Processes of Word Formation

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PROCESSES OF WORD FORMATION

By: Dr. Shadia Y. Banjar
Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar
LANE 333 MORPHOLOGY 2012 Term 1
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http://SBANJAR.kau.edu.sa/ http://wwwdrshadiabanjar.blogspot.com
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SOURCES OF WORDS
ORIGINAL WORDS BORROWED WORDS ENGLISH NEW WORDS
ENGLISH LANGUAGE
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English gets new words by means of easily definable processes employed by users of English.
WORD FORMATION PROCESSES
NEW ENGLISH WORDS
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WORD FORMATION PROCESSES COMPOUNDING DERIVATION INVENTION ECHOISM CLIPPING ACRONYMY BLENDING
BACKFORMATION
FOLK ETYMOLOGY
ANTONOMASIA
REDUPLICATION
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A. Compounding
Compounding is the joining of two or more Words into a Single Word, as in hang glider ,breakfast , longhaired.
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cont.,
Compounding
Compounding is the joining of two or more Words into a Single Word, Such words are called compounds. They contain two or more words. Compounds may be written as: One word as in : cornflakes A hyphenated word as in : long-haired Two words as in : high school compound words may take three forms. They may be an open compound, a hyphenated compound, or a closed compound: Examples: 1. sweet potato (open compound) 2. mother-in-law (hyphenated compound) 3. secondhand (closed compound)
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B. Derivation
Derivation is the forming of new words by combining derivational affixes or bound bases with existing Words , as in: teleplay, re-ask.
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cont.,
Derivation
Derivation is the forming of new words by combining derivational affixes or bound bases with existing words. EXAMPLES: disadvise emplane ecosystem coachdom Usually invented in the heat of speaking and writing. They are immediately understandable because we know the meaning of the parts.
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C. Invention
Now and then new words are totally invented like Kodak and Goof. Few of them find their way in the common vocabulary.
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cont.,
Invention
Coining is the creation of new words without reference to the existing morphological resources of the language, that is, solely out of the sounds of the language. Coining is very rare, but the most typical sources are invented trade names for commercial products that become general terms (usually without capital letters) for any version of that product. OLDER EXAMPLES: aspirin nylon vaseline zipper MORE RECENT EXAMPLES kleenex teflon tylenol xerox
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D .Echoism
Echoism is the formation of words whose sound suggest their meaning like hiss and peewee. The sound is either natural like the roar of a waterfall or artificial like the clang of a bell.
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cont.,
Echoism
In literature, ECHOISM is referred to as onomatopoeia. EXAMPLES: click murmur whisper
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E. Clipping
Clipping means cutting off the beginning or the end of a word or both leaving a part to stand for the whole ;lab , dorm , prof , exam. The back-clipped words are those words that lose their forepart , like plane and phone.
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cont.,
Clipping
Clipping is the word formation process in which a word is reduced or shortened without changing the meaning of the word. There are four types of clipping: 1. back clipping, 2. fore-clipping, 3. middle clipping, and 4. complex clipping. Back clipping is removing the end of a word as in gas from gasoline. Fore-clipping is removing the beginning of a word as in gator from alligator. Middle clipping is retaining only the middle of a word as in flu from influenza. Complex clipping is removing multiple parts from multiple words as in sitcom from situation comedy. Some of the most common products of clipping are names--Liz, Ron, Rob, Sue, and so on.
http://www.brighthub.com/education/languages/articles/59679. Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar
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F. Acronoymy
Acronomy is the process whereby a word is formed from the initials or beginning segments of a succession of words. EXAMPLES: NATO( North Atlantic Treaty Organization) radar (radio detecting and ranging).
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cont.,
Acronoymy
Initialisms and Acronyms are shortenings, build from the initial letters in a phrase or name. While acronyms are pronounced as single words (NASA, AIDS), initialisms are pronounced ''as a sequence of letters'' (DNA, USA). (Finegan 2007, 48) Some acronyms even become words of our everyday language, such as laser or zip code. But the most famous word based on a shortening is the initialism OK. Initialisms and acronyms can be sub-divided into a few groups: 1. Acronyms containing non-initial letters (Interpol - International Criminal Police Organization, radar - radio detection and ranging) 2. Pronounced as a combination of initialism and acronym (CD-ROM, JPEG) 3. Recursive initialisms, in which the abbreviation refers to itself (PHP - PHP hypertext preprocessor) 4. Pseudo-initialisms, which consist of a sequence of characters that, when pronounced as intended, invoke other, longer words (IOU I owe you, CU See you). This kind of initialism is frequently seen on the internet. 5. Initialisms whose last abbreviated word is often redundantly included anyway (PIN number)
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G. Blending Blending is the fusion of two words into one ,usually the first part of one word with the last part of another, as in gasohol, from gasoline and alcohol. The two classes, blends and clipped words, are not sharply separated, and some words may be put into either class.
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cont.,
Blending
Blending involves taking two or more words, removing parts of each, and joining the residues together to create a new word whose form and meaning are taken from the source words. EXAMPLES: smog = smoke + fog brunch = breakfast + lunch motel = motor + hotel webinar = (worldwide) web + seminar. transistor = transfer + resistor autobus = automobile + omnibus escalator = escalade + elevator
smog
smoke
fog
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H. Back-formation
Backformation is the formation of new words by the removal of an affix. When a backformation becomes established in the language, we can only tell that it is a backformation if we know the etymology of the words in question. EXAMPLES: sculpt (from sculptor), burgle (burglar), proofread (proofreading), scavenge (scavenger) to vacuum (vacuum cleaner), air-condition (air- conditioning), breastfeed (breastfeeding), skydive (skydiving), babysit (babysitting).
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I. Folk Etymology
Changing a word, in part or in whole, to make it more understandable and more like familiar words.
EXAMPLES: Type A (foreign words): Cockroach was borrowed from Spanish cucaracha but was folk-etymologized as cock + roach. Type B (one part becomes obsolete): sand-blind(as if "blinded by the sand") from Old English sam-blind "half-blind" (sam- is a oncecommon prefix cognate with "semi-").
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J. Antonomasia
Antonomasia means the formation of common noun, a verb, or an adjective from the name of a person or place. Examples:
sandwich(from Sandwich who once spent twenty-four hours at the gaming table with no other refreshment than some slices of cold beef between slices of toast).
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cont.,
Antonomasia
Frisben (from the Frisbie Bakery in Bridge Water), Connecticut (whose pie tins were used for a throwing game), Vandal (from the vandals a Germanic people who overran southern Europe 1500 years ago and sacked and looted Rome in the fifth century). Names from history and literature have given us man common nouns: A lover for instance may be called a romeo, a don juan, a casanova.
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K. Reduplication
Reduplication is the process of forming a new word by doubling a morpheme, usually with a change of vowel or initial consonant, as in pooh-pooh, tiptop, And hanky-panky . The basic morpheme is the second half, like dilly-dally, but it may be the first half, tick tock, or both halves, like singsong, neither half, like boogie-woogie.
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cont.,
Reduplication
The term REDUPLICATION involves three meanings : 1.The process. 2.The result of the process (that is, the new word). 3. The element repeated The repeated element is the basic or originating morpheme. The new word is called twin-words.
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teeny-weeny
tiptop
repetition with Change of vowel
repetition with Change of initial consonant
tick-tick
repetition without change
TWINWORDS
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TYPES OF REDUPLICATION
Exact Reduplication e.g. bye-bye
REDUPLICATION
Ablaut Reduplication e.g. chitchat Rhyming Reduplication e.g. superduper
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Processes of Word Formation - Morphology-Lane 333-2012 - Dr. Shadia

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LANE 333 MORPHOLOGY 2012 Term 1

Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

WORD FORMATION PROCESSES

NEW ENGLISH WORDS

Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

In literature, ECHOISM is referred to as onomatopoeia. EXAMPLES: click murmur whisper

Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

repetition with Change of vowel

repetition with Change of initial consonant

repetition without change

Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

Exact Reduplication e.g. bye-bye

Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar

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