Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
.
.. .
: . - : . .-, 2000 - 316 C
C
....................................................................................................................28
1. .......................40
2.1 ..............41
2.2 : ......................53
2.3 .67
2.3.1 ..................................................................69
2.3.2 ...............74
3 II : ,
, - ....................................................................87
3.1 ?............................................................................88
3.2 :
............................................................................................................................97
3.3 ..........105
3.4 ........................113
4 III. ,
: .............................................................................................................122
4.1
...................................................................................................................123
4.2 ? ................................................................133
4.3 (
. ) ................................................................................................152
5 IV :
......................................................................................161
5.1 . ...........................................................163
5.2 ?...............................................167
5.3 .180
6 V ? ...............188
6.1 : ...................190
6.2 .........................197
6.3 ( .
) ........................................................................................................................201
7
VI.
..............................213
8 .....................................................................................................226
1
2
27
1
,
. ,
,
,
.
.
. ,
,
,
,
, .
(.. 1)
,
. , ,
, .
, ,
,
,
,
.
, ,
,
, .
,
,
,
- .
( )
,
. , ,
, , ,
,
,
.
,
, , ,
.
, , .
1
.. . - .: , 1991.- . 25-26.
28
2, . ,
, ,
, . ,
,
.
,
, ,
, .
-
. (
) ,
. ? ,
,
,
. /
,
,
. 3:
*
,
,
;
* :
,
,
,
;
* : )
( ?),
, ; )
(,
, ); () ,
() ;
*
, ,
. .. ,
,
, 4;
* . , ,
: )
2
.. . .- . .- .: , 1992.- 304 .
3
: / ..,
.., .., .., ...- : , 1997.. 83-120, 174-191.
4
/ .., ..,
...- : - , 1996.- . 66.
29
; ) ,
,
,
(),
; )
,
, ; )
.
,
, . :
- , ,
;
- -
- , ;
- ,
- ;
- -
.
, . ,
5
. , , - ,
,
,
,
.
,
, , .
,
,
.
, ,
- .
,
.
- ,
. .
, .
, .
6. , ,
,
. ,
5
Giddens A. The Constitution of Society. Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Polity Press, 1984.- 402 p.; Archer
M. Realist Social Theory: The Morphogenetic Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge Univer. Press, 1995; .
.- .: - Socio-Logos, 1994.
30
.
,
, , , .
, .
,
. ,
,
,
.
,
.
,
.
90-
, - ,
, , .
. 90-
,
,
,
,
7.
, .
, ,
.
,
.
- (. , ),
(), , ,
,
,
.
..,
,
,
7
/
..,
..,
..,
..,
...- : , 1997.- 228 ; .. -
: //
-97. -.
. .- : , 1997.- . 123-130.
31
8, , -
, , -
.
, ,
,
.
- ,
.
,
.
, .
, ,
,
.
,
, , .
, ,
, .
9,
.
,
, , , -
, , , 10,
8
/ . ... 2- . .:-
, 1998. . 9.
9
/ . ... 2- . .:-
, 1998. . 11.
10
.: / . ... .: , 1965. . I, ;
.. // . 1972, 8;
.., .. . .: , 1970;
.. . .,1971;
.., ..
// . 1977, 2;
- .- :
, - , 1975.- . 216-231; ..,
.., .. -
.- , 1979; .. . .:
, 1981; . /
. ...- ., 1985.- 271 .; .., .. :
// . 1983, 2, 3; ..,
.. : -
. .: , 1985.- 221 .; .
32
,
.
, .., ., .,
.,
11,
.. ..
12
,
. ,
.
, . ,
, .
,
. ,
. ,
.
13,
, 14, ,
15, ,
, - 16,
- 17,
11
/ . ... 2- . .:-
, 1998. . 7-13, 23-44, 104-129.
12
.., .. : . .- .:
, 1996.- . 239-265.
13
Nowak St. Changes of Social Structure in Social Consciousness // The Polish
Sociological Bulletin. 1964, 2, p. 43.; Teckenberg W. The Stability of Occupational
Structures, Social Mobility, and Interest Formation: The USSR as an Estatist Society in
Comparison with Class Societies // International Journal of Sociology. N.Y., 1989. Vol. 19,
2; P .., .. //
. 1991, 1. - . 50-61; P .., ..
: . .- .: , 1996.- . 265-282.
14
. .-., 1992; .. .
.- ., 1991; Konrad J., Zeleni I. The
Intellectuals on the Road to Class Power: A Sociological Study of the Role of the
Intelligentsia in Socialism. N.Y., 1979.
15
.. //
. 1991, 1.- . 39-49.
16
.. //
. 1992, 7, . 62-72; .
// . 1993, 9, . 66-73.
17
.., .. . .
3. , 1991;
..
// .
. 1993, 2, . 3-4.
33
- 18, ? ,
, -
,
?
.
, .
, ,
,
.
80-
. ,
,
.
, , ..
, .. , .. , .. , .., ..
. .. ,
,
19.
, , ,
20. .. ,
21. 22 ..
.. -
, ,
. ,
, ,
18
. // . 1990, 5.
/ .., ..,
...- : - , 1996.- 185 .; .
// : , ,
. 1998, 1-2.- . 27-35; ..
//,
. . - ,
1999.- . 9-14.
20
. /
.., .., .. , . . .:
, 1999.
21
. -
// .
- . 1996, 16.- . 3-23.
22
., ., ., . .
:
// : , , . 1998, 1-2.- . 121-137; 3.. 56-74.
19
34
. ,
1997
23, ,
. ..
,
.
. . ,
,
,
, , , 24.
.. ,
, ,
, .
,
, ,
( ,
),
25.
, ,
26. .. ,
,
,
27.
.. , , ,
, , .
23
/
..,
..,
..,
..,
...- : , 1997.- 230 .
24
/ . ... 2- . .:-
, 1998. . 120.
25
.. //
.- 1997.- 2.- .5-23;
: / . . .., ...- : .
. , 1999.- . 149-167; .. // , 1999, 3-4.- . 1727.
26
..
//
?..
,
,
.
.
,
,
.. .
28.
29
,
- ,
.
30. ..
..
,
.. ,
.
,
,
. ,
,
,
.
, ,
,
.
,
,
;
,
.
. ,
, ,
-
.
, ,
. ,
.
, , ,
28
.
. 1917-1996 .: - .
: -, , 1996.- 349 .
29
/ . . .. / .- .: -
, 1998.- 481 .
30
..,
..
-
: //
. - . 1998, , 1. : .- . 2128.
36
.
,
,
,
.
, ,
.
. ,
,
,
. , ,
.
.
-
.
, ;
.
, ;
- . ,
. ,
,
- : ,
.
,
, -
.
-
,
.
-
.
,
, .
, ,
,
, .
.
,
37
, ,
.
, (),
() ,
, .
()
, XVII-XVIII (
) , . , . 31
., ,
, , .
.
( ) .
32 ,
,
.
()
, ,
33
. ,
.:
,
,
34
. ,
, , -,
.
,
, ,
- . , . ,
. ., -
,
, ,
.
-
,
,
.
.35.
- ,
, , , , .
31
. // . / .
... .: - , 1999. . 255-256; Giddens A. Modernity and Self-Identity.
Stanford Univer.Press. P. 1-2.
32
Giddens A. Modernity and Self-Identity.Stanford Univer.Press.P.10-34, 243.
33
. // . / .
... .: - , 1999. .256
34
35
, . 255.
. // . . .:
, 1996. . 230-238.
38
/
-
-,
. 1.3.
.
, , ,
- , ,
.
; ,
,
.
. ,
- ,
,
, ,
- ,
.
- ,
, -
.
, ,
, ..,
,
(IREX), ,
,
. - ,
.
39
2 1.
- ;
, .
: .
, , !
(. 36)
.
, ,
.
:
- )
, ,
; ) , , ;
- )
; ) , ()
,
.
, ,
, , ,
,
.
.
,
. ,
.
, - ,
,
, ,
.
(
, , , , )
.
, ,
.
.
, ,
,
.
36
. / . . - .: , 1990.- . 111.
40
. ,
.
,
.
-
,
.
- ?
?
?
.
2.1
,
, .
. ,
,
.
,
, .
: ,
, , , ,
, , -
37.
- 38.
,
.
, ,
.
.
, .
,
( )
. ,
315 , 172 , 28
37
., ., .. / . .
. .. : - . -, 1997. - . 322.
38
.. : . , 1989.
.178-260.
41
115 39; ,
, ,
. .
, -
. 40, , ,
;
.
. ,
,
,
, 41.
, ,
, 42.
() ().
,
.
, , ,
. , ,
, -
, . ,
, ,
, .
:
(, , )
, 43.
, , ,
. ,
,
.
,
,
44. ,
.
, . ,
, ,
39
. : . . . .
/ . . - .: - ,
.-. , 1994. - . 142.
40
Ritter J. The Archive of Social Philosophy. - Cambridge Univer. Press, 1960. - . 191.
41
. ,
, 1909.
42
. . . 7-8 // . .: 4 . .4. - ., 1984. - .
376-510.
43
. // . . .: 4 . / . . ..,
.. ..-. - ., 1993-1994.
44
.
42
, . , ,
,
,
. , ,
, .
.
.
. I
,
, , .
(
) .
.
.
(,
) . ,
, ,
, ,
, . ,
, ,
.
17 19
, .
,
, ,
,
, .
,
, , ,
45. ,
, , , -
.
,
,
. 17 18
.
, .
, ,
, , . ,
45
. 4 1
. .: . . . .1 // .,
. . . 2-. - ., 1960. .23. - . 333-515; .
. .III // ., ..- .,1960..19.-.211224.
43
.
(1789 .) ,
. , ,
.
, ,
, .
, ,
,
? -
. 46.
, ,
. .
,
;
,
47.
. 14- .
,
, , , ,
. ,
. ,
. , ,
,
. - ,
, .
, ,
,
. .-.
. .
, ,
- , , ,
, . ,
, ,
, .
, : (
, ., ),
, ,
, , 48. ,
, .-. ,
, , ,
.
46
.
,
, , -
.
. . . 2- . . 1. - ., 1924.
47
. // . . 2- . - ., 1964. .2, . 13-16.
48
.-. , //
.. . - ., 1969. - . 159-161.
44
, .
:
, ,
.
,
. , ,
, -.
,
, ,
,
.
. . ,
,
49.
, .-. , ,
, . , .
.-.
.
,
50, , ,
,
.
18 19
.
, , , , , ,
.
.
:
.-. ;
, , . 51, -
.
c 18
, ,
, ,
, .
,
.-.
.
mily:Arial;mso-ansi-language:EN-US'>c
18 ,
, ,
49
.. : . 2- . - .: .
, 1998. - . 235.
50
Ferguson A. An Essay of the History of Civil Society. Vol. 2. - London, 1783.- . 2-3.
51
,
. ,
( ,
.), , ,
.
45
, ,
.
,
.-.
.
,
- . ,
, , - ,
, .
,
,
.
150 . .
52,
, , 53, I
.
,
, ,
, :
.
.
, ,
.
,
.
,
.
., , .
18 , ,
. , . ,
.
,
. 1870- . -54,
. . ,
: ,
, , , , ,
.. ,
. , , ,
,
52
., . . // .,
.. . 2-.-.,1955.-.4.
53
. // ., ...2.-.,1955.-.2.-.231-517.
54
. -
46
55.
,
.
, .
, ,
. ,
,
, - .
,
. ,
,
. ,
, .
- ,
.
. 56 . 57.
.
, , , ,
58.
, (
, ..),
. ,
,
, , , , . . 59
,
, , .
55
. . .III // ., .
. . 2-.-., 1961.-.19.- .225-226.
. ,
. .
,
(1889 .) (1899 .). .:
Darendorf R. The Nature and Types of Social Inequality // Social Inequality. Ed.by
A.Beteilee. Penquin Books,1972.-.25.
56
. . . ., 1991.
57
. . .: - . . ,
1909; . : ? //
. 1993, 3. . 23-25; .
// . 1994, 2. .98-101.
58
. . .: Darendorf R. The
Nature and Types of Social Inequality // Social Inequality. Ed.by A.Beteilee. Penquin
Books,1972.-.26.
59
. . . - ., 1991. . 347.
47
,
. ,
.
-
, .
. , . .
. ,
,
60.
.
.
61 (1940)
. 1945
. . ,
,
62.
, ,
.
, ,
, , .
.
? , ,
.
.-. , . , .
, . . ,
. , . ,
, :
, , , ;
,
.
60
, ,
, ,
,
.
. 63. : .
, . ,
.
,
. , ,
. ,
,
. , ,
64. . ,
, . ,
,
, 65.
, , ,
: , ,
.
, . ,
. ,
,
, .
,
. ,
,
66.
,
.
..
, . , . . , . .
, ,
,
67. ,
,
, , ,
63
Darendorf R. The Nature and Types of Social Inequality // Social Inequality. Ed. By A.
Beteilee. Penquin Books, 1972. - . 30-37.
64
, . 34.
65
, . 36.
66
, .36.
67
.. // . . -. : -, 1990. . 101-119; Marshall, G. The Concise Oxford
Dictionary of Sociology. - Oxford Univer. Press, 1996. - .246-247, 290-291.
49
. .. ,
,
, 68.
,
.
. ,
,
, .
, .,
,
69.
.
70
. ,
, ,
71.
,
,
.
:
, , .
,
, ,
.
, .
, , ?
? , , -
? .
, -,
. ,
.
,
( )
.
.. ,
68
. , (1953 .)
,
. , , , ,
, ,
. , ,
72,
, .
, ,
, ,
.
,
.
,
.
,
73, ,
.
,
,
. ,
,
. , ,
Delphi (1997 .)
,
, ,
,
(. . 1.1.1).
,
( , ,
) , ,
.
. 1.1.1
,
( %)74
72
Marshall T.H. Class, Citizenship and Social Development. - N.Y.: Doubleday, 1953.
,
: Marshall G. Repositioning Class. Social Inequality in Industrial Societies. London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 1997.- .1; Abercrombie N., Warde A., etc.
Contemporary British Society. A New Introduction to Sociology. 2-th Ed. - Polity Press,
1994. - . 118-119; .
74
Delphi Study on Social Stratification and Inequality. 1997, June-September.
73
51
. , ,
.
.
,
.
.
,
.
, ,
75, /
, / .
. ,
- / .
, , ,
, ,
, , ;
, ,
,
:
76. . : -
(1998 .) -
75
. . .: Beck U. Risk Society. Towards a New
Modernity.-London: SAGE Publications, 1992.-.35-46.
76
. :
// I :
/ . .., .-. .: , 1999.
. 141.
52
. , , ,
, 77.
, . , ,
,
.
,
.
, , , , ,
,
.
78
79, .
(), . (), . ().
.
: ,
- ,
, , 80.
,
.
,
. , , -
,
/ , /
/ , , ,
, / .
,
.
,
.
2.2 :
,
,
,
,
. , ,
, . . ,
77
Giddens A. The Third Way. The Renewal of Social Democracy. - Cambridge: Polity
Press, 1998. .102.
78
Clark T.N., Hoffman-Martinot (Eds.) The New Political Culture. - Boulder, Colorado:
Westview Press, 1997.
79
Giddens A. The Third Way. The Renewal of Social Democracy. - Cambridge: Polity
Press, 1998.
80
Blairs vision for the next 100 years // The Daily Telegraph. September, 29, 1999. - .4.
53
81,
.
,
. ,
, ,
- ,
- - .
, ,
,
. . .
,
.
.
. . . ,
, ,
-
, , 82.
,
,
.
, .
,
.
( . ) ,
83
(, ).
, ,
. -,
, ,
. -,
.
-
. . ,
,
84 , ,
,
.
81
Evans G., Mills C. Identifying Class Structure. Social Class and the Structure of Job
Characteristics // Newsletter ISA RC28, November 1996. - .9-10.
82
. //
. 1992, 9. - . 115-116.
83
., . // ., . . - 2. .
3. - . 18-26, 44-49, 53-54, 62-78; ., .
. // ., . . . 2-. ., 1956. .4.- . 425; . .
. ., , . 52 // ., . .
- 2. . 25, . . - . 457-458.
84
., . // . . 3. - . 32-34; .
// .. 3.-. 39; .
54
-, ,
. ,
: (
, ),
( ) (
). .
, .
, - ,
, - 85.
, ,
, .
,
,
.
, ,
, ,
.
, .
,
,
,
86. ,
,
,
.
, . ,
. ,
19 , ,
,
, ,
, - 87. , , ,
. .
.
, .
,
- , . . ,
.
, .
88,
85
. : ., . // ., .
. . 3. - . 46, 76-78; . . . .,
, . 52 // ., . . . 25, . . - . 457-458.
86
., . // ., . . - 2. - .
3. - . 32-33, 54, 77-78.
87
., . . - 2. - . 8. - . 208.
88
., . . - 2. - . 3. - . 24-25, 30-31, 36-54.
55
. , .
,
,
:
.
. ,
,
. , .
89.
. .
90 , ,
(,
) .
,
.
, ., -
;
,
, ,
, , . ,
. , ,
,
.
1.2.1
.
, ..
. ,
,
,
, , ,
, . ,
1.2.1.
.
-
-
89
90
. // ., . . - 2. - .4. - . 183.
. /.-.YII.-.-.: ,1934.-. 33.
56
, ,
91.
,
, . ,
, ,
,
. ,
,
, ,
. ,
. ,
- ,
, , .
,
.
.
,
- .
. .. , ..
, .. , .., .., .., .. ,
..
, ,
92. , ..
70- , 93. ..
, ,
,
. ,
(
) 94.
91
.. // . . . .39. - .15.
.. . - .,
1970. - . 48-153; .. .
- ., 1971; . /
.. . - .: , 1985. - . 270; .., ..
. .:, 1970; ..
. .: , 1980; .
// / . . ...-.:,
1988.-.13-17; .., .. .:,1991.-. 407-419.
: / .... - .:-
, 1998. .104-129; .., ..
. - .: , 1996. - . 265-286.
93
.. . - ., 1971. - .
99.
94
.. //
- . - ., 1970.
92
57
,
,
,
-
.
,
, . ,
70- . ,
, ,
, (
,
,
,
)95.
..,
,
.
,
, , ,
96.
.
, , ,
,
,
,
.
,
, .
, ,
, , , ,
,
97.
- .103; . //
/ . . .. . - .: , 1988. - . 15 - 34.
.. ,
. .: . -
// :
. 6 - .: , 1995. - . 7-13; ..
// .
1997, 2; .
95
Wesolowski W. Classes, strata and power. - London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979.
- . 18-19, 115; . , . - .: , 1981.
96
..
// . 1988, 1.
97
. //
/ . . .. . - .: , 1988. - . 13-17; ..,
.. . - : , 1991. - .
407-419; ., . //
. 1991, 1. - . 50-61; Wesolowski W. Classes, strata and power. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1979. - 159 . .., ..
. - .: , 1996. - . 265-286.
58
, ,
.
60- , ,
. , . , .
, . , . .
, . ,
:
,
98.
.
.
,
.
,
. .
, . 99,
:
;
;
;
.
1.2.1.
1.2.1
100
1.
2.
-
-
.
(.
)
-
-
-
-
98
Wright E.O. Politics and Society. - Published by New School of Social Science
Research, 1980. - . 328-333.
99
. 3.2 .
100
Wright, E.O. A General Framework for the Analysis of Class Structure // Social
Stratification in Sociological Perspective. Ed.by D.Grusky.-Stanford Univ.Western
Press.1994.-.105-07.
59
-
-
3.
, -
(.
/
-
)
(.
. ,
.
-
,
4. ( -
)
.
,
(
. -
-
)
.
.
.
. , ,
. .
. (
, ,
, , 101)
. ,
. . ,
.
,
, ,
. , .
, , (
), .
,
, .
, ,
,
. ,
, ,
.
.
,
102. ,
, ,
101
Weber M. Essays in Sociology. - New York: Oxford Univer. Press, 1946. - . 180-195;
Weber M. Economy and Society. Vol.1.- Berkeley: Univer. of California Press, 1968. - .
43-46, 341-342, 344; . .
. - , 1923; . //
. 1994, 5. - .147-156;
.
/ . .. . .: - , 1999. .85 106.
102
. .
. - , 1923. - . 199.
60
. ,
,
.
, .
, . ,
103. .
,
,
.
, . , ,
, -
, .
.
, ,
, .
.
, . ,
,
;
, , . ,
() ,
,
, .
, .
,
:
;
, , ;
, ;
.
,
, 104.
, .
, , - ,
:
1) ,
,
2)
,
3) , 105.
,
, (
103
Weber M. Essays in Sociology. - New York: Oxford Univer. Press, 1946. - .190-192.
. // . /
. .. . .: - , 1999. - . 96 98.
104
Weber M. Essays in Sociology. - New York: Oxford Univer. Press, 1946. - .190-192.
105
, . 190-192.
61
)
.
,
,
106. , . ,
. ,
,
.
,
,
. ( 1.2.2
).
, . ,
, .
,
, ,
, .
,
, ,
,
,
.
() ,
,
107.
.
1.2.2.
.
,
, (
, . , . , . ).
, ,
,
106
, . 180-184.
107
Weber M. Essays in Sociology. - New York: Oxford Univer. Press, 1946. - . 185-189.
62
, . .
; .
. , .
, 108.
, , . ,
.
. ,
,
(, , , .).
, . ,
( )
.
:
.
, , ,
,
( ) .
, . ,
,
109.
,
, , ,
,
.
,
, ,
, ,
110.
, . ,
.
, ,
.
,
. , . ,
.
111.
,
,
108
Parkin F. Marxism and Class Theory: A Bourgeois Critique. - New York: Columbia
Univer. Press, 1979. - .11-113.
109
, .19-23.
110
, .23-24.
111
Parkin F. Marxism and Class Theory: A Bourgeois Critique.- New York: Columbia
Univer. Press, 1979.- .24-30.
63
, .
,
112
,
. - ,
, ,
() .
.
,
.
,
.
(. 1.2.3).
( , ,
).
. , .,
.
1.2.3.
.
, , ,
, ,
.
.
, 113.
. , ,
, ,
.
.
112
Savage M., Barlow J., Dickens A. nd Fielding T. Property, Bureaucracy and Culture:
Middle Class Formation in Contemporary Britain. - London: Routledge,1992.-.146148.
4 .
113
Parkin F. Marxism and Class Theory: A Bourgeois Critique.- New York: Columbia
Univer. Press, 1979.- . 96 101.
64
,
,
.
, (
1.2.1),
. ,
114 . . .
,
:
1)
;
2) ,
, ;
3) ,
;
4) / ,
, .
,
:
,
,
. . 115, .116, .
117
.
,
:
1. , .
, -
, , , , ,
.
2. -
.
,
,
, , .
3. .
, .
4. - .
, , , , ,
.
5. .
, ,
, .
114
6. . , ,
, .
7. , . ,
, , ,
.
,
.
,
.
. , ,
, , .
, ,
.
,
,
,
,
. ,
- .
,
,
,
.
,
, . . ,
I , .
,
, , ,
.
-
. , , ,
,
.
.
, - ,
, / ,
,
. , ,
. . .
. .
, , ,
; .
,
66
. ,
, , (, . ,
) .
.
, ;
,
. .
,
, .
2.3
, :
.
,
, . 1.3.1
Delphi Study 1997 ,
. -
, ,
( 11%), (
) ,
.
,
. . , ,
, ,
,
118.
International Sociology
, .
1.3.1
119 (%)
- -
.
118
Beck U. Risk Society. Towards a New Modernity. - SAGE Publications, 1992 (1986). . 9 -102.
119
Delphi Study on Social Stratification and Inequalities, 1997.
67
I.
(
):
,
, ..
II.
(
):
4,4
6,4
10,8
3,7
5,5
9,2
7,2
8,8
16,0
5,1
6,7
11,8
5,3
8,2
14,1
4,0
7,2
11,2
5,8
5,0
10,0
4,3
6,7
11,0
6,2
10,8
17,0
. .
, ,
.
,
, ,
,
120. ,
,
. ,
.
, ,
. ,
,
. ,
, .
, . .
,
121.
. .
- . , . . - ,
120
Clark T., Lipset S.. Are Social Classes Dying? // International Sociology. 1991, 6. P. 397-410, 397.
121
Pakulski J., Waters M. The Death of Class. - London: Sage Publications, 1996. - P.
173.
68
122. ,
, . . .
, , .
. , . . ,
,
123.
, ;
,
.
,
.
2.3.1
?
,
-
.
,
. , ,
,
124,
.
60-
.
, ,
.
125.
, ,
.
,
,
,
, . , ,
,
. ,
122
, 126.
. ,
,
. ,
. , ,
,
, 127.
, ,
. ,
,
,
.
,
.
, .. ,
, , ,
,
.
. . ,
128, 1959 .
.
,
, . . ,
( ..
),
129. , - .
, - ,
, ..
. ,
, 130.
, .
, .
.
-. (1958 .) .
,
. .
. -
, . :
126
Blau P.M., Duncan O.D. Measuring the Status of Occupations // Social Stratification in
Sociological Perspective / Ed. by D.B. Grusky. - Westview Press, 1994. - . 204-208.
127
Beck U. The Reinvention of Politics: Towards a Theory of Reflexive Modernization //
Beck U.,.Giddens A,, Lash Sc. Reflexive Modernization. Politics, Tradition and Aesthetics
in the Modern Social Order. - Stanford: Stanford Univer. Press, 1994. - P. 13-14.
128
Class, Status and Power / Ed. By R.Bendix, S.M. Lipset. 2nd edn. - London: Routledge,
1967.
129
Dahrendorf R. Class and Class Conflict in the Industrial Society. - London: Routledge,
1959. - P. 151.
130
, .149.
70
- ,
, ,
;
,
;
.
, , . ,
131. ,
. ( 70-
.
).
, , . .
:
: ,
132.
,
.
,
. ,
, .
. ,
, . .
, ,
. . ,
133.
(1973 .)
,
- , 134. .
.
(, ,
, )
.
.
- ,
,
, ,
. .
,
131
Lockwood D. The Blackcoated Worker.- London: Allen and Unwin, 1989. 2nd edn. - P.
15-16.
132
Class, Status and Power / Ed. By R.Bendix, S.M. Lipset. 2nd edn. - London: Routledge.
1967. - P. 153.
133
Giddens A. The Constitution of Society. Outline of the Theory of Structuration. - Polity
Press, 1984. - . 281-354.
134
Giddens A. The Class Structure of the Advanced Societies. - London: UNWIN
HYMAN, 1980. - P.355.
71
135. ,
,
136.
, .
. , . ,
,
137.
, ,
, ,
. .
.
.
, . . ,
,
; , , ,
138.
,
; , ,
.
,
.
,
. ,
,
, . . ,
139. ,
.
,
.
, 70-
,
, ,
, ,
. .
,
135
., . .
. - .: , Academia-, 1995. - . 279-280.
139
2.1 3.3 .
72
140. . , ,
( ,
), ,
. , ,
,
ase-study.
, 60-
,
- - .
60-
, ,
. .
,
1963 . .
,
, ,
. . ,
. , ,
. , - ,
, .
, - . , -
, , .
,
: , ,
141. .
, -
.
,
.
. .
. , . ,
, ,
.
, 60-
- .
: :
* , ,
* ,
,
* ,
.
,
140
.
2.3.2
60 90-
, : - 60-
70- .
1963 K.
142.
,
.
60- ,
- ,
.
, .
,
(
) ,
, .
,
, , 143.
, ,
, .
, 60-
,
. .
. , ,
,
.
144. . ,
.
,
,
142
ayer K.B., Buckley W. Class and Society. - New York: Random House. 1970;
..
( ). -.. - .: , 1993. - . 3032.
143
Parsons T. Equality and Inequality in Modern Society, or Social Stratification Revisited
// Social Stratification: Research and Theory for 1970s. Ed.by E.O.Laumann. Indianopolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1979. - . 22-40.
144
Abercrombie N., Warde A. with etc. Contemporary British Society. A New Introduction
to Sociology. 2-th ed. - Polity Press, 1994. - . 303-310.
74
,
.
, . ,
,
145.
,
.
.
, .
146.
,
, .
.
147.
,
.
. ,
.
, . , 148.
, ,
.
,
.
,
, .
.
,
.
,
, . , ,
145
.
, ,
. ,
, , ,
.
(.
) -
(
)149.
, , . ,
, - ,
.
.
:
,
. ,
.
,
, , , 150 -
, , ..
, -
,
. 151,
.
70-
- .
, . , .
,
. .
152. . ,
,
149
153. , ,
,
,
.
70-
.
, ,
,
.
( )
, - .
.
, 70- - 90- ,
:
154.
, ,
.
. ,
. -,
,
, .
. ,
-
(. 1.3.1). , , ,
, ,
155.
( , 70-
- ,
80- - ).
,
(), 156.
(. 1.3.2).
153
Lenski G.E. Power and Privilege. A Theory of Social Stratification. London: The
University of North Carolina Press, 1984 (1966). P. 74-77.
154
Hodge R. W. The Measurement of Occupational Status // Social Science Research.
1981, 10, December. - . 396-415; Abercrombie N., Warde A. with etc. Contemporary
British Society. - Polity Press, 1993. - . 8-13.
155
Muller W., Shavit Y. Qualification and Occupations: a Comparative Study of School to
Work Transition in 13 Countries // Newsletter ISA RC28. November, 1996. -..15.
156
Sklair L. Sociology of the Global System. 2-th Ed. - Baltimore, Maryland: The Hopkins
University Press, 1995. - .106-109; Abercrombie N., Warde A. with etc. Contemporary
British Society. - Polity Press, 1993. - . 18-23.
77
,
.
;
,
. ,
,
70- .
1.3.2
, 1988 .157
(
)
(%)
.
.
3,38
2,82
2,75
1,90
1,50
1,21
0,83
0,68
0,48
0,30
0,30
0,19
40
33
70
27
42
85
29
25
52
32
10
25,8
(
)
4,74
3,75
4,68
2,41
2,14
2,24
1,07
0,84
0,73
0,39
0,33
0,24
,
, , , ,
, 80-
. ,
, ,
158.
,
.
,
(. 1.3.3).
, -
,
159.
157
78
, .
, -, , -
160. , , -,
,
, , ,
,
. ,
. 50-60- ,
(
)161. 1969
.
1.3.3
* (1951 1981 .)162
( %
)
.
1.-,
.
2.
2.1.
2.2. .
,
,
2.3.
1951-54 .
1961-68 .
1980-81 .
-
12,0
5,0
9,6
4,7
8,1
~1,0
2,9
7,4
5,1
8,4
8,4
18,5
5,8
7,3
10,4
8,9
14,4
14,7
10,8
16,1
15,0
18,6
16,8
19,1
60,5
64,2
50,9
59,3
43,9
47,7
3.
*
,
100.
. , , ,
:
,
, ,
1984-1985 .
. , 12
, .
160
.
161
Zweig F. The Worker in a Affluent Society. - London: Heinermann, 1961.
162
Holmes G.M., Fawcett P.D. The Contemporary French Economy. - London:
MacMILLAN, 1983. - . 177; British Social Trends since 1990 / Ed. by A.H. Halsey. London: MacMILLAN, 1988. - . 164.
79
163.
.
. ,
, (.
1.3.4). , , 80- ,
. ,
, ,
164. .
, 63% ,
, , , ,
165. ,
.
, , (.
1.3.3),
. . , ,
1.3.4
166
:
/ : .
,
.
.
5.
6.
163
Goldthorpe J.H., Lockwood D., Bechhofer F. and Platt J. The Affluent Worker in the
Class Structure. - Cambridge University Press, 1969.
164
Abercrombie N., Warde A. with etc. Contemporary British Society. - Polity Press, 1993.
- . 150-155.
165
Marshall G.,Rose D.,Newby H., Vogler C. Social Class in Modern Britain.-London:
UNWIN HYMAN, 1988.-. 151.
166
: Abercrombie N., Warde A. with etc. Contemporary British Society. Polity Press, 1993. - . 149.
80
, 167.
. , . , . , . .
, 168,
,
.
, , ,
,
. . , 169,
, ,
.
.
70- , , , ,
, (
) 170. .
,
,
. , ,
, ,
(, )
., .
()
171.
.
, ,
167
, ,
.
. ,
,
,
(),
172.
,
, ,
173. ,
. ,
,
.
,
, 174.
,
175.
,
,
, -
176.
.
, ,
(. 1.3.1). ,
,
,
172
, 177.
.
-
-
.
-
178. , , , .
179 . -180,
,
, ,
, ( ,
).
,
181
.
, .
, ,
, .
.
182.
. 50-
. ,
,
. 70-
.
. ,
,
. , . -,
:
. , ,
183.
, ,
177
Sklair L. Sociology of the Global System. 2-th Ed. - Baltimore: The Hopkins University
Press, 1995. - .59-187; Scott J. Poverty and Wealth. Citizenship, deprivation and
privilege.- London, New York: LONGMAN, 1994..114-144.
178
..
( ). -.. - .: , 1993. - . 4445.
179
Brenner J. Work Relations and the Formation of Class Consciousness // The Debate on
Classes / Ed. by Erik O. Wright. - London: Verso. 1989. - .184-190 .
180
Changing Classes. Stratification and Mobility in Post-Industrial Societies / Ed. by Costa
Esping-Andersen. - ISA: SAGE Studies in International Sociology 45. 1993. - . 53.
181
.. .-.:,1996.-.181.
182
Lenski G.E. Power and Privilege. A Theory of Social Stratification. London: The
University of North Carolina Press, 1984. P.XVI, 402-405.
183
Changing Classes. Stratification and Mobility in Post-Industrial Societies / Ed. by Costa
Esping-Andersen. - ISA: SAGE Studies in International Sociology 45. 1993. - . 42-45, 53.
83
, .
, , ,
. 1988
. (. 1.3.5).
70-90- . ,
.
, , ,
,
,
.
, ,
.
, ,
. ,
,
, ,
.
.
1.3.5
,
, (
.) ( , )184
.
*
( )
(%
)
(
(.
(
0-6)
,
0-6)
0 ., 6
I
14,130
80
5,1
3,7
4,5
9,357
77
4,7
2,2
3,0
II
11,017
75
4,4
2,4
3,1
7,011
72
3,8
1,5
2,5
III
7,238
60
3,5
0,7
0,4
4,859
43
2,7
0,4
0,4
Y
8,567
72
3,0
1,6
3,3
3,611
56
3,5
1,3
2,8
YI
7,024
36
1,9
0,4
0,2
4,395
35
1,7
0,3
0,1
YII
6,604
26
1,9
0,2
0,2
4,558
11
1,4
0,0
0,0
* IY ,
,
(. 3.3 ).
184
, ,
80- ( 1770
), , 60%
,
90% 185.
.
. , . . 60-
,
186.
(International Social Survey Programme ISSP) 1987
,
.
(. 1.3.6) ,
. ,
,
.
,
( 0,30),
, , . ,
. . ,
.
,
.
1.3.6
(%
)187
-
-
. .
17
16
43
49
65
79
0,41
52
34
64
76
0,47
21
34
54
73
0,51
26
12
48
10
53
49
64
68
66
0,55 0,30
37
17
59
65
0,37
17
10
39
58
0,51
,
185
, . 143.
Hodge R.W., Treiman D.W. Class identification in the United States //American Journal
of Sociology. 1968, 73.-.535-47.
187
Evans G. Class Conflict and Inequality // International Social Attitudes: the 10-th BSA
report / Ed. by R. Jowell, - L.Brook, etc. SCPR, 1993. .126.
186
85
,
.
, ,
.
,
,
,
.
, .. ,
,
188
. ,
, ,
,
.
,
,
.
.
- , .
189, -- . ,
-
190, ,
.
.
- .
,
(, , ), , .
,
, , .
,
:
-
.
,
188
.. .-.:,1996.-.245.
Wallerstein I. The inter-state structure of the modern world-system // Smith S., Booth
K., Zalewski M., eds. International theory: positivism and beyond. - Cambridge:
Cambridge. Univ. Press, 1996. - . 87-107.
190
Meyer J. W. The Evolution of Modern Stratification Systems // Social Stratification:
Class, Race, and Gender in Sociological Perspective / Ed. by D.Grusky. - Boulder:
Westview Press. 1994. - . 734-735.
189
86
. ,
.
-,
,
, .
-,
. ,
,
, ,
.
,
. ,
, ,
.
-,
. ,
,
-,
,
.
-, , ,
,
.
,
o
, .
,
,
.
3
II :
,
, -
:
?
.
. ,
.
, - ,
- .
.
.
?..
( 191)
191
. .-.,1987.-. 154.
87
, , .
, . ,
, 192.
. 193,
:
:
,
. 194;
:
, ,
( . . , 1962 .);
: ,
,
( . , 1974 .).
,
.
.
, ., . , .
, ., - . , . 195
. ,
, ,
. ,
, ,
( , ,
),
,
.
,
, , , ,
.
3.1 ?
2-
,
( ), , ,
, ,
, ,
). ,
192
. /. . - .: . 1990. - . 540.
Boulding K. Three Faces of Power. - Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1989.
194
Dahl R.A. Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City. - Yale Univer.
Press, 1989. - P. 11
195
Dahrendorf R. Class and Class Conflict in the Industrial Society. - London: Routledge,
1959; Lenski G.E. Power and Privilege. A Theory of Social Stratification. London: The
University of North Carolina Press, 1984.
193
88
.
,
-
,
,
-
.
80-90-
. ,
,
.
.
.
, /
. , ,
, ,
- .
, .
, ,
, ,
, .
. ,
, ,
196. ,
.
,
, , , , 197.
. 198 . 199.
. 200,
201 ,
- ,
, , .
196
Political Elites and Social Change / Ed. by Moshe M. Czudnowski. - Northen Illinois
Univer. Press, 1983. - . 243.
197
,
50-70 . (.: Putnam P.D. The Comparative
Study of political Elites.- Englewood Cliffs., N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1976).
198
Mosca, G. The Ruling Class.-New York: McGraw-Hill, 1939.
199
Pareto V. The Rise and Fall of the Elites: an application of theoretical Sociology. Totowa: Bedminstar Press, 1968.
200
Lasswell H.D. World Politics and Personal Insecurity.- New York: McGraw-Hill, 1935;
Lasswell H.D. Politics: Who Gets What, When, and How. - New York: McGraw-Hill, 1936;
: . // . 1993, 2. - . 82.
201
.: . //.1993, 2.-.82.
89
-
.
, , , ,
, ,
. , ,
. ,
70- , ,
,
202.
.
:
,
203.
, ,
204, , ,
/ .
.
- .
,
,
, .
, .
/ ,
,
, .
.
-,
,
.
,
.
.
eligere, , .
202
Zuckerman A. The Concept Political Elite: Lessons from Mosca and Pareto //Journal
of Politics. 1977. Vol. 39. - . 327.
203
., : .. : . - .:
. , 1985. -256 .; .., ..
: . . - .: , 1985. - . 117-173;
.., .. : . . - .:
, 1996. - . 175-183; . // . 1993,
2. - .80-89; . / . . - : , 1995. - .
118-132; The Sociology of Elites / Ed. by John Scott. - Edward Elgar Publisher, 1990. Vol.
1-3; Field G.L., Higley J. Elitizm. - London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1980. - P.130; .
204
: .,
. Ii ii i i ii i //
ii: i, , . 1998, 3. - . 5-16.
90
,
, , , .
-, ,
. , ,
,
.
, . ,
205.
. -- (1930
.)206. ,
, ,
. ,
,
.
, ,
. ,
,
.
,
.
- .
, ,
,
.
, ,
,
.
. /
, , -
.
.
207 (1896 .)
, ,
.
, , . , :
- ,
. . , ,
, ,
, .
,
205
. : . / . . ., 1992. . 451.
206
--. // .-1989, 3-4.
207
Mosca, G. The Ruling Class. - New York: McGraw-Hill, 1939. . : .
/ . . .: . , 1992. - . 455.
91
. , ,
, , .
, 208.
. , . 209, , ,
.
, ,
(, , ),
, .
: ,
.
.
(1956 .).
,
,
: ,
210. , . ,
, ,
. .
.
, ,
,
211. , , ,
:
, ,
, , .
. , ,
,
212. ,
.
,
.
(
) .
,
.
,
.
208
92
60- .
(1969 .), . (1967, 1970, 1976 ), 70-
. (1978 .), . (1985, 1994 .) .
60-70- . .
, .
.
213. . , ,
,
. , -
, -
214.
, .
: , , , .
:
,
, . ,
,
, ,
, , 215.
. .
,
, 216.
,
.
,
.
, , ..
.
, ,
,
. . . . ,
,
,
. ,
.
, , .
, . ,
217.
213
., ., .. / . . : - . -, 1997. - . 170-171.
214
Miliband R. The State in Capitalist Society: An Analysis of the Western System of
Power. N.Y.: Basic Books, 1969.-.5.
215
, . 5-7.
216
Domhoff G. W. The Higher Circles: The Governing Class in America. - New York:
Vintage Books, 1970. - . 4-109.
217
, . 105-107.
93
,
218, . . .
,
,
, , ,
,
. , ,
.
.
,
219. , 70-
,
,
. , .
- . , ,
, ,
.
70- 220. ,
,
.
, . ,
221
. ,
.
. , ,
, 222.
, .
. ,
, ,
. ,
, 70-
, 1981
. , ,
223, .
218
, . 94-109.
Chilcote R. H. Theories of Comparative Politics. The Search for a Paradigm
Reconsidered. Second ed. - Westview Press, 1994. - .301.
220
. : . iii / . . - i: , 1995. - . 124127.
221
.
222
: ..
. - .: , 1990. .19-20.
223
,
1991 . .: ., - .
219
94
,
.
224,
, ().
.
Fortune
-
; ,
225. ,
,
.
, . ,
The World Development Report 1999 ,
56 132
10 . 226. ,
Fortune 500 ( 1999 .), 139
10 . .
, , , ,
IBM , ,
227 (. 2.1.1). 40000
, 250000 , ,
228. , ,
- .
,
.
,
.
,
, ,
229. , ,
,
, .
,
//..1,2,1994.-.23-36.
224
..
. .: Rahman M.A. The Theory
and Practice of Participatory action research // The Challenge of Social Change. / Ed. by
O.F. Borda. SAGE, 1985. - . 107-132.
225
Stewart T. Welcome to the Revolution // Fortune. 13 December.-. 32-7.
226
World Development Report 1999/2000. - . 230-231.
227
Fortune Magazine. 1999, October.
228
UNCTAD. World Investment Report Preliminary. - New York: United Nations, 1995:
xx.
229
Sklair L. Sociology of the Global System. - Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Univer. Press ,
1995. - .59.
95
230. ,
.
( . , .
, . , . ), ,
,
. .
231,
2.1.1
(1998 .)
()
(),
. 232
1.
2.
3.
4.
150,8
106,4
95,2
79,2
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
(
. -. )
63,2
51,8
45,6
42,7
31,3
20,6
10,1
5,1
493,5
:
Exxon
IBM
Citigroup
AT&T
Hewlett-Packard
Sears Roebuck
161,3
144,4
100,7
100,5
81,7
76,4
57,8
56,2
53,6
47,7
47,1
41,3
646,1
,
. .
, . 233, .
. 234, ,
,
230
Brown L.R. The New World Order // Brown L.R., Flavin ., etc. State of the World
1991.- New York: Norton, 1991-P.3-20.
231
Sklair L. Sociology of the Global System. - Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Univer. Press ,
1995. - . 59-73.
232
, : World Development Report
1999/2000. - New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. - .230-231; Fortune
Magazine1999, October.
233
, .71-72.
234
Becker D., Sklar R..Why postimperialism? // Becker D., Frieden J., Schatz S., Sklar R.
Postimperialism: International capitalism and development in the late twentieth century. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1987. Ch.1.
96
,
, (-
).
- ,
,
.
,
,
,
235.
, ,
.
() ,
- ,
,
, ,
.
.
,
,
236.
, ,
- ,
, ,
.
,
.
3.2
:
,
. , , ,
.
60-
,
.
, .
235
Sklair L. Sociology of the Global System. - Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Univer. Press ,
1995. - . 74-78.
236
, , : Beyer P. Globalizing
Systems, Global Cultural Models and Religion(s) // International Sociology. Vol.3, # 1,
March, 1998. .81-84; Robertson, R., Khondker H.H. Discourses of Globalization //
International Sociology. Vol.3, # 1, March, 1998. - P. 25-40; .
? // . 1994, 1. - . 33-48.
97
: , ,
, , , - 60-
, , -
. ,
, , , ,
.
.
,
.
,
1 , .
,
, (
).
- ,
, . ,
, ?
,
,
,
. 60-
,
, 237.
( . ),
, .
, , ,
. . ,
, - ,
,
.
238.
: ,
.
.
237
-
,
. , ,
, , , ..
,
, ,
239.
-
,
.
, 240,
.
,
241.
.
- .
,
.
1982 ,
,
. 1989
, 15% -
.
, ,
242.
,
(
80- ).
-
239
.
, . 243.
,
,
, -
- .
244, 1992 , ,
, , , ,
-
.
, .
, -
.
; ,
-245,
,
.
- .
,
,
, .
(. 246,
. 247 .), ,
, , . ,
, , ,
248,
.
243
Sklair L. Sociology of the Global System.- Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Univer. Press ,
1995. - . 82-83.
244
., : Bruno K. The corporate capture of the Earth Summit // Multinational
Monitor. July-August, 1992.-. 15-19.
245
Sklair L. Sociology of the Global System. - Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Univer. Press ,
1995. - . 87-94.
80-
, ..
.
.: . () // . 1992,
5-6. - . 210- 213.
246
. . ., 1990.
247
. // . 1, 2, 1992. - .
24-34.
248
Touraine A. Sociel Movements and Social Change // The Challenge of Social Change /
Ed. by O.F. Borda. - SAGE: ISA, 1985. - . 77-92; Heywood A. Politics. - The Macmillan
Press, 1997. - . 266.
100
( - - ),
, .
249, ,
250,
.
,
,
.
, ,
, . 251.
,
,
.
, .
. -
.
? (1961 .)252,
-
. ,
.
,
, 253.
, ,
:
(, )
, ,
, .
, ., .
,
, ,
. - ( . ,
)
. ,
249
., . // .
1992, 4.
250
Jacobs B.D. Fractured Cities. Capitalism, community and empowerment in Britain and
America. - London, New York: Routledge, 1992. - .31, 64-67; Clark T.N., Inglehart R.
Changing Dynamics of Support for the Welfare State and Other Policies in Post-Industrial
Societies //The New Political Culture /Ed. By Terry N. Clark and Vincent HoffmannMartinot.- Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1997.
251
Reisman D. The Lonely Crowd. - New York, 1953.
252
Dahl R. A. Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City. - Yale Univer.
Press, 1989. - P. 355.
253
, . 85-86.
101
.
, ,
,
,
,
.
. . ,
,
.
,
, 254. ,
,
.
,
. , . ,
,
.
. .
.
" ". ,
. , ,
:
255.
, ,
, ,
. , ,
.
,
,
. , , , ,
, ,
256.
,
,
.
70-80- ,
.
,
,
( , , , ,
254
Dahl R. A. Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City. - Yale Univer.
Press, 1989. - . 85-86.
255
: Chilcote R.H. Theories of comparative
politics. The search for a paradigm reconsidered. - Westview Press, 1994. - . 290-292.
256
Heywood A. Politics.-Macmillan Press LTD, 1997.-.260-61.
102
- 70- ).
:
,
,
.
. ,
,
.
. :
, ,
;
;
,
(, , )257.
. , ,
, ,
. ,
:
, ;
( , ),
,
258.
-
.
. .
259.
, . ,
( , -)
260.
, , ,
261,
,
, ,
.
,
. 1978 . , -
, ,
257
Touraine A. Social Movements and Social Change // The Challenge of Social Change /
Ed. by O.F. Borda.- SAGE: ISA, 1985. - . 77-78.
258
Touraine A. Return of the Actor. - Minneapolis: University of Minnesota press, 1988. . 63-64.
259
Laclau E., Mouffe . Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic
Politics.- London: Verso, 1985.
260
, . 46-78.
261
Giddens A. The Third Way. The Renewal of Social Democracy. - Cambridge: Polity
Press, 1998.
103
.262
.
. , ,
263; , ,
. ,
.
; , ,
, ,
,
. , ,
; ,
. ,
, ,
.
, ,
.
-,
/ ,
- ,
, ,
. ,
, ,
.
:
,
264.
, .
.
-
, ,
, , .. -
262
265.
- ,
,
.
,
.
,
, 266
,
.
,
.
3.3
70-
, 80-
267,
, ,
, ,
,
.
,
268. ,
,
269.
, , :
,
( ),
, , ,
,
, , , .
,
, .
, .
, ,
265
;
,
. ,
.
, ,
,
, ,
. ,
,
, .
, ,
270. ,
, , ,
. , ,
, , ,
.
,
,
. -
,
,
. -
.
,
, - - (,
),
,
/ 271.
,
.
, . -
-
, ,
. -
270
, ,
.
. ,
272 (.
2.3.1.).
2.3.1.
1.
2.-
3.-
:
-
- - .
.
,
.
(,
.)
..
, ,
, , .
.
.
,
,
.
.
, , ,
. , ,
, ,
273.
272
Harasymiw B. Mosca and Moscow: Elite Recruitment in the Soviet Union //Does who
governs matter? Elite Circulation in Contemporary Societies./ Ed. by M.M.Czudnowski.
North. Illinois Univer.Press, 1981.-. 265-292,267.
273
.
. .
107
, - ,
,
274
.
,
.
. ,
:
* ( ).
,
, .
, ;
* .
, ,
.
,
;
*
,
. -
,
. ;
* .
275.
.
, ,
/
276.
,
.
, ,
, ( ,
)277. ,
. .:
ODonnel G., Schmitter P.C.
Transitions from Authoritarian Rule. Prospects for Democracy.- Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
University Press, 1986; .
// . 1992, 1-2. . 217-225.
274
Etzioni-Halevy E. The Elite Connection: Problems and Potential in Western Democracy.
- Boston: Basil Blackwell, 1993.
275
Higley J. The Elite Variable in Democratic Transitions and Breakdowns // American
Sociological Review. 1989. Vol. 54. - . 17-32.
276
. // .
1992, 1-2. - . 217-225.; . :
. .: , 1997. 287 .
277
Medding P.Y. Patterns of Elite Consensus and Elite Competition: A Model and Case
Study // Political Elites in Anglo-American Democracy / Ed. by H. Clark and M. M.
Czudnowski.- Northen Illinois Univer. Press, 1987.- . 14.
108
, -278
.
, , ,
, . ,
() ,
, - ,
.
,
.
,
.
,
, - .
,
.
, .
, . 279,
.
.
.
.
.
.
:
, ,
,
, ,
. ,
- . 18-19
,
.
.
280, . ,
, ,
.
,
,
,
. 50- , , 60-
278
, .
279
. 1.2. .
280
.: . // . 1993, 2. - . 89;
. : //
: . - : . 1998, 4 (36). - . 34.
109
,
,
.
, .
281,
,
. , , , ,
,
.
,
, .
,
. ,
, .
. . ,
,
282.
, ,
, . ,
.
-
.
.
,
. ,
, ,
,
283.
: -
( -) ,
, ,
..,
,
. , ,
281
Shils E. The Political Class in the Age of Mass Society: Collectivistic Liberalism and
Social Democracy // Does Who Governs Matter? / Ed. By Czudnowsky.- Northen Illinois
Univer. Press, 1981. - . 29-30; Political Involvement and Socialisation in Great Britain //
Political Elites in Anglo-American Democracies / Ed. By H.D.Clark and Moshe
Czudnowski.- Northen Illinois Univer. Press, 1987.-.109-146.
282
Shils E. The Political Class in the Age of Mass Society: Collectivistic Liberalism and
Social Democracy // Does Who Governs Matter? / Ed. By Czudnowsky.- Northen Illinois
Univer. Press, 1981.- . 29-30.
283
Persell C.H., Cookson P.W. Chartering and Bartering: Elite Education and Social
Reproduction // Contemporary Issues in Society / Ed. By Lena H. F., Helmreich W.B.,
McCord W.- McGraw-Hill, Inc.,1992.-. 384-385.
110
, , , 284
.
. ,
285,
,
.
, ,
. ,
,
. , ,
,
. ,
,
.
, .
, , :
, ,
, , .
, ,
.
.
, .
(. 2.3.2).
. ,
.
,
.
2.3.2
( . )286
-:
, ,
287. . , ,
. . ,
, .
, .
284
, . 373-388.
., : Collins R. The Credential Society. - New York: Academic Press,
1979.
286
Giddens A. The Class Structure of the Advanced Societies. - London: UNWIN HYMAN,
1980. - . 120.
287
, .122-123.
285
111
, ,
. 288.
,
,
.
.
, , .
,
, , .
,
,
, . -,
,
289.
,
, , -,
, . . ,
290
.
, .
.
, ,
, .
.
,
. ,
- ,
. ,
, ,
, , , 291.
, ,
, ,
288
Prewitt K., Stone A. The Ruling Elites: Elite Theory, Power and American Democracy. New York: Harper and Row, 1973. - . 156.
289
, . .
,
. .: Higley J., Moore G.. Elite
Integration in the United States and Australia // American Political Science Review. 75.
. 581-97, 595.
290
. . .: .
, / . . - .: , 1995. - . 354386.
291
Windolf P. Elite Networks in Germany and Britain // Sociology, Vol. 32, 2, May 1998.
- . 321-351.
112
. , ,
,
. , . .
292,
,
.
. ,
.
,
. ,
,
,
. . ,
, ,
,
. ,
, , ,
, , 293.
/
. . - ,
- ,
. ,
, ,
, ,
, -,
.
, ,
, .
3.4
,
.
.
, ,
- . ,
.
292
Almond G.A., Powell B.G., Mundt R.J. Comparative Politics. A Theoretical Framework.
- HarperCollins College Publishers, 1996. - . 77.
293
Shils E. The Political Class in the Age of Mass Society: Collectivistic Liberalism and
Social Democracy // Does Who Governs Matter? / Ed. By Czudnowsky. - Northen Illinois
Univer. Press, 1981. - . 30.
113
, ,
,
, . -
, ,
, , ,
,
.
, ,
.
,
, , ,
, .
,
.
( )
, , .
.
; ,
, .
.
. 294[1],
,
.
,
295[2]. , .
, ,
296[3].
,
294[1]
.
,
,
.
( ),
. -
:
,
,
(, -), -
.
, ,
- ,
.
,
.
() ,
,
.
,
297[4].
. ,
, .
.
298[5].
. ,
,
299[6].
. ,
, .
,
,
, , 80-
297[4]
, , .
. 300[7] , , .
301[8].
. 302[9].
, ,
- ,
303[10].
.
, - ,
. ,
.
,
,
304[11].
, , ,
.
( , ,
, , , , 305[12] )
, ,
1 ,
.
,
306[13]. ,
,
.
,
.
300[7]
Djilas M. The New Class. - New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1957; .
. - ., 1992.
301[8]
.. . ..: , 1991. - 623 .
302[9]
.. :
// . 1993, 4. - . 115-124. . 1994, 2. - . 76-87.
303[10]
Heywood A. Politics. - MACMILLAN Press LTD, 1997. - . 257-264; ..
? // ?..
/ . ... - .: - , 1998. . 132.
304[11]
Porta D.D., Meny Y. (Eds.) Democracy and Corruption in Europe. - London,
Washington: Pinter, 1997. - . 2-5, 167-169.
305[12]
Lehmbruch G. Concertation and the Structure of Corporatist Networks // Order and
Conflict in Contemporary Capitalism / Ed. by J. H. Goldthorpe. - Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1984. - .60-79; .. ? // ?..
/ .
... - .: - , 1998. - . 133.
306[13]
Heywood A. Politics. -MACMILLAN, 1997.-.257.
116
,
. ,
(
), .
,
.
,
, ,
307[14].
, , , ,
, , .
,
,
308[15]. ,
1990 ,
, . ,
2.4.1, . ,
, ,
. , ,
.
,
309[16]. ,
310[17].
2.4.1
,
(% , )311[18]
307[14]
.: .. :
// . 1993, 4. - . 115-124; Jacobs B.D. Fractured Cities.
Capitalism, community and empowerment in Britain and America. - London, New York:
Routledge, 1992. - . 194-215.
308[15]
Johnston M. Disengaging from democracy // International Social Attitudes: the 10th
BSA report. 1993. - . 1-22.
309[16]
Lehmbruch G. Concertation and the Structure of Corporatist Networks // Order and
Conflict in Contemporary Capitalism. / Ed. by J. H. Goldthorpe.- Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1984. - . 65.
310[17]
Johnston M. Disengaging from democracy // International Social Attitudes: the 10th
BSA report, 1993. - . 6-8.
311[18]
, : Johnston M. Disengaging from
democracy // International Social Attitudes: the 10th BSA report. 1993. - . 2-4.
117
,
, , .
.
,
-
,
, ,
. ,
,
. ,
,
, .
(
, ..). , ()
, ,
, .
,
.
.
312[19].
,
. . .
, , 313[20].
312[19]
: ., .
/. . - .: .-.., 1994. - . 123-132;
Eisenstadt Cf. S, Roniger L.. Patrons, Clients and Friends. - Cambridge: Cambridge
Univer. Press, 1984; .. // .
1994, 1. - . 121-126.
313[20]
Eisenstadt Cf. S., Roniger L. Patrons, Clients and Friends. - Cambridge: Cambridge
Univer. Press, 1984.
118
-,
, ,
.
,
, ,
,
.
,
.
.
,
. . . 314[21],
,
, ..
,
.
,
.
.
.
, , .
, ,
,
. .
: :
315[22].
:
- .
, .
.
,
.
(cosociatio).
(, ,
, ),
,
. -
316[23].
314[21]
.,. /. .-.:
.-..,1994. .125.
315[22]
Powell J.D. Peasant Society and Clientelist Politics. Political Development and Social
Change/ Ed. By Jason L. Finkle and Richard Gable.-New York: Wiley, 1971. .525.
316[23]
. //
.1992, 1-2.. 217-225.
119
: ,
.
.
.
. ,
4 ,
317[24]. . . 318[25],
, , ,
.
,
.
. -
.
. ,
.
- .
,
.
. 319[26].
320[27], 80- ,
.
,
, ,
60-70- .
,
.
, - ,
.
,
-
.
- .
,
. ,
317[24]
. //
.1992, 1-2. . 217-225; . - . // .1992, 3-4.
318[25]
.,. /. .-.:
.-.., 1994. . 137-141.
319[26]
Dahl R. A. Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City.-Yale Univer.
Press, 1989.- . 355.
320[27]
Brian J. D. Fractured Cities. Capitalism, community and empowerment in Britain and
America.-London, New York: Routledge, 1992. . 185-191; Clark T. N., Inglehart R.. The
New Political Culture: Changing Dynamics of Support for the Welfare State and Other
Policies in Post-Industrial Societies // The New Political Culture/ Ed. by T. N. Clark and V.
Hoffmann-Martinot -Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 1997, P. IV.
120
-
.
, ,
.
,
, ,
.
,
- .
,
,
.
,
.
, .
,
.
, , ,
.
,
,
. ,
.
:
1)
,
,
,
-;
2)
, ,
;
3)
,
.
;
4)
, -
. - ,
.
(),
, ,
- (
, ).
,
.
121
4
III.
,
Non omnia possumus omnes
(Lucilius)
E tenui casa saepe vir magnus exit
(Seneca)
, ,
321[1].
,
,
. , ,
, .
:
,
.
50- ,
,
.
. (1997 .)
, 322[2].
,
323[3],
,
324[4].
vs
,
.
, , ,
, ,
.
321[1]
. 1 .
Delphi Study on Social Stratification and Inequalities, 1997.
323[3]
Parjis . Una revolucion en la teoria de las clases // Zona Abierta. Madrid, 1992. Vol.
59-60. - . 214-218.
324[4]
Abercrombie N., Warde A., etc. Contemporary British Society. A New Introduction to
Sociology. 2-th Ed. - Polity Press, 1994. - . 120.
322[2]
122
4.1
.
, ;
- 325[5].
60-
,
.
, 50- 70-
,
326[6].
, ,
,
.
, ,
,
, .
. .
. ,
,
,
327[7].
.
(1927 .),
328[8]. ,
.
:
,
,
325[5]
. 1.2 .
., . //
/ . . .. . . 1.- ., 1992. - . 160-177;
. // .
/ . ... .: - , 1999. .
107-117; . //
/ . . .. . . 1.- ., 1992. - .114137; Warner W.L. Social Class in America // Social Stratification in Sociological
Perspective / Ed. By David B. Grusky.- Westview Press, 1994. - . 190-196.
327[7]
Blau P.M., Duncan O.D. Measuring the Status of Occupations (the first publishing in
1967) // Social Stratification in Sociological Perspective / Ed. By David B. Grusky. Westview Press, 1994. - . 205.
328[8]
. // . .
. - ., 1992, . 297-373.
326[6]
123
,
,
,
.
( , ), ,
,
.
. , .. , .. . , .
.. , . 329[9] .
. .
, , ,
( ) .
. , ,
( ,
, ).
330[10]. ,
.
. , ..
,
331[11]. ..
.
,
, , 40-
. ,
.
. (1954 .)332[12],
. ,
329[9]
.
.
. .
333[13].
.
:
,
.
, , ,
.
. . 60-
, -
(SEI )334[14].
.
.
.
0,91 ,
.
0 96,
446 ( , 90-96,
85-89, - 80-84;
80-84, 70-74).
176 .
,
-
, , ,
, , ; ,
.
,
,
, .
. 60-70- , ,
,
,
333[13]
Hodge R.W., Siegel P.M., Rossi P.H. Occupational Prestige in the United States,
1925-63 // American Journal of Sociology. 1964, 70. - .286-302.
334[14]
Blau P.M., Duncan O.D. Measuring the Status of Occupations (the first publishing in
1967) // Social Stratification in Sociological Perspective / Ed. By David B. Grusky. Westview Press, 1994. - . 204-208.
125
335[15]. ,
.
. .
.
..
, 55
70- , .
, ,
, , , [], ,
336[16].
,
. , .
, (
) . . 337[17].
70-
338[18].
(ISO)339[19],
.
,
, , .
,
,
. , ,
.
:
,
, ,
335[15]
Wesolowski W. Classes, strata and power. - London: Routledge and Kegan Paul,
1979. - . 115.
336[16]
Treiman D. J. Occupational Prestige in Comparative Perspective// Social
Stratification in Sociological Perspective / Ed. By David B. Grusky.-Westview Press,1994.. 210.
337[17]
Inkels A., Rossi P. National comparisions of occupational prestige//American Journal
of Sociology.1956, 61-.329-339.
338[18]
Ganzeboom H.B.G., Treiman D.J., Ultee W.C. Comparative International
Stratification Research: Three Generations and Beyond//Annual Review of
Sociology.1991, 17.- . 277-302.
339[19]
Treiman D. J. Occupational Prestige in Comparative Perspective// Social
Stratification in Sociological Perspective / Ed. By David B. Grusky. - Westview Press, 1994
(1977). - . 210; Ganzeboom H.B.G., Graaf P.M., Treiman D.J., Leeuw J. A Standard
International Socio-Economic Index of Occupational Status // Social Science Research.
1992, 21. - . 1-56.
: Ganzeboom H.B.G., Treiman D.J.
International Comparable Measures of Occupational Status // Social Science Research.
1996, 25. . 201-239.
126
, 340[20].
, ,
. , ,
,
, ,
,
.
70- ,
40- , ,
.
. , ,
,
, .
, 19
,
:
,
, ,
..
,
, , ,
.
,
.
: -
341[21]
.
. ,
- . -,
,
342[22].
340[20]
,
40- 50-
: - ,
, , , , , ,
343[23].
,
.
1942
, , ,
344[24]. .
..
345[25],
, ,
, ,
.
,
,
, ,
60-
346[26].
,
, .
, , . .
, , ,
, ,
.
.
,
, ,
343[23]
,
-
,
.
344[24]
: ( . )
// . -. /
. . .. . - .: , 1994. - . 103.
345[25]
.. , . - ., 1978.
346[26]
. / . ...
1. - .:- , 1993. - . 220-223.
128
347[27], ,
.
70- .
:
348[28] (
).
1979 . .
, ,
,
.
, , ,
70-80-
.
,
, .
,
.
( , , ,
.), ,
,
349[29].
,
350[30]. , ,
80- ( , .
. )
.
,
. ,
.. ,
70- 351[31], ,
,
347[27]
Lipset S.M., Rokkan S., eds. Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-National
Perspectives.- New York: Free Press, 1967.
348[28]
.., . / . . -, 1994. - . 355363.
349[29]
.: : -
/ .. , .. , .. . .: , 1989. . 148-165; ., . .
, , //-. 1995,
47-48.-.4.
350[30]
Congressional Record. 1989, July 16. - P.S. 9543.
351[31]
:
-
/ .. , .. , .. . .: , 1989. . 36.
129
,
.
,
(, , )352[32].
,
, .
,
, ,
.
,
353[33].
. , ,
, 40
,
.
, .
,
, ,
,
.
.
. .
. , ,
, ,
354[34].
,
, ,
().
( ,
) ;
3.1.1.
, ,
.
352[32]
3.1.1
1. 1.
2. 2.
-
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
.
-
(
)
,
,
,
.
, -
6. 6.
-
()
. ,
.
,
,
, .
70-
.
.
, ,
, . . . ,
.
,
,
,
. . . , . , .
-
.
(ISEI)355[35]
31 ,
16 1968 1982 ., -
355[35]
. -
(CASMIN project), . .
356[36].
.
.
, .
.
357[37]. 80-
( )358[38].
, .
,
,
,
. ,
- ,
.
70 80-
- .
,
, ,
, ,
.
,
, 359[39], ,
, .
, ( , ,
, , , .),
,
.
,
. (),
,
356[36]
Goldthorpe J.H., Muller W. Social Mobility and Class Formation in Industrial Nations:
Proposal for a Comparative Research Project. - Oxford / Mannheim, 1982.
357[37]
Ganzeboom H.B.G., Treiman D.J., Ultee W.C. Comparative International
Stratification Research: Three Generations and Beyond // Annual Review of Sociology.
1991, 17. - . 287.
358[38]
Ganzeboom H.B.G., Treiman D.J., Ultee W.C. Comparative International
Stratification Research: Three Generations and Beyond // Annual Review of Sociology.
1991, 17. - . 291-292.
359[39]
. ,
, ,
. .: Bourdieu P. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. London / New York: Routledge, 1986. - . 103.
132
4.2 ?
( )
.
, , , .
360[1],
.
-
-
,
. .
, ,
( ..),
(,
, .) (- .),
,
.
. ,
. ,
,
- ,
. , 1959 . 361[2],
,
.
, .
362[3].
,
.
,
.
.
,
, , 363[4].
360[1]
. . . . , , . 52 //
., . . . 2-. - ., 1956. . - . 425.
1.2. .
361[2]
Dahrendorf R. Class and Class Conflict in Industrial Society // Social Stratification in
Sociological Perspective / Ed. By David B. Grusky. - Westview Press, 1994. - . 85-89.
362[3]
: Kutsenko O. The concept of class
as a basis for understanding of contradictions of the Capitalism: changes in 150 years // Le
Manifeste Communiste: Quelle alternative au capitalisme? Rencontre internationale.
Contribu-tions. 5-e dossier. - Paris: Mars, 1998. - P. 80-82.
363[4]
Braverman H. Labour and Monopoly Capital. - New York and London: Monthly
Review Press, 1974.
133
,
,
,
. ,
,
364[5].
. . , . , . ,
,
,
. . ,
,
, ;
365[6]. C ,
(
)
.
,
. ,
,
,
, .
,
. ,
. .
, 70-
,
. ,
;
366[7]. . ,
,
, 367[8].
. ,
364[5]
Parkin F. Marxism and Class Theory: A Bourgeois Critique. - New York: Columbia
University Press, 1979; Poulantzas N. Classes in Contemporary Capitalism. - London:
Verso, 1974.
365[6]
. : The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Sociology / Ed. By Gordon Marshall. Oxford, New York: Oxford Univer. Press, 1996. - . 356.
366[7]
Mann M. Consciousness and Action among the Western Working Class. - The
MACMILLAN Press, 1973. - . 24-33, 55-67; Gallie D. In Search of the New Working
Class, 1978.
367[8]
Gorz A. Farewell to the Working Class. An Essay on Post-Industrial Socialism. London: Pluto Press, 1982. - . 152.
134
,
,
.
, , ,
. , ,
, ,
.
,
.
, .
. , .
, 368[9].
, . , ,
, .
,
.
, ,
.
:
,
;
,
, ;
,
;
,
, .
. , ,
, ,
, 369[10]. ,
. , ,
, ,
. . , ,
. , . .
,
. .
( , . ) 60- .
.
.
4 :
368[9]
., . // ., . . - 2.
. 3. - . 31-34, 46, 408-415; ., . ,
// ., . .. . 2. - . 39; .
.- ., 1956. .586-587; . : .
// . 1989, 9. . 41-42.
369[10]
., . // ., . . - 2.
. 3. - . 46, 408-415.
135
1) 1) ,
;
2) 2) ,
;
3) 3) ,
;
4) 4) ,
370[11].
, ,
, ,
,
. .
, ,
, .
. , , ,
,
, ,
371[12].
, ,
(
) .
, .
372[13]. ,
, ()
.
,
.
.
,
, ,
, .
. ,
,
.
.
. , , .
, ,
, .
.
.
.
370[11]
, 373[14].
, ,
.
,
. .
(. 1.2 ).
. .
(1991 .).
( ),
,
- ,
1 .
, .. ,
374[15],
.
,
,
, . ,
.
.
.
, 1.2 . . ,
, ,
. ,
, 375[16]
.
70-
..
, . ,
, , ,
,
,
373[14]
, .
.
374[15]
.., .. .
. - : , 1991. - . 407-419; ..
//
. . 1993, 2. - . 3-4.
375[16]
,
;
. , ,
, .
,
. .: .
. 1. /
, , : . - .: , 1992. . 101-138.
137
376[17]. , ,
.
80-
377[18],
.
, ,
, ,
. ,
,
,
, ( , ) . , , ,
,
.
. ,
.
,
.
. .
,
. :
1) 1) ,
,
2) 2)
,
,
3) 3)
,
,
,
4) 4)
,
,
378[19].
, . ,
. ,
,
, . . .
, , .
, -, ..
.
. , 2-4
376[17]
..
//
. .,1975..199.
377[18]
Elster J. Marxism, Functionalism and Game Theory // Theory and Society. 1982.
378[19]
Mann M. Consciousness and Action in the Western Working Class. - London:
Macmillan Press, 1973. - . 24-33.
138
. , , .
. 379[20] . 380[21],
,
.
.
,
- ( ) ,
381[22].
:
* , ,
* ,
,
* , ,
* ,
.
.
, 1976
382[23]. . ,
,
. .
, , ,
.
,
, . .
,
. , (1985, 1989,
1997 .) . ,
(,
/ ) , , -,
.
-
, ,
379[20]
. : 2- . .1./ . . .: ,
1991. - . 44-61.
380[21]
. . 1. /
, , :
. - .: , 1992. - .66-78.
381[22]
Class awarness // Marshall G. Oxford Concise Dictionary of Sociology. - Oxford
university Press, 1996. - .56.
382[23]
Wright E. Class, Crisis, and the State. - London: New Left Books, 1978; Wright E.
Classes. - London: Verso, 1985; Wright E., et al. The Debate on Classes. - London: Verso,
1989; Wright E. Class Counts. Comparative Studies in Class Analysis. - Cambridge
University Press, 1997.
139
.
- 383[24].
. ,
384[25]. , ,
,
, . :
() ,
( ). ,
,
, 385[26];
. , -
;
, (
), ( ).
()
, 386[27].
,
-
. ,
, ,
,
;
.
.
.
, ,
, , ,
387[28];
,
, . ,
,
,
,
, 388[29].
.
,
()
383[24]
., ., ., .
// : , , , 1998, 1-2. - .
120-137; 3, . 56-74.
384[25]
Wright E. Classes. London: Verso, 1985. - . 34, 59.
385[26]
Wright E. Class Counts. Comparative Studies in Class Analysis. - Cambridge
University Press, 1997. - . 376-377.
386[27]
, . 379-380.
387[28]
Wright E. Class Counts. Comparative Studies in Class Analysis. - Cambridge
University Press, 1997. - . 381-382, 399-400.
388[29]
Wright E. Classes. - London: Verso, 1985. - . 243-251; Wright E. Class Counts.
Comparative Studies in Class Analysis. - Cambridge University Press, 1997. - . 3-4, 382.
140
. , ,
- ,
. , . ,
, ,
.
,
,
389[30]. ,
,
,
.
. , . , ,
: ( )
).
,
.
, ,
.
, ,
. , . 390[31],
.
.
. , . . ,
, - ,
. , , .
, . ,
.
, ,
391[32].
(. 3.2.1):
()
,
;
() , (),
(
). ,
.
;
3.2.1
389[30]
Wright E. Class, Crisis, and the State.- London:New Left Books,1978.-. 177.
. 1.1 .
391[32]
Wright E. A General Framework for the Analysis of Class Structure // Politics and
Society. Vol. 13, 1984. - P.383-422;
Wright E. Class Counts. Comparative Studies in
Class Analysis. - Cambridge University Press, 1997. - . 10.
390[31]
141
.
()
()
()
() , ()
()
,
.
. ,
,
, .
.
,
. - (
),
(
),
( ),
( ).
.
. , ,
,
.
, - ,
. . ,
,
,
.
,
.
, ,
.
,
. , ,
,
. , ,
.
,
,
,
.
, . ,
:
142
1) 1) (),
;
2) 2) (),
;
3) 3)
( , ),
392[33].
.
()
,
.
, ,
, ,
, ,
. ,
,
: ,
- ,
, ,
, - ,
.
, .
.
:
, ,
393[34].
, ,
,
.
, ,
, .
:
, .
;
.
, , .
,
.
,
(
).
, , . ,
. .
392[33]
394[35]. ,
, ,
. ,
, .
.
, , ,
. .
,
, (
)395[36].
:
, .
, . 396[37]. ,
. , ,
,
. , ,
.
1989 . , ,
, , ,
, .
,
, 397[38].
, .
, ,
. 398[39].
, , ,
. . , ,
-
():
,
, .
, .
,
(. 3.2.2). ,
394[35]
Wright E. A General Framework for the Analysis of Class Structure // Politics and
Society. Vol.13, 1984. - P. 399-402.
395[36]
Roemer J.E. A General Theory of Exploitation and Class. - Cambridge: Harvard
University Press, 1982. - .202, 212, 242, 285-286.
396[37]
. / . . .: Socio-Logos, 1993. - . 33-158.
397[38]
Wright E. O., et al. The Debate on Classes.-London:Verso,1989. - . 347.
398[39]
., : Weil R. Contradictory Class Definitions: Petty Bourgeoisie and the
Classes of Erik Olin Wright // Critical Sociology. 1995. Vol. 21, 3. - . 3-37.
144
.
.
, , ,
399[40].
3.2.2.
. 400[41]
:
6
.
10
7
.
.
8
.
11
.
12
.
..
.
:
,
,
(),
.
, ( , )
:
, ,
,
, ,
, ;
-,
.
, :
,
, ,
.
399[40]
400[41]
145
, .
. ,
. . ,
, (-) . ,
, .
(. 3.2.3):
3.2.3.
( . )
1.
2.
)
(, 3.
4.
(, -
)
5.
( , )
. , .
,
,
( , ,
), .
,
.
,
. ,
, , ,
, , .
.
. ,
. ,
:
1) 1)
;
2) 2) .
, ,
.
401[42].
, .
, .
-
,
.
401[42]
,
. ,
.
,
,
,
402[43]. . , ,
,
,
403[44].
.
, , ,
, .
. ,
, ,
, . ,
. , . ,
:
(
. ), .
, , .
- ,
404[45];
- ,
.
, .
.
.
,
.
. , , ,
.
- - ,
, , ,
. ,
, , , ,
405[46].
.
(Comparative Class Analysis Project) .
402[43]
406[47],
(1985-1987-1997).
.
, . . ,
, - .
,
; ,
. ,
.
. , ,
,
, - . ,
, ,
, .
:
, . ,
.
,
, , ,
,
.
. , .
,
.
:
406[47]
148
,
.
,
,
.
.
. 407[48], .
408[49],
. 409[50].
-
.
, .
410[51].
,
:
, ;
,
;
,
.
, ,
, .
,
( ). , ,
, :
() : *
( ); *
( 19 ,
); *
, (
);
() - (-) : *
, ; *
; *
.
- .
-
.
407[48]
.
.
,
. ....
( . )
( - . . )
, ,
, .
,
, ,
411[52]. , ,
, ,
.
,
,
. ,
, ,
,
. , ,
, , .
,
.
(International Social Survey Programme) .
.
- 412[53].
18 ,
1987 1997 11 413[54],
411[52]
Kelley J., Evans M.D.R. Class and Class Conflict in Six Western Nations // American
Sociological Review. 1995, Vol. 60, April. - . 157-178.
412[53]
,
. ,
. , .
(. 3.3
).
Kelley J., Evans M.D.R. Class and Class Conflict in Six Western Nations // American
Sociological Review.1995, Vol. 60, April. - . 161-162; Kelley J., Evans M.D.R. Does the
Welfare State Reduce Class Conflict? Public Perceptions in 11 Nations/Paper presented
through ISA, RC 28, May 1999.-P.26.
413[54]
:
. ,
( ,
).
- ( ,
, , ). .: Kelley
150
.
,
, . , ,
- ,
. ,
20%,
10%, (
) 10%414[55].
.
- -
. , ,
,
. , . .
-
, ,
. , -,
-
.
, . . ,
. 3.2.1
,
.
3.2.1
:
, ? ( %
)415[56]
1964,
1974,
1984,
1991,
48
62
74
79
39
27
20
16
13
11
6
4
,
,
, , ,
,
, , ,
J., Evans M.D.R. Does the Welfare State Reduce Class Conflict? Public Perceptions in 11
Nations / Paper presented through ISA, RC 28, May 1999. - P. 7-9.
414[55]
Kelley J. , Evans M.D.R. Does the Welfare State Reduce Class Conflict? Public
Perceptions in 11 Nations. /Paper presented through ISA, RC 28, May 1999. - . 15.
415[56]
Gallup Political Index Report, 371, July, 1991.
151
.
.
:
, ,
, .
,
,
.
4.3
( . )
.
,
. .
, , ,
416[1].
. ,
, -,
- ; ,
,
.
,
. 50-60- .
, . 417[2],
: .
, ,
. .
.
, , ,
. .
,
418[3]. ,
,
. , . , :
.
.
.
. 419[4].
416[1]
. 1.2 .
Lockwood D. The Blackcoated Worker. - London: George Allen and Unwin, 1958.
418[3]
Giddens A. The Class Structure of the Advanced Societies. - London: UNWIN
HYMAN, 1980.- P. 355.
419[4]
Goldthorpe J., Hope K. The Social Grading of Occupations. - Oxford: Clarendon
Press, 1974; Goldthorpe J., llewellyn C., Payne C. Social Mobility and Class Structure in
Modern Britain. - Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980; Erikson R., Goldthorpe J. H. The
417[2]
152
, ,
, .. ,
, ,
420[5].
.
.
, , . ,
. , . ,
.
,
, ,
421[6].
, , ,
, .
. .
.
:
--- ---
--;
, .
. , , . , ,
,
. , . , ,
, , ,
. ,
,
,
.
.
. 422[7].
,
.
. . , . ,
,
.
,
,
.
,
.
, ,
Constant Flux. A study of class mobility in industrial societies. - Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1992.- 428 p.
420[5]
Erikson R., Goldthorpe J. The Constant Flux: A study of Class Mobility in industrial
societies. - Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992. - . 21.
421[6]
Erikson R., Goldthorpe J. The Constant Flux: A study of Class Mobility in industrial
societies. - Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992. - . 35.
422[7]
Goldthorpe J. H., Lockwood D., Bechhofer F., Platt J. The Affluent Worker in the
Class Structure. - Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969.
153
423[8]. . .
. ,
, ,
, .
, . . .
.
, ,
- .
,
,
,
.
.
70- 80- .
,
.
424[9]. .
, . ,
,
. .
.
:
* , , ,
; * ,
; * ,
, ,
425[10].
, , ,
,
. .
,
.
, -,
: , .
: ,
. -,
, ,
(.
3.3.1). :
,
, , .
3.3.1
423[8]
, .15.
Erikson R., Goldthorpe J. The Constant Flux: A study of Class Mobility in industrial
societies. - Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992. - . 35.
425[10]
Erikson R., Goldthorpe J. The Constant Flux: A study of Class Mobility in industrial
societies. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992, p. 37-40.
424[9]
154
1951 1981 . ( %, 1951 . 100%)426[11]
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
,
, ,
227,6
258,4
80,9
212,5
156,4
181,7
79,6
86,2
91,8
112,8
-.
. .
.
,
. .
, / ,
,
,
. . .
. 427[12] ,
,
, , .
.
, , ,
, (
, , ,
.). .
, ,
,
,
-428[13].
,
, .
, , . ,
, -
;
426[11]
,
429[14].
,
, ,
.
:
, , -
. . ,
, ,
430[15]; ,
, ,
431[16]. , .
,
3.3.2.
, , :
1) 1)
, , ;
2) 2)
, ,
;
3) 3)
,
, .
. ,
, 432[17].
,
.
3.3.2.
. 433[18]
-
-
I-III
I
I+II :
,
.
,
.,
,
, ,
II . ,
,
.
;
.
429[14]
Goldthorpe J. The service class revisited // Social class and the middle class / Ed. by
I. Butler and M. Savage.- London: UCL Press, 1995. - . 314.
430[15]
,
,
. ,
:
, , ..
431[16]
Goldthorpe J., llewellyn C., Payne C. Social Mobility and Class Structure in Modern
Britain. - Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980. - . 23-39.
432[17]
Goldthorpe J., llewellyn C., Payne C. Social Mobility and Class Structure in Modern
Britain. - Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980. - . 43.
433[18]
Erikson R., Goldthorpe J. The Constant Flux: A study of Class Mobility in industrial
societies. - Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992. - . 38-39.
156
(, )
(,
. )
IYa
,
..,
IY
,
IYc
,
IYa+
:
IYc :
-
Y , Y+YI
-
: , ,
.
YI
IY+
IYc+YII
.
Y+YI
YIIa
.
YIIa - YIIa . (
( /)
/)
YII
YII -
434[19].
, ,
, . ,
.
;
.
. ,
.
.
,
, .
- - ,
.
,
, -
.
.
.
-
, 80-
434[19]
. . 435[20];
,
. 436[21], . 437[22]; .
438[23]. ,
, 1987 .
(ISSP),
. 439[24].
:
,
, .
(1987 .) ,
. .
,
,
440[25]. ,
(. 3.3.3).
. ,
441[26].
442[27].
,
435[20]
.
Heath A., Jowell R., Evans G., Field J., etc. Understanding Political Change: the
British voter 1964-1987. - Oxford: Pergamon, 1991.
437[22]
Brint S., Cunningham W.L., Lee R.S. The Politics of Professionals in Five Advanced
Industrial Societies // Citizen Politics in Post-Industrial Societies / Ed. by M. Rempel and
T.N. Clark.- Boulder, Co.: Westview Press, 1997.- . 113-142.
438[23]
Halsey A.H., Heath A.F., Ridge J.M. Origins and Destinations: family, class and
education in modern Britain. - Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987.
439[24]
International Social Attitudes: the 10th BSA report / Ed. by R. Jowell, L. Brook, etc.
SCPR, 1993. - . 123-143.
440[25]
.
441[26]
5 : 1)
, 2)
, 3) , 4)
. .: Evans G. Class Conflict and Inequality // International Social
Attitudes: the 10th BSA report / Ed. by R. Jowell, L. Brook, etc. - SCPR, 1993. - . 128.
442[27]
: 1)
5-
; 2)
/ ( 5-
) : [] , ,
. .: Evans G. Class Conflict
and Inequality // International Social Attitudes: the 10th BSA report / Ed. by R. Jowell, L.
Brook, etc. - SCPR, 1993. - . 129.
436[21]
158
,
, , .
,
-
.
,
,
.
3.3.3.
(% ,
)443[28]
1.
2.
3.
4..
5..
.. (Eta)
64
73
53
54
69
88
60
72
38
64
69
85
53
61
86
93
59
77
60
76
81
59
88
83
83
74
0,21
56
0,08
87
0,25
72
0,19
64
0,30
,
.
, . . ,
-
, .
,
. ,
,
.
,
.
. . ,
,
. .
,
, ,
,
443[28]
444[29]. ,
. ,
:
1) ; 2)
(); 3)
.
. .
.
, ,
.
:
( , ..). .
, ,
,
.
,
. .
.
,
. ,
.
, .
,
. .
80- . 445[30].
,
.
.
.
, . .
,
: , ,
, , 446[31].
, .
. ,
,
.
447[32].
, . .
. ,
. :
444[29]
., : Abercrombie N., Urry J. Capital, Labour, and the Middle Classes. London: Allen and Unwin, 1983.
445[30]
Marshall G., Newby H., Rose D., Vogler C. Social Class in Modern Britain. - London:
Hutchinson, 1988. 314 .
446[31]
, .264-265.
447[32]
, . 266.
160
,
,
? ,
(. .
, . , . )
,
.
, , case-study, , ,
.
, .
,
, :
448[33].
. :
;
,
.
;
, . ,
.
, ,
.
, ,
.
,
, .
,
. ?
. , ,
,
.
.
5 IV
448[33]
,
.
161
( . 449[1], 1993 .)
;
(
450[2], 1996 .)
, ,
,
. 451[3],
.
,
,
; ,
452[4]. ,
.
-
.
,
, .
,
,
, 453[5],
. , ,
.
- .
, , ,
. ,
,
.
, . ,
.
,
. . ,
449[1]
450[2]
4.
451[3]
Holton R.J., Turner B.S. Has class analysis a future? // Holton R.J., Turner B.S. Max
Weber on Economics and Society. -London, 1989.-.160-196.
452[4]
Blau P.M., Duncan O.D. Measuring the Status of Occupations (the first publishing in
1967) // Social Stratification in Sociological Perspective / Ed. By David B. - Grusky.
Westview Press, 1994. - . 205.
453[5]
Marshall G. Repositioning Class: Social Inequality in Industrial Societies. - SAGE
Publications, 1997. - P. 57, 195; Blossfeld H.-P., Shavit Y. (Eds.) Persistent Inequality:
Changing Educational Stratification in Thirteen Countries. -Boulder, CO: Westview Press,
1992; Abercrombie N., Warde A. with etc. Contemporary British Society. A New
Introduction to Sociology. 2-th ed. - Polity Press, 1994. - . 362-367.
162
, 19 ,
.
, ,
, ;
, , ;
; , -
454[6], ,
, .
. . ,
.
455[7].
,
. - ,
.
,
.
,
,
, - .
5.1 .
,
, ,
. .
-
(1871 .), 456[8]. ,
,
,
, .
.
. , ,
. ,
,
457[9].
454[6]
.
: . .
. :
458[10] - . . .
. ,
.
, , ,
,
, 459[11].
,
.
. ,
. ,
,
,
.
,
,
.
,
,
, ,
. .
:
(1912 .) . .
(1926.)460[12].
, , ,
,
.
.
, ,
,
,
.
. . , ,
. . 1932 ,
458[10]
Mills W.C. The New Middle Class // The new middle classes. Life styles, status
claims and political orientations. -New York: New York Univer. Press, 1995. - P. 189-214.
459[11]
Ross G. Marxism and the New Middle Class // Theory and Society.-Dordrecht:
Martinus Nijhoff Publ.,1978.Vol.5.- P.163.
460[12]
Lederer, E., Marschak J. The New Middle Class // The New Middle Classes. LifeStyles, Status Claims and Political Orientations / Ed. by A.J.Vidich. - N.Y.: New York
Univer. Press, 1995. - P. 55-86.
164
, , ,
461[13]. ,
, .
. . ,
(, 1933
, ).
, .
,
.
,
, , ,
. .
,
.
, ,
, .
, , ,
,
, ,
,
,
,
,
, -
.
.
( , .
). .
, ,
462[14]. .
, .
, - ,
.
50-60- . ,
(. 4.1.1),
( )
1911 1951 , 8-9
.
2% .
461[13]
4.1.1
, 1911-1981 .
( % )
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. ..
6.-
1911
1921
1931
1951
1961
1971
1981
3.4
3.6
3.7
5.5
5.4
9.8
13.7
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.9
3.0
3.8
4.8
3.1
3.5
3.5
4.7
6.0
7.7
10.6
1.3
1.4
1.5
2.6
2.9
3.0
4.1
4.5
6.5
6.7
10.4
12.7
14.2
14.5
5.4
5.1
6.5
5.7
5.9
5.7
4.6
60-
,
.
,
, . 60-
, ,
463[15].
80-90-
. 464[16], . . 465[17], .
466[18]. ,
. ,
- (,
..), , , ,
. . ,
( ,
) ,
467[19].
. (1985 .) ,
. , 1997 ., .
:
; ;
; .
463[15]
Goldthorpe J. H., Lockwood D., Bechhofer F., Platt J. The Affluent Worker in the
Class Structure. - Cambridge, 1969.
464[16]
Wright E. Classes. - London: Verso, 1985.
465[17]
Abercrombie N., Warde A. with etc. Contemporary British Society. A New
Introduction to Sociology. 2-th ed. - Polity Press, 1994. - . 177-184.
466[18]
Marshall G., Rose D., Newby H. And Vogler C. Social Class in Modern Britain. London:UNWIN, 1988. - . 116-126.
467[19]
Abercrombie N., Warde A. with etc. Contemporary British Society. A New
Introduction to Sociology. 2-th ed. - Polity Press, 1994. - . 183-184.
166
,
468[20].
,
,
.
,
.
, . ,
, ,
, . , ,
, ,
469[21], , . .
,
,
,
.
- :
1) , ;
2) , , ;
3) , , .
, , ,
.
5.2 ?
30-
, , ,
( ) , ,
, .
: ,
,
;
, ,
.
, ,
,
, .
. 470[1], . 471[2], .
. 472[3], . ( , 1936.) .
.
, ,
468[20]
- , 473[4].
.
(1957 .)474[5],
50- ,
, , ,
,
. ,
,
, .
.
80-
. 475[6]. ,
, , ,
, ,
, .
,
,
.
,
,
, .
40- . .
, ,
.
, , ,
476[7].
,
.
60-
, - ,
, .
,
, , , .
, ,
. .
,
.
473[4]
1927-1930 . .: . .
. - .: , 1990. - . 110-111, 154, 163;
.. //
. 1990, 5. - . 23-40.
474[5]
Djilas, M. The New Class. - New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1957; .
- . - ., 1992.
475[6]
. . . . - .,
1991.
476[7]
Marshall G. Oxford Concise Dictionary of Sociology. - Oxford, New York: Oxford
Univer.Press, 1996. - P. 302.
168
(1964.) .
477[8]. , -
.
,
, ,
, , .
. (- ,
) ,
. , . ,
, . , .
. , ,
,
.
, 60-
, ,
.
.
, ,
. . .
,
60-70
. ,
,
,
, .
478[9]
, ,
, , ,
.
.
.
(1981 .)479[10]
, ,
- .
,
.
477[8]
. //
. . -: , 1996. - . 194-250.
478[9]
Touraine A. Sociology: from systems to actors / Lecture was presented at Session 2
of Symposium YI, ISA Congress in Montreal, 1998. 10 .
479[10]
Gouldner A. W. The Future of Intellectuals and the Rise of the New Class // Social
Stratification. Class, Race, and Gender in Sociological Perspective / Ed. by David B.
Grusky. - Westview Press, 1994. - P. 711-722.
169
.
, .
- ,
. . ,
,
,
: ,
480[11].
, .
.
. ,
,
.
, ,
481[12]. , , - ,
, ,
482[13]. , ,
,
- . ,
,
483[14],
Philosophical Transactions (1665 .)
,
-
.
, .
(1751-1775). ,
, .
:
.
19
. , . . , , ,
,
484[15].
,
, .
,
.
20
.
480[11]
, . 711,713.
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Sociology / Ed. by G. Marshall. - Oxford, New
York: Oxford Univer. Press, 1996.- P. 251
482[13]
Etzioni-Halevy E. The Knowledge Elite and the Failure of Prophecy.-London; George
Allen and UNWIN, 1985.-. 9.
483[14]
Royal Society of London. Philosophical Transactions I: 1665-66. - N.Y.: Johnson
Reprint Company, 1963. - . 2.
484[15]
Lipset S., Dobson R.B. The intellectual as critic and rebel // Daedalus. Vol. 101,
1972. - . 137-198.
481[12]
170
30-50-
, .
, , 50-
:
, ,
,
- .
.
. . ,
.
, .
,
. . ,
, ,
.
.
,
,
, .
.
.
?
,
. .. , ..
, .
..,
, ,
485[16]. ..,
, , .
, ,
, 486[17].
.
, -, , ,
.
, .
VIII 1974 .
, , -,
. (1846 .); . (1844 .);
, , 40- 19
485[16]
.. . -
. : , 1986. . 10
486[17]
.. //
. 5. . 1. -: -
, 1997. . 115.
171
, - ,
487[18].
, , , -,
,
.
, ,
,
,
. 19
,
( );
, ,
.
, ,
. . (1881 .), , ,
488[19]. ,
.
. , . , .
, , ,
- -. , . 489[20] ,
, ,
.
. . , , .
,
, . ,
.
.
. (1926 .)490[21]
. ,
, ,
, .
, :
-,
491[22].
, .
.
487[18]
The Intelligentsia and The Intellectuals. Theory, Method and Case Study / Ed. By A.
Gella.-SAGE: ISA, 1976.-. 12.
488[19]
. .- ., 1955. . . - . 47.
489[20]
.. // .
. . - .: , 1990. - . 159163, 172.
490[21]
.. //
. .-.:,1990..404-410.
491[22]
, . 405.
172
,
492[23].
, ,
,
. , , ,
,
, ,
, .
, , ,
,
-
, ,
- ,
.
,
,
.
, ,
1917 .
,
, .
, ,
493[24].
,
, , ,
.
, , : ,
- , -
, ,
494[25]. , -,
.
. ,
, , ,
, , , .
.
492[23]
. : .. //
. 5. . 1. -: -
, 1997. . 117.
493[24]
The Intelligentsia and The Intellectuals. Theory, Method and Case Study / Ed. y
A.Gella.-SAGE: ISA, 1976. - . 23.
494[25]
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Sociology /Ed. by G. Marshall.-Oxford, N.Y.:
Oxford Univer.Press, 1996.-P. 253.
173
,
. . ,
.
:
1) 1) , ,
2) 2) ,
.
, . ,
: (
)
.
,
?
. ,
.
, , .
,
, ,
, , . ,
.
,
,
. ,
.
, .
. , ,
.
,
()
,
..
. , . ,
, , .
.
,- , ,
495[26]. .
, ,
,
495[26]
Gouldner A. W. The Future of Intellectuals and the Rise of the New Class // Social
Stratification. Class, Race, and Gender in Sociological Perspective /Ed. by D.Grusky.Westview Press, 1994. - P. 715.
174
. ,
.
, ,
, ,
. .
, ,
(.
4.2.1).
4.2.1
.
, ,
; ,
, .
:
,
.
.
,
. ,
: . ,
,
; , , ,
496[27].
, .
(),
.
,
, , ( ,
).
- , ,
,
, . , .
, ,
496[27]
, . 716.
175
, ,
.
.
, . . .
.
.
,
. . , .
, , .
, . , . .
.
,
. ,
() ( ), ,
, .
,
.
497[28]. .
, ,
, .
. , . ,
, : ,
.
,
. , . , - ,
,
498[29]. , .
, ;
. ?
, ., ,
,
.
( )
497[28]
Gouldner A.W. The Future of Intellectuals and the Rise of the New Class // Social
Stratification. Class, Race, and Gender in Sociological Perspective / Ed.by D.Grusky.Westview Press, 1994. - P. 715.
498[29]
, . 717.
. ,
.
,
. ( .. //
.
. - .: , 1990. - .404-410).
176
. 499[30]. , . , ,
,
.
,
,
. ,
,
, , ,
.
, . ,
,
,
,
.
.
, , ,
, ,
: ,
,
,
500[31]. ,
, . ,
/ .
. ,
1979 . . 501[32]
, , , ,
,
.
.
.
. 502[33].
.
.
, , ,
499[30]
. . - .: , 1975. - 288 .
.
-. ,
, , ,
(Etzioni-Halevy E. The Knowledge Elite and the Failure of Prophecy. London; George Allen and UNWIN, 1985. - . 15).
501[32]
Konrad G., Szelenyi I. The Intellectuals on the Road to Class Power. - Brighton:
Harvester, 1979.
502[33]
Touraine A. The Voice and the Eye: An Analysis of Social Movements. - Cambridge
Univer.ress,1981.-P.25-61; Touraine A. Return of the Actor. Social Theory in Postindustrial
Society.-Minneapolis: Univer. Of Minnesota Press,1988. .:
.. , , // .- 1991,
14. - . 32-43.
500[31]
177
,
503[34].
. . . , . 504[35],
,
.
,
.
, ,
, . ,
,
505[36].
,
. , ,
, , . .
, ,
, .
506[37].
80-90-
,
.
.
507[38]. , ,
.
.
, ,
.
. -
. , , ,
. , . ,
, , -
503[34]
. ,
508[39]
: ,
. ,
. ,
.
, -
,
, 509[40].
,
. ,
.
:
,
.
-
, , , ,
.
. -
; -
.
.
,
: ,
,
.
,
,
, , ,
. , ,
, .
:
,
- ,
, , .
( ,
);
(, , ..),
.
, ,
508[39]
.
Maheu L. Social Movements and Social Classes. The Future of Collective Action. SAGE: ISA, 1995. - . 10.
509[40]
179
5.3
,
, .
,
, , . , , ,
. , . , . , . . .
, 50- ,
. 510[1]. ,
.
.
3.3 ,
. ,
511[2],
,
,
. ,
,
,
, , salariat, , .
.
. ? , .
. ,
, ,
,
, - . -,
, ,
512[3] (
) (
). ,
, ,
510[1]
Goldthorpe J.H. The service class revisited // Social change and the middle classes/
Ed. By T. Butler and M. Savage. -London: UCL Press, 1995. - . 313.
511[2]
Erikson R., Goldthorpe J. H. The Constant Flux. A study of class mobility in industrial
societies. - Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992. - . 162.
512[3]
, , ,
: ,
, ,
.
180
, ,
.
( ) (
)
()
.
. , . ,
70- ,
, ,
. . . 513[4].
, 80-
- . .
,
514[5].
.
.
, .
,
, .
. , . ,
.
, -, ,
, .
, ,
, . , . , . .
,
515[6]. ,
,
, . ,
, .
. ,
. , ,
, ,
. , 90-
.
516[7].
513[4]
Konrad G., Szelenyi I. The Intellectuals on the Road to Class Power. - Brighton:
Harvester, 1979.
514[5]
Goldthorpe J.H. The service class revisited // Social change and the middle classes/
Ed. By T. Butler and M. Savage.-London: UCL Press, 1995. - . 316-337.
515[6]
Abercrombie N., Warde A. with etc. Contemporary British Society. A New Introduction
to Sociology. 2-th Ed. - Polity Press, 1994. - . 184-188.
516[7]
. : Butler T. The debate over the middle classes // Social change and the middle
classes / Ed. by T. Butler and M. Savage. - London: UCL Press, 1995. - . 30-31.
181
.
517[8]. , ,
. .
,
, :
, .
: ,
.
.
, , ,
,
. ,
. ,
. . , ,
, ,
518[9], . .
,
. , ,
,
( ).
519[10]. ,
.
.
, , ,
.
- , .
,
,
520[11]. , , ,
. ,
, , .
: ,
, , .
, . ,
517[8]
Savage M., Barlow J., Dickens A. and Fielding T. Property, Bureaucracy and Culture:
Middle Class Formation in Contemporary Britain. - London: Routledge, 1992.
518[9]
Goldthorpe J.H. The service class revisited // Social change and the middle classes/
Ed. By T. Butler and M. Savage. -London: UCL Press, 1995. - . 314-316.
519[10]
Savage M., Barlow J., Dickens A. and Fielding T. Property, Bureaucracy and Culture:
Middle Class Formation in Contemporary Britain. - London: Routledge, 1992. - . 146-148;
Savage M., Butler T. Assets and the middle classes in contemporary Britain // Social
change and the middle classes / Ed. by T. Butler and M. Savage.- London: UCL Press,
1995. - . 347-349.
520[11]
Savage M., Barlow J., Dickens A. and Fielding T. Property, Bureaucracy and Culture:
Middle Class Formation in Contemporary Britain. - London: Routledge, 1992. - . 147-148.
182
, 521[12].
,
,
.
, . , . ,
, ,
. ,
, ,
, 522[13].
, , .
. , -, . .
. , . ,
, ,
.
( )
, .
,
. , , .
523[14].
. .
, ,
, .
,
.
,
, ,
, .
,
, .
, . ,
,
-,
524[15]. ,
,
.
.
. ,
. . . ,
521[12]
, . 148.
Savage M., Butler T. Assets and the middle classes in contemporary Britain // Social
change and the middle classes / Ed. by T.Butler, M.Savage.-London:UCL Press,1995..33-34.
523[14]
Savage M., Butler T. Assets and the middle classes in contemporary Britain // Social
change and the middle classes / Ed. by T. Butler and M. Savage. - London: UCL Press,
1995. - . 275-292, 345-357.
524[15]
Mller W. Class cleavages in party preferences in Germany Old and new / Paper
was presented at the ISA Rc28 Conference on Social Inequality in Multi-Ethnic and
Immigrant Societies. - Tel Aviv, May 1997. - . 17.
522[13]
183
, , ,
525[16].
, ,
, .
, , ,
( ).
, . ,
, ,
-.
. - ,
- , ,
,
. ,
, , 80-
,
. , ,
526[17].
, . - . ,
.
. , . ,
,
. ,
,
527[18]. .
, .
528[19],
, . ,
,
(
)529[20]. ,
. . , ,
.
,
, ,
530[21], - , .
.
525[16]
, . 17.
Changing Classes. Stratification and Mobility in Post-Industrial Societies / Ed. by
Gosta Esping-Andersen. - ISA: SAGE Studies in International Sociology 45. 1993. - P. 1213.
527[18]
Kriesi H.P. The transformation of cleavage politics. The 1997 Stein Rokkan
lecture//European Journal of Political Research.1998,33.-P.169.
528[19]
Kitschelt, H. The transformation of European social democracy. - Cambridge Univer.
Press, 1994.- P.12.
529[20]
Kriesi H.P. The transformation of cleavage politics. The 1997 Stein Rokkan
lecture//European Journal of Political Research.1998,33.-P.169.
530[21]
, .. 170.
526[17]
184
, ,
, ,
( )
. , .-.
(
), , ,
, , , 531[22]. ,
. ,
- , ,
-
, , .
, ,
.
. , , .
, , ,
,
532[23].
.. 533[24].
.
,
534[25].
, (
) 535[26].
,
- .
, ,
,
.
.
531[22]
.-. :
//
. . 1 / . .- ., 1989.
532[23]
Kriesi, H.P. The transformation of cleavage politics. The 1997 Stein Rokkan
lecture//European Journal of Political Research.1998,33.-P.170.
533[24]
..
. - .: , 1988. - . 17-45.
534[25]
Roots C. A new class? The higher educated and the new politics // Social
movements and social classes / Ed. by L. Maheu. - London: Sage, 1995. - P.220-235.
535[26]
Eder K. Does Social Class Matter in the Study of Social Movements? A Theory of
Middle-class Radicalism // Social movements and social classes. The Future of Collective
Action / Ed. by L. Maheu.-SAGE:ISA,1995.-.27.
185
, 536[27].
-
.
.
-,
- -. ,
;
60-70- .
. ,
,
[]
537[28].
,
- .
,
,
,
, ,
.
, ,
,
.
, .
, ,
, .
, ,
;
.
(
2 ) (?)
. ,
. ,
, .
,
,
. . . ,
, ,
536[27]
- 538[29].
,
, .
, . - ,
. ,
,
539[30].
.
.
, ,
.
: ?..
.
, ,
,
, .
, . ,
,
,
.
.
,
, ,
.
:
( ),
( ,
),
( ,
).
,
. ,
,
(. 2 ).
538[29]
Heath A., Savage M. Political alignments within the middle classes, 1972-89 // Social
change and the middle classes / Ed. by T.Butler, M. Savage. - London: UCL Press,1995..277.
539[30]
Esping-Andersen G. (Ed.) Changing Classes. Stratification and Mobility in PostIndustrial Societies. - SAGE: ISA Studies in International Sociology. 1993. - P. 20.
187
,
- ,
.
,
( ) ,
, .
, ,
.
, -, :
, , ,
, .
, , , ,
, , ,
, , ,
. ,
.
,
, , , ,
, . ,
.
,
. ,
, ,
, ,
( . )
.
,
. ,
,
.
,
),
,
, .
,
, ,
.
6 V
?
1500 : ,
, ;
2000 : , 2010
,
( Web-
)
188
,
, ,
, ,
. ,
,
. ,
:
.
.
, ,
,
.
,
.
. , ,
:
.
.
. , ,
.
,
.
, , .
, . ,
,
, .
,
.
- ,
. , .
, .
. .
,
, , ,
.
.
540[1].
,
.
540[1]
.
,
,
.
6.1
:
.
, ,
,
.
() , ,
, . , , , ,
,
,
.
.
.-. , ..
. .
(1899.)541[2].
,
. . ,
. -,
,
, , .
,
, , . , .
, ,
, .
542[3]. .
,
543[4], , ,
.
40-
(
. ), .
,
.
, ,
544[5].
,
541[2]
. . - .: , 1984.
, . 24, 122-123.
543[4]
. 1.2 .
544[5]
. : Duesenberry J. //Human Development Report. 1998.-.39.
542[3]
190
,
545[6]. ,
,
, 90-
,
, ,
, []
(
) , ,
546[7]. ,
, .
, , , ,
/ . ,
, ,
.
, ,
, ,
70- .
. ,
.
(, , ..)
. .
,
547[8].
. 80- .
548[9].
.
.
.
,
,
549[10]. , (19 )
( ,
).
, ,
19
545[6]
Douglas M. Food and Social Order: Communities. - N.Y.: Russell Sage Foundation,
1984.
546[7]
Campbell C. The Sociology of Consumption // Acknowledging Consumption. A
Review of New Studies / Ed. by D. Miller. - London, N.Y.: Routledge, 1995. - . 111.
547[8]
Castells M. The Urban Question. - London: Edward Arnold, 1975.
548[9]
Saunders P. Social Theory and the Urban Question. - London: Unwin Hyman, 1987;
Saunders P. A Nation of Home Owners. - London: Unwin Hyman, 1990.- 418 .; .
549[10]
Saunders P. Beyond Lousing Classes: the sociological significance of private
property rights in means of consumption // International Journal of Urban and Regional
Research. 1984, Vol. 8, 2, - . 202-227.
191
,
(, , ). . ,
550[11]
. ,
:
. , .
,
70- .
, . ,
, - ,
. , .
.
.
,
, ,
, /
.
. ,
,
. . ,
,
, 2- ,
. ,
, [
],
, ;
, ,
551[12]. , ,
, . , ,
, ( )
552[13].
,
, .
-
,
550[11]
, . 210.
Crompton R. Class and Stratification. An Introduction to Current Debates. 2-th ed. Polity Press, 1998. - . 140.
552[13]
. ,
: Miller D. (Ed.) Acknowledging Consumption. A Review of New Studies.- London,
N.Y.: Routledge, 1995. - P. 329.
551[12]
192
, , .
,
, , , (
)
.
.
,
70- 80-
,
, (
, , , )
, , 553[14].
.
. .
554[15],
. 555[16] .
,
,
,
. . ,
,
; , - , -
556[17]. . ,
, ,
, ,
, . . :
,
, ,
, ,
,
..., ,
557[18].
553[14]
, ,
. ,
,
,
. , ,
,
. ,
, . ,
,
,
-.
.
( ,
, , -
..).
,
,
,
. , . .
, . ,
,
558[19].
(, ,
5.1.1).
558[19]
Duke V., Edgell S. Attitudes to privatization: the influence of class, sector and
partisanship // Quarterly Journal of Social Affairs. 1987, Vol.3. - . 253-284.
194
( , 1989 .)559[20]
/ ... ( %)
1.
86
63
34
18
48
75
37
44
33
22
2. -
54
34
26
39
86
46
25
42
33
75
3.
33
22
57
21
86
67
17
70
12
75
5.1.1
0,03
0,19
0,18
, ,
.
, .. .
, ,
, ,
. , ,
.
.
, , - .
, ,
, - ,
560[21] (.
5.1.2).
, , ,
.
. , ,
,
, , , .
559[20]
560[21]
. 561[22],
, ,
, , .
5.1.2
( )562[23], %
36
38
26
32
22
11
16
19
24
24
31
35
50
37
8
13
11
15
28
75
29
29
36
33
32
40
37
10
9
17
22
18
25
1.
(
-):
1.1.
1.2.-
1.3.
2.
(
):
2.1.
2.2. -
2.3.
, , .
, ,
,
.
,
, / ,
,
-
. ,
.
,
561[22]
. , , ,
. , ,
,
.
6.2
,
,
, , - , ,
,
. 3.2 ,
:
-,
,
. .
, ,
()
563[1].
( .
), ,
,
, ,
,
.
.
, , , ,
,
, ,
,
, , 564[2]. .
.
, , - .
565[3].
. . ,
,
, , 566[4].
,
, ,
-
. , ,
:
563[1]
197
1) 1)
,
;
2) 2) , ;
3) 3) 567[5].
, ,
,
.
:
- , ,
, ,
, ,
;
-
;
- ,
;
- ;
-
;
- ,
.
,
,
, 568[6].
,
, ,
.
70-80- 569[7]. . ,
, ,
, , ...
20%
,
567[5]
198
570[8].
.
571[9].
, , ,
- ,
70- .
,
.
, .
. , . ,
,
, 572[10].
, ,
. , , . , 80-
8% 573[11].
, ,
,
.
,
, ,
.
,
. , . 574[12], . 575[13],
. 576[14] ,
, ,
,
. , ,
, :
, ,
570[8]
Giddens A. The Third Way. The Renewal of Social Democracy. - Polity Press. 1998. . 103-104.
571[9]
Szymanski A. Class Structure: A Critical Perspective.-N.Y.,1983.-.94-96.
572[10]
Wilson W.J. The Truly Disadvantaged: the inner city, the underclass, and public
policy. - Chicago: Univ.of Chicago Press, 1987. - . 69.
573[11]
Szymanski A. Class Structure: A Critical Perspective. - N.Y.: Praeger, 1983. - . 94.
. ,
. , 5% . (.:
Buckingham . Is there an underclass in Britain? // British Journal of Sociology. 1999, Vol.
50 (1). - . 56-57).
574[12]
Gallie D. Are the Unemployed an Underclass? Some Evidence from the Social
Change in Economic Life Initiative // Sociology. BSA. 1994, 28. - . 737-57.
575[13]
Heath A. The Attitudes of the Underclass // Smith D. (Ed.) Understanding the
Underclass. - London: Policy Study Institute, 1992.
576[14]
Marshall G., Roberts S., and Burgoyne C. Social Class and the Underclass in Britain
and the USA // British Journal of Sociology. 1996, 47 (1). - . 22-44.
199
, . ,
, -
. ,
, .
.
,
. ,
,
, ,
.
(),
. .
, ,
577[15]. . ,
, ,
578[16]. .
, .
, .
- ,
, , . ,
579[17].
?
. , . 580[18] ., ,
, , ,
. ,
,
.
581[19]. 582[20],
577[15]
Wilson W.J. The Truly Disadvantaged: the inner city, the underclass, and public
policy.- Chicago: Univ.of Chicago Press, 1987. Chapter 6.
578[16]
Giddens A. The Third Way. The Renewal of Social Democracy. - Polity Press. 1998.
- . 104-105.
579[17]
, .105.
580[18]
Gans H.J. From Underclass to Undercaste: Some Observations About the Future
of the Post-Industrial Economy and its Major Victims // Urban Poverty and The Underclass
/ Ed. by E. Mingione. - Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1996. - . 145-146; Haussermann H.,
Kazepov Y. Urban Poverty in Germany // Urban Poverty and The Underclass / Ed. by E.
Mingione.- Blackwell Publishers. - . 364-365.
581[19]
: Gans H.J. From Underclass to
Undercaste: Some Observations About the Future of the Post-Industrial Economy and its
200
,
, .
,
,
.
, .
, ,
, ,
,
,
. , ,
583[21].
,
.
, , ,
(workfare class)
(servant underclass - ).
, .
,
,
, . ,
,
,
.
, ,
,
, -
.
,
,
,
.
6.3
( . )
,
Major Victims // Urban Poverty and The Underclass / Ed. by E. Mingione. - Oxford:
Blackwell Publishers, 1996. - . 146; Giddens A. The Third Way. The Renewal of Social
Democracy.-London,1998. - . 106.
582[20]
., : Morris L. Dangerous Classes: Neglected Aspects of the Underclass
Debate // Urban Poverty and The Underclass / Ed. by E. Mingione. - Oxford: Blackwell
Publishers, 1996. - . 160-175.
583[21]
Gans H.J. From Underclass to Undercaste: Some Observations About the Future
of the Post-Industrial Economy and its Major Victims // Urban Poverty and The Underclass
/ Ed. by E. Mingione. - Oxford: Blackwell Publish.,1996.-.151.
201
. ,
,
,
.
: , ,
, , ,
, .
, . ,
,
584[1].
,
, . ,
, ,
. ,
, ,
(, ..). ,
- , ,
,
.
,
. (-)
-
.
,
, ,
, ,
, .
, ,
.
? , . 585[2],
,
, . .
586[3]
, , ,
, - ,
.
(, , , )
584[1]
- , , ,
, 587[4].
. , , ,
.
?
?
, ..
?
. , ,
. ,
.
,
.
, -
.
- .
,
.
, 588[5],
. ,
,
, , .
,
.
: , ,
, - .
. , . ,
,
589[6].
. .
(1966 .).
,
, ,
,
, , . ,
587[4]
285.
588[5]
: . /
.. - , 1997. - . 68- 69; Blackburn S. The Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy.
- Oxford Univer.Press, 1994. - . 285.
589[6]
. :
- // :
/ . .: .2. : - -, 1996. . 31.
203
, ,
590[7].
,
.591[8],
,
- .
. ,
.
/
. ,
, ,
, , , /
. . , ,
-
( ) ( ,
),
. ,
. ,
, 592[9],
.
593[10]
. ,
. ,
.
. , , . . , . . , .
. , ,
. , . . , ,
,
.
594[11].
, .
, , ,
. . .
,
590[7]
., . .
. - .: , , 1995. - .323.
591[8]
Giddens A. The Constitution of Society. Outline of the Theory of Structuration. - Polity
Press, 1984. - P. 354.
592[9]
Sztompka P. Society in Action: The Theory of Social Becoming. - Cambridge: Polity
Press and Univer. f Chicago Press, 1991. - . 273-274.
593[10]
(1992 .) . .
594[11]
. : Bourdieu P. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. London / N.Y.: Routledge, 1986; Bourdieu P. What makes a social class? // Berkeley
Journal of Sociology. 1987, 22. - . 1-18; . . - .: SocioLogos, 1993; . . - .: Socio-Logos, 1994; . ,
Habitus, // : , , . , 1995. - . 17-26.
204
,
.
, ?
, , . ,
, 595[12],
, ,
, .
-
, , . , -
, ,
, 596[13].
. , , ,
,
,
.
,
.
597[14].
().
,
, .
, ,
-
.
,
.
,
.
. ,
.
, - , . ,
, ,
, , 598[15].
,
, . ,
,
,
.
- , , , -
595[12]
Giddens A. The Constitution of Society. Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Polity Press, 1984. - . 25-31.
596[13]
. . - .: Socio-Logos, 1993. - . 55-58.
597[14]
.
. . : ., .
: . - .: , 1986.
598[15]
. .-.:Socio-Logos,1993.-59.
205
. , . ,
. , ,
( )
, .
,
,
.
, ,
,
, 599[16].
,
,
.
,
,
600[17],
. , ,
,
, ,
.
, . ,
,
601[18].
,
. ,
, , . ,
,
(. 5.3.1).
5.3.1
.
:
. - .
-
.
, . ,
, , ,
599[16]
206
, ,
. , . , ,
,
602[19].
, , ,
,
. -
, ,
. , . 603[20],
,
, -
.
,
.
,
.
, . .
, ,
( . ),
,
.
604[21],
,
.
, , ,
. , ,
, -,
.
, ,
605[22].
.
, . . , .
602[19]
. .-.: Socio-Logos,1993..65.
, . 59-60.
604[21]
, . 69.
605[22]
Ganzeboom H.B., Kraaykamp G. Life-Stile Differentiation in Five Countries // Social
Correlates and Social Consequences of Social Stratification. - Prague, 1989; Mohr J.,
DiMaggio P. The Intergenerational Transmission of Cultural Capital // Research in Social
Stratification and Mobility. 1995, 14. - . 167-199.
603[20]
207
, ,
.
,
.
. ,
606[23]. .
,
,
,
, 607[24]. ,
, , ,
. ,
, ,
. , . ,
,
608[25].
, ,
, . , ,
- , .
, .
, , ,
.
, , , ,
.
. 80-
. .
,
.
.
,
, , ,
:
, ;
,
.
. ,
. .
(reciprocity), ,
. .
606[23]
, ,
609[26]. ,
,
, .
.
: (1) ,
; (2)
(3) ,
. , ,
,
.
. , ,
;
, ,
; ,
, . ,
, ,
, , . . ,
, ,
.
, ,
.
90-
. .
,
, :
1) 1) - ,
- ;
2) 2) - ,
- 610[27].
.
,
611[28],
612[29],
609[26]
Bourdieu P. The forms of capital // Handbook of Theory and Research for the
Sociology of Education / Ed. by J.G.Richardson. - N.Y.: Greenwood, 1985. - . 248.
610[27]
Portes A. Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology // Annual
Review of Sociology. 1998, 24. - . 8-9.
611[28]
Ledeneva A. Russias Economy of Favours. Blat, Networking and Informal
Exchange. - Cambrige Univer. Press, 1998. - 235 p.
612[29]
. / . . . .: ,
1999. 576 .
209
613[30],
614[31],
615[32] .
.
.
, , . .
,
, ,
616[33]. . , .
,
.
: , ,
,
. . ,
. ,
, .
,
.
, . , 617[34].
, .
,
. . ,
, , ,
; ,
, 618[35].
.
. ,
, .
,
, .
, ,
. , . ,
619[36]. , . ,
, , ,
613[30]
,
. ,
, , ,
,
[ ], ,
.. , 620[37]. ,
,
,
, .
- ,
.
, . , . .
, .
,
, .
,
,
621[38].
, , - .
, 80-
.
.
- :
, , , ,
, .. ,
, .
.
622[39]. .
,
, , ,
, 623[40].
, ,
, ,
. .
,
620[37]
. :
// Socio-Logos96.- M., 1996. - . 13-14.
621[38]
Lash S., Urry J. The End of Organized Capitalism. - Cambridge, 1987.
622[39]
Wynn D. Leisure, lifstyle and the construction of social position // Leisure Studies.
1990, 9. - . 21-34; Savage M., Barlow J., Dickens A., Fielding T. Property,
Bureaucracy and Culture: Middle Class Formation in Contemporary Britain. - London:
Routledge, 1992.
623[40]
Savage M., Barlow J., Dickens A., Fielding T. Property, Bureaucracy and Culture:
Middle Class Formation in Contemporary Britain. - London: Routledge, 1992, . 108-128.
211
( .
) .
, . . ,
,
624[41].
, ,
, .
, ,
,
,
. , .
. , ,
( . ) .
. ,
.
,
, .
. ,
, . . 90-
625[42]
,
.
. . ,
.
, ,
,
.626[43] , ,
,
,
, ,
.
. ,
, ,
, ,
, .
. .
,
624[41]
Warde A., Tomlinson M. Taste among the middle classes, 1968-1988 // Social
change and the middle classes / Ed. by T. Butler, M. Savage. - UCL Press; London, 1995.
- . 241-256.
625[42]
Goldthorpe J.H., Marshall G. The promising future of class analysis: a response to
recent critiques // Sociology. Journal of BSA. 1992, 26 (3). - . 381-400; Goldthorpe
J.H. Continuity and Change: a study of the life-style. - Polity Press, 1992; Marshall G.
Repositioning Class. - London: SAGE Publishing, 1997.
626[43]
Warde A., Tomlinson M. Taste among the middle classes, 1968-1988 // Social
change and the middle classes / Ed. by T. Butler, M. Savage. - UCL Press; London, 1995.
- . 254.
212
,
,
, .
7 VI.
( )
, ,
. -
,
( . 627[1])
.
,
, , ,
.
, ,
- .
,
.
, ,
,
.
.
- , ,
, .
, .
,
.
,
.
/ . ,
. , ,
/
,
,
.
, ,
627[1]
. // .
/ . ...:,1999.. 505-513.
213
( . ).
, ,
,
.
, ,
, .
,
,
. , ,
, , - ,
,
- .
,
,
-
- .
, ,
,
.
, ,
.
,
,
, ,
.
, -
, ,
.
.
,
,
. ,
,
, .
,
,
-,
, ,
.
. .
. ,
214
,
.
-
. , ,
. ,
628[2].
, ,
.
, - , ,
,
.
, , ,
.
, , -
.
,
- , ,
.
-
, agency629[3].
gency - , , ,
-
, . ,
,
, .
,
( , ,
..),
, - ,
.
,
,
, , /
630[4],
. , , ,
, ,
, .
; ,
,
628[2]
. : .
// I :
/ . .., . -. .: , 1999. . 91-92.
629[3]
The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Sociology / Ed.by G.Marshall. Oxford
Univer.Press, 1996. P. 7.
630[4]
5.4.
215
,
- .
, ,
,
,
, ,
,
,
.
.
:
(f.1) -
,
, (f.3) (f.4);
(f.2) - (f.1) / ,
,
;
(f.3) - (f.2)
,
,
,
(f.4) - -
,
.
-
. , ,
, , ,
. ,
,
, ,
,
. , ,
;
,
.
.
.
,
.
( ),
(
), ,
.
, , ,
,
(. ), (. )
216
- .
,
. ,
() . .
. ,
, ,
- 631[5].
,
, ,
,
. . ,
,
,
, .
,
,
,
,
.
.
,
. . 632[6].
,
( ,
, .
).
.
,
,
.
. ,
, , .
-,
( .
, , , ),
.
631[5]
/
..,
..,
..,
..,
...- , 1997.- .86-88, 93-94;
.. //
. 1997, 2. .11.
632[6]
.., .. . , . - :
, 1994. - 168 .
217
-,
, , , .
, -,
.
,
, ,
.
,
.
, ( ),
, , .
,
, , ,
.
,
( ,
, ..),
, , ,
.
, ,
,
.
.
, :
/ , / . ,
.
, ,
, .
, ,
, . ,
, . , ., ., . ,
. , ,
.
,
, , ,
.
- , ,
, .
.
,
.
218
. , ,
( ), /
, ,
,
.
,
, , ( -)
,
.
,
( . ),
, .
,
, .
, , ,
, , ,
,
, .
,
,
.
, , ,
.. ,
, , ,
. ,
633[7]
.
, ,
, , ,
,
. , ,
,
. ,
? (
, , )
,
? ,
? ,
, , ,
, , ,
-
.
633[7]
. 5.1, 5.2 .
219
,
, ,
,
.
,
( ) ( )
,
, ,
( . ) .
,
.
(,
, , .),
, .
.
, ,
- ,
,
-
. ,
,
.
,
, ,
.
,
,
. ,
,
.
,
.
-
, ,
.
,
.
- . ,
,
, .
,
.
220
70- ,
.
vs
, , , ..; ,
, ,
vs (,
.), ;
vs -
,
, ,
. , ,
( .
, . , . 634[8]).
, ,
.
, -
,
.
, , ,
,
. ,
, .
,
.
(,
,
.)
,
,
. ,
,
,
.
,
,
, .
,
, ,
.
, , , ,
.
,
.
634[8]
Hankiss E. The Second Society: Is There an Alternative Social Model Emerging in Contemporary Hungary? //
Social Research. 1988. Vol. 55. P. 13-42;
Machonin P. Social Structure of Communist Societies Apres la
Lutte // Sisyphus. - 1997, Vol. X. P. 17-29.
221
, , ,
,
.
.
,
, .
- .
,
, - ,
.
.
-,
-
( -,
) .
( .
635[9]) ,
.
- 636[10].
,
.
.
, , ,
.
,
. ,
. ,
.
( )
,
,
.
, , ,
637[11]. 1998-1999
635[9]
. 1.3 .
. 2.4 .
637[11]
: -
/ .., .., ..,
.., ...- , 1997.- . 91-93.
636[10]
222
70%
,
638[12].
,
,
.
: -
, -
, .
, . , ,
.
-, ,
( . .
). ,
- , ,
, .
, -
,
,
.
, ,
,
.
;
.
,
, , ,
,
( ). ,
.
;
, .
, , 20% 40% ;
40% .
(
) ,
, .
. , , , ..
( , ).
, ,
,
, .
638[12]
223
, .
,
.
-, , ,
, .
,
,
. , , ,
.. ,
,
, , .
, .
.
/
.
1999
46:26639[13],
.
, , - ,
( )
.
,
. -, -
, . , ,
640[14] . ,
- ,
.
, ,
, ,
, . ,
,
. , -
.
-, ,
, .
,
, ,
.
639[13]
: (1994-1999 .). .- . - :
, 1999. - . 186.
640[14]
. 4.2 .
224
,
.
, ,
. ,
,
.
, .
(-)
,
.
,
,
, ,
.
.
, , ,
( ,
, , , , ),
.
( ),
(
), (
). -
, ,
, .
,
.
, . ,
,
, ,
,
. ,
.
, ,
, ,
(, )
. , ,
,
.
,
,
,
225
. ,
.
, ,
,
- ,
8
1. ., ., .. / . .
. .. : - . -, 1997.
2. .. . .: , 1981.
3. ., . // . 1992, 4.
4. . // . - 1, 2, 1992. - .
24-34.
5. . . . 7-8 // . .: 4 . - .4. - ., 1984. . 376-510.
6. . / . . .: .
-, 1992.
7. .. . - .,1971.
8. .. // . - 1994, 1. - .
121-126.
9. . //
. . 8. . - .:
, 1997.
10. .. : . - .: .
, 1985.
11. . . // ... .2. - .,1907.
12. ., . .
. - .: , Academia-, 1995.
13. . / . . - : , 1995. - . 118-132.
14. . :
- // :
/ . .: .2. : -
-, 1996.
15. . . . 3. - ., 1906. - . 85-142.
16. .. : ... - .: , 1980.
17. . .- .: - Socio-Logos, 1994.
18. . / . . .: Socio-Logos, 1993. - . 33-158.
19. . : //
Socio-Logos96. - M.: Socio-Logos, 1996.
20. .., .. : .
.-.:,1985.-.117-73.
226
21. . / . . - .: . 1990.
22. . .
. - , 1923.
23. . // .
/ . .. . .: - , 1999. - .85 106.
24. . . .: , 1984.
25. . , . - .: , 1981.
26. .. . . - .:
: ., 1991.
27. i . i i i i i /
. . i: , 1995.
28. . /.-.YII. - .-.: , 1934.
29. . //
. - 1992, 9. - . 115-116.
30. .. . .: , 1988.
31. . // . . - 2- . - ., 1964. - .2.
32. .. //
. - 1991, 1.- . 39-49.
33.
..,
..
-
: //
.-1983,2, 3.
34. .., .. :
- . - .: , 1985.
35. . : 2- ./ . . .1. - .: , 1991.
- . 44-61.
36. . : //
: . : - . 1998, 4.
37. . . - ., 1994.
38. .., .. :
/ . . - .: . .,1984.
39. . . - ., 1955.
40. . - . - .: , 1992.
41. ..
//
. .,1975.
42. ., . / . . - .:
.-.., 1994.
43. .., . / . . -, 1994. - . 355363.
44. . // .
/ . ... .: - , 1999.
.107-117.
45. ., . //
/ .. ... - . 1. ., 1992. .160-177.
46. . . . - ., 1991.
47. ..
// ?..
: , , / . .
...- .: , 1999.
227
48. .. //
- . - .,
1970.
49. . //
/ . . .. . - .: , 1988. - . 13-17.
50. .. //
.- 1997.- 2.- .5-23.
51. . - //
: . .: , 1995. - 6. - . 7-13.
52. .. - //
. - 1999, 3-4. - . 17-27.
53. ..
// . .
1993. - 2. - . 3-4.
54. .. .. .
3. : , 1991.
55. . . .: - . . ,
1909.
56. . : ? //
. - 1993, 3. . 23-25.
57. . . 2- . - . 1. - ., 1924.
58. . . - ., 1987.
59. -
/ .., .., .., ..,
...- : , 1997.
60. .
. 1917-1996 .: - . : .-, , 1996.
61. ..
// . - 1999, 5.- . 17-30.
62. .. : . 2- . - .: .
, 1998.
63. : . /
.. - , 1997. - . 62-70, 165-173.
64. . / . 6- . - . 3. .: , 1964.
65. .. , . - ., 1978.
66. .. //
. - 1992, 7. - . 62-72.
67. ., ., ., ., .
:
// : , , . - 1998, 1-2.- . 121-137;
3.- . 56-74.
68. . // . - 1993,
9. - . 66-73.
69. . . - .: , 1975.
70. .. - :
// 97. -. . .- : , 1997.- . 123-130.
71. .. :
//
228
. :
, , . 1999. - 433. . 7-12.
72. ., . . ,
, // -. - 1995, 47-48.
- . 4-6.
73. ..
( ). -.. - .: , 1993.
74. . //
.- 1994, 2. .98-101.
75. . :
. .: , 1997.
76. .. // . . . - .39.
77. .. . //
. - 1991, 6. - . 25-34.
78. . :
// I :
/ . .., .-. .: , 1999.
79. . // : ,
, . - 1998, 1-2. - . 27-35.
80. ..
// ,
. . - , 1999.- . 9-14.
81. . . 1. /
,
,
:
. - .: , 1992.
82. . // . - 1989, 9. . 41-42.
83. . .- ., 1956.
84. ., . , //
., ..- 2.. 2.
85. ., . // ., . . - 2. . 3.
86. . // ., ..- 2.-.4.
87. ., . . // .,
. . . 2-. - .4.
88. . . . .1 // ., .
. . 2-. - .23. - . 333-515.
89. . . . ., , . 52 //
., . . - 2. - . 25, . . - . 457-458.
90. . . - ., 1959.
91. . / . . . .: , 1999.
92. . / . . - .: , 1990.
93. --. // .-1989, 3-4.
94. .. //
. 5. . 1. -: -
, 1997. .114-129.
95. 1994 ( ). - , : , 1994. - . 188-190.
96. .. ( ). :
, 1989.
97. . //
/ .. ... . 1. ., 1992. .
114-137.
229
98. .. :
// . - 1994, 2. - . 76-87; 5, . 64-74.
99. .. :
// . - 1993, 4. - . 115-124.
100. .. ? // ?..
/ .
...- .: - , 1998. - . 130-139.
101. . // . . .: 4 . / . . ..,
.. ..-. - ., 1993-1994.
102. .
/ .., .., .. , . . .:
, 1999.
103. .. // . - 1972,
8.
104. : ( .
) // . . / . . .. . - .: , 1994.
105. ., . :
. - .: , 1986.
106. ., - .
:
// . - . 1, 2, 1994. - . 23-36.
107. . / .
...- ., 1985.
108. P .., .. //
.- 1991, 1. - . 50-61.
109. .., .. : . .- .:
, 1996.
110. .. //
.- 1990, 5. - . 23-40.
111. . / . . .., ... - :
- , 1968.
112. . // . - 1994, 10.
113. .-. ,
// .- ., 1969.
114. .., .. . .: , 1970.
115. .. . .: , 1980.
116. . // . - 1993, 2.
117. ..
. - .:
., 1991.
118. .. . -
. : , 1986.
119.
:
-
/ .. , .. , .. . .: ,
1989. - . 148-165;
120.
..,
..
-
:
// . - . - 1998, , 1. - : .. 21-28.
121. . // . .
. . - ., 1992. - . 297-373.
230
- / . . ..,
...- : . . , 1999.- . 149-167.
124. / .., ..,
...- : - , 1996.
125. / . ... 2- . .:-
, 1998.
126. / . ... .: , 1965. . I, .
127. . // . - 1990,
5.
128. .. // .
. . - .: , 1990.
129. ., . Ii ii i i ii
i // ii: i, , . - 1998, 3. - . 5-16.
130. .. . - .: , 1991.
131. . // .
. - : , 1996.
132.
/ . . .. / .- .: -
, 1998.
133. . .
. - .: , 1990.
134. . , , // .
- 1991, 14.
135. .. //
. . - .: , 1990. .404-410.
136. . .: , 1990.
137. . . - ., 1990.
138. . : . - ., 1994.
139. .. // . . -. : -, 1990. . 101-119.
140. .. . / . .- .:
- , 1992.
141. . ? // . 1994, 1. - . 33-48.
142. . . . .
/ . . - .: - , .. , 1994.
143. .., .., ..
- . - , 1979.
144. ..
// .1988, 1.
145. . -
// .
- . - 1996, 16. - . 3-23.
146. .. . - .,
1970.
147. .., ..
// . - 1977, 2.
231
148. .-. :
//
. . 1 / . .- ., 1989.
149. . , / . .- .:
, 1995.
150. .. :
. - .: , 1992.
151. . . .III // .,
. . . 2-. - ., 1960. - . 19. - . 211-224.
152. . // ., . .
. 2-. - ., 1955. - .2. - . 231-517.
153. Abercrombie N., Warde A., etc. Contemporary British Society. A New Introduction
to Sociology. 2-th Ed. London: Polity Press, 1994.
154. Abercrombie N., Urry J. Capital, Labour, and the Middle Classes. - London: Allen
and Unwin, 1983.
155. Almond G.A., Powell B.G., Mundt R.J. Comparative Politics. A Theoretical
Framework. - HarperCollins College Publish., 1996.
156. Archer M. Realist Social Theory: The Morphogenetic Approach. - Cambridge:
Cambridge Univer. Press, 1995.
157. Bauman Z. Legislators and Interpreters. On Modernity, Postmodernity, and
Intellectuals. - London: Polity Press, 1987.
158. Beck U. The Reinvention of Politics: Towards a Theory of Reflexive Modernization //
BeckU., Giddens A., Lash Sc. Reflexive Modernization. Politics, Tradition and
Aesthetics in the Modern Social Order. - Stanford: Stanford Univer. Press, 1994.
159. Beck U. Risk Society. Towards a New Modernity. - London: SAGE Publications,
1992 (1986).
160. Becker D., Sklar R. Why postimperialism? // Becker D., Frieden J., Schatz S., Sklar
R. Postimperialism: International capitalism and development in the late twentieth
century. - Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 1987. - Ch.1.
161. Bell D. The Coming of Post-Industrial Society. - BasicBooks: HarperCollins
Publishers, 1973.
162. Berle A.A., Means G.C. The Modern Corporation and Private Property. - Chicago,
1932.
163. Beyer P. Globalizing Systems, Global Cultural Models and Religion(s) //
International Sociology.- Vol.3, 1, March, 1998. .81-84.
164. Blairs vision for the next 100 years // The Daily Telegraph. 1999, September, 29.
- .4.
165. Blau P.M., Duncan O.D. Measuring the Status of Occupations // Social Stratification
in Sociological Perspective / Ed. by D.B. Grusky. - Westview Press, 1994. - . 204-208.
166. Blossfeld H.-P., Shavit Y. (Eds.) Persistent Inequality: Changing Educational
Stratification in Thirteen Countries. - Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1992.
167. Boulding K. Three Faces of Power. - Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1989.
168. Bourdieu P. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. - London /
New York: Routledge, 1986.
169. Bourdieu P. The forms of capital // Handbook of Theory and Research for the
Sociology of Education / Ed. by J.G.Richardson. - N.Y.: Greenwood, 1985. - .241258.
170. Bourdieu P. What makes a social class? // Berkeley Journal of Sociology. - 1987,
22. - . 1-18.
171. Bradley H. Jan Pakulski and Malcolm Waters, The Death of Class. Book Reviews.
// Sociology. The Journal of BSA. - Vol. 33, 1, 1999. - . 164-165.
232
233
198. Duke V., Edgell S. Attitudes to privatization: the influence of class, sector and
partisanship // Quarterly Journal of Social Affairs. - Vol.3, 1987. - . 253-284.
199. Duncan O. Social Stratification and Mobility: Problems in the Measurement of Trend
// Indicators of Social Change / Ed. by Eleanor B.Sheldon. - New York: Russel Sage
Foundation,1968. - .686-690.
200. Dunleavy P. The growth of sectoral cleavages and the stabilization of state
expenditures // Society and Space.-1986,Vol.4.-. 129-144.
201. Edwards A. M. Comparative Occupation Statistics for the United States, 1870 to
1940. - Washington: Government Printing Office, 1943.
202. Eisenstadt Cf. S, Roniger L. Patrons, Clients and Friends. - Cambridge: Cambridge
Univer. Press, 1984.
203. Eldersveld S.J. Political Elites in Modern Societies. Empirical Research and
Democratic Theory. - Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press,1989.
204. Elster J. Marxism, Functionalism and Game Theory // Theory and Society. 1982.
205. Esping-Andersen G. The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Cambridge:
Cambridge Univer.Press, 1990.
206. Erikson R., Goldthorpe J. H. The Constant Flux. A study of class mobility in
industrial societies. - Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992.
207. Etzioni-Halevy E. The Elite Connection. Problems and Potential of Western
Democracy. - Cambridge: Polity Press, 1993.
208. Etzioni-Halevy E. The Knowledge Elite and the Failure of Prophecy. - London:
George Allen and UNWIN, 1985.
209. Evans G. Class Conflict and Inequality // International Social Attitudes: the 10-th
BSA report / Ed. by R. Jowell, - L.Brook, etc. SCPR, 1993.
210. Evans G., Mills C. Identifying Class Structure. Social Class and the Structure of Job
Characteristics // Newsletter ISA RC28. November, 1996.
211. Ferguson A. An Essay of the History of Civil Society. Vol. 2. - London, 1783.
212. Field G.L., Higley J. Elitizm. - London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1980.
213. Franklin M. The Decline of Class Voting in Britain. Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 1985.
214. Gallie D. Are the Unemployed an Underclass? Some Evidence from the Social
Change in Economic Life Initiative // Sociology. BSA. - 1994, 28. - . 737-57.
215. Gans H.J. From Underclass to Undercaste: Some Observations About the
Future of the Post-Industrial Economy and its Major Victims // Urban Poverty and The
Underclass / Ed. by E. Mingione. - Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1996. - .141-152.
216. Ganzeboom H.B.G., Graaf P.M., Treiman D.J., Leeuw J. A Standard International
Socio-Economic Index of Occupational Status // Social Science Research. - 1992,
21. - . 1-56.
217. Ganzeboom H.B., Kraaykamp G. Life-Stile Differentiation in Five Countries // Social
Correlates and Social Consequences of Social Stratification. - Prague, 1989.
218. Ganzeboom H.B.G., Treiman D.J. International Comparable Measures of
Occupational Status // Social Science Research. - 1996, 25. . 201-239.
219. Ganzeboom H.B.G., Treiman D.J., Ultee W.C. Comparative International
Stratification Research: Three Generations and Beyond // Annual Review of Sociology.
- 1991, 17. - . 277-302.
220. Giddens A. Modernity and Self-Identity. Self and Society in the Late Modern Age.
Stanford: Univer. Press, 1991.
221. Giddens A. The Class Structure of the Advanced Societies. - London: UNWIN
HYMAN, 1980.
222. Giddens A. The Constitution of Society. Outline of the Theory of Structuration. Polity
Press, 1984.
234
223. Giddens A. The Third Way. The Renewal of Social Democracy. - Cambridge: Polity
Press, 1998.
224. Glass D.V. (Ed.) Social Mobility in Britain. L.: Routledge, 1954.
225. Goldthorpe J.H. Continuity and Change: a study of the life-style. - Polity Press,
1992.
226. Goldthorpe J. The service class revisited // Social class and the middle class / Ed.
by I. Butler and M. Savage.- London: UCL Press, 1995.
227. Goldthorpe J. Women and Class Analysis: In Defence of the Conventional View //
Sociology. Journal of BSA. - 1983. Vol. 17. - . 465-488.
228. Goldthorpe J., Hope K. The Social Grading of Occupations. - Oxford: Clarendon
Press, 1974.
229. Goldthorpe J., llewellyn C., Payne C. Social Mobility and Class Structure in Modern
Britain. - Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980.
230. Goldthorpe J.H., Lockwood D., Bechhofer F. and Platt J. The Affluent Worker in the
Class Structure. - Cambridge University Press, 1969.
231. Goldthorpe J.H., Marshall G. The promising future of class analysis: a response to
recent critiques // Sociology. Journal of BSA. - 1992, 26 (3). - . 381-400.
232. Goldthorpe J.H., Muller W. Social Mobility and Class Formation in Industrial
Nations: Proposal for a Comparative Research Project. - Oxford / Mannheim, 1982.
233. Gorz A. Farewell to the Working Class. An Essay on Post-Industrial Socialism. London: Pluto Press, 1982.
234. Gouldner A. W. The Future of Intellectuals and the Rise of the New Class // Social
Stratification. Class, Race, and Gender in Sociological Perspective / Ed. by David B.
Grusky. - Westview Press, 1994. - P. 711-722.
235. Grusky D. The Contours of Social Stratification // Social Stratification in Sociological
Perspective. Ed. by D.Grusky. - Stanford University.Western Press.1994. - . 3-38.
236. Habermas and Modernity / Ed. by R.Bernstein.- Oxford, 1985.
237. Hall S., Jacques M. New Times: The Changing Face of Politics in the 1990s. London: Lawrence and Wishart, 1989.
238. Halsey A.H., Heath A.F., Ridge J.M. Origins and Destinations: family, class and
education in modern Britain. - Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1987.
239. Hamnett Ch. Consumotion and Class in Contemporary Britain // Restructuring
Britain. The changing social structure / Ed. by Ch. Hamnett, L. McDowell, Ph. Sarre. SAGE and Open Univer.Publications, 1992. - P. 199-243.
240. Hannah L. The Rise of the Corporate Economy. L: Methuen, 1983.
241. Harasymiw B. Mosca and Moscow: Elite Recruitment in the Soviet Union //Does
who governs matter? Elite Circulation in Contemporary Societies / Ed. by
M.M.Czudnowski. Chicago: North. Illinois Univer.Press, 1981.- . 265-292.
242. Haussermann H., Kazepov Y. Urban Poverty in Germany // Urban Poverty and The
Underclass / Ed. by E. Mingione. - Blackwell Publishers. - .343-369.
243. Heath A. The Attitudes of the Underclass // Smith D. (Ed.) Understanding the
Underclass. L: Policy Study Institute, 1992.
244. Heath A., Jowell R., Evans G., Field J., etc. Understanding Political Change: the
British voter 1964-1987. - Oxford: Pergamon, 1991.
245. Herrnstein R.J., Murray C.A. The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in
American Life. N.Y.: Free Press, 1994.
246. Heywood A. Politics. - MACMILLAN Press LTD, 1997.
247. Higley J. Elite Integration in Stable Democracies // European Sociological Review. 1991, 7. - P. 35-53.
248. Higley J. The Elite Variable in Democratic Transitions and Breakdowns // American
Sociological Review. -1989. Vol. 54. - . 17-32.
235
273.
Lasswell H.D. Politics: Who Gets What, When, and How. - New York: McGrawHill, 1936.
274.
Lasswell H.D. World Politics and Personal Insecurity. - New York: McGraw-Hill,
1935.
275. Ledeneva A. Russias Economy of Favours. Blat, Networking and Informal
Exchange. Cambrige Univer. Press, 1998.
276.
Lederer, E., Marschak J. The New Middle Class // The New Middle Classes.
Life-Styles, Status Claims and Political Orientations / Ed. by A.J.Vidich. - N.Y.: New
York Univer. Press, 1995. - P. 55-86.
277.
Lehmbruch G. Concertation and the Structure of Corporatist Networks // Order
and Conflict in Contemporary Capitalism. / Ed. by J. H. Goldthorpe.- Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1984.
278. Lenski G.E. Power and Privilege. A Theory of Social Stratification. London: The
University of North Carolina Press, 1984.
279. Lipset S., Dobson R.B. The intellectual as critic and rebel // Daedalus.- Vol. 101,
1972. - . 137-198.
280. Lipset S.M., Rokkan S. (Eds.). Party Systems and Voter Alignments: Cross-National
Perspectives.- New York: Free Press, 1967.
281. Lockwood D. The Blackcoated Worker.- London: Allen and Unwin, 1989. - 2nd ed.
282. Maier Ch.S. Preconditions for Corporatism // Order and Conflict in Contemporary
Capitalism / Ed. by J.H. Goldthorpe. - Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1984.
283. Mann M. Consciousness and Action in the Western Working Class. - London:
Macmillan Press, 1973. - . 24-33.
284. Mann M. The Sources of Social Power. Vol.1. - Cambridge: Cambridge Univer.
Press, 1993.
285. Marshall G. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Sociology. - Oxford Univer. Press,
1996.
286. Marshall G. Repositioning Class. Social Inequality in Industrial Societies. - London:
SAGE Publications Ltd, 1997.
287. Marshall G., Roberts S., Burgoyne C. Social Class and the Underclass in Britain
and the USA // British Journal of Sociology. - 1996, 47 (1). - . 22-44.
288. Marshall G., Rose D., Newby H., Vogler C. Social Class in Modern Britain. London: UNWIN HYMAN, 1988.
289. Marshall T.H. Class, Citizenship and Social Development. - N.Y.: Doubleday, 1953.
290. ayer K.B., Buckley W. Class and Society. - New York: Random House. 1970.
291. Mayhew L. Ascription in Modern Society // Sociological Inquiry. - 1968, Spring. - .
105-120.
292. Medding P.Y. Patterns of Elite Consensus and Elite Competition: A Model and
Case Study // Political Elites in Anglo-American Democracy / Ed. by H. Clark and M. M.
Czudnowski.- Chicago: Northen Illinois Univer. Press, 1987.
293. Meyer J. W. The Evolution of Modern Stratification Systems // Social Stratification:
Class, Race, and Gender in Sociological Perspective / Ed. by D.Grusky. - Boulder:
Westview Press. 1994.
294. Miliband R. The State in Capitalist Society: An Analysis of the Western System of
Power. - New York: Basic Books, 1969.
295. Mills W.C. The New Middle Class // The new middle classes. Life styles, status
claims and political orientations. - New York: New York Univer. Press, 1995. - P. 189214.
296. Mohr J., DiMaggio P. The Intergenerational Transmission of Cultural Capital //
Research in Social Stratification and Mobility. - 1995, 14. - . 167-199.
297. Mosca G. The Ruling Class. - New York: McGraw-Hill, 1939.
298. Myrdal G. Challenge to Affluence. - N.Y.: Pantheon, 1963.
237
299. Mller W. Class cleavages in party preferences in Germany Old and new / Paper
was presented at the ISA Rc28 Conference on Social Inequality in Multi-Ethnic and
Immigrant Societies. - Tel Aviv, May 1997.
300. Muller W., Shavit Y. Qualification and Occupations: a Comparative Study of School
to Work Transition in 13 Countries // Newsletter ISA RC28. - November, 1996.
301. Nowak St. Changes of Social Structure in Social Consciousness // The Polish
Sociological Bulletin. -1964, 2.
302. ODonnel G., Schmitter P.C. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule. Prospects for
Democracy.- Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986.
303. Order and Conflict in Contemporary Capitalism / Ed. by J. H. Goldthorpe. - Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1984.
304. Pakulski J., Waters M. The Death of Class. - London: Sage Publications, 1996.
305. Pareto V. The Rise and Fall of the Elites: an application of theoretical Sociology. Totowa: Bedminstar Press, 1968.
306. Parkin F. Marxism and Class Theory: A Bourgeois Critique. - New York: Columbia
Univer. Press, 1979.
307. Parsons T. Equality and Inequality in Modern Society, or Social Stratification
Revisited // Social Stratification: Research and Theory for 1970s. Ed.by E.O.Laumann.
- Indianopolis: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, 1979. - . 22-40.
308. Persell C.H., Cookson P.W. Chartering and Bartering: Elite Education and Social
Reproduction // Contemporary Issues in Society / Ed. By Lena H. F., Helmreich W.B.,
McCord W.- McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1992. - .373-388.
309. Porta D.D., Meny Y. (Eds.) Democracy and Corruption in Europe. - London,
Washington: Pinter, 1997.
310. Portes A. Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern Sociology // Annual
Review of Sociology.-1998, 24. - .1-24.
311. Powell J.D. Peasant Society and Clientelist Politics // Political Development and
Social Change / Ed. By Jason L. Finkle and Richard Gable. - New York: Wiley, 1971.
312. Poulantzas N. Classes in Contemporary Capitalism.- L: Verso, 1974.
313. Prewitt K., Stone A. The Ruling Elites: Elite Theory, Power and American
Democracy. - New York: Harper and Row, 1973.
314. Putnam R.D. The Comparative Study of political Elites. - Englewood Cliffs., N.J.:
Prentice-Hall, 1976.
315. Putnam R.D. Tuning In, Tuning Out: The Strange Disappearance of Social Capital
in America // Political Science and Politics. - 1995. Vol. 28, 4. - . 664-683.
316. Rahman M.A. The Theory and Practice of Participatory action research // The
Challenge of Social Change. / Ed. by O.F. Borda. SAGE, 1985. - . 107-132.
317. Rawls J. A Theory of Justice. - Oxford Univer. Press, 1972.
318. Rawls J. Political Liberalism. - N.Y.: Columbia Univer. Press, 1993.
319. Reisman D. The Lonely Crowd. - New York, 1953.
320. Renner K. The Service Class. - London, 1978 (1953).
321. Ritter J. The Archive of Social Philosophy. Cambridge Univer. Press, 1960.
322. Robertson, R., Khondker H.H. Discourses of Globalization // International
Sociology. - Vol.3, 1, March, 1998. - P. 25-40.
323. Roemer J.E. A General Theory of Exploitation and Class. - Cambridge: Mass.,
Harvard Univer. Press, 1982.
324. Royal Society of London. Philosophical Transactions I: 1665-66. - N.Y.: Johnson
Reprint Company, 1963.
325. Routh G. Occupations of the People of Great Britain, 1801-1981. - London:
MACMILLAN, 1987.
326. Savage M., Barlow J., Dickens A., Fielding T. Property, Bureaucracy and Culture:
Middle Class Formation in Contemporary Britain. - London: Routledge, 1992.
238
239
353. Touraine A. Social Movements and Social Change // The Challenge of Social
Change / Ed. by O.F. Borda. - SAGE: ISA, 1985. - . 77-92.
354. Touraine A. Sociology: from systems to actors / Lecture was presented at Session 2
of Symposium YI, ISA Congress in Montreal, 1998.
355. Touraine A. The Voice and the Eye: An Analysis of Social Movements. Cambridge: Cambridge Univer. Press, 1981. - P.25-61;
356. Treiman D. J. Occupational Prestige in Comparative Perspective// Social
Stratification in Sociological Perspective / Ed. By David B. Grusky. - Westview Press,
1994 (1977). - . 208- 210.
357. Veblen T. Engineers and the Price System. - N.Y., 1921.
358. Wallerstein I. The inter-state structure of the modern world-system // Smith S.,
Booth K., Zalewski M., eds. International theory: positivism and beyond. - Cambridge:
Cambridge. Univ. Press, 1996. - . 87-107.
359. Warde A., Tomlinson M. Taste among the middle classes, 1968-1988 // Social
change and the middle classes / Ed. by T. Butler, M. Savage. - UCL Press; London,
1995. - . 241-256.
360. Warner W.L. Social Class in America // Social Stratification in Sociological
Perspective / Ed. By David B. Grusky.- Westview Press, 1994. - . 190-196.
361. Weber M. Economy and Society. Vol.1. - Berkeley: Univer. of California Press,
1968.
362. Weber M. Essays in Sociology. N.Y.: Oxford Univer. Press, 1946.
363. Weil R. Contradictory Class Definitions: Petty Bourgeoisie and the Classes of Erik
Olin Wright // Critical Sociology. - 1995. Vol. 21, 3. - . 3-37.
364. Wesolowski W. Classes, strata and power. - London: Routledge and Kegan Paul,
1979.
365. Wilson W.J. The Truly Disadvantaged: the inner city, the underclass, and public
policy. - Chicago: Univ.of Chicago Press, 1987.
366. Windolf P. Elite Networks in Germany and Britain // Sociology. Journal of BSA. Vol. 32, 2, May 1998. - . 321-351.
367. World Development Report 1999/2000. - New York, Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 1999.
368. Wright, E.O. A General Framework for the Analysis of Class Structure // Social
Stratification in Sociological Perspective. Ed. by D.Grusky. - Stanford
University.Western Press.1994. - . 105-107.
369. Wright E. Class Counts. Comparative Studies in Class Analysis. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1997.
370. Wright E. Classes. - London: Verso, 1985.
371. Wright E. Class, Crisis, and the State. - London: New Left Books, 1978.
372. Wright E., et al. The Debate on Classes. - London: Verso, 1989.
373. Wynn D. Leisure, lifstyle and the construction of social position // Leisure Studies. 1990, 9. - . 21-34.
374. Zuckerman A. The Concept Political Elite: Lessons from Mosca and Pareto //
Journal of Politics.- 1977. Vol. 39.
375. Zweig F. The Worker in a Affluent Society. L: Heinermann, 1961.
240