Froudes Momentum Theory: (Actuator Disk Theory)

Applications include Propellers,rotors and ducted fans. Assumptions: 1. Innitely thin disc of area A which oers no resistance to air passing through it. 2. Purely 1-D analysis 3. Thrust loading and velocity are uniform over the disk. 4. Far upstream and far down stream the pressure is freestream static pressure. 5. Viscous eects are not considered (no drag, no momentum diusion) 6. Incompressible (compressibility correction can be made)

Figure 1: airow

Consider an actuator disc at rest in a uid which, is a long way ahead of the disc is moving uniformly with a speed of V0 and has a pressure of P0

Figure 2: side airow The outer curved lines represent the streamlines which seperate the uid which passes through the disc. (A well dened slipstream.) T = A(P2 P1 ) (1)

The increase in the rearward momentum of the air gives rise to thrust on the disk as a reaction. Bernoullis equation cannot be applied across the disk. Bernoullis constant is not the same across the disk. Flow is divided into two regions 1 and 2 and Bernoullis equation may be applied. P0 + 1/2 (V0 )2 = P1 + 1/2 (Vd )2 P0 + 1/2 (Ve )2 = P2 + 1/2 (Vd )2 Now subtract 2 from 3 to get 1/2 (Ve2 V02 ) = (P2 P1 ) T = A(P2 P1 ) = A1/2(Ve2 V02 ) T = m(Ve V0 ) T = AVd (Ve V0 ) (4) (2) (3)

(5) (6) (7)

Equating 5 and 7 A/2(Ve2 V02 ) = AVd (Ve V0 ) (Ve + V0 )/2 = Vd Vd = V0 (1 + a) where a is the inow factor Vl + V0 = 2Vd = 2V0 (1 + a) Ve = V0 (1 + 2a)

Rotor in climb
T = AVd (Ve V0 ) = 2AV02 a(1 + a) Vd = V0 (1 + a) = V0 + v Ve = V0 (1 + 2a) = V0 + 2v (8) (9) (10)

Rotor in Hover
V0 = 0 Vd = vh = vi Ve = 2vh = 2vi 2 T = 2avh vh = T /(2A) Rotor thrust ,T, divided by the disc area A is called disc loading ,DL vh = DL/2 The higher the disc loading the stronger the induced velocity at the rotor (Vh ) and the far wake velocity 2vh . The induced velocity in the wake of a hovering rotor can produce operational problems if the hovering is done close to dust, sand, snow, or other loose surfaces.

Disadvantages: 1. lift dust, snow, or gravel which can be entrained in the wake and circulate through the rotor and engine intake. 2. cut o the pilots view. 3

3. A high rotor downwash may make it dicult to work under a hovering helicopter while hooking up a sling load or guiding the pilot to a precision landing. The higher the disc loading the more severe are the operational problems Adavantages The higher DL permits compact helicopters with low empty weight optimum for many applications. Download on the fuselage: The rotor wake contracts from the diameter of the rotor to its far wake size in about 1/4 to 1/2 of a rotor radius. For most helicopters, the fuselage can be considered to be immersed in the remote wake and to receive the full eect of the downwash. Vertical Drag (empirical) Dv = Cd qf arwake S = Cd (DL)S where Cd is the eective fuselage drag coecient and S is the projected area of all aected components.

Ideal Power/ Induced Power

Ideal power is the power required to produce rotor thrust and is the true power supplied to the disc. Pi = T Vd = T (V0 + Ve )/2 For a hovering rotor Vd = vh Therfore Pi = T vh = T T /(2A) = T 2/3 / 2A Pi = T DL/2 T = mw 2 3 Pi = T vi = mw2 /2 = (2Avi )vi = 2Avi 1 vi = Pi /T = (P L) For a given rotor thrust, the higher the disc loading, the higher the power required In the early stages of the helicopter design DL was kept as low a 2 to 3lbs to minimize power required. But the current treend is to have compact helicopters with minimum structrual weight. ( largely due to lightweight turbine engines) DL = T /A For a given T: DL implies RRotor Radius If DL , A has to be increased. Tail boom would have to be longer to achieve clearance between main and tail rotor. Induced / Ideal power does not consider the viscous drag of the blades, namely the prole drag. The distribution of the power losses of the rotor in hover : 4

1. Induced Power: 60% 2. Prole viscous drag: 30% 3. Non-uniform inow: 5 to 7% 4. Swirl in the wake: 1% 5. Tip losses 2 to 4%

Figure of Merit: FM The ratio of the induced or ideal power to the actual power is known as the Figure of Merit. FM = induced Power / Actual Power = T Vd /P$actual. For an ideal rotor FM = 1.0 Very good practical rotor FM = 0.8 For Axial Flight: axial = FM =
T e2 0 Pactual
V +V

V0 +V Pactual

Pideal Pactual quit

or Pactual =

Pideal FM

Figure 3: Loading For a given T and FM, higher DL implies lower power loading and higher power required. But lower DL higher PL and threfore less power required. Reduction of Power required by lowering disc loading would mean added strructual weight and a larger overall size with perhaps little increase in payload capacity. Induced power is the lower bound on the power required.

Nondimensional Coecients
Thrust Coecient: T T CT = A(R)2 = AV 2
T

Torque Coecient: Q CQ = A(R)2 R Power Coecient: P CP = A(R)3 Torque and Power Coecients are numerically equal. P = Q Q Q CP = A(R)3 = A(R)2 R = CQ Rotor Solidity Ration
total blade area Disc area

==

Nb CR R2

Nb C R

For hovering rotor i =

Vi R

=
3/2

1 R

Cpi = T Vi = Cpi =
kCT 2

T 2A = 3/2 CT / 2

T 2A(R)2

CT 2

FM =

Pideal Pactual

3/2 CT / 2 3/2 kCT / 2+1/8Cdo

Cpo = 1 Cdo 8

Prole Power dP = dQ (Qand are along and axis perpendicular to v) = Nb (dD yDy) R Pprof ile = Nb 0 dDydy = Nb 0R [ 1 Cd (Vd )2 c]ydy 2 pg 79 V Vt y VT Cd = Cdo P0 = Pprof ile = Nb 0R 1 Cdo(y)2 cydy 2 P0 = [Nb Cdo c] 0R y 3 dy 2 = 1 Nb 3 Cdo R4 8 P0 1 Nb CR 1 Nb CR A(R)3 = 8 A Cdo = 8 piR2 Cdo = Power Loading (PL)
T
3/2 3

1 Nb C 8 piR Cdo

= 1 Cdo 8

T P

in hover.

2A

T 2A

Figure 4: Prole Power

P T P T 1 T 1 T 2A = vi = (P L) 1 T = k( 2A ) 2 + P0 T actual R CP CT 3/2 CT R + 1 Cdo ] CT [k 8 2

= =

Axial Translation (Climb) T = m(Vc + w) mVc T = P AVd (Ve Vo ) = AVd (2v) T = A(Vo + v)(2v) P = T Vd = 2A(V0 + v)v From Thrust: 11 T = 2A(V0 v + v 2 ) or T v 2 + V0 v 2A = 0 + T 2 V V0 +4 2 rhoA v= 0 2 For Climb v=
T 2A V0 2

(11) (12)

2 V0 4

T 2A

= Vh Given DL or T and A and the climb velocity we can calculate induced velocity at the disc. Vi V0 V ( 2V0h )2 + 1 Vh = 2Vh + Pi Pactual = F M axial Transmission losses Pactual Pi = ideal Power = T Vd = 2A(V0 + v)2 v 7

= 2A(V02 + 2V0 V + v 2 )v For a given V0 , Pi , ,A f (v) = v 3 + 2v 2 V0 + vV02 f (v) = 3v 2 + 4vV0 + V 2 f1 f0 v1 V0 = f1 f0 = 0 V 1 f1 = v f

1

Pi 2A

=0

Figure 5: graph Where a is the inow factor T = AVd (Ve V0 ) = AV0 (1 + a)(V0 (1 + 2a) V0 ) T = AV0 (1 + a)(V0 2a) = 2AV02 (a + a2 ) Vd = V0 (1 + a) If we call Vd = V0 + V0 A = V + w Ve = V0 (1 + 2a) or V0 a = w = (V0 + 2w Where w is the induced velocity

T = A(V0 + w)
work done/unit Eciency = work input/unit time time Power supplied by the disc to the uid equals the dierence in the ux of kinetic energy (through the stream tube) Reacall AVd = m V 2 V 2 Pr = m( e 2 +V = AVd (Ve V )( Ve 2 ) Pr = T Vd ideal power) Power (usefull obtained) TV 2V i deal = Vd = Ve +V Vd

V V 1 etai = Vd = Vd (1+a) = 1+a Va = u 1 i = 1+w/v V 2V i = Vd = Ve +V = 1+2Ve

should be close to unity to have high eciency or a should be zero Thrust produced T = AVd (Ve V ) AVd (V (1 + 2a) V ) AVd (2va)

Ve V