Chapter 6, Solution 1

Chapter 6, Solution 1.
i=C
dv
dt
( )
= 5 2e −3t − 6 + e −3 t = 10(1 - 3t)e-3t A
p = vi = 10(1-3t)e-3t ⋅ 2t e-3t = 20t(1 - 3t)e-6t W
1 2 1
w1 = Cv1 = (40)(120) 2
2 2
1 1
w2 = Cv12 = (40)(80) 2
2 2
∆w = w 1 − w 2 = 20(120 2 − 80 2 ) = 160 kW
dv 280 − 160
i=C = 40x10 −3 = 480 mA
dt 5
1 t
C ∫o
v= idt + v(0)
1
2∫
= 6 sin 4 tdt + 1
= 1 - 0.75 cos 4t
1 t
C ∫o
v= idt + v(0)
For 0 < t < 1, i = 4t,
1 t
− 6 ∫o
v= 4t dt + 0 = 100t2 kV
20x10
v(1) = 100 kV
For 1 < t < 2, i = 8 - 4t,
1 t
20x10 −6 ∫1
v= (8 − 4t )dt + v(1)
= 100 (4t - t2 - 3) + 100 kV
100t 2 kV, 0 < t <1

Thus v (t) = 
100(4t − t − 2)kV, 1 < t < 2
2
dv
i=C = 30x10 −6 x slope of the waveform.
dt
For example, for 0 < t < 2,
dv 10
=
dt 2x10 −3
dv 10
i= C = 30x10 −6 x = 150mA
dt 2x10 −3
Thus the current i is sketched below.
i(t) (mA)
150
4 8
t (msec)
2 6 10 12
-150
1 1 t
∫ ∫ 4tx10
−3
v= idt + v( t o ) = dt + 10
C 50x10 −3 o
2t 2
= + 10 = 0.04k2 + 10 V
50
dv
(a) i = C = −100 ACe −100t − 600 BCe −600t (1)
dt
i (0) = 2 = −100 AC − 600 BC 

→ 5 = − A − 6B (2)
v (0 + ) = v (0 − ) 
→ 50 = A + B (3)
Solving (2) and (3) leads to
A=61, B=-11
1 2 1
(b) Energy = Cv (0) = x 4 x10 −3 x 2500 = 5 J
2 2
(c ) From (1),
i = −100 x61x 4 x10 −3 e −100t − 600 x11x 4 x10 −3 e −600t = − 24.4e −100t − 26.4e −600t A
v(t) =
1 t
12 ∫o
( ) ( )
6 1 − e − t dt + 0 = 12 t + e − t V
v(2) = 12(2 + e-2) = 25.62 V
p = iv = 12 (t + e-t) 6 (1-e-t) = 72(t-e-2t)
p(2) = 72(2-e-4) = 142.68 W
Chapter 6, Solution 10
dv dv
i=C = 2 x10 −3
dt dt
 16t , 0 < t < 1µs


v =  16, 1 < t < 3 µs
64 - 16t, 3 < t < 4 µs

 16 x10 6 , 0 < t < 1µs
dv 
=  0, 1 < t < 3 µs
dt 
- 16x10 , 3 < t < 4 µs
6
 32 kA, 0 < t < 1µs


i (t ) =  0, 1 < t < 3 µs
- 32 kA, 3 < t < 4µs

1 t
C ∫o
v= idt + v(0)
For 0 < t < 1,
1 t
− 6 ∫o
v= 40 x10 −3 dt = 10t kV
4x10
v(1) = 10 kV
For 1 < t < 2,
1 t
C ∫1
v= vdt + v(1) = 10kV
For 2 < t < 3,
1 t
∫ (−40x10
−3
v= )dt + v(2)
4x10 −6 2
= -10t + 30kV
Thus
10 t ⋅ kV, 0 < t <1

v(t) = 10kV, 1< t < 2
− 10 t + 30kV, 2 < t < 3
dv
i=C = 3x10 −3 x 60(4π)(− sin 4π t)
dt
= - 0.7e π sin 4πt A
P = vi = 60(-0.72)π cos 4π t sin 4π t = -21.6π sin 8π t W

1
t
W= ∫ o
pdt = − ∫ 8 21.6π sin 8π t dt
o
21.6π
= cos 8π 1/ 8
o = -5.4J
8π
Under dc conditions, the circuit becomes that shown below:
i1 10 Ω i2 50 Ω
+ 20 Ω +
30 Ω v1 v2
− +
−
60V −
i2 = 0, i1 = 60/(30+10+20) = 1A
v1 = 30i2 = 30V, v2 = 60-20i1 = 40V
Thus, v1 = 30V, v2 = 40V
(a) Ceq = 4C = 120 mF
1 4 4
(b) = = Ceq = 7.5 mF
C eq C 30
In parallel, as in Fig. (a),
v1 = v2 = 100
+
v1 −
+ + C1 +
+ C1 C2 + C2
100V − v1 v2 100V − v2
− − −
(a) (b)
1 2 1
w20 = Cv = x 20x10 −6 x100 2 = 0.1J
2 2
1
w30 = x30x10 −6 x100 2 = 0.15J
2
(b) When they are connected in series as in Fig. (b):
C2 30
v1 = V= x100 = 60, v2 = 40
C1 + C 2 50
1
w20 = x30x10 −6 x 60 2 = 36 mJ
2
1
w30 = x30x10 −6 x 40 2 = 24 mJ
2
Cx80
C eq = 14 + = 30 
→ C = 20 µF
C + 80
(a) 4F in series with 12F = 4 x 12/(16) = 3F

3F in parallel with 6F and 3F = 3+6+3 = 12F
4F in series with 12F = 3F
i.e. Ceq = 3F
(b) Ceq = 5 + [6 || (4 + 2)] = 5 + (6 || 6) = 5 + 3 = 8F
(c) 3F in series with 6F = (3 x 6)/9 = 6F
1 1 1 1
= + + =1
C eq 2 6 3
Ceq = 1F
For the capacitors in parallel

C1eq = 15 + 5 + 40 = 60 µF
1 1 1 1 1
Hence = + + =
C eq 20 30 60 10
Ceq = 10 µF
We combine 10-, 20-, and 30- µ F capacitors in parallel to get 60 µ F. The 60 - µ F

capacitor in series with another 60- µ F capacitor gives 30 µ F.
30 + 50 = 80 µ F, 80 + 40 = 120 µ F
The circuit is reduced to that shown below.
12 120
12 80
120- µ F capacitor in series with 80 µ F gives (80x120)/200 = 48

48 + 12 = 60
60- µ F capacitor in series with 12 µ F gives (60x12)/72 = 10 µ F
3 in series with 6 = 6x3/(9) = 2

2 in parallel with 2 = 4
4 in series with 4 = (4x4)/8 = 2
The circuit is reduced to that shown below:
20
1 6 2
8
8 in series with 8 = 4
5 in series with 20 = (5x20)/25 = 4
Thus Ceq = 4 mF
4µF in series with 12µF = (4x12)/16 = 3µF

3µF in parallel with 3µF = 6µF
6µF in series with 6µF = 3µF
3µF in parallel with 2µF = 5µF
5µF in series with 5µF = 2.5µF
Hence Ceq = 2.5µF
Combining the capacitors in parallel, we obtain the equivalent circuit shown below:
a b
40 µF
60 µF 30 µF
20 µF
Combining the capacitors in series gives C1eq , where

1 1 1 1 1
1
= + + = C1eq = 10µF
C eq 60 20 30 10
Thus
Ceq = 10 + 40 = 50 µF
(a) 3µF is in series with 6µF 3x6/(9) = 2µF

v4µF = 1/2 x 120 = 60V
v2µF = 60V
3
v6µF = (60) = 20V
6+3
v3µF = 60 - 20 = 40V
(b) Hence w = 1/2 Cv2

w4µF = 1/2 x 4 x 10-6 x 3600 = 7.2mJ
w2µF = 1/2 x 2 x 10-6 x 3600 = 3.6mJ
w6µF = 1/2 x 6 x 10-6 x 400 = 1.2mJ
w3µF = 1/2 x 3 x 10-6 x 1600 = 2.4mJ
20µF is series with 80µF = 20x80/(100) = 16µF
14µF is parallel with 16µF = 30µF

(a) v30µF = 90V
v60µF = 30V
v14µF = 60V
80
v20µF = x 60 = 48V
20 + 80
v80µF = 60 - 48 = 12V
1 2
(b) Since w = Cv
2
w30µF = 1/2 x 30 x 10-6 x 8100 = 121.5mJ
w60µF = 1/2 x 60 x 10-6 x 900 = 27mJ
w14µF = 1/2 x 14 x 10-6 x 3600 = 25.2mJ
w20µF = 1/2 x 20 x 10-6 x (48)2 = 23.04mJ
w80µF = 1/2 x 80 x 10-6 x 144 = 5.76mJ
(a) For the capacitors in series,
v1 C 2
Q1 = Q2 C1v1 = C2v2 =
v 2 C1
C2 C + C2 C1
vs = v1 + v2 = v2 + v2 = 1 v2 v2 = vs
C1 C1 C1 + C 2
C2
Similarly, v1 = vs
C1 + C 2
(b) For capacitors in parallel
Q1 Q 2
v1 = v2 = =
C1 C 2
C C + C2
Qs = Q1 + Q2 = 1 Q 2 + Q 2 = 1 Q2
C2 C2
or
C2
Q2 =
C1 + C 2
C1
Q1 = Qs
C1 + C 2
dQ C1 C2
i= i1 = is , i2 = is
dt C1 + C 2 C1 + C 2
(a) Ceq = C1 + C2 + C3 = 35µF
(b) Q1 = C1v = 5 x 150µC = 0.75mC

Q2 = C2v = 10 x 150µC = 1.5mC
Q3 = C3v = 20 x 150 = 3mC
1 1
(c) w= C eq v 2 = x35x150 2 µJ = 393.8mJ
2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7
(a) = + + = + + =
C eq C1 C 2 C 3 5 10 20 20
20
Ceq = µF = 2.857µF
7
(b) Since the capacitors are in series,

20
Q1 = Q2 = Q3 = Q = Ceqv = x 200µV = 0.5714mV
7
1 1 20
(c) w = C eq v 2 = x x 200 2 µJ = 57.143mJ
2 2 7
We may treat this like a resistive circuit and apply delta-wye transformation, except that
R is replaced by 1/C.
Cb 50 µF
Ca
Cc 20 µF
 1  1   1  1   1  1 
   +    +   
1 10 40 10 30 30 40
=         
Ca 1
30
3 1 1 2
= + + =
40 10 40 10
Ca = 5µF
1 1 1
+ +
1 2
= 400 300 1200 =
C6 1 30
10
Cb = 15µF
1 1 1
+ +
1 4
= 400 300 1200 =
Cc 1 15
40
Cc = 3.75µF
Cb in parallel with 50µF = 50 + 15 = 65µF

Cc in series with 20µF = 23.75µF
65x 23.75
65µF in series with 23.75µF = = 17.39µF
88.75
17.39µF in parallel with Ca = 17.39 + 5 = 22.39µF
Hence Ceq = 22.39µF
(a) C in series with C = C/(2)
C/2 in parallel with C = 3C/2
3C
Cx
3C 2 = 3C
in series with C =
2 C 5
5
2
C C
3 in parallel with C = C + 3 = 1.6 C
5 5
(b)
2C
Ceq
2C
1 1 1 1
= + =
C eq 2C 2C C
Ceq = C
1 t
C ∫o
vo = idt + i(0)
For 0 < t < 1, i = 60t mA,
10 −3 t
3x10 −6 ∫o
vo = 60tdt + 0 = 10 t 2 kV
vo(1) = 10kV
For 1< t < 2, i = 120 - 60t mA,

10 −3 t
3x10t −6 ∫1
vo = (120 − 60t )dt + v o (1)
= [40t – 10t2 ] 1 + 10kV

= 40t – 10t2 - 20
10t 2 kV, 0 < t <1
v o (t) = 
40t − 10 t − 20kV, 1 < t < 2
2
20 tmA, 0 < t <1

i s ( t ) = 20mA, 1< t < 3
− 50 + 10 t , 3< t <5
Ceq = 4 + 6 = 10µF
1 t
C eq ∫o
v= idt + v(0)
For 0 < t < 1,

10 −3 t
∫ 20t dt + 0 = t
2
v= kV
10x10 −6 o
For 1 < t < 3,

10 3 t
v=
10 ∫ 20dt + v(1) = 2(t − 1) + 1kV
1
= 2 t − 1kV
For 3 < t < 5,

10 3 t
v=
10 ∫ 10(t − 5)dt + v(3)
3
= t 2 − 5 + 3t +5kV = t 2 − 5t + 11kV
 t 2 kV, 0 < t <1


v( t ) = 2t − 1kV, 1< t < 3
 t − 5t + 11kV, 3 < t < 5
2

dv dv
i 1 = C1 = 6x10 −6
dt dt
12 tmA, 0 < t <1

= 12mA, 1< t < 3
12 − 30mA, 3 < t < 5
dv dv
i1 = C 2 = 4x10 −6
dt dt
8tmA, 0 < t <1

= 8mA, 1< t < 3
8t − 20mA, 3 < t < 5
(a) Ceq = (12x60)/72 = 10 µ F
t
10 −3
−6 ∫
t
v1 = 30e − 2t dt + v1 (0) = − 1250e − 2t 0
+ 50 = − 1250e − 2t + 1300
12 x10 0
t
10 −3
−6 ∫
t
v2 = 30e − 2t dt + v 2 (0) = 250e − 2t 0
+ 20 = 250e − 2t − 230
60 x10 0
(b) At t=0.5s,
v1 = −1250e −1 + 1300 = 840.15, v 2 = 250e −1 − 230 = −138.03
1
w12 µF = x12 x10 −6 x(840.15) 2 = 4.235 J
2
1
w20 µF = x 20 x10 −6 x(−138.03) 2 = 0.1905 J
2
1
w40 µF = x 40 x10 −6 x(−138.03) 2 = 0.381 J
2
Because this is a totally capacitive circuit, we can combine all the capacitors using
the property that capacitors in parallel can be combined by just adding their
values and we combine capacitors in series by adding their reciprocals.
3F + 2F = 5F
1/5 +1/5 = 2/5 or 2.5F
The voltage will divide equally across the two 5F capacitors. Therefore, we get:
VTh = 7.5 V, CTh = 2.5 F
i = 6e-t/2
di 1
v = L = 10 x10 −3 (6) e − t / 2
dt 2
-t/2
= -30e mV
v(3) = -300e-3/2 mV = -0.9487 mV
p = vi = -180e-t mW
p(3) = -180e-3 mW = -0.8 mW
di V 60 x10 −3
v=L L= = = 200 mH
dt ∆i / ∆t 0.6 /(2)
di 1
v=L = x10 −3 (12)(2)(− sin 2 t )V
dt 4
= - 6 sin 2t mV
p = vi = -72 sin 2t cos 2t mW
But 2 sin A cos A = sin 2A
p = -36 sin 4t mW
di
v=L = 12 x10 −3 x 4(100) cos100t
dt
= 4.8 cos 100t V
p = vi = 4.8 x 4 sin 100t cos 100t = 9.6 sin 200t
t 11 / 200
w= ∫ pdt = ∫
o o
9.6 sin 200 t
9.6
=− cos 200t 11
o
/ 200
J
200
= −48(cos π − 1)mJ = 96 mJ
= 40x10 −3 (e − 2 t − 2te − 2 t )dt

di
v=L
dt
= 40(1 − 2t )e −2 t mV, t > 0
di 1
v=L → i = ∫ 0t idt + i(0)

dt L
1
i= t
(3t 2 + 2t + 4)dt + 1
−3 ∫ 0
200x10
t
= 5( t 3 + t 2 + 4t ) +1
0
i(t) = 5t3 + 5t2 + 20t + 1 A
di di
v=L = 20 x10 −3
dt dt
 10t , 0 < t < 1 ms


i =  20 - 10t, 1 < t < 3 ms
- 40 + 10t, 3 < t < 4 ms

 10 x10 3 , 0 < t < 1 ms
di 
= - 10x10 3 , 1 < t < 3 ms
dt 
10x10 ,
3
3 < t < 4 ms
 200 V, 0 < t < 1 ms

v = - 200 V, 1 < t < 3 ms
 200 V, 3 < t < 4 ms

which is sketched below.
v(t) V
200
0 1 2 3 4 t(ms)
-200
i=
1 t
∫
L 0
1 t
( )
vdt + i(0) =   ∫ 20 1 − 2 − 2 t dt + 0.3
2 o
 1 
= 10 t + e − 2t  to +0. 3 = 10t + 5e − 2t − 4. 7 A
 2 
At t = ls, i = 10 - 4.7 + 5e-2 = 5.977 A
1 2
w= L i = 35.72J
2
1 t 1 t
L ∫o 5 ∫o
i= vdt + i ( 0) = v( t )dt − 1
10 t
For 0 < t < 1, i = ∫ dt − 1 = 2t − 1 A
5 0
For 1 < t < 2, i = 0 + i(1) = 1A
1
For 2 < t < 3, i =
5 ∫ 10dt + i(2) = 2t 2t +1
= 2t - 3 A
For 3 < t < 4, i = 0 + i(3) = 3 A
1 t
5 ∫4
For 4 < t < 5, i = 10dt + i(4) = 2 t 4t +3
= 2t - 5 A
 2t − 1A, 0 < t <1

 1< t < 2
1A,
Thus, i (t ) =  2t − 3 A, 2<t<3

3 A, 3<t < 4
 2t − 5, 4<t <5
2
t 1 1
w = L ∫ idt = Li( t ) − Li (−∞)
−∞ 2 2
1
(
= x80 x10 −3 x 60x10 −3 − 0
2
)
= 144 µJ
1 t 1 t
i= ∫ vdt + i(t o ) = ∫ (4 + 10 cos 2t )dt − 1
L to 5 o
= 0.8t + sin 2t -1
1 t
L ∫o
i(t) = v( t ) + i(0)
For 0 < t < 1, v = 5t
1 t
i=
10x10 −3 ∫ 5t dt + 0
o
= 0.25t2 kA
For 1 < t < 2, v = -10 + 5t
1 t
i=
10x10 −3 ∫ (−10 + 5t )dt + i(1)
1
t
= ∫ (0.5t − 1)dt + 0.25kA
1
= 1 - t + 0.25t2 kA
0.25t 2 kA, 0 < t <1

i( t ) = 
1 − t + 0.25t kA, 1 < t < 2
2
Under dc conditions, the circuit is as shown below:
2Ω
iL
+
4Ω vC
3A −
By current division,
4
iL = (3) = 2A, vc = 0V
4+2
1 2 11 2
wL = L i L =  (2) = 1J
2 22
1 1
wc = C v c2 = (2)( v) = 0J
2 2
Under dc conditions, the circuit is equivalent to that shown below:
+ vC − iL
2Ω
5A
2 10 10R
iL = (5) = , v c = Ri L =
R+2 R+2 R+2
1 2 100R 2
wc = Cv c = 80x10 −6 x
2 (R + 2) 2
1 100
w L = Li12 = 2x10 −3 x
2 (R + 2) 2
If wc = wL,
100R 2 2x10 −3 x100

80x10 x −6
= 80 x 10-3R2 = 2
(Rx 2) 2 (R + 2) 2
R = 5Ω
Under dc conditions, the circuit is as shown below:
4Ω iL1
+
iL2
+ vC2
+
30V vC1 −
−
− 6Ω
30
i L1 = i L 2 = = 3A
4+6
v C1 = 6i L1 = 18V
v C 2 = 0V
(a) L eq = 5 + 6 (1 + 4 4) = 5 + 6 3 = 7H
(b) L eq = 12 (1 + 6 6) = 12 4 = 3H
(c) L eq = 4 (2 + 3 6) = 4 4 = 2H
(
L eq = 10 + 5 4 12 + 3 6 )
= 10 + 5||(3 + 2) = 10 + 2.5 = 12.5 mH
1 1 1 1 1
= + + = L = 10 mH
L 60 20 30 10
10x35
L eq = 10 (25 + 10) =
45
= 7.778 mH
3//2//6 = 1H, 4//12 = 3H

After the parallel combinations, the circuit becomes that shown below.
3H
a
1H
1H b
Lab = (3+1)//1 = (4x1)/5 = 0.8 H

L eq = 6 + 10 + 8 [5 (8 + 12) + 6 (8 + 4)]
= 16 + 8 (4 + 4) = 16 + 4
Leq = 20 mH
L eq = 4 + (9 + 3) (10 0 + 6 12)
= 4 + 12 (0 + 4) = 4 + 3
Leq = 7H
(a) L//L = 0.5L, L + L = 2L
2 Lx0.5 L
Leq = L + 2 L // 0.5L = L + = 1.4 L
2 L + 0.5L
(b) L//L = 0.5L, L//L + L//L = L
Leq = L//L = 0.5L
1 L
LLL= =
3 3
L
Hence the given circuit is equivalent to that shown below:
L/3 L/3
L
5
Lx L
 2  3 = 5L
L eq = L L + L =
 3  5 8
L+ L
3
di
Let v = L eq (1)
dt
di
v = v1 + v 2 = 4 + v2 (2)
dt
i = i1 + i2 i2 = i – i1 (3)
di di v
v 2 = 3 1 or 1 = 2 (4)
dt dt 3
and
di di
− v2 + 2 + 5 2 = 0
dt dt
di di
v2 = 2 + 5 2 (5)
dt dt
Incorporating (3) and (4) into (5),
di di di di v
v2 = 2 + 5 − 5 1 = 7 − 5 2
dt dt dt dt 3
 5 di
v 2 1 +  = 7
 3 dt
35 di
v2 =
8 dt
Substituting this into (2) gives
di 35 di
v=4 +
dt 8 dt
67 di
=
8 dt
Comparing this with (1),
67
L eq = = 8.375H
8
di di
v=L = 3 = 3 x slope of i(t).
dt dt
Thus v is sketched below:
v(t) (V)
6
t (s)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-6
di
(a) v s = (L1 + L 2 )
dt
di vs
=
dt L1 + L 2
di di
v 1 = L1 , v 2 = L 2
dt dt
L1 L2
v1 = vs , vL = vs
L1 + L 2 L1 + L 2
di1 di
(b) v i = v 2 = L1 = L2 2
dt dt
i s = i1 + i 2
di s di1 di 2 v v (L + L 2 )
= + = + =v 1
dt dt dt L1 L 2 L1 L 2
1 1 L1 L 2 di s L2
i1 =
L1 ∫ vdt = ∫
L1 L1 + L 2 dt
dt =
L1 + L 2
is
1 1 L1 L 2 di s L1
i2 =
L2 ∫ vdt =
L2 ∫L 1 + L 2 dt
dt =
L 1 + L 2
is
15
Leq = 3 // 5 =
8
vo = Leq
di 15 d
=
dt 8 dt
(
4e − 2t = − 15e − 2t )
t t
I 1 t
io =
L0∫ vo (t )dt + io (0) = 2 + ∫ (−15)e − 2t = 2 + 1.5e − 2t
50 0
= 0.5 + 1.5e − 2t A
(a) is = i1 + i2
i s (0) = i1 (0) + i 2 (0)
6 = 4 + i 2 ( 0) i2(0) = 2mA
(b) Using current division:
i1 =
20
30 + 20
(
i s = 0.4 6e − 2 t = 2.4e-2t mA )
i 2 = i s − i1 = 3.6e-2t mA
30 x 20
(c) 30 20 = = 12mH
50
di
v1 = L = 10x10 −3
dt
d
dt
( )
6e − 2 t x10 −3 = -120e-2t µV
di
v 2 = L = 12x10 −3
dt
d
dt
( )
6e −2 t x10 −3 = -144e-2t µV
(d) w 10 mH =
1
2
(
x30x10 −3 36e − 4 t x10 −6 )
= 0.8e − 4 t 1 µJ
t=
2
= 24.36nJ
1
(
w 30 mH = x30 x10 −3 5.76e − 4 t x10 −6 t =1 / 2
2
)
= 11.693nJ
1
(
w 20 mH = x 20x10 −3 12.96e − 4 t x10 −6 t =1 / 2
2
)
= 17.54 nJ
20 x60
(a) Leq = 25 + 20 // 60 = 25 + = 40 mH
80
t
di 1 10 −3
Leq ∫ 40 x10 −3 ∫0
v = Leq 
→ i= v (t ) dt + i ( 0 ) = 12e −3t dt + i (0) = −0.1(e −3t − 1) + i (0)
dt
Using current division,

60 3 1
i1 = i = i, i 2 = i
80 4 4
3
i1 (0) = i (0) → 0.75i (0) = −0.01 
→ i (0) = −0.01333
4
1
i2 = (−0.1e −3t + 0.08667) A = - 25e -3t + 21.67 mA
4
i2 (0) = −25 + 21.67 = − 3.33 mA
3
(b) i1 = (−0.1e −3t + 0.08667) A = - 75e -3t + 65 mA
4
i2 = - 25e -3t + 21.67 mA
We apply superposition principle and let
vo = v1 + v 2
where v1 and v2 are due to i1 and i2 respectively.
di1 di  2, 0<t <3

v1 = L =2 1 =
dt dt − 2, 3<t <6
 4, 0<t<2
di2 di2 
v2 = L =2 =  0, 2<t<4
dt dt 
− 4, 4<t<6
v1
v2
2 4
0
3 6 t 0 2 4 6 t
-2 -4
Adding v1 and v2 gives vo, which is shown below.
vo(t) V
6
0
2 3 4 6 t (s)
-2
-6
(a) When the switch is in position A,

i=-6 =i(0)
When the switch is in position B,
i (∞) = 12 / 4 = 3, τ = L / R = 1/ 8
i (t ) = i (∞) + [i (0) − i (∞)]e − t / ι = 3 − 9e −8t A
(b) -12 + 4i(0) + v=0, i.e. v=12 – 4i(0) = 36 V
(c) At steady state, the inductor becomes a short circuit so that

v= 0 V
1 1
(a) w5 = L1i12 = x5x (4) 2 = 40 W
2 2
1
w 20 = (20)(−2) 2 = 40 W
2
(b) w = w5 + w20 = 80 W
= 5(− 200)(50e − 200 t x10 −3 )
dv
(c) i1 = L1
dt
= -50e-200tA
= 20(−200)(50e − 200 t x10 −3 )

dv
i2 = L2
dt
= -200e-200tA
i2 = L2
dv
dt
(
= 20(−200) 50e − 200 t x10 −3 )
= -200e-200t A
(d) i = i1 + i2 = -250e-200t A
L eq = 20 + 16 + 60 40 = 36 + 24 = 60mH
di
v=L
dt
1 t
L ∫o
i= vdt + i(0)
1 t
−3 ∫o
= 12 sin 4t dt + 0 mA
60x10
i = −50 cos 4t ot = 50(1 - cos 4t) mA
60 40 = 24mH
di d
v=L = 24x10 −3 (50)(1 − cos 4t )mV
dt dt
= 4.8 sin 4t mV
1
RC ∫
vo = − vi dt, RC = 50 x 103 x 0.04 x 10-6 = 2 x 10-3
− 10 3
2 ∫
vo = 10 sin 50t dt
vo = 100 cos 50t mV
1
vo = −
RC ∫ vi dt + v(0), RC = 50 x 103 x 100 x 10-6 = 5
1 t
vo = − ∫ 10dt + 0 = −2t
5 o
The op amp will saturate at vo = ± 12
-12 = -2t t = 6s
RC = 4 x 106 x 1 x 10-6 = 4
1 1
vo = −
RC ∫ v i dt = − ∫ v i dt
4
1 t
4 ∫o
For 0 < t < 1, vi = 20, v o = − 20dt = -5t mV
1 t
4 ∫1
For 1 < t < 2, vi = 10, v o = − 10dt + v(1) = −2.5( t − 1) − 5
= -2.5t - 2.5mV
1 t
4 ∫2
For 2 < t < 4, vi = - 20, v o = + 20dt + v(2) = 5( t − 2) − 7.5
= 5t - 17.5 mV
1 t
4 ∫4
For 4 < t < 5m, vi = -10, v o = 10dt + v(4) = 2.5( t − 4) + 2.5
= 2.5t - 7.5 mV
1 t
4 ∫5
For 5 < t < 6, vi = 20, v o = − 20dt + v(5) = −5( t − 5) + 5
= - 5t + 30 mV
Thus vo(t) is as shown below:
25
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
One possibility is as follows:

1
= 50
RC
1
Let R = 100 kΩ, C = = 0.2µF
50 x100 x10 3
By combining a summer with an integrator, we have the circuit below:
−
+
1 1 1
vo = −
R 1C ∫ v1dt −
R 2C ∫ v 2 dt −
R 2C ∫
v 2 dt
For the given problem, C = 2µF,
R1C = 1 R1 = 1/(C) = 1006/(2) = 500 kΩ

R2C = 1/(4) R2 = 1/(4C) = 500kΩ/(4) = 125 kΩ
R3C = 1/(10) R3 = 1/(10C) = 50 kΩ
The output of the first op amp is
1 1 t 100 t
v1 = −
RC ∫ v i dt = −
10x10 x 2 x10 −6
3 ∫ idt = −
o 2
= - 50t
1 1 t
vo = −
RC ∫ v i dt = −
20x10 x 0.5x10 −6
3 ∫ (−50t )dt
o
= 2500t2
At t = 1.5ms,
v o = 2500(1.5) 2 x10 −6 = 5.625 mV
Consider the op amp as shown below:
Let va = vb = v
0 − v v − vo
At node a, = 2v - vo = 0 (1)
R R
R
R
v
a −
+
R R +
v
vo
b
+
C −
vi −
vi − v v − vo dv
At node b, = +C
R R dt
dv
v i = 2v − v o + RC (2)
dt
Combining (1) and (2),
RC dv o
v i =v o −v o +
2 dt
or
2
RC ∫
vo = v i dt
showing that the circuit is a noninverting integrator.
RC = 0.01 x 20 x 10-3 sec
dv i dv
v o = − RC = −0.2 m sec
dt dt
 − 2V, 0 < t <1

v o = 2V, 1< t < 3
− 2V, 3< t < 4
Thus vo(t) is as sketched below:
vo(t) (V)
2
t (ms)
1 2 3
-2
dv i
v 0 = − RC , RC = 250 x10 3 x10x10 −6 = 2.5
dt
d
v o = −2.5 (12t ) = -30 mV
dt
dv i
v o = − RC , RC = 50 x 103 x 10 x 10-6 = 0.5
dt
dv − 10, 0 < t < 5
v o = 0.5 i = 
dt 5, 5<t <5
The input is sketched in Fig. (a), while the output is sketched in Fig. (b).
vo(t) (V)
vi(t) (V)
5 5
t (ms) t (ms)
0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15
(a)
-10
(b)
i = iR + i C
vi − 0 0 − v0 d
= + C (0 − v o )
R RF dt
R F C = 10 6 x10 −6 = 1
 dv 
Hence v i = − v o + o 
 dt 
Thus vi is obtained from vo as shown below:
– vo(t) (V) –dvo(t)/dt
4 4
t (ms) t (ms)
0 1 2 3 4 0 1 2 3 4
-4 -4
vi(t) (V)
t (ms)
-4 1 2 3 4
-8
d 2 vo 2dv o
= 10 sin 2 t − − vo
dt dt
Thus, by combining integrators with a summer, we obtain the appropriate analog

computer as shown below:
2vo
− + t=0
C
C
R
R
R
− R
d2vo/dt −
+ −
2 +
-dvo/dt + d2vo/dt
vo 2
R R
R/2
−
+ dvo/dt
R
R
R/10
−
+
+
sin2t − -sin2t

We can write the equation as
dy
= f (t ) − 4 y (t )
dt
which is implemented by the circuit below.
1V t=0
C R R
R
R/4 R
dy/dt - - -
+ -y + +
R dy/dt
f(t)
From the given circuit,
d 2 vo 1000kΩ 1000kΩ dv o
= f (t) − vo −
dt 2
5000kΩ 200kΩ dt
or
d 2 vo dv
2
+ 5 o + 2v o = f ( t )
dt dt
We can write the equation as
d 2v
= −5v − 2 f (t )
dt 2
which is implemented by the circuit below.
C C
R
R
- R R/5
2 2
d v/dt + -
-dv/dt + v -
+ d2v/dt2
R/2
f(t)
The circuit consists of a summer, an inverter, and an integrator. Such circuit is shown
below.
10R R
R R
-
+ - vo
+
R
C=1/(2R)
R
-
+ +
vs
-
Since two 10µF capacitors in series gives 5µF, rated at 600V, it requires 8 groups in
parallel with each group consisting of two capacitors in series, as shown below:
+
600
−
Answer: 8 groups in parallel with each group made up of 2 capacitors in series.

∆q
∆I = ∆I x ∆t = ∆q
∆t
∆q = 0.6 x 4 x 10-6
= 2.4µC
∆q 2.4 x10−6
C= = = 150nF
∆v (36 − 20)
It is evident that differentiating i will give a waveform similar to v. Hence,

di
v=L
dt
4 t ,0 < t < 1
i=
8 − 4 t ,1 < t < 2
di 4L,0 < t < 1

v=L =
dt − 4L,1 < t < 2
5mV,0 < t < 1

But, v=
− 5mV,1 < t < 2
Thus, 4L = 5 x 10-3 L = 1.25 mH in a 1.25 mH inductor
(a) For the series-connected capacitor
1 C
Cs = =
1 1 1 8
+ + .... +
C C C
For the parallel-connected strings,
10C s 1000
C eq = 10C s = = 10 x µF = 1250µF
8 3
(b) vT = 8 x 100V = 800V
w=
1
2
(
1
)
C eq v T2 = 1250 x10 −6 (800) 2
2
= 400J

Chapter 6, Solution 1

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Chapter 6, Solution 1

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Chapter 6, Solution 1.

p = vi = 10(1-3t)e-3t ⋅ 2t e-3t = 20t(1 - 3t)e-6t W

100t 2 kV, 0 < t <1

i (0) = 2 = −100 AC − 600 BC 

v(2) = 12(2 + e-2) = 25.62 V

p = iv = 12 (t + e-t) 6 (1-e-t) = 72(t-e-2t)

p(2) = 72(2-e-4) = 142.68 W

 16t , 0 < t < 1µs

 32 kA, 0 < t < 1µs

Chapter 6, Solution 11.

Chapter 6, Solution 12.

P = vi = 60(-0.72)π cos 4π t sin 4π t = -21.6π sin 8π t W

Under dc conditions, the circuit becomes that shown below:

v1 = 30i2 = 30V, v2 = 60-20i1 = 40V

Thus, v1 = 30V, v2 = 40V

Chapter 6, Solution 14.

(a) Ceq = 4C = 120 mF

Chapter 6, Solution 15.

In parallel, as in Fig. (a),

(b) When they are connected in series as in Fig. (b):

Chapter 6, Solution 17.

(a) 4F in series with 12F = 4 x 12/(16) = 3F

For the capacitors in parallel

Chapter 6, Solution 19.

We combine 10-, 20-, and 30- µ F capacitors in parallel to get 60 µ F. The 60 - µ F

120- µ F capacitor in series with 80 µ F gives (80x120)/200 = 48

Chapter 6, Solution 20.

3 in series with 6 = 6x3/(9) = 2

The circuit is reduced to that shown below:

Chapter 6, Solution 21.

4µF in series with 12µF = (4x12)/16 = 3µF

Hence Ceq = 2.5µF

Chapter 6, Solution 22.

Combining the capacitors in series gives C1eq , where

(a) 3µF is in series with 6µF 3x6/(9) = 2µF

(b) Hence w = 1/2 Cv2

Chapter 6, Solution 24.

20µF is series with 80µF = 20x80/(100) = 16µF

14µF is parallel with 16µF = 30µF

Chapter 6, Solution 25.

(a) For the capacitors in series,

(b) For capacitors in parallel

Chapter 6, Solution 26.

(a) Ceq = C1 + C2 + C3 = 35µF

(b) Q1 = C1v = 5 x 150µC = 0.75mC

(b) Since the capacitors are in series,

Chapter 6, Solution 28.

Cb in parallel with 50µF = 50 + 15 = 65µF

Hence Ceq = 22.39µF

Chapter 6, Solution 29.

(a) C in series with C = C/(2)

C/2 in parallel with C = 3C/2

For 1< t < 2, i = 120 - 60t mA,

= [40t – 10t2 ] 1 + 10kV

Chapter 6, Solution 31.

20 tmA, 0 < t <1

For 0 < t < 1,

For 1 < t < 3,

For 3 < t < 5,

 t 2 kV, 0 < t <1

Chapter 6, Solution 32.

(a) Ceq = (12x60)/72 = 10 µ F

v1 = −1250e −1 + 1300 = 840.15, v 2 = 250e −1 − 230 = −138.03