
Defined as ability of a system or subsystem, equipment, process, or procedure to continue to function after or during a natural or man-made disturbance

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Vulnerability
1. Defined as the situation for attack or occurrence of a weak process 2. Vulnerability is inversely related to Survivability 3. Lower the Vulnerability-higher the survivability

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Avionic Architecture
Federated and Integrated Architecture, and their distinction

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Types
1. Federated Architecture- having stand alone systems- Hetero-genious system 2. Integrated Architecture- several avionics functionalities combined into a single computer system with different criticality levels-A380

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Federated ArchitectureFeatures
1. Simple in architecture 2. Loosely-coupled and heterogeneous architecture as Isolated Black Boxes 3. Every function executed independently, independent of other function 4. Minimum error 5. A major drawback of federated architectures lies in the high risk of massive usage of computing resources 6. Airbus A330 and A340 adopt this kind of architecture.
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Federated Architecture
Data conversion at the system leve Data sent as digital form called Digital Avionics Information System-DIAS Number of data processors required to perform a variety of functions like navigation, having Low Bandwidth, stores Flight Management and Flight control Systems connected in a Time Shared Multiplex Highway. All these Resources shared at the last link in the information chain via controls and displays.
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Advantages & Disadvantages

Each application in Federated Architecture have separate Hardware/Software like Flight Control or Radar as independent black boxes Federated Architecture is Robust and Fault Tolerants All applications like Display, Flight Control or Radar are physically protected Failure in One application does not affect the other The Architecure is Costly, consuming high power and highly complex
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Integrated Avionic System

Features, Schematic and Advantages

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Features
1. Using Avionic Full Duplex Ethernet AFDX 2. Simultaneous display of traffic, terrain, airspace, airways, airports, navigation aids 3. Common Hardware and Software are shared by Hosted Applications 4. Reconfiguration at ground and in flight 5. Drop Down Menus & On-screen point and click functionality

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Integrated Architecture

Actuators
Flight Auto Display Mgmt Pilot

Sensors

Common I/O
Open System Interface with 628

Avionics Computer
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IMA Architecture in Airbus A380

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Advantages of Integrated Avionic System

1. Advanced flight deck functions 2. Improved situational awareness to Pilot 3. Increased system flexibility for business and regional aircrafts. 4. Large Liquid Crystal Flat Panel Displays 5. Integrated Navigation 6. Quick Modification of Flight Plans for sudden change in weather, Terrain and Air Traffic. 7. Control of Cock Pit Info and Display Info 8. Integration with subsystems in the aircraft
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Integrated Weapon System

Consisting of AIM-9 air-to-air missile fired with F-22 maneuvering 60 degrees Rolling per second All 52 missile tests prior to IOT&E complete First JDAM separation test complete successful Gun system tests Certified Chaff and flare countermeasures

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Other features of Integrated Avionics

Electronic Warfare Stores Management System Inertial Reference System with GPS Software providing 1.7 million lines of code Liquid flow through cooling lending to an mean time between failures (MTBF) of 25,000 hours Power Supply modules cooled with polyalphaolefin (PAO) liquid coolant to carry away heat generated by the supplies' powerconversion process
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Distinction between IMA & Fed Architecture

1. Open System 2. Line Replacable Modules 3. Common Architecture and sharing of Data with 628 and 429 4. Use Full Duplex Swithced Network 5. Technology Reuse 6. Less Weight and Power 7. All applications accesseds to the Pilot thru 11 LCD display 1. Closed System 2. Not Line Replaceble Modules 3. Stand alone Architecture with ARINC 429 and no sharing of Data 4. Also Use Full Duplex 5. No Technology Reuse 6. More Weight & power

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Design approach and Recent Advances

Types of approach, present day advances in architecture

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Type of Approach
Include 1. Integrated Modular System approach 2. Glass Cockpits 3. Fault Tolerant System 4. Federated & 5. Integrated Architecture

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1. Integrated Modular System approach

1. By using Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA) system increase the efficiency by reducing Space, Weight and Power (SWaP) Example:Boeings 787 Dreamliner and Airbus A380 2. Objective of IMA to combine a number of traditional, stand-alone federated systems into integrated common platforms. 3. IMA increase power efficiency and reduces processor boards, reducing bill of materials (BOM) and number of Line Replaceable Units (LRUs)
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Partioning between sheduling

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2. Glass Cockpits
Glass Cockpit avionics design providing prices often lower than the aggregate sum of all the analog gauges This shift allowing smaller aircraft to fly behind modern glass cockpit avionics available in airliners and business jets.

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3.Fault Tolerant System

Required to ensure safe operation of digital avionics systems performing flightcritical functions. FTS requirements must be documented in a specification of the intended behavior of a system, specifying the tolerances imposed on the various outputs from the system
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4.Federated Architecture

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5 Integrated Architecture
Proposing a system organization where several functions (even of di_erent criticality level) sharing now computing and communication resources. as integrated modular avionics MA enables resource savings, thus reasonably limits the global development costs. Airbus A380 and Boeing B777 are examples of aircrafts using IMA

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IMA

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APPLICATION TECHNOLOGIES
TRENDS

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Requirement
1. Flight Engineer should be Type E certified engineer to service and maintain the latest aricrafts 2. For future aircraft and retrofit applications Integrated Modular Architecture being offered.

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Application Technologies
1. Use of IMA for future aircrafts, thereby cost, weight, and volume are reduced. 2. Integration of offensive & defensive communication 3. Using Optical Sensors for 3D Wind Profile msmt 4. Optical Fiber Bus 1773 B used for high speed-300 Mbps 5. Using Flat Panel AMLCD in Cockpits.
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APPLICATION TECHNOLOGIES
1. Aircraft Maintenance Engineer E for servcing and maintaining latest avionic eqp 2. Expert System Technology 3. Integrated Modular Architecture: Making an avionic Wind Tunnel 4. Use Electro Optical Sensors to measure 3 D wind profiles 5. Using High speed Optical fiber for Avionic applns 6. Using AMLCD for glass Cockpit 7. Flat Pannel
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VOR
AIR AND LAND EQUIPMENT

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A. VOR
A Radio Navigation system for Aircrafts sending VHF AM signal to the Aircraft Aircraft derive a Magnetic bearing from the station to the aircraft (direction from the VOR station in relation to Earths North at the time of installation) Providing OMNI (VOR) or LOCALIZER (LOC) information with built-in VOR/LOC Converter Used with other nav/comms
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A. VOR & DME

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A. VOR/DME Ground Station

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1b. Ground Based Nagivation-VOR

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3. Basic Principle of VOR

VOR work on 108.0 to 117.95 MHz Amplitude modulated A Reference Phase 30 Hz signal FM modulated at 9.9 KHz sub carrier compared Rotating 30Hz AM signal thru an electronic tunable antenna Phase angle between the two signal = to the direction from the station to the aircraft, in degrees from local magnetic north-called the Radial VOR has Omni Bearing Radial OBR to set the desired course
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3. VOR

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3, VOR Display

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3. VOR
Has 4 parts, A,B,C & D A= Rotating Course Card, calibrated from 0 to 360indicating the VOR bearing as the reference to fly TO or FROM; 345 radial away FROM the station =aircraft is north of the Omni station B=Omni Bearing Selector to manually rotate the course card. C=CDI, or Course Deviation Indicator This needle swings left or right indicating the direction to turn to return to course D=The TO-FROM indicatorThis arrow will point up, or towards the nose of the aircraft, when flying TO the VOR station
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Typical VOR

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3. VOR Indicator -Collins

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5.RADAR-Types
Weather Radar and Search Radar DME Transponders Radio Altimeters Special Military Radar

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5. RADAR
1. Primary Surveillance Radar PSR-reporting Aircraft weather, flocks of birds, stationary objects in the range of 80 NM 2. PSR-transmitting radio pulses and listening for and timing the reflections from the skin or other metal components of aircraft 3. Secondary Surveillance Radar (SSR) transmits an "interrogation beam" to an airplane transponder- emitting a signal when it is swept by the secondary radar. SSR responding in range of 250 NM
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5. PRIMARY SURVEILLANCE RADAR

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5. Secondary Surveillance RadarASR9

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What is meant by Radar Stabilization

Using an aircraft's vertical gyro (if equipped) to maintain the selected radar antenna beam relative to the horizoncalled Radar Stabilization In a turn, the radar will maintain the selected tilt angle instead of changing in relation to turn

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5. BENDIX RADAR

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Bendix RDR-150 Radar System (Recon.)

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6. Traffic Collision Avoidance Systems-TCAS

A System to reduce mid-air collisions between aircraft, monitoring the Air Space around an Aircraft with a Transponder, independent of ATC Working with a Transponder either at S or C Band TCAS-equipped aircraft "interrogating with all other aircraft in a determined range about their position thru 1.030 GHz and all other craft replying at 1.090 GHz
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Traffic Collision Avoidance Systems-TCAS

To supplement air traffic control, most large transport aircraft and many smaller ones use a TCAS (Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System), which can detect the location of nearby aircraft, and provide instructions for avoiding a midair collision. To help avoid collision with terrain, (CFIT) aircraft use systems such as ground-proximity warning systems (GPWS), radar altimeter being the key element in GPWS
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TCAS

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Collision Avoidance Systems

For supplementing air traffic control, large transport aircraft and many smaller ones using a TCAS (Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System), TCAS detect the location of nearby aircraft, and provide instructions for avoiding a midair collision. For avoiding collision with terrain, (CFIT) aircraft use systems - ground-proximity warning systems (GPWS), radar altimeter ( the key element in GPWS)
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TCAS (Honeywell)

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TCAS-Honeywell
Integrated Processor Capable of upgrading for higher surveillance Superior bearing accuracy, Improved reliability, and Advanced communication data-link

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