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(1982), 271-272).
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Ij_\h^hlZg]ebckdb<:KBEI?GQ?<



 V. Buzek, M. Hillery. Physical Review. Vol. A 54 (1996), 1844-1852. L. Duan,


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Ij_\h^tl_ih:6FKOHLFK(QJLQHHULQJGHFRKHUHQFH- Nature. Vol. 403


(2000) 256-257.
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chgZ hl g_]h\hlh hkgh\gh ktklhygb_ b ^Z kta^Z^_f dho_j_glgh ktklhygb_
=jmiZlZ hl ;Ze^tj ihjZ`^Z lZdb\Z ktklhygby kihj_^ ]hj_kihf_gZlZlZ ih-
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baihea\Zcdbchg\yfZ &0RQURHHWDO6FLHQFH9RO  - beb
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NZah\hlh ijhkljZgkl\h _ r_kl-jZaf_jgh ijhkljZgkl\h \dexq\Zsh ljb
baf_j_gbygZf_klhiheh`_gb_lhbljbbaf_j_gbygZbfimekZ RbjbgZlZgZ
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lykgZ rbjbgZlZ Ltdfh bgl_jn_j_gpbylZ \t\ nZah\hlh ijhkljZgkl\h :
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baf_j\Zl bgl_jn_j_gqgbl_ hkpbeZpbb hl d\Zglh\ZlZ kmi_jihabpby gZ


_^bgbq_g Zlhf [b\Zs gZ ^\_ f_klZ _^gh\j_f_ggh HkpbeZpbbl_
ihkl_i_ggh hlfbjZl ihg_`_ kmi_jihabpbylZ hlklti\Z ij_^ Zlhf dhclh _
gZ _^gh hij_^_e_gh fyklh dhy ^Z _ ihabpby  Ktsh lZdZ _ k
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jZa\b\Z^hhij_^_e_ghktklhygb_FZdZjgZijbf_jdhldZlZhdgqZl_egh^Z
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lj_lbyl_d\Zglh\rmfijbgme_\Zl_fi_jZlmjZ
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Physical Review Letters. Vol. 77 (1996) 4728-473 ^Zk_baihea\Z\tlj_rgZlZ
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\tijhkb ^Zeb d\Zglh\ZlZ f_oZgbdZ g_ k_ gZjmrZ\Z dh]Zlh kbkl_fZlZ _
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^hgydt^_ ^Z hl]h\hjyl gZ lhab nmg^Zf_glZe_g \tijhk ihl\jt`^Z\Zcdb q_
d\Zglh\ZlZ kmi_jihabpby jZ[hlb ktsh lZdZ b \ fZdjhkdhibqgby k\yl gZ



Ij_\h^tl_ih*%ODWWHU6FKUödinger's cat is now fat. - Nature. Vol. 406


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