/ 0!-* $ + -. ! ,$!

+ 0 *, 12
$ ' %& # $ " !
http://echem.blogfa.com
The Ohio State University Dept. of Chemistry BETHA Project + () *

n = 4 , ml = 0
%$ % l=o $ !& %$ % n=0 "# $ !
%$ % ms = +1/2 $ !* %$ % l = 0,1,2,3 ( ) !'

+ n = 3 , ml = 2 &
%$ % l = 0,1,2 ( ) !& %$ % l=1 $ !
%$ % ms = +1/2 $ !* %$ % l=2 $ !'

n = 2 , l = 2 , ml = 0 ), '
$0 1 -$ . 23 .# / !& 2P -$ . .# / !
2d -$ . .# / !* 6. 4 53 !'

: (.7 $8)/ $ 96 *
%$ ms = +1/2 </ ( > : .9 = ; </
* !@ & !* A !' @ !& ?!

%$ ml = 1 , ms = +1/2 </ ( > .9 = B </ @

* !@ & !* !' ? !& C!

%$ l = 1 </ ( > ! ? E )/ D .9 = </ ?

? !@ & !* C !' F !& &!

: $8 $ . I# / H G
</ 1 ( -$ . > % -$J% n = 5 , l = 0 $ ". -$ . 1
% .3 ( multielectron ) >
1) 5d , 5 2) 5s , 1 3) 5d , 10 4) 5f , 7 5) 5p , 3

% .# / n=5,l=3 $8 $ K F
1) 3d 2) 5f 3) 5g 4) 5d 5) 3h

% .# / n=3,l=1 $8 $ K A
1) 2f 2) 3p 3) 4d 4) 4f 5) 3d
 : $ $L ), C
6. </ .# / ), .
ms ml l n
+1/2 0 1 2 (1
-1/2 +1 0 3 (2
-1/2 -2 2 3 (3
+1/2 0 1 1 (4
0 0 1 2 (5

a) 1, 3, 5 b) 3, 4 c) 2, 4 d) 2, 4, 5 e) 1, 2, 3

a) n = 3, l = 1, ml = -1, ms = + 1/2
b) n = 2, l = 1, ml = -1, ms = - 1/2
c) n = 3, l = 0, ml = 1, ms = + 1/2
d) n = 2, l = l, ml = 0, ms = + 1/2
&
a) n = 3, l = 1, ml = -1
b) n = 3, l = 0, ml = 0
c) n = 2, l = 2, ml = -1
d) n = 2, l = l, ml = 0
'
$% $ & # ! "#
a) n = 4, l = 1, ml = -2, ms = +1/2
b) n = 3, l = 2, ml = 0, ms = -1/2
c) n = 2, l = 1, ml = -1, ms = +1/2
d) n = 27, l = 14, ml = -8, ms = -1/2
& %' (%) " (* "# +% ,( - . /# *
$ 0 %$ $
a) n = 1, l = 0, ml = 0, ms = -1/2
b) n = 3, l = 0, ml = 0, ms = +1/2
c) n = 4, l = 1, ml = 1, ms = +1/2
d) n = 3, l = 1, ml = -1, ms = -1/2
& %' (%) " % ' "# +% ,( - . /# @
$ 0 %$ $
a) n = 2, l = 0, ml = 0, ms = -1/2
b) n = 3, l = 1, ml = 1, ms = -1/2
c) n = 4, l = 0, ml = 1, ms = +1/2
d) n = 4, l = 0, ml = 0, ms = +1/2
e) n = 2, l = 1, ml = 0, ms = -1/2
%1(% %! 2 3 %! 2 ?
& 3d 2 4% 5
= 7: ; 7< 6< 7; : 79 8 76
 A% $ 0 %$ " 2 % . >% -%1? @ # ! %' G
! % 2 %1 ,( /# B . > % #% CD 7*
F ! %. 2 0EF 7A
F 2 H 2 ! %. 7G
< , IJK 7
$ $ $ L ) % 7>
G 3 A 3 * 7: 3 G 7< > 3 G 3 A 7; * 79 A 3 * 76
& 6s 2 4% 5 F
8 7: 9 7< M 7; 6 79 ; 76

N% CD %#4 & A
!3 $ 0 %$ %! O E# # %#4 & JK -%1?
> 7< > %P 7; > + 79 > + 76
/# %! O Q% $ R P %# %F -% E &C
"# -%1 # %1 # ' 7; O -%1' # S 79 "# %1 # 76
"# %1 ,( 7: "# ! 7<
%#4 & F % , Q% $ R P % -%! O &
- -%1 7< US V WP S 7; Q%# T ' -%1! + 79 JK -%1? 76
%! O - JED %#4 & &&
H% 5 FH > Q% XF SXK
1) Ca 2) Mg 3) Sr 4) Na 5) Li

A% Q% XF -%!SXK %1 * B Y -%! O &'

B Ag Cs Ca C
C , B 7: Cs IJK 7< Ca IJK 7; Ca Cs, Ag 79 C IJK 76

SXK E$ H %1 * B 3 Y -%! O &*

Pb P Ge Co Hg
Co IJK 7: Ge 7< Hg Co , Pb 7; Hg , Pb 79 P IJK 76

%#4 & ,( Z &@

! %. P d 4% ,( # B ,5 % - O 3 % H
1) Al 2) B 3) La 4) Sc 5) Li

! %. %#4 & * O A% %' &?

d 48Cd 7D d 38Sr 7C d 28Ni 7B P [ 16S 7A
Th
d 90 7E
E , B , A 7: d , B , A 7< D , C 7; B , A 79 E , A 76
 2 3
B /# $% ns np * \2 2 ,( Z * - O > + &G
a) VIA b) IIA c) VIIA d) VA e) IIIA

,( Z * &F
7 <; # ]" ,# "# - ,( Z * H
10 6
a) [Ar]3d 3f
6 1
b) [Kr]4d 5s
10 2 6
c) [Kr]3d 4s 4p
5 2
d) [Kr]4d 5s
5 2
e) [Ar]4d 5s
7 9= # ] (%E "# - ,( Z * H &A
2 9
a) [Kr]4s 4d
2 7
b) [Ar]5s 4d
2 9
c) [Ar]4s 4d
2 7
d) [Ar]4s 3d
2 7
e) [Kr]4s 3d

7 98 # ] B!* "# - ,( Z * H 'C

2 9
a) [Kr]4s 4d
2 7
b) [Ar]5s 4d
2 9
c) [Ar]4s 4d
2 7
d) [Ar]4s 3d
2 7
e) [Kr]4s 3d
%!% ^ ,( Z * '
$% 7 9M # ] \ "# _X/ ,( Z * H
9 1
a) [Kr]3d 4s
b) [Ar]3d9 4s2
c) [Ar]3d10 4s1
d) [Ar]3d10 3f14
e) [Kr]3d104s1
$% 7 9< # ]H "# _X/ ,( Z * H '&
1 5
a) [Ar]4s 4p
b) [Ar]4s2 4p4
c) [Ar]3d5 4s1
d) [Ar]3d4 5s2
e) [Kr]4d5 5s1

$% 7 <9 # ] E( "# _X/ ,( Z * H ''

14 2 6 6
a) [Ar]3d 4s 4p 4d
b) [Ar]3d14 4s2 4p8
c) [Kr]4d5 5s1
d) [Kr]4d4 5s2
e) [Ar]4d5 5s1
 (%) ,( Z * '*
$% (%) "# - ,( Z * H
a) 1s2 2s2 2p3
b) [Ne]3s2 3p3 4s1
c) 1s22s2 2p4 3s2
d) [Ne]3s2 3p6 4f4
e) 1s1 2s1
B, % (%) "# - ,( Z * H '@
2 6 3 2
a) [Ne]3s 3p 4s 3d
b) [Ne]3s2 3p3 4s1
c) 1s2 2s2 2p4 3s2
d) [Ne]3s2 3p6 4s1 3d2
e) 1s1 2s1

! %. "# (%) ,( Z * H '?

2 2 5 1
a) 1s 2s 2p 3s
b) [Ne]3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1
c) [Ne]3s2 3p6 4s2 3d8
d) 1s2 2s2
e) [Ne]3s2 3p6 4s1 3d2

& -%! O %#4 & 'G

$% " .! > Q% XF SXK _X/ # # H 3 $% > $ 0 % " ?! > -%! O " ` K +
b= 7: 6a8 7< 66M 7; 6;9 79 66; 76

F # 66: # % - O > +H 'F

a) IIIA b) VIII c) VA d) IB e) IA
" .! > %P Q% XF SXK _X/ # # H 3 $% > $ 0 % " ?! > -%! O " ` K + 'A
$%
b= 7: 6a8 7< 69a 7; 66M 79 66; 76
%1 %1 # D% c R P *C
10 2
& "# B > . ?& ,( 5 $% [Xe]4f 6s N @ Dy "# ,( Z *
9 7: ; 7< 6 7; < 79 ?@ 76
> . ?& ,( B O H *
1) O 2) Al 3) Si 4) S 5) P

> . ?& ,( > $> H *&

- +2 +2 +2 +3
1) F 2) Fe 3) Ca 4) Zn 5) Al
R PA %# *'
Z B - Z SK d% %1 * F 3 + F -%! O B O T'
$ e#
1) Ba(56) 2) Bi(83) 3) Te(52) 4) S(16) 5) Br(35)
 e# - #% ,( Z SK d% %1 * F 3 + F -%! O % O T' **
$
1) As(33) 2) Sb(51) 3) Br(35) 4) Cl(17) 5) O(8)

Z B - Z SK d% %1 * F 3 + F -%! O % O T' *@
$ e#
1) Sn(50) 2) Rb(37) 3) Ge(32) 4) Br(35) 5) As(33)

Z% *?
+ -%& % /F 3Z % Z SK e ) -%! O e# %
a) VO43- b) TiO2 c) ZnO22- d) MoO42- e) ReO4

H K3NbF7 Nb " "# Z % *G

: 7: 9 7< 8 7; ; 79 < 76

+ F % H 3" e# X "# Z % Z SK e ) X -%1E # + *F

-
a) ClO2 b) Cl2O7 c) Cl2 d) KCl e) HClO3

%1' # S K # H & *A
63
@ 89fM9Mb # H &% Cu * Kg # S / ED g # S 8;f:<8 # H &% \
* g # S , S B . ' # S -%1 & H $% 8MfaM K
8;f:<8a 7: 8<f:9bM 7< 86fb96a 7; 8;fMb6M 79 8<fM9;; 76

85
@ b<fM66= # H &% Rb * Kg # S 3 / ED g # S b:f<8=b # H &% " @C
, S * g # S H & ' # S -%1 & $% =9f6: K
bMfbMMM 7: b=fM69< 7< bbfM9a6 7; b:fM6<9 79 b8fMab: 76

272 108
7 9=6f< amu ] Uno 9h9: 0 %$ -%! > $ P% Uno 6ab > % $ O ` K @
275 273
%. * # H & J H $% 7 9=<f9 ] Uno <<fa 7 9=9f; amu ] Uno ;afb
!
9=;f9 7: 9=9f8 7< 9=9f; 7; 9=;f: 79 9=9fM 76