GT Chăn nuôi thỏ

TRNG I HC CN TH
KHOA NNG NGHIP & SINH HC NG DNG

B MN CHN NUI
---------

GIO TRNH
CHN NUI TH
Bin son: PGs Ts Nguyn Vn Thu
Ts Nguyn Th Kim ng
3/2009
THNG TIN V TC GI
PHM VI V I TNG S DNG
CA GIO TRNH
I. THNG TIN V TC GI
1- H v tn: PGs Ts Nguyn Vn Thu

Sinh nm: 16-02-1955
C quan cng tc:
B Mn Chn Nui, Khoa Nng Nghip &SHD
Trng i Hc Cn Th
a ch Email lien h: nvthu@ctu.edu.vn
2- H v tn: Ts Nguyn Th Kim ng

Sinh nm: 24-08-1956
C quan cng tc:
B Mn Chn Nui, Khoa Nng Nghip &SHD
Trng i Hc Cn Th
a ch Email lien h: nvthu@ctu.edu.vn
II. PHM VI V I TNG S DNG

- Gio trnh c th dung tham kho cho ngnh Chn nui-Th Y, Th Y, Nng hc v
Sinh hc.
- C th d ng cho cc Trng i Hc, Cao ng v Trung Cp Nng Nghip
- Cc t kho : Chn nui th, k thut nui th, bnh thng thng ca th
- Yu cu kin thc trc khi hc mn ny: Sinh l gia sc, Dinh dng gia sc v
Ging gia sc.
- xut bn v in nh xut bn: cha, ch in dng bi ging
2
MC LC
THNG TIN V TC GI..........................................................................2

I. THNG TIN V TC GI ..........................................................................................2
II. PHM VI V I TNG S DNG ....................................................................2
MC LC ......................................................................................................3
CHNG 1: TM QUAN TRNG V C IM SINH HC CA TH
.........................................................................................................................8
I. V TR V TM QUAN TRNG ...............................................................................8
II. NHNG LI CH CA NGH NUI TH..............................................................8
1. Th sinh sn nhiu v nhanh .....................................................................................8
2. Thc n ca th r tin d kim v t cnh tranh vi cc gia sc khc .....................9
3. Nui th u t vn t ................................................................................................9
4. Lao ng rt nh nhng: ............................................................................................9
5. Cung cp tht nhanh: ..................................................................................................9
6. Tht th c gi tr dinh dng tt:............................................................................10
III. C IM SINH HC ...........................................................................................10
1. Nhng tp tnh c bit ca th ...............................................................................10
2. S p ng c th vi kh hu .................................................................................10
3. Thn nhit, nhp tim v nhp th..............................................................................11
4. c im v khu gic ............................................................................................11
5. c im v thnh gic v th gic...........................................................................12
6. S tiu ha ...............................................................................................................12
a. C th hc h tiu ho...........................................................................................12
b. Sinh l tiu ha .....................................................................................................12
7. Sinh l sinh sn ......................................................................................................14
a. Cu to c quan sinh dc ......................................................................................14
3
b. Hot ng sinh l sinh dc ca th......................................................................15

8. Sinh l cho sa........................................................................................................16
IV. CU HI N TP ..................................................................................................17
V. TI LI U THAM KHO.........................................................................................17
CHNG 2: GING V CNG TC GING TH ...........................18

I. S THUN HA .......................................................................................................18
II. CC GING TH.....................................................................................................18
1. Th Newzeland trng...............................................................................................19
2. Th Californian........................................................................................................19
3. Th Chinchilla .........................................................................................................20
4. Th English Spot .....................................................................................................21
5. Nhm th Vit Nam.................................................................................................21
a.Tnh sai con:......................................................................................................23
b.Tng trng v thnh phn c th: ..........................................................................24
c. S di truyn v c im ging ............................................................................24
d. Gen v mi trng sng .......................................................................................24
e. S lai ging cc nc nhit i .........................................................................25
III. PHNG PHP CHN LC V NHN GING TH ......................................25
1. Cc phng php chn lc ......................................................................................25
a. Chn lc qun th .................................................................................................25
b. Chn lc c th .....................................................................................................25
2. Phng php nhn ging th ...................................................................................27
a. Nhn ging thun..................................................................................................27
b. Lai ging ...............................................................................................................28
c. Thc hnh phi ging ...........................................................................................28
IV. CU HI N TP ..................................................................................................29
V. TI LI U THAM KHO.........................................................................................30
4
CHNG 3: DINH DNG V THC N CA TH .......................31

A. NHU CU DINH DNG.......................................................................................31
I. Nhu cu nng lng .................................................................................................31
a. Nhu cu c bn .....................................................................................................31
b. Nhu cu duy tr .....................................................................................................31
c. Nhu cu sn xut...................................................................................................32
II. Nhu cu m v amino acid....................................................................................36
a. Nhu cu m .........................................................................................................36
b. Nhu cu amino acid ..............................................................................................36
III. Nhu cu cht x ca th ........................................................................................38
IV. Nhu cu khong v vitamin...................................................................................38
V. Nhu cu nc ung .................................................................................................39
B. CC LOI THC N CHO TH............................................................................40
I. Rau c.......................................................................................................................40
II. Cc loi h u v ph phm trng trt ..................................................................41
III. Thc n tinh bt.....................................................................................................49
IV. Thc n b sung m.............................................................................................49
V. Cch ch bin thc n cho th ................................................................................50
C. CU HI N TP ....................................................................................................51
D. TI LI U THAM KHO.........................................................................................51
CHNG 4: CHUNG TRI...................................................................53

I. NHNG YU T CH KHI XY DNG CHUNG TRI TH .....................53
1. Kh hu.....................................................................................................................53
a. Nhit .................................................................................................................53
b. Gi ........................................................................................................................53
c. nh sng ...............................................................................................................53
d. m ...................................................................................................................53
5
2. V tr.........................................................................................................................53
II. NH NUI TH .......................................................................................................54
III. LNG TH ..............................................................................................................55
1. Lng nht ring tng con: .......................................................................................56
2. Lng th ci nui con ..............................................................................................56
3. Lng th nui tht ....................................................................................................57
4. Cc kiu lng: ..........................................................................................................57
a. Kiu lng 1 tng....................................................................................................57
b. Kiu lng 2 tng....................................................................................................58
c. Kiu lng 3 tng....................................................................................................58
5. Vt liu lm lng......................................................................................................59
6. Dng c trong lng ..................................................................................................59
a. Mng c: ...............................................................................................................60
b. Mng thc n b sung (TABS):............................................................................60
c. Mng ung: ...........................................................................................................61
d. :......................................................................................................................61
7. Kiu lng lin kt vi hang th ...............................................................................61
IV. CU HI N TP ..................................................................................................62
V. TI LI U THAM KHO.........................................................................................62
CHNG 5: K THUT NUI TH .....................................................64

I. NUI TH THT........................................................................................................64
II. NUI TH SINH SN .............................................................................................68
1. Nui Th c ...........................................................................................................68
2. Chn Th c ..........................................................................................................68
3. Chn Th ci............................................................................................................69
4- Chn th con lm th ging ....................................................................................69
5. Tui cho th sinh sn ...............................................................................................69
6
6. Th ci ln ging: ....................................................................................................71
7. Cho th phi ging ..................................................................................................71
8. Chm sc th ci c thai ..........................................................................................71
9. Kim sot th ci c thai..........................................................................................72
10. Cho th ..............................................................................................................72
11. Mt s khu phn tham kho nui th sinh sn................................................72
III. NHNG BNH THNG THNG TH..........................................................74
1. Bnh Bi huyt: .......................................................................................................74
2. Bnh cu trng:........................................................................................................75
3. Bnh sn l gan:.......................................................................................................75
4. Bnh Gh: ................................................................................................................75
5. Bnh T Huyt Trng:.............................................................................................76
6. Bnh vim mi:........................................................................................................76
7. Bnh chng hi, tiu chy: ....................................................................................76
III. CU HI N TP...................................................................................................76
IV. TI LI U THAM KHO ......................................................................................77
CHNG 1: TM QUAN TRNG V C IM SINH HC CA TH
I. V TR V TM QUAN TRNG
Th nh l gia sc c bit nh l mt loi n c chuyn ho mt cch c hiu
qu t rau c sang thc phm cho con ngi. Th c th chuyn ho 20% protein chng
n c thnh tht so vi 16-18% heo v 8-12% b tht. Mt cch c bit chng tn
dng tt ngun protein v nng lng t thc vt to ra thc phm, trong khi cc
ngun thc n ny khng cnh tranh vi con ngi, heo, g ... so vi ng cc. Nh vy
trong nhng nc hay vng khng c ngun ng cc d tha th chn nui th l mt
trong nhng phng n tt nht sn xut ra ngun protein ng vt cn thit cho dinh
dng con ngi mt cch kinh t.
Trn th gii ngnh chn nui th kh pht trin. Trong nhng thp nin 80 theo
c tnh t s sn xut tht th, mi nm mt ngi tiu th khong 200g tht th. Sn
xut tht th cao cc nc Nga, Php, , Trung Quc, Anh, M, v..vMt cch chung
nht ngh ny pht trin mnh Chu u v Chu M, tuy nhin km pht trin Chu
v Chu Phi. Chu u s sn xut v mua bn tht th v th ging cng tng nhanh.
C th l cc nc Nga, c, Php, an Mch, H Lan v Anh. Trung Quc cng l
nc xut khu tht th c uy tnh th trng Chu u. Th trng da th v lng len
th cng mnh m c bit l nhu cu da xut khu sang Anh, Nht, , M,v lng len
ca th Angora xut sang M, Nht v c t cc nc sn xut chnh nh:
Czechoslovakia, c, Anh, Ty Ban Nha, v.v
Vit Nam mc d ngh chn nui th nc ta hin nay ni chung cn rt mi
v cha pht trin so vi cc gia sc khc, tuy nhin ri rc ngi dn cng pht trin
chng t thnh th n nng thn trn c nc cung cp tht cho cng ng ngi dn,
cc nh hng, qun n, cung cp th cc phng th nghim, vin, trng hc, dng trong
cng tc nghin cu v ging dy, v..v... Trong tng lai gn vi dn s ngy cng gia
tng, nhu cu thc phm cho ngi dn ngy cng ln, nhu cu nghin cu khoa hc v
ging dy cng tng ln. Do vy trong tng lai gn chng s pht trin thnh mt ngnh
chn nui quan trng. Vic t mt nn tng khoa hc k thut nhm pht trin n
th Vit Nam c vai tr quan trng c bit.
II. NHNG LI CH CA NGH NUI TH

Chn nui th em li nhiu li ch v thun li cho ngi chn nui v nhng
l do sau:
1. Th sinh sn nhiu v nhanh

Th sinh sn nhanh, do tui sinh sn ch 6-7 thng v thi gian mang thai khong
1 thng. Do vy nu thng ging th m th thng 7 cng nm th con s v thng
ging nm sau i chu s . Nh vy trong khong 13-14 thng c ba th h cng c
8
th sn xut ra th con. Mi la th trung bnh 6-7 con, mi th ci trung bnh mi

nm 6-7 la. Mi nm th c th sinh sn trung bnh 30 con th con.
2. Thc n ca th r tin d kim v t cnh tranh vi cc gia sc khc

Thc n ch yu cho th l cc loi c rau, l cy l cc loi thc n d kim hay
d trng trong iu kin gia nh, t hoc khng tn km nhiu tin. Thc n hn hp ca
th dng nui trong iu kin tp trung khng i hi cht lng qu cao, chng ta c
th tn dng cc loi sn phm nng nghip c sn b sung cng c nh l la, bp,
cm, khoai c, Nu ch cho ton b l rau c th lng protein ca th cng c gii
quyt phn ln, chng ta b sung khi cn thit. Dinh dng th khng i hi cu k,
khng kh gii quyt nh cc loi gia sc khc. Ni chung hm lng m trong thc n
xanh v cc ph phm khc cng p ng c protein ca th trong trong chn nui
thm canh.
3. Nui th u t vn t
Ni chung nui th u t rt thp t c khu con ging n thc n, lao ng
chung tri khng nhiu m cng em li hiu qu kinh t nh cc ngnh chn nui khc
tu theo quy m pht trin. L do l th sinh sn rt nhanh nn pht trin n ging rt l.
T n ging ny c th nh hnh quy m pht trin mt cch c hiu qu v kinh t
nht. Thc n c th tn dng lao ng trong gia nh (ct c t nhin, trng rau lang, rau
mung) hay s dng thc n sn c nh la, cm, Do vy thu hi tin vn v sinh li
rt nhanh. Tuy nhin iu quan trng nht vn l tm th trng tiu th th tht hay
th con. Chng ta cn ch ng m rng th trng tiu th sn phm nh gii thiu cc
mn n ch bin t tht th, vn ng vic s dng th trong cng tc ging dy, th
nghim, to th lm cnh, v..v...
4. Lao ng rt nh nhng:
Ngh nui th khng cn lao ng nng nhc, tn dng mi lao ng nhn ri
trong gia nh nh ph n, tr em, ngi cao tui. c bit y l ngnh chn nui kh
ph hp cho ngi ln tui cn lao ng nh nhng nhng chm sc t m v chu o.
5. Cung cp tht nhanh:

Th sau 3 thng nui c trng lng xut chung 1,7-2kg. Mt nm th m c th
sn xut khong 40 con v nh th s cung cp khong 70-75kg tht hi.
6. Tht th c gi tr dinh dng tt:

Tht th ngon cht lng tt (t m nhiu m) d tiu ha thch hp vi ngi
g, tr em v ng bnh.
Bng 1. Ga tr dinh dng ca cc loi tht (g/100g)
Loi tht
Kcal
protein
bo
glucid
Th
162
22.5
0.4
Heo
400
14.5
37
0.2
Ngng
490
16
45
0.2
III. C IM SINH HC
Th nh l loi gia sc tng i yu, kh nhy cm v d c phn ng c th vi
nhng iu kin thay i ca mi trng bn ngoi nh nng, ma, m , nhit , thc
n, nc ung, ting n v cc nhim mi trng khc. V vy ngi nui th cn phi
hiu r v cc c tnh sinh hc, nhm bo m to cho th y cc yu cu ti u
nht cho th sinh sng khi mi trng sng c s thay i, bng cch p dng cc bin
php k thut chn nui.
1. Nhng tp tnh c bit ca th

Th c mt s cc tp tnh nh sau: th sng bnh thng th o hang lm ni tr
n v sinh sn, v d dng nhn bit mi ca chnh n, th sng thnh by v thng
thng s ci nhiu hn c, thng thng s rng trng ca th ci xy ra trong lc
phi ging, th ci thng dng cc vt liu kt hp vi lng bng lm trc khi
, th n v ung bt k thi gian no trong 24 gi , chng khng n thc n d bn,
ri xung t, v..v..
2. S p ng c th vi kh hu
Nhit l yu t quan trng nht v nh hng trc tip i vi th. Khi nhit
thp hn 100C th cun mnh gim din tch chng lnh, nhng khi nhit t 25300C th chng s nm di soi thn th ra thot nhit. Tuyn m hi th thng
khng hot ng. Tai c xem l b phn pht tn nhit v nhp th cng c tng
cng thot nhit khi nhit mi trng nng. Nu nhit mi trng trn 350C th
s b stress nhit do thn nhit tng cao. Th c t tuyn m hi di da, thi nhit ch
yu qua ng h hp, tri nng qu th th th nhanh nu nhit ln 450C th th c
th cht nhanh. Th rt nhy cm vi m thp (40-50%), nhng m qu cao cng
khng thch hp. m trong khng kh t 70-80% l tng i thch hp i vi th.
Nu m qu cao v ko di th th d b cm lnh v vim mi. Th rt thch iu kin
10
thng thong, thng gi s lu chuyn trong khng kh vo khong 0.3m/giy l thch

hp nht, tuy nhin nu gi thi trc tip vo c th th th chng c th b bnh vim
mi v cm lnh.
3. Thn nhit, nhp tim v nhp th

Nhit c th ca th ph thuc v tng theo mi trng khng kh t 38-410C
trung bnh l 39.50C. Nhp tim ca th rt nhanh t 120 n 160 ln/pht. Tn s h hp bnh
thng l 60 - 90 ln/pht. Th bnh thng th nh nhng. Nu th lo s v ting ng, m
thanh ln hay b chc ph hoc tri nng bc, chung tri cht hp khng kh ngt ngt th
cc ch tiu sinh l u tng. Do vy s tng cc ch tiu sinh l l iu cn trnh bng cch
to mi trng sng thch hp cho th nh thng thong, mt m v yn tnh.
Bng 2. S thi nhit ra ngoi, thn nhit ca trc trng v nhit tai th da vo
nhit khng kh
Nhit khng Tng s nhit
thi ra (W/kg)
kh (0C)
Nhit thi ra t
bn trong (W/kg)
Thn
nhit (0C)
Nhit tai
th (0C)
5,3
0,54
39,3
9,6
10
4,5
0,57
39,3
14,1
15
3,7
0,58
39,1
18,7
20
3,5
0,79
39,0
23,2
25
3,2
1,01
39,1
30,2
30
3,1
1,26
39,1
37,2
35
3,7
2,0
40,5
39,4
4. c im v khu gic
C quan khu gic ca th rt pht trin, n c th ngi mi m phn bit c
con ca n hay con ca con khc. Xoang mi th c nhiu vch ngn chi cht c th ngn
chn c cc tp cht bn trong khng kh bi hoc t thc n. Cc cht d bn tch t
ti y c th kch thch mi th, to iu kin cho vi khun pht trin gy vim nhim
ng h hp. V th mi trng sng v thc n ca th cn c sch s nu cho thc
n hn hp dng bt th cn phi lm cho m hoc ng thnh vin. Lng th phi dn
sch s trnh bi bm, cn c v sinh lng chung thng xuyn. Ht sc ch n
cc loi thc n rau c cn d li trong lng lm cho b m mc v m cao trong lng
d gy bnh ng h hp cho th. Trng hp mun ghp th s sinh vo th m khc
nui ta nn s dng mt s cht c mi thoa trn c th con ca th m v th con
ghp vo th m khng phn bit c, sau mt gi nht chung m th m khng
phn bit c th coi nh l s ghp thnh cng.
11
5. c im v thnh gic v th gic

C quan thnh gic th rt tt. Th rt nhy cm vi ting ng d l rt nh
chng cng pht hin v chng cng rt nht d s hi, do vy trong chn nui trnh
ting ng n o cho th. Trong m ti mt vn nhn thy mi vt, do vy th vn c th
n ung ban m cng nh l ban ngy.
6. S tiu ha
a. C th hc h tiu ho
Hnh 1. H tiu ho
th trng thnh (4-4,5kg hay 2,5-3kg) chiu di h tiu ho c th 4,5-5,0m.
Sau ng thc qun ngn l d dy n ca th cha khong 60-80g thc n. Rut non di
khong 3m v c ng knh 1cm. Cui rut non l tip gip vi manh trng b phn tch
tr v tiu ho thc n ny c chiu di khong 40-45cm vi ng knh 3-4cm. N cha
c 100-120g mt hn hp cht cha ng nht vi t l cht kh khong 20%. K n
l rut gi vi chiu di khong 1,5m. H tiu ho ca th pht trin rt nhanh trong giai
on th ang tng trng. Hai tuyn chnh tit vo rut non l gan v ty tng. Dch mt
th cha nhiu cht hu c nhng khng c enzyme. Dch ty cha nhng enzyme tiu
ho protein (trypsin, chymotrypsin), tinh bt (amylase), v m (lipase).
b. Sinh l tiu ha
Thc n nhanh chng i vo d dy, y l mi trng acid v thc n lu li
khong 3 6gi v c nhng thay i nh v mt ho hc. Bng nhng s co tht mnh
cht cha trong d dy c y vo rut non. u tin cht cha s c ho tan vi
dch mt v sau l dch ty. Sau tc ng ca enzyme cc nguyn t nh c gii
phng ra v c hp thu qua thnh rut non. Nhng mnh thc n cha c tiu ho
c th lu rut non khong 1 gi 30 pht. Sau chng c i vo manh trng v c
12
th lu li 2 12gi v s c tiu ho bi cc enzyme ca vi sinh vt. Ch yu l

cc thc n x c tiu ho ti y v to ra cc acid bo bay hi, ri chng c
hp thu qua vch ca manh trng vo mu cho s s dng ca c th.
Phn cht cha ca manh trng sau s c a vo rut gi. Khong phn na
cn li c tiu ho v bao gm c vi sinh vt y. Phn u ca rut gi c hai chc
nng l to ra phn mm v phn bnh thng ca th. S to ra phn mm l c im
duy nht c th. Nu cht cha manh trng i n rut gi vo bui sng sm, n s tri
qua t thay i v sinh ho hc, ri cc cht nhy ca rut gi tit ra s bao quanh cc
cht cha ny gi l vin phn mm. Cn nu cht cha manh trng i n rut gi vo
cc thi gian khc nhau trong ngy th nhng phn ng ho hc ca phn rut gi trc
s hon ton khc. Trong trng hp ny s to ra cc vin phn cng do t nc. Cc
vin phn cng s c y ra ngoi bnh htng trong khi phn mm s c th thu
hi tr li bng vic th s nt cc vin phn ny khi chng ra khi hu mn ri th s
nut m khng phi nhai li g c (Ceacotrophy). Th cng c th nhn bit phn mm
ngay khi chng lt ra rt trn sn lng n tr li. Vin phn mm c gi tr protein v
vitamin cao hn so vi vin phn cng. Lin quan n vn ny, mt s lng thc n
ca th s c s dng tr li t 2-4 ln. Do vy tu theo loi thc n tin trnh tiu ho
thc n ca th c th t 18 30 gi, trung bnh l 20 gi.
Bng 3. Thnh phn dng cht (% vt cht kh) ca vin phn mm v phn cng
ca th cho n 10 loi thc n.
Thnh phn
Vin phn cng
Vin phn mm
Trung bnh
Khong
Trung bnh
Khong
Nc
41,7
34 52
72,9
63 82
Vt cht kh
58,3
8 66
27,1
18 37
13
m th
13,1
9 25
29,5
21 37
37,8
22 54
22,0
14 33
Bo
2,6
1,3 5,3
2,4
1 4,6
Khong
8,9
3,1 14,4
10,8
6 10,8
Dn xut khng m
37,7
28 49
35,1
29 43
Manh trng ln gp 5 n 6 ln d dy v nhu ng ca rut yu do thc n

ngho cht x hoc cha nhiu nc (thc n th xanh, c qu) d phn hu to thnh
cc cht kh lm th d chng bng y hi, a chy. Th n nhiu thc n th xanh
(rau, l, c) iu ny ph hp vi yu cu sinh l tiu ho, bo m thng xuyn cht
cha trong d dy v manh trng trnh c cm gic i v gy ri lon tiu ho. Lng
nc trong c th th chim khong 60 - 90% th trng, nc rt cn thit cho qu trnh
trao i cht, pht trin thai v sn xut sa V vy cn phi cung cp nc ung y
cho th.
7. Sinh l sinh sn
a. Cu to c quan sinh dc
- C quan sinh dc c
C quan sinh dc th c c cc phn chnh nh l cc loi gia sc khc nh dch

hon, ng dn tinh, cc tuyn sinh dc v dng vt (hnh 2a). Tuy nhin th c vi c
im sau: c th co rt dch hon khi s hi hay xung t vi cc con c khc v dch
hon hin din r khi th c c khong 2 thng.
14
- C quan sinh dc ci
con ci, bung trng c dng oval v khng vt qu 1 1,5cm, pha di

bung trng (non so) l ng dn trng ni lin vi 2 sng t cung c lp 2 bn
khong 7cm v thng vi phn trn m o bng c t cung (hnh 2b). Ton b b phn
sinh dc c bi nhng si dy chng ln nh vo 4 im di ct sng.
b. Hot ng sinh l sinh dc ca th
- Th c: Tuyn sinh dc pht tin nhanh chng bt u t 5 tun tui, tuy nhin
s sn xut tinh trng bt u khong 40 50 ngy tui. ng dn tinh s hot ng
khong 80 ngy tui. Tinh trng c phng ra hin din ln u khong 110 ngy,
nhng chng trong thi gian ny rt yu, sc sng km. S trng thnh sinh dc ca th
Newzealand khong 32 tun tui trong iu kin n i, d vy nhng th c tr c th
s dng cho s phi ging sinh sn khong 20 tun.
Trong thc t s bc l nhng tp tnh phi ging ca th l khong 60 70 ngy
tui khi th c biu hin u tin nhy ci trn nhng th khc. Thi gian c th cho th
c nhy ci ln u nn l 135 140 ngy tui. Lng tinh dch ca th l 0.3 0.6ml
trong mt ln phng tinh. Mt khong 150 500 x 108 tinh trng/ml. Lng tinh trng
sn xut ra ti a khi s dng th c nhy ci 1 ln trong ngy. Nu s dng th c 2
ln trong ngy th mt tinh trng gim i phn na. Tuy nhin trong thc t th c
c s dng 2 ln/ngy, hay 3 4 ln/tun mt tinh trng gy th thai. Nu s
dng c phi nhiu ln trong ngy, trong tun qu mc ni trn c th nh hung km
n s th thai.
- Th ci: nang non xut hin ln u khong 65 70 ngy. Th ci c th phi
ging 10 12 tun tuy nhin trong lc ny th cha c s rng trng. Nhng biu hin
phi tnh ca th ging nh con v th trung bnh (4 6 thng) th sm hn th ging ln
con (5- 8 thng). Chu u th ci c phi khong 120 130 ngy th cho thnh tch
rt tt. S pht trin c th th ci lin h thun vi s thnh thc ca th. Nhng th ci t
nu cho n y th c th dy th sm hn th nui trong iu kin ch nhn 75% vi
15
khu phn tng ng khong 3 tun l, v nh th s pht trin c th s chm i 3 tun.

Th bt u thnh thc tnh dc khi t th trng khong 75% trng lng trng thnh.
iu ch l th ci t chp nhn cho th c nhy trc khi c kh nng rng trng.
th ci th khng c chu k ln ging u u, cng nh khng c s rng trng
ng thi trong thi gian ln ging nh cc loi gia sc khc (Lebas et al., 1986). Khc
vi nhng gia sc khc, th nh c xung ng hng phn, khi giao phi mi xy ra
rng trng. Sau khi phi 10 12 gi cc ti trng mi bt u ph v, trng qua loa kn
vo ng dn trng v n v tr th tinh. Thi gian cn thit trng di chuyn gp tinh
trng t khi rng l 4 gi, trn c s ngi ta p dng phng php b sung phi
li ln th 2 sau ln th nht 6 gi, nhm tng thm s trng th tinh v nhiu con.
Biu hin m h c mu c th xem nh l biu hin ln ging, thi im ny th ci
chp nhn cho th c nhy v t l mang thai ln n 90%. Sau khi th ci ng dc sau
2 3 ngy, th c bn nng nht c, rc vo , co bi , t nh lng bng v chn
lt lm m ri mi con, sau khi th m ph lng kn cho n con.
8. Sinh l cho sa
S tng hp sa th ph thuc vo hormon prolactin v Lactogenic hormon.
Trong giai on c thai Prolactin s b c ch bi estrogen v progesterone. Khi th
mt s h thp mc progeterone nhanh trong mu. Oxytocin v prolactin s c tit
t do v to nn s tng hp sa v thi sa ra ngoi. Sa s thi ra nh sau: th m vo
cho con b, cc kch thch t s cho b s lm cho s tit ra oxytocin v nh th sa s
c thi ra cho con b. Lng oxytocin tit ra t l thun vi s ln cho con b, tuy
nhin th m s ch ng s ln cho b trong ngy. Thng th ci ch cho mt ln b
trong mt ngy. S theo b m s khng to ra s tit oxytocin m tu theo th m c
mun cho con b hay khng. Sa th c gi tr dinh dng cao (13%CP) hn sa b, sau
khi 3 tun sa th tr nn giu m v m sa (tng 20 22%). Lng sa trong 2
ngy u khong 30 50g s tng n 200 300g vo tun l th 3. N s gim nhanh
sau c bit l trong trng hp th c mang.
Bng 4. Thnh phn dng cht ca sa th
Thnh phn
Sa th (4 21 ngy)
Sa b
Vt cht kh
26,1 26,4
13,0
Protein
13,2 137
3,5
9,2 9,7
4,0
Khong
2,4 2,5
0,7
Lactose
0,86 0,87
5,0
16
IV. CU HI N TP
1- Trnh by v tr v tm quan trng ca chn nui th trn th gii v ti Vit Nam
2- Nu nhng c im sinh hc ca th v ng dng chng cho pht trin ngnh chn
nui th
3- Nu nhng c im tiu ho v sinh sn ca th khc vi cc loi gia sc khc.
V. TI LI U THAM KHO
1. Cheeke, P.R., 1987. Rabbit feeding and nutrition. Academic Press. INC. 1987.
2. inh Vn Bnh, Nguyn Quang Sc,1999. Nui Th v Ch Bin Sn Phm Gia
nh. NXB Nng Nghip.
3. inh Vn Bnh, 2003. Ti liu k thut chn nui Th. NXB Nng Nghip.
4. F.A.O., 1986. The rabbit: Husbandry, health and production. Rome.
5. F.A.O., 1988. Raising rabbit. better farming series. Rome 1988
6. Hong Th Xun Mai.2005. K thut chn nui th .NXB Nng Nghip TP. H Ch Minh
7. Leng, R.A., 2008. Digestion in the rabbit a new look at the effects of their feeding
and digestive strategies. In proceedings of International Rabbit Workshop on
Organic farming based on Forages at Cantho University, Vietnam. 25-27 Nov.
2008. http://www.mekarn.org/prorab/content.htm
8. Nguyn Chu Chng, 2003. Hi p v nui th. NXB Nng Nghip, H Ni
9. Nguyn Ngc Nam, Nguyn Quang Sc v Phm Th Nga, 1983. Nui th tht.
NXB Nng Nghip, H Ni.
10. Nguyn Ngc Nam. 2002. Hng dn k thut chn nui th. NXB Lao ng X Hi
11. Nguyn Quang Sc & inh Vn Bnh (2000), Cm nang chn nui th, thng tin trang
wed-Vin Chn Nui Vit Nam, http://www.vcn.vnn.vn/vcn
12. Nguyn Vn Thu, 2003. Gio trnh Chn nui Th. Khoa Nng Nghip, i Hc
Cn Th.
13. Sandford, J.C., 1996. The domestic rabbit. Fifth edition. Oxford.
14. Vit Chng.2003. Nui v kinh doanh th. NXB Tng Hp TP. H Ch Minh
17
CHNG 2: GING V CNG TC GING TH
I. S THUN HA
Cc ging th nh trn th gii hin nay u c ngun gc t th rng
(Orytolaguc cuniculus) thuc H th nh v th rng (Leporidae), trong B gm nhm
ring bit c rng ca kp (Lagomorpha), ca Lp ng vt c v (Mammalia)
Ni chung s thun ho th rng thnh th nh ch khong vi trm nm gn y.
Th rng Chu u c pht hin bi nhng nh ng m hc khi h n b bin Ty
Ban Nha vo nm 1000 trc cng nguyn. Th l biu tng ca Ty Ban Nha vo thi
k La M. T u th k 19 vic nui th pht trin khp Ty u v c ngi Chu
u a th i du nhp tt c cc nc trn th gii. Cui th k 19 v nht l u th k
20 cng vi phng php nui nht cng vi cc ging th thch nghi vi iu kin
nui nht c chn lc v thay i dn v ngoi hnh, sinh l thch nghi vi hon cnh
c th v kh nng sn xut ph hp vi nhu cu thm canh cng vi cc k thut chn
nui tin tin p ng nhu cu sn xut v li nhun, bnh tt ca th ngy cng c
nghin cu v khng ch cng nh l c th iu tr v phng nga c cng ngy cng
pht trin vi mc ch sn xut tht th lm ng vt th nghim v lm sinh vt cnh.
II. CC GING TH
Hin nay chn nui th kh pht trin ch yu l nui th hng tht hoc nui th
kim dng ly tht v lng len. Do vy c nhiu ging th ln con dng sn xut tht
Chu u, Chu M v mt s ging th nh con cc nc nhit i pht trin ti a
phng hay tng quc gia. Bn cnh cng c mt s ging chuyn sn xut lng len
ch yu l nc n i. Nui th hng tht thng chn ging c tm vc kh lc
trng thnh c trng lng 4,5 n 5 kg; cng ch nhng ging th ny c b xng
nh c t l tht x cao. Mt cch chung nht ngi ta chia th da theo tm vc: nhm
nng k (Trng lng trng thnh hn 5kg) nh Bouscat Giant White, French and
French Giant Pabillon; nhm trung bnh (Trng lng trng thnh hn 3,5-4,5kg) nh
Californian, New Zealand White, Grand Chinchilla, nhm th nh cn (trng lng
trng thnh t 2,5-3kg) nh Small Chinchilla, Duch and French Havana, Himalayan,
v nhm nh con (trng lng trng thnh hn 1kg). Di y l mt s ging th
hng tht ch yu v ph bin Vit Nam:
18
1. Th Newzeland trng
Ging th ny c nui nhiu nc v ph bin nhiu ni trn th gii Vit

Nam do kh nng thch nghi vi cc iu kin sng cao. Ging th ny c ton thn mu
trng, lng dy, mt nh hn ngc, c tm vc trung bnh, th trng thnh nng
khong 4,5 - 5 kg. Mi nm th trung bnh 5 - 6 la mi la trung bnh t 6 -7 con.
Nh vy i vi ging th ny mt th ci trung bnh cho 20 - 30 con/nm. Th cai sa
thng c nui v bo n 90 ngy tui th git tht. Nh vy mt th m trong mt
nm c th sn xut t 30 - 45 kg trng lng sng nu nui tt c th t 60 - 90 kg v
thm t 20 30 tm lng da.
2. Th Californian
Ging th ny c to ra v pht trin t M (khong 1920) t 2 ging New

Zealand White v Himalyan v sau c s tham gia ca ging Chinchilla vi mc ch
to ra ging th c tht v len c cht lng cao. Chng c nhp vo t Anh ln u tin
vo nm 1958. Tuy nhin n nm 1960 mi cng b chnh thc vi s lng 400 con.
19
y l ging th to ra c li tc cao cho ngi nui th thng phm. c im ca

ging th ny l c b lng mu trng tuyt, tr hai tai th c mu en, mi, ui v 4 chn
c mu tro hoc mu en. Th trng thnh c trng lng 4 - 4,5 kg, con c nng t 3,6
- 4,5 kg con ci nng 3,8 - 4,7 kg. Mi nm th khong 5 la. Mi nm th khong 5
la mi la khong 5-6 con. Th ny nhp vo nc ta Sn Ty (1977) v thch
nghi vi iu kin kh hu v nui dng chm sc. Th Californian c tm vc trung
bnh, t l tht x cao t 55 - 58 % chng c nui ph bin trn th gii v tr thnh
ging th tht ng th hai trn th gii (Sandford, 1996). Tuy nhin qua th nghim 3
nm nui BSCL vi cc loi thc n thng thng, ging th thun Californian tng
i kh nui, km v t l th con hao ht cao so vi th thun New Zealand.
3. Th Chinchilla
Th Chinchilla ln u tin c trnh din ti Php 1913 bi J.J. Dybowski c

to ra t th rng v 2 ging Blue Beverens v Himalyans c xem nh l ging th
cho len. Ging th ny c 2 dng mt c trng lng 4,5 - 5 kg (Chinchilla giganta) v
dng kia 2 - 2,5 kg lc trng thnh. Ging th ny trung bnh mi la t 6 - 8 con c
kh nng thch nghi vi cc iu kin chn nui khc nhau. Th c lng mu xanh, lng
ui trng pha ln xanh en, bng mu trng xm en.
20
4. Th English Spot
Ging th English Spot c tm vc trung bnh trng lng trng thnh 2,5 - 3,5
kg ci v c, c chn lc v pht trin Anh quc. N c c im l thn c mu
lng trng vi cc m mu xm trn c th, tai thng ng, mng rng trn v hi ln
hn phn vai, chn di v mnh khnh. Ging ny c nhn bit vi cc m xm mu
2 vng mt, m v tai, sng lng v ui. Cc m ny c mu sc ph bin l en,
xanh dng, s c la, nu, vng, v..v.. Ging th ny hin nay cng tham gia vo mu
ca con th lai Vit Nam kh ph bin.
5. Nhm th Vit Nam
Th en v th khoang trng en
Nhm th Vit Nam c du nhp t Php vo khong t 70 - 80 nm trc
y. Chng c lai to gia nhiu ging khc nhau, nn c nhiu ngoi hnh v
tm vc khc nhau, phn ln c mu lng ngn, mu en, trng mc, khoang trng en,
trng vng, trng xm c th trng khong 2 kg, Ngi ta thng gi tn theo mu sc
lng nh th D th nh con, nh cn, c trng lng 2,2-2,5kg. Nhn chung nhm th
ny c mu lng khoang, lang hay m, trng, vng en, xm ring mu lng phn
di bng, ngc, ui c mu xm nht hn hoc mu xm trng. Mu mt en, u nh
lng khum trng lng trng thnh 2,5-3kg; v th en c lng ngn, c mu en tuyn,
mu mt en, u to va, ming nh bng thon, bn chn di th, xng th. Trng
21
lng trng thnh 2,6-3,2kg. Mt vi ni c cc ging th lng x mu trng do c mu

ca ging Angora.
c im sinh sn ca hai ging th mu xm v mu en ca Vit Nam c khc
so vi th mi nhp ni v th lai thng phm khc. Chng vn cn bo tn tnh nng
sn xut ca th rng xa xa nh ng dc sm 4,5 - 5 thng tui, mn sau khi t 1
n 3 ngy chu c phi ging li, th va tit sa va nui con v c cha nn nu
gia nh c iu kin tt th th s lin tc, mi nm t 7 n 8 la v giao ng t 4 11con/ la. Mt trong nhng tp tnh ca th l nh lng lm , i vi tp tnh ny
th en v xm ca Vit Nam th hin r hn so vi th nhp ni. Cc th trc khi
thng t ly rc, rm c vo trong v t nh nhiu lng bng lng ngc trn thnh
t m mm, con trong , t c trng hp con ngoi . Sc khng tt ca th
Vit Nam v th Lai c th hin r nt hn th nhp ni iu ny th hin qua mt s
ch tiu sinh l.
Nhm th Lai BSCL

Nhm th lai vng BSCL c lai to t cc ging th ngoi nhp vo Vit
Nam nhng nm 90 vi th lai a phng, chng c tm vc kh, mu sc a dng pha
trn gia cc ging nh New Zealand, Chinchilla, Californian, English Spot, v..v
Trong iu kin nui dng cn hn ch v dinh dng hin nay vi thc n th xanh v
b sung cc loi ph phm th ci trng thnh ( la 3) t 3,2 - 3,8 kg. Th tht nui
t 4 - 4,5 thng t 2,2 - 2,4 kg. y l nhm th c nui ch yu BSCL cho tht
rt hiu qu v tn dng c ngun thc n rau c a phng.
22
Bng 1. Cc ch tiu sinh l thng thng ca th Vit Nam v th New Zealand

Ging th
Thn nhit
(oC)
Xm
38.3-39.9
en
New Zealand
Nhp th
Hng cu
(ln/pht)
(triu/mm3)
Bch cu
(ngn/mm3)
60-72
3.76
15.5
3.84
13.7
38.5-40.5 90-120
5.25
8.1
Ngoi ra cn mt s ging th khc c ting trong khu vc hay nhng chu lc

khc nh nhm ging th cho lng len Angora, American Sable, Britannia Petite,v..v
Tuy nhin chng cha ph bin nc ta.
Th French Angora
Nhng c im ging v kh nng sn xut ca th ph thuc vo mi trng
sng v kinh nghim pht trin ca nh nhn ging. S so snh nhng kt qu t nhng
mi trng v a l khc nhau c th cho thy nhng c tnh chung ca ging. Tnh
mn , mc tng trng v s pht trin cc c quan, t chc ca c th th t l 3 c
tnh c bn ca ging.
a.Tnh sai con:
c o lng bng s th con sng hay tng s th s sinh. S lng con trong
by tng khong 10-20% t la u tin cho n la th hai. Tuy nhin s khng c s
khc bit t la th ba n la th t v t la th t tr i th s lng th s sinh trong
by s gim. S ng huyt trong nhn ging cng s lm gim tnh sai con. N cn
ph thuc vo ma v nng sut sinh sn ca th ci. Yu t u tin nh hng n s
sai l s trng rng v sau l kh nng sng ca phi. Ging th khc nhau cng
cho nng sut sinh sn khc nhau.
23
V d:
Caliornian
New Zealand White
S con sng trong
7,04
7,23
S con cai sa trong
5.46
5,72
b.Tng trng v thnh phn c th:

Mc tng trng ca th t th tng quan cht ch vi tm vc v trng lng
trng thnh ca chng trong trng hp khng c s khim khuyt dng cht trong
khu phn ng ghi nhn. S bin ng v thnh phn c th th ln cc ging th c
nui, v d ging th New Zealand White v Himalyan. Tng trng v mc tng trng
ca nhng t chc chnh ph thuc vo c im sinh hc ca ging v s nui dng. Do
vy ch tiu m t v ging trong mt mi trng sn xut nht nh nn l tui trng
thnh. Nhng ging c ch trn quan im sn xut l t l tt nht gia tng trng v
trng lng trng thnh m n n sm mt trng lng sng thch hp cho th trng.
Nhng ging nh cn c th c tn dng nh l nhng ging thun hay tt hn l lai vi
nhng ging c trng lng trung bnh sn xut ra quy tht c s pht trin c tt v
tht c cht lng c nhu cu tiu th.
c. S di truyn v c im ging
S ci thin di truyn v c im ging thch hp cho mi trng sn xut ph
thuc vo tnh bin ng di truyn c trng m n bc l ra mi trng. Tnh bin ng
l s bc l v nhng khc bit di truyn m trong chn lc v nhn ging c gng
khm ph chng. Cu hi t ra y l lm sau c th khm ph ra tnh bin ng di
truyn trong sn xut qui m nh. Nng cao tim nng ca ging ph thuc vo c tnh
sinh hc, u th ca s sinh sn v s tnh ton cc thng s di truyn cho s chn lc.
d. Gen v mi trng sng

Hu ht nhng c tnh di truyn s lng nh th tinh, sc sng, tng trng th
c quyt nh bi nhiu gen v chng cng b chi phi bi mi trng sng. Kiu hnh
l kt qu ca nh hng kiu gen kt hp vi mi trng. Kiu gen l kt qu ca nh
hng gen vi v tr ca n (locus). Mi trng bao gm kh hu, ch , tiu kh hu,
nhit , m , tc gi dng c trang thit b, k thut phi ging v nui dng v
kinh nghim ca nh nhn ging. Xc nh di truyn ca s bin ng ca cc tnh trng
l s c li song hnh ca nh chn lc v ngi lm cng tc ging. u tin l s khm
ph bin ng di truyn ca th cng ging v cng qun th; k n bng s lai ging
khm ph tnh bin ng di truyn gia ging v cc qun th.
24
e. S lai ging cc nc nhit i

Nhng nn tng sinh hc to ra nhng con lai u tri v cc tnh trng. Chng nn
c khm ph trong nhng qun th c nhn ging trong mi trng khc nhau.
Nhng nghin cu qui m ln trn nhng ging lai cc nc nhit i t Cuba (m)
v Mexico (kh) c tng trnh. Nhng nghin cu ny thc hin trn nhng ging
th nhp ni. S sn xut sa c ci thin bng s s dng con lai tt nht. Kt qu
c cho thy tm quan trng ca cc ging thun v ging lai sn sng cho qu trnh
nghin cu th nghim.
III. PHNG PHP CHN LC V NHN GING TH

Tin trnh chn lc v lai ging th tp trung trong mt qui m sn sut thng
mi cc nc n i th khng cn thit. Tuy nhin qui m nh t 10 dn 60 th ci
ca qun th th a phng c cho phi t nhng con c v ci nhp ca cc ging
th khc nhau nhm tng cht lng n ging l cn thit.
S ci thin di truyn mt cch hiu qu trong tin trnh chn lc v nhn ging
nn l n lc theo nhm vi s h tr v khoa hc v k thut t cc t chc nghin cu
v pht trin. Chng trnh ci tin c th tp trung mt x hay thch hp hn l mt
nhm x, hay cng c th l mt s tri th mt s Tnh trn ton quc. Trong trng
hp ny chng trnh i hi s chuyn ho k thut. Do vy nn c nhng nh nhn
ging vi nhng n v c qui m ln t 100- 200 th ci sinh sn. Nhng nh chn lc
v nhn ging ny nn c kinh nghim bng vic s dng cc h thng sn xut p ng
tt vi iu kin v ngun lc ti a phng. Nhng phng tin s dng hin i v
phc tp nn c trnh, tuy nhin cn c bit ch n vic tin hnh trong hon cnh
nhng tri th thng phm tt nht. V sinh v sc kho ca th phi c c bit ch
. n v chn lc phi c hiu qu hai mc l nhn ging v sn xut.
1. Cc phng php chn lc

a. Chn lc qun th
Cn c vo gi tr trung bnh ca cc tnh trng nh s la /nm, s con trn/la,
trng lng s sinh ton v trng lng bnh qun/con chn lc theo gia nh, chng ta
gi li nhng gia nh t gi tr trung bnh tr ln ca ging hoc loi thi nhng gia nh
c thnh tch di mc trung bnh ca ging theo yu cu chn lc ca chng ta. V d i
vi ging th Califonian, ngi ta thng chn nhng gia nh th t kt qu bnh qun
kh v cc c tnh sn xut nh: Mt nm 5 la tr ln, mi la 6 con nui sng,
trng lng con s sinh l 50gam v trng lng ton l t 300gam tr ln.
b. Chn lc c th
y l im quan trng c nhng c th tt a vo tin trnh nhn ging c th
phi c ghi chp cc thnh tch y nh gi v quyt nh nn loi thi hay s
dng tip tc trong tin trnh nhn ging. Cn ch nhng c tnh sn xut v c im
25
ngoi hnh ca ging th m ta mun chn lc. V d ging th nui hng tht ni
chung hai mng phi n nang, hai thng tht bn ct sng cng phi n nang. bo m
ng c im ngoi hnh, nn chn th vo lc 5 - 6 thng tui l tt nht v lc ny
ngoi hnh th pht trin kh hon thin.
u tin phi ch n con ci v con c khng b khuyt im b phn sinh
dc, con c hai dch hon phi u, con ci phi c 8 v tr ln. Vic la c th nn bt
u khong 21 ngy tui, khi kho st lc 70 ngy tui nu th khng t yu cu t ra
th phi loi thi ngay. Lc th t 6 thng tui nu khng tiu chun th vn tip tc
loi. Chung nht vic chn lc ging th thng thng c tin hnh cc thi im
nh s sinh, 21, 30, 70, 90, 180 ngy tui. Th nn c cn tt c cc thi im, nu
l giai on s sinh v 21 ngy tui th cn c ri tnh trng lng bnh qun. Lc 21
ngy tui nh s cc con t tiu chun trng lng bng cch bm tai v chn th da
vo c im ngoi hnh 6 thng tui.
Thnh tch v th trng th phi t tiu chun nh trng lng s sinh trung bnh
l 50g th nhp ni, 35 gam i vi th a phng; lc 21 ngy tui 200gam i vi
th a phng, 250 gam i vi th nhp ni; lc 30 ngy tui 500 gam i vi th nhp
ni v 350 gam i vi th a phng. Mc tng trng hng ngy lc 70 ngy tui phi
t t 25 - 30 gam/ngy giai on 21 ngy tui n 70 ngy tui. Nhng con t mc
tng trng trn 30 gam/ ngy l xut sc. Trng lng xut chung lc 6 thng tui
thng t 3 kg i vi th nhp ni, 2 n 2,5 kg i vi th a phng.
Phng php chn lc ging th nu trn thng cho kt qu nhanh chng, n
trc tip kim tra nng sut c th, nng sut anh em trong mt gia nh v h hng.
Nhng kt qu tt p c pht huy qua s ghp i giao phi gia nhng con c thnh
tch tt vi nhau.
Th d:
C 10 th c v 50 th ci cho ghp i giao phi, mi gia nh c 1 c v 5
ci. Th c nh s t s 1 n s 10 v gi l gia nh s 1 n s 10. Sau mt nm th
sinh sn thu c kt qu nh sau:
26
Bng 2. Kt qu sinh sn ca 10 gia nh th

Gia nh
s
S la/nm
S con
Trng lng/con
Trng lng
s sinh/la
(g)
ton lc s sinh (g)
50
300
55
330
50
300
50
250
60
420
45
225
55
385
35
175
50
300
10
44
310
Qua s liu thu thp bng trn cho chng ta thy nhng gia nh th s 3, 4, 6,
10 khng c chn lm ging phi loi thi. Cc gia nh th s 1, 2, 5, 7, 9 c tip
tc chn v cho sinh sn lm ging. n con ca cc gia nh th ny s c tip tc
chn lc c th cht ch cc giai on sau.
2. Phng php nhn ging th

a. Nhn ging thun
Nhn ging thun chng l phng php nhn ging trong cng mt ging to ra
th con c c im tnh trng di truyn n nh ca ging. N c p dng khi n th
b m c xc nh c nng sut cao n nh. Do vy nhng c tnh chc chn c
li v mt k thut v kinh t s c chn lc v pht huy. S n nh v di truyn
ging s cao.
- Nhn ging trong dng
L cch nhn ging nhm to ra tng nhm th chn lc c tnh di truyn n
nh v phm ging cao hn bnh thng. to ra n th c nhng u im c bit
cn phi tin hnh chn i giao phi v chn lc con ging qua nhiu th h v c nhiu
c th tham gia trong qu trnh to ging. Nu s con a vo chn lc qu t v thi gian
ngn th kt qu s rt hn ch. Phng php ny cng dn n mt mc ng huyt
27
nht nh. Nu nh s lng th tham gia di mc cho php s dn n ng huyt

nng sut s km, s con cht s tng ln do hin tng ng hp t gen xu xut hin.
Kinh nghim cho thy nu dng th c di 40 con v 200 con ci th khng th duy tr
dng thun c. Nu nh duy tr dng thun trong cng tc ging th phi c s lng
th c v ci nhiu hn th hoc l t nht l bng s lng trn. y l phng php
c tm quan trng c bit trong s to ra dng th va c phm cht tt c ci thin
va m bo s n nh cao v tim nng di truyn, tuy nhin c nhiu tn km v ti
chnh loi b nhng th c kh nng lm tng s ng huyt trong n ging.
- Nhn ging khc dng
L s cho phi ging nhng con th khc dng vi nhau nhm hn ch bt s ng
huyt xy ra, tuy nhin vn n nh c nhng tim nng di truyn tnh trng c li ch
ca ging.Ta c th cho phi ging cho giao phi ch hai dng hay lin tc cho phi nhiu
dng vi nhau vi dng khc hoc sau cho phi vi th dng c n nh hay b sung
c tnh mi c hnh thnh. Thng thng phng php ny c th to ra nhng dng
mi thch nghi c nhng iu kin nui dng hay kh hu nhng c s khc nhau.
b. Lai ging
L s phi ging ca nhng th c v th ci khc ging, nhm to ra con lai
c cc tnh trng cn thit trung gian hay tt hn c b ln m n, do hin tng u th
lai c to ra t cc d hp t. y c th l phng php ph bin nhm mc ch to
ra th lm ging sn xut th thng phm hay to ra nhng ging mi. Tin trnh ny
dng sn xut con lai c nng xut cao. Th c v th ci dng to ging mi
thng l ging thun chng khc nhau mi c th cho kt qu cao. Chng ta c th lai
ch hai ging hoc trn hai ging, cng c th sau khi to ra ging mi ta cn phi n
nh cc tnh trng di truyn ca chng bng cc phng php nhn ging thun.
c. Thc hnh phi ging
Cn thit cho th phi ging hp l nht khi n thnh thc v tnh dc v th
trng. bo m t l th thai cao v duy tr ni ging tt nn ghp i giao phi 1 th
c vi 5 th ci (i vi c s ging th). Chng ta cng c th ghp 1 th c vi 10 th
ci i vi cc c s nui thng phm. Khi cho th giao phi nn a con ci n chung
con c, khng nn lm ngc li. Mi th ci nn cho phi 2 ln vi 1 th c cch nhau
khong 4 - 6 gi c kt qu chc chn v s con c nhiu. Cng c th tin hnh giao
phi bng cch hai ln vi 1 con c sau 5 n 10 pht. Phng php ny t tn thi gian
nhng t l th thai thp hn 10%. i vi cc c s thng phm cng c th phi ging
hai th c khc nhau v th con ra u dng lm th thng phm. Sau 10 ngy phi
ging nn kim tra thai th nu khng c cha th cho phi li. Trong chung th nn nht
th c v th ci vo cc ngn ring qui nh theo ghp i giao phi
28
S phi ging:
c 1
ci 4
Ci 4
ci 4
ci 4
ci 4
c 2
Ci 3
Ci 3
Ci 3
Ci 3
Ci 3
c 3
ci 2
Ci 2
ci 2
ci 2
ci 2
c 4
Ci 1
Ci 1
Ci 1
Ci 1
Ci 1
Trong chung th tp trung cn chia n th thnh 4 nhm thun tin cho vic
giao phi hp l v trnh ng huyt.
Theo s trn nguyn tc i vi i con s sinh lun lun phi ly k hiu
nhm ca con c trnh ng huyt. Theo nguyn tc sau:
c nhm 1
Th h con
ci nhm 4
1 v 1
c nhm 2
Th h con
ci nhm 3
2 v 2
Vic ghi chp nh du bo m cho s liu chnh xc khi phi ging l iu rt

c bn trong s sch ghi chp y ngy phi ging, s tai th m, s tai th cha s
ngn chung th. Phi c phiu theo di th c v th ci ngoi ngn chung. Sau y
l mu ni dung theo di:
Biu mu theo di cng tc ging
Ngy
phi
S
hiu
c
S
hiu
ci
Ngy
S con s trng
lng s
sinh
sinh
Cn sng
s con trng lng Ghi ch

30
30
ngy
ngy
tui
tui
IV. CU HI N TP
1- Nu nhng c im v kh nng sn xut ca cc ging th ph bin Vit Nam
2- Trnh by cc phng php chn lc ging th
3- Trnh by phng php nhn ging v lai ging th
4- Hy ngh nh hng cho vic pht trin ging th Vit Nam.
29
V. TI LI U THAM KHO
nh. NXB Nng Nghip.
5. Hong Th Xun Mai.2005.Th k thut chn nui.NXB Nng Nghip TP. H Ch Minh
7. Nguyn Ngc Nam, Nguyn Quang Sc v Phm Th Nga, 1983. Nui th tht.
NXB Nng Nghip, H Ni.
9. Nguyn Quang Sc & inh Vn Bnh (2000), Cm nang chn nui th, thng tin
trang wed-Vin Chn Nui Vit Nam, http://www.vcn.vnn.vn/vcn
Cn Th.
12. Trung tm Khuyn Nng Quc Gia, 2008. Cm nang nui th. http://www.nhabe.
hochiminhcity.gov.vn/DetailNews.asp?ID=735
13. Trung Tm nghin cu D Th Sn Ty, 2002. Nui th gia nh. Nh xut bn
nng nghip.
30
CHNG 3: DINH DNG V THC N CA TH
Ti liu v nhu cu dinh dng ca th dng hng dn trong thc tin chn
nui hin nay cn nhiu hn ch, do cc nghin cu v dinh dng th cn t, cng nh
s bin ng v nhu cu dng cht ca cc ging th theo mc ch sn xut.
A. NHU CU DINH DNG

I. Nhu cu nng lng
Mt cch chung nht, nhu cu v nng lng i vi gia sc thng thay i theo t l
nghch vi tm vc ca c th. Nu th cng nh con th nhu cu nng lng trn mt
n v th trng cng cao. V d nh th l mt trong nhng loi ng vt c v c nhu
cu nng lng tng i cao, so vi tru b n c nhu cu nng lng gp 3 ln. Nhu
cu nng lng gm c 3 phn:
a. Nhu cu c bn
Nhu cu ny c th xc nh trong tnh trng th khng sn xut v hot ng
trong 24 gi theo nghin cu ca Lee (1939) cc loi th c trng lng khc nhau:
Bng 1. Nhu cu c bn ca Th
Th trng
Nhu cu c bn
(kg)
(Kcal)
Th trng
(kg)
Nhu cu c bn
(Kcal)
_______________________________________________________________________
1,5
80
3,0
140
2,0
100
3,5
180
2,5
120
4,5
200
_______________________________________________________________________
b. Nhu cu duy tr
c xc nh l nhu cu c bn v cng thm vi mt s nng lng cn thit
nh n ung, tiu ho v nhng hot ng sinh l khc nhng khng sn xut. Nhu cu
ny c th tnh bng cch nhn i nhu cu c bn, nn kt qu nh sau:
Bng 2. Nhu cu duy tr ca Th
31
Th trng
Nhu cu duy tr
(kg)
(Kcal)
Th trng
(kg)
Nhu cu duy tr
(Kcal)
_______________________________________________________________________
______
1,5
160
3,0
280
2,0
200
3,5
360
2,5
240
4,5
480
_______________________________________________________________________
______
c. Nhu cu sn xut
Nhu cu sn xut ca th thng bao gm: Nhu cu sinh sn, nhu cu sn xut sa
v nhu cu tng trng
- Nhu cu sinh sn: Nhu cu ny th cho c th c c th phi con ci v nhu
cu th ci c mang. Mt s nghin cu ngh l nhu cu ca th c ging v th ci
c mang chim khong t 5-10% nhu cu duy tr. Th ci c thai trong khong 30 ngy
th . S ngy c mang c th tng hay gim cht t tu theo ging th hay s lng thai
c mang trong c th. Trong 20 ngy u trng lng bo thai pht trin chm, sau
trng lng thai tng rt nhanh trong 10 ngy cui. iu ny s cho thy l trng lng
s sinh ca th ty thuc rt nhiu vo dng cht cung cp cho th m trong giai on
ny, v lc ny nhu cu mang thai c th tng ln khong 30-40% nhu cu duy tr.
- Nhu cu sn xut sa: Nhu cu ny ty thuc rt nhiu vo khu phn thc n.
Lng sa trong 5 ngy u c th thay i khong 25g/ngy/con ci. Mc ch trong
giai on ny l m bo cho th con tng trng tt v th m khng b gy m do nui
con. Sn lng sa sn xut cao khong 35g/ngy/con ci thng t ngy 12 n ngy
25. Lng sa s gim nhanh sau khi sanh 30 ngy v chu k cho sa trung bnh ca th
ci l 45 ngy. Cht lng ca khu phn ca th s nh hng ln n khng nhng
sn lng m cn cho cht lng sa. Thnh phn ho hc sa ca th nh sau:
32
Bng 3. Thnh phn ho hc ca sa Th v cc loi GS n c khc

_______________________________________________________________________
Nc
ng
Khong
Ngun ti liu
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
(%)
_______________________________________________________________________
Th
69,5
15,5
10,4
1,95
2,50
Konig (1919)
69,5
12,0
13,5
2,0
2,50
Moris (1930)
54,3
8,5
22,8
1,40
3,0
Krause (1956)
87,3
3,40
3,70
4,90
0,70
Moris (1936)
86,9
3,80
4,10
4,60
0,80
Moris (1936)
Cu
82,2
5,20
7-10,0
5,20
0,71
Thc (1963)
Tru
88,3
4,40
11,9
4,40
1,0
Thu (1997)
Chng ta thy rng do nc t hn nn vt cht kh ca sa th cao hn cc loi

sa khc, v t l m v bo cao hn mt cch r rt so vi sa ca loi gia sc n c
khc. Trong lc t l ng sa (ch yu l lactose) th thp hn cc loi sa khc.
Mt cch tng qut l dng cht ca sa th rt cao so vi cc loi sa khc, do vy
thc n s c mt vai tr rt quan trng trong vic cung cp y v s v cht lng
dinh dng cho th con. Trong trng hp thc n ngho nn th dn n th m d b
gim trng v nh hng n kh nng sinh sn trong chu k sinh sn k tip v cng s
nh hng khng nh n th trng ca th con v sc sng ca chng sau khi sinh ra.
Theo Axelsson (1949) nhu cu v nng lng i vi th ci cho sa nu tnh theo
% so vi nhu cu duy tr theo thi gian th kt qu nh sau:
-
Tun l 1-2: 200%
Tun l 3-4: 330%
Tun l 5-6: 370%
Tun l 7-8: 400%
Trong lc c tc gi th cho rng tun l 3-4 l 350% v 7-8 l 600%. Trong

cc ngh trn cho thy l tun l th 3-4 nhu cu nng lng cc tc gi u tng
cao r rt ph hp vi s sn xut sa gia tng.
- Nhu cu tng trng: i vi th th cc ging c trng lng chnh lch nhau
khi trng thnh do vy kh nng tng trng cng s rt khc nhau. S bin ng v
33
trng lng trng thnh c th trong khong t 1 - 9 kg ty theo ging th. V d s l 1

kg i vi ging Dwaft v 9 kg i vi Flenishgeant. S thay i ny ch yu l do di
truyn tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp yu t dinh dng cng gp phn vo .
Khi gn t n th trng trng thnh th tc tng trng s chm li. Ty theo
ging th m thi gian trng thnh v th trng khc nhau. Th d, ging th nh con c
th trng 2,3 kg 210 ngy, v ging th ln con c th t 4,7 kg lc 322 ngy tui.
Bng 4. Th trng v tc tng trng ca th Ta
_______________________________________________________________________
Ngy tui
Th trng (kg)
Tng trng/ngy (gam)
_______________________________________________________________________
0-14
60-225
11,8
14-30
30-45
225-400
400-700
10,9
20,0
45-60
700-1050
23,3
60-75
1050-1400
23,3
75-90
1400-1750
23,3
90-105
1750-2000
16,7
105-120
2000-2200
13,3
120-135
2200-2350
10,0
135-150
2350-2500
10,0
150-165
2500-2650
10,0
165-180
2650-2750
6,7
180-195
2750-2825
5,0
195-210
2825-2875
3,3
210-225
2875-2925
3,3
225-240
2925-2950
1,7
240-450
2950-3000
0,2
34
Bng 5. Th trng v tc tng trng ca th New Zealand

_______________________________________________________________________
Tui
Th trng (g)
Tng trng (g/ngy)
_______________________________________________________________________
S sinh - 3 tun
45,4 - 363,2
15,1
3 tun - 8 tun
363,2 - 1816
41,5
8 tun - 14 tun
1816 - 3268
33,2
14 tun- 20 tun
3269 - 4086
16,5
_______________________________________________________________________
Nhu cu nng lng v tng trng c tnh theo tui:

_______________________________________________________________________
Tun tui:
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
kCal/g tng trng
3,9
4,7
5,5
6,3
7,2
7,9
8,7
9,5
10,3
Nng lng trao i trong khu phn khuyn co bi Lebas et al. (1986) th
tng trng (4-12 tun) l 2400 kCal ME/kg, th mang thai l 2400 kCal ME/kg, th
ang nui con l 2600 kCal ME/kg v th v bo 2410 kCal ME/kg.
Cch tnh nng lng trao i ca thc n c ngh nh sau:
ME (kCal/Kg) = 37 x %CP + 81x %EE + 35.5 x %NFE
(Pauzenga, 1985 & Igwebuike et al., 2008)
CP = Crude protein (m th)
EE = Ether extract (chit cht Ether)
NFE = Nitrogen-free extract
35
II. Nhu cu m v amino acid

a. Nhu cu m
Lng m trong khu phn c xem l quan trng v n m bo cc hot ng
duy tr v sn xut ca th, tuy nhin cc nghin cu trn th ngoi nhp thun v th lai
Vit Nam c nhng kt qu kh bin ng, mt s cc ti liu cho bit:
- Th ci c thai 3kg c nhu cu hng ngy l 20g DP (m tiu ho).
- Th nui con cn 30-35 g DP mi ngy.
- Th c sinh sn hoc th ci kh c nhu cu 10-12 g DP/ngy
Theo Lebas (1979) v Lang (1981) ghi nhn bi Lebas et al. (1986) nhu cu m
trong khu phn phn theo loi sn xut nh sau th tng trng (4-12 tun tui) l
16%CP (m th), th ci mang thai l 16%CP, th ci cho sa nui con l 18%CP, th
ci sinh sn v th v bo 17%CP. Cng theo Lebas et al. (1986) nhu cu m th tht
trong khu phn t 15-16%CP (m th) v th ci sinh sn l t 17-18%CP cho d l
c trng hp tng ln n 21%CP th nui con cho nhiu sa, tuy nhin iu ny
khng c khuyn co do hiu qu kinh t v s con cai sa km. Tuy nhin theo
ngh INRA (1989) ghi nhn bi Sandford (1996) th nhu cu m th trong khu phn l
15.5% cho th tng trng t 4-12 tun l, th ci trong giai on ln ging l 16% v
th ci ang tit sa nui con l 18%. Trong cc nghin cu gn y i vi th lai
BSCL th sinh sn l 15-18%CP ty theo cht lng ca ngun thc n m l ph
phm (b u nnh, b bia, ) hay chnh phm (u nnh, thc n hn hp cng nghip),
trong khi vi th tng trng l t 13-16% ty vo ngun thc n m (Nguyen Van Thu
& Nguyen Thi Kim Dong, 2005, 2008 and 2009).
Bng 6. H s tiu ho (%) mt s dng cht ca th
_______________________________________________________________________
Loi thc n
m th
m tng s
M th
X th
Khong
_______________________________________________________________________
Thc n th ging
81,14
79,46
84,11
28,41
52,88
Thc n th v bo
79,4
76,6
80,46
30,86
44,93
Thc n th hu b
74,06
72,06
87,03
37,9
31,75
_______________________________________________________________________
Ngun ti liu: Hungary (Nguyn Ngc Nam v ctv, 1983)
b. Nhu cu amino acid
Trong nhiu nm, cht lng protein khng c quan tm trong dinh dng th
bi v c hin tng n phn. Tuy nhin, nhng bo co gn y cho thy phn mm ch
36
chim khong 14% tng DM n vo v khong 17-18% protein n vo. V vy, mc d

phn mm c gii thiu l ngun m cho th c phm cht tt v amino acid gii hn,
nhng s lng ca chng khng m bo nhu cu trong khu phn v vy cn b
sung ngun amino acid gii hn ny (Santoma et al., 1987). Cc nh nghin cu cho bit
l th tng trng cn trong thc n cha 10 trong s 21 amino acid thit yu to
nn protein ca th gm c arginine, histidine, leucine, isoleucine, lysine, phenylalanine
vi tyrocine, methionine vi cystine, threonine, trytophane v valine (Lebas et al., 1986).
Nhu cu v cc loi amino acid th sinh sn cng cn bng tng t nh l th tht
(Lebas et al., 1986).
Bng 7. Nhu cu amino acid (%) ca th
Loi amino
acid
Spreadbur
y (1978)
Colin (1988)
AEC (1988)
Tng
trng
Tng
trng
Cho
sa
Tng trng
(4-12 tun)
Cho
sa
Th m
nui con
Methionin +
cystine
0,62
0,62
0,8
0,6
0,6
0,6
Lysin
0,94
0,68
0,73
0,65
0,75
0,7
Arginnine
0,56
0,69
0,88
0,9
0,8
0,9
Threonine
0,55
0,7
0,6
Tryptophan
0,18
0,22
0,2
Valine
0,7
0,85
0,8
Leucine
1,05
1,25
1,2
Isoleucine
0,6
0,7
0,65
Histidine
0,35
0,43
0,4
Phenylalanine
+ tyrosine
1,2
1,4
1,25
Glysine
13
10,25
10,67
10,45
10,9
10,45
DE (MJ/kg)
Ngun: Santoma et al., 1987
37
III. Nhu cu cht x ca th

Vic xc nh mc x ti u trong khu phn th l mt trong nhng mc tiu
chnh ca vic nghin cu v dinh dng th. Th c cho n khu phn x thp th c
nhng biu hin xo trn trong h thng tiu ha vi nhng biu hin nh tiu chy km
vi t l cht cao. iu ny c th gii thch l do khu phn c mc x thp s ko
di thi gian lu gi ca thc n trong h thng tiu ha (Hoover & Heitmann, 1972).
Hn th na, khu phn x thp hn 12% s thay th cht cha trong manh trng s
thp hn. Tnh trng ny dn n hai trng hp: s ln men khng mong mun trong
manh trng v s gia tng ca nhng vi sinh vt gy bnh (Carabano et al., 1988).
T c im sinh l tiu ha ca th ta thy thc n x th va l cht cha y
d dy v manh trng va c tc dng chng i m bo sinh l tiu ha bnh thng.
Cht x nh l ngun cung cp nng lng, tc ng tt n qu trnh ln men ca vi
khun manh trng. Nhiu kt qu nghin cu cho thy: nu cho th n thc n ngho x
(di 8%) th th s b tiu chy. Nhu cu ti thiu v x th l 12% trong khu phn n
ca th. Hm lng x ph hp nht l 13-15%. Thc n ny s kch thch s hot ng
ca ng tiu ha v nhu ng rut bnh thng. Nhng nu tng t l x th trn 16%
th s gy cn tr tng trng v kh nng s dng thc n ca th. Ring th ging trng
thnh c th s dng c khu phn n cha thnh phn x th cao hn (16-18%). Cung
cp x th c th theo dng c, l xanh, kh hoc dng bt nghin nh 2-5mm trn vo
thc n hn hp ng vin hoc dng bt (Nguyn Quang Sc & inh vn Bnh,
2000). BSCL cc nghin cu cho thy mc 38-42% x trung tnh (NDF, neutral
detergent fiber) trong khu phn gm c lng Para v rau lang, v lng 25-35g x trung
tnh/ngy/con i vi th ang tng trng c trng lng 1,3kg 1,5kg l thch hp cho
s tiu ho v tng trng (Nguyen Thi Kim Dong and Nguyen Truong Giang, 2009).
IV. Nhu cu khong v vitamin

Cc nhu cu khong v vitamin hin nay cc ti liu thng bo c nhng bin
ng v khc bit nhau. Nhng nghin cu v nhu cu v calcium v phospho cho thy
th tng trng cn t hn rt nhiu so vi th ci nui con. Th ci nui con chuyn 78g khong vo sa mt ngy. Bt k s mt cn i v Na, K, Cl c th gy ra vim thn
v sinh kh. Khi bn rau c c hm lng cao K khi cho th n c th gy ra nhng ri
ro (Lebas et al., 1986). Trong chn nui th rt cn thit phi cung cp vitamin c bit l
th nui nht v c nng sut cao. i vi th sinh sn cn thit phi c cung cp
vitamin A v E nu y th t l c th t 70-80%, nu thiu t l ny c th l 4050% v t l nui sng l 30-40%. C xanh, c rt, b v la ln mng l nhng ngun
cung cp vitamin rt tt cho th. Th c th t tng hp vitamin nhm B trong h tiu
ho. Ngi ta cng c th cung cp vitamin tng hp dng bt cho th vo trong thc n
hn hp.
38
Bng 8. Khuyn co v vitamin trong khu phn thc n ca cc loi th

Khu phn thc n
n
v
tnh
Th
(4-12
tun)
Th ci
ang nui
con
Th ci
cha
khng
nui con
Th c
trng
thnh
Th ci
sinh sn
v th v
bo
Vitamin A
UI/kg
6000
12000
12000
6000
10000
Vitamin D
UI/kg
900
900
900
900
900
Vitamin E
ppm
50
50
50
50
50
Vitamin K
ppm
Vitamin C
ppm
Vitamin B1
ppm
Vitamin B2
ppm
Vitamin B6
ppm
Vitamin B12
ppm
0.01
0.01
Folic acid
ppm
Pantothenic acid
ppm
20
20
Niacin
ppm
50
50
Biotin
ppm
0.2
0.2
gi nh cha 85%
vt cht kh (DM)
Ngun: Lebas, 1979; Lang, 1981
V. Nhu cu nc ung
Th nui trong chung s dng hai ngun nc t nc trong c xanh v nc
ung cung cp. Nhu cu nc ph thuc vo nhit khng kh v hm lng vt cht
kh trong thc n hng ngy. Nc cn tiu ha thc n v cc hot ng sng ca c
th th. Ma h th n nhiu thc n th th cn lng nc gp ba ln so vi nhu cu
bnh thng. Th c tm vc trung bnh th cn 0,4-0,6 lt/ngy (Sandford, 1996). Nhu
cu nc ph thuc vo la tui v cc thi k sn xut khc nhau:
- Th v bo - hu b ging: 0,2-0,5 lt/ngy
- Th mang thai: 0,6-0,8 lt/ngy
39
- Khi tit sa ti a: 0,8-1,5 lt/ngy

Nu cho n thc n th xanh, c qu nhiu c b sung thc n tinh th lng nc
thc vt p ng c 60%-80% nhu cu nc tng s. Nhng vn cn cho ung nc,
th thiu nc nguy him hn thiu thc n. Th nhn kht n ngy th hai l b n.
Trong thc t chn nui nu cho th lai n cc loi rau c c nhiu nc ngi ta khng
cho ung nc th vn sng bnh thng, tuy nhin nn cho th c nc ung sn sng
th th s tng trng v sc kho tt hn.
B. CC LOI THC N CHO TH

I. Rau c
Th c th n nhiu loi c trong iu kin BSCL cc loi rau c c th cho th
n nh rau lang, rau mung, rau trai (Commelina palidusa), lc bnh (Eichhornia
crassipes), bm bm (Operculina turpethum), a cc (Wedelia spp), v.v.., v cc loi c
nh c lng ty (Brachiaria mutica), c l tre (Paspalum conpressum), c mm
(Hymenache acutigluma), c ch (Cynodon dactylon), c s (Panicum maximum), c ng
(Panicum repens), c voi (Penisetum purpureum), v.v.. Ch l nn ct c trc khi ra
hoa v c ra hoa th cht lng gim i do dn xut khng m gim trong lc hm
lng x v cc cht kh tiu ho tng ln nh lignin, cutin, silic, v.v Cn thit ht sc
ch i vi:
* C h thi
* C t nn phi dn mng ra cho kh, khng nn cht thnh ng. iu ny
c th to iu kin cho mt s vi khun ln men
S lng c cho th n nhiu hay t cn ph thuc vo khu phn ca th c cho
n thm thc n tinh hay khng, thng thng th ci n khong 1,0 - 1,5 kg/ngy.
C Lng ty
C Mm
40
Dy Bm bm
a cc
Lc bnh
Chun b Lc bnh cho th n
II. Cc loi h u v ph phm trng trt

Mt s cc loi c h u nh stylo, clover, bnh linh (Leuceana lecocephala), so
a (Sesbania grandiflora), in in (Sesbania sesban), c u l nh (Spophocarpus
scandn), c u l ln (Macana pruriens), u Bng bic (Centrosema pubescens) v.v
Cc loi c kh, l u kh v cc ph phm ch nh l ci, xu ho, rau m, c ci, c
rt, v tri cy cng c th cho th n, ngay c cc loi rau c mi thm nh s, ta t,
rau hng th cng n c.
Bng 9. Thnh phn dng cht (%DM) ca mt s loi thc n dng trong chn
nui th BSCL
THC N
DM
OM
CP
CF
EE
NFE
NDF
Ash
C lng ty
18,5
89,9
9,5
25,7
3,7
50,9
67,1
10,2
C mm
15,0
89,5
11,8
30,9
5,1
41,7
68,0
10,5
C mn tru
22,5
92,0
13,6
27,7
4,5
46,2
67,3
8,0
Rau c t nhin
41
Rau mung
9,25
87,8
20,2
15,6
4,5
47,5
36,3
12,2
a cc
10,4
83,9
12,7
15,5
8,9
46,8
38,2
16,1
Bm bm
11,9
87,9
15,5
21,2
6,5
44,7
38,8
12,1
Rau da
10,0
90,2
15,4
12,3
5,4
57,1
36,1
9,8
Rau trai
9,8
84,9
16,6
18,8
5,5
44,0
45,3
15,1
L du tm
26,9
83,5
24,4
14,5
6,9
37,7
31,1
16,5
Cy ch
20,2
92,4
11,9
24,9
8,7
46,9
42,3
7,6
Cy n
19,8
78,9
15,1
18,2
3,6
42,0
45,9
21,1
C sa
21,9
90,2
11,9
20,8
9,1
48,4
39,2
9,8
Rau dn
12,9
82,2
24,8
26,5
3,0
27,9
42,1
17,8
Rau du
18,5
84,8
13,4
16,2
3,8
51,4
45,4
15,2
Lc bnh
8,1
86,2
13,7
20,1
3,9
48,5
59,2
13,8
Trichantera gigantica
15,1
86,4
23,9
13,9
7,7
40,9
34,2
13,6
L dm bt
17,7
87,5
18,5
14,9
6,9
47,2
35,7
12,5
Dm bt
20,5
88,1
17,2
22,8
6,2
41,9
36,8
11,9
C voi
26,0
87,5
9,8
27,4
5,2
45,1
59,6
12,5
C s
18,3
89,2
10,2
31,2
2,7
45,1
69,3
10,8
C Ruzi
19,6
89,7
9,9
29,5
4,1
46,2
67,5
10,3
Paspalum atratum
20,1
92,4
9,5
32,8
3,8
46,3
69,5
7,6
u l nh
15,7
89,1
19,3
24,1
7,0
38,7
49,1
10,9
u l ln
17,8
88,1
20,9
27,6
7,1
32,5
48,5
11,9
u Macro
17,8
90,7
15,7
21,9
6,2
46,9
47,8
9,3
Rau lang
9,1
86,2
19,7
15,0
9,4
42,1
32,1
13,8
L bng ci
8,8
82,1
17,0
13,4
6,1
45,6
24,3
17,9
Rau c trng
C h u
Ph phm trng trt
42
L bp ci
7,6
84,5
14,8
15,3
5,3
49,1
21,6
15,5
Ci bc tho
6,9
85,9
16,1
14,9
5,4
49,5
23,8
14,1
L rau mung
10,9
86,9
28,9
11,3
8,3
38,4
25,9
13,1
Thc n b sung nng lng v m

La ht
88,4
95,2
7,4
10,6
1,8
75,4
26,4
4,8
Tm
84,2
97,8
9,2
1,1
2,4
85,1
3,4
2,2
Cm
87,9
89,9
12,3
7,4
11,3
58,9
26,7
10,1
Thc n hn hp
89,8
80,0
19,6
4,6
5,9
45,9
29,1
20,0
B bia
19,8
95,9
24,5
16,3
10,5
44,6
21,7
4,1
Ht u nnh
92,5
92,8
45,1
10,1
18,1
19,5
32,3
7,2
B u Nnh
10,5
96,3
16,6
17,2
10,0
52,5
47,6
3,7
Ngun: Nguyen Van Thu & Danh Mo (2009)
u Macana pruriens
u Spophocarpus scandn
43
u Bng bic
L rau Mung (cng lm da chua)
Qua vic tm hiu v thnh phn dng cht ca tng loi thc n ta thy: hu ht
cc loi thc n trn u c thnh phn dng cht ph hp dng nui th. V CP ca cc
loi thc n xanh th ngoi mt s loi c CP cao nh rau mung, l du tm, rau dn,
Trichanteria gigantica, u l nh, u l ln, rau lang, l rau mung s dng rt tt khi
cho th n m lng x cng ph hp vi th; c mm, c mn tru, c voi, c s, c Ruzi,
c Paspalum atratum c hm lng NDF, CF cao v CP mc thp nn ch v t l tiu
ha vi lng dng cht m th s dng c trong khu phn. V vy nn hn ch cc
loi c ny trong khu phn mc hp l m bo s tn dng thc n ca th. Mt vi
loi thc n c DM thp (lc bnh, ci bch tho, l bp ci, l bng ci, rau lang, rau
mung, rau trai) nn ch khi s dng nn kt hp vi loi thc n c DM cao hn cn
i s tip thu dng cht. Nhm thc n b sung m v nng lng: nu s dng dc
nhm thc n ny khi nui th th rt tt v tin li. La, tm, cm, khoai c b sung nng
lng rt tt cho th khi khu phn thiu nng lng. Cm, thc n hn hp, b bia, b u
nnh l nhng loi thc n c CP cao b sung vo khu phn s tng lng CP ln khi cn
thit l tt v tin li (Nguyen Van Thu & Danh Mo, 2008)..
Bng 10. Kt qu tiu ho vt cht hu c in vitro (%OM) ca mt s thc n
dng trong chn nui th bng cch s dng dch manh trng th
Tn thc n
Thi gian
0 gi
24 gi
48 gi
96 gi
a cc
52,7
65,8
72,4
73,5
Bm bm
52,3
68,1
72,3
72,8
Rau trai
53,1
65,0
73,3
77,3
Cy ch
62,3
65,9
72,4
76,1
Rau dn
70,0
78,4
80,7
85,2
Rau c t nhin
44
Lc bnh
51,8
52,0
56,1
58,4
C lng ty
23,1
40,4
49,4
53,5
C mn tru
29,2
45,6
50,6
57,5
L dm bt
65,3
90,2
91,8
91,7
Dm bt
66,7
86,8
87,2
88,0
C s
29,5
32,1
36,7
39,0
C Ruzi
31,4
38,4
42,1
43,8
C Paspalum atratum
29,0
34,1
37,6
41,8
u l nh
50,4
64,8
69,4
71,2
u l ln
53,7
62,9
70,6
72,2
Rau lang
57,8
68,0
88,2
90,6
L rau mung
68,7
82,2
85,8
91,4
L bng ci
58,1
70,8
74,0
77,6
L bp ci
50,9
71,1
89,0
91,0
Rau c trng
C h u
Ph phm trng trt
Ngun: Danh Mo and Nguyen Van Thu, 2009

T kt qu ca bng trn ta thy
Nhm thc n rau c t nhin: cc loi thc n u c t l tiu ho in vitro ln
hn 50%. c bit rau dn c TLTH rt cao: 85,2%. a cc 73,5%, bm bm 72,8%, rau
trai 77,3%, cy ch 76,1%, l TLTH cao. Cc thc n ny th tiu ho rt tt. Lc
bnh 58,4%, c lng ty 53,5%, mn tru 57,5% l TLTH kh tt. Cc v bm bm tiu
ha n 48 gi th ht do lc ny dng cht cn thit c s dng hu nh hon
ton. Cc thc n cn li th tiu ha n 96 gi lc u t l tiu ha nhanh cng v sau
TLTH chm li do dng cht cn thit c s dng cng lc cng gim dn. Cc
cy c t nhin u c th lm thc n cho th, th tiu ha cc loi thc n ny kh tt
(ln hn 50%OM) c bit l rau dn, a cc, bm bm, rau trai, cy ch .
Nhm thc n rau c trng: l dm bt v dm bt t l tiu ha in vitro (TLTH)
rt cao ln lt l 91,7%, 88,0%. L dm bt v dm bt tiu ha n 24 gi th hu nh
khng cn tiu ha na do n lc 24 gi th dng cht cn thit c s dng ht.
C s, c ruzi, c Paspalum atratum c t l tiu ho thp v tng ng nhau (nh hn
45
50%): c s thp nht 39,0%, c Paspalum atratum 41,08%, c Ruzi 43,8%. Do x kh

cao nn th kh tiu ho. TLTH n 96 gi lc u t l tiu ha nhanh cng v sau
TLTH chm li do dng cht cn thit c s dng cn kit dn. Nn b sung dm
bt v l dm bt vo khu phn n ca th l tt v t l tieu ha cao.
Nhm thc n h u: c TLTH cao vi u l ln 72,2%, u l nh 71,2%. Cc
thc n ny th tiu ho kh tt. TLTH n 96 gi lc u t l tiu ha nhanh cng v
sau TLTH chm li do dng cht cn thit c s dng gim dn. Qua TLTH trn
ta thy u l ln v u l nh tiu ha tt th v lng CP ca 2 thc n ny kh cao
v vy s dng b sung vo trong khu phn n ca th l rt tt.
Nhm ph phm trng trt: t l tiu ho rt cao (ln hn 90%) vi rau lang 90,6%,
l rau mung 91,4%, l bp ci 91,0%, l bng ci tiu ho cao 77,6%. TLTH n 96 gi
lc u t l tiu ha nhanh cng v sau TLTH chm li do dng cht cn thit c
s dng gim dn. T 48 gi 96 gi TLTH hu nh khng ng k. Nhm thc n ny
th tiu ho rt tt, nn tn dng cc ph phm trng trt ny lm thc n cho th l rt tt,
Nhng ch vn cht lng ca ph phm v lng thuc bo v thc vt.
TLTH vt cht hu c trong in vitro th hu ht cc thc n ny u tt. Cc
thc n rau trai, dm bt, l dm bt, rau dn, ph phm trng trt TLTH l rt cao nn
dng cc loi thc n ny d nui th l rt tt. Ngoi ra cc loi thc n khc (tr c s,
c Ruzi, c Paspalum atratum) u c t l tiu ha ln hn 50% nn dng nui th
c. u l nh, u l ln c t l tiu ha cao (72%), c hm lng CP, DM kh,
NDF v CF mc trung bnh nn dng trong khu chn nui th l tt.
Bng 11. Kt qu theo di lng sn xut kh (ml/gOM) in vitro ca mt s thc
n dng nui th bng cch s dng dch manh trng th.
Tn thc n
Thi gian
12 gi
24 gi
48 gi
72 gi
96 gi
a cc
155
232
272
275
276
Bm bm
128
183
211
222
229
Rau trai
46,3
97
150
180
194
Cy ch
76,3
121
147
173
187
Rau dn
90,1
127
157
176
187
C lng ty
81,9
125
183
201
214
L du tm
124
177
202
234
248
C sa
106
150
174
202
213
Cy n
31,0
69,5
108
146
166
Rau c t nhin
46
Rau da
68,2
93,2
120
149
161
Rau mung
143
184
208
215
218
C s
52,1
60,2
68,2
74,2
78,2
C Ruzi
57,9
69,8
75,0
77,0
81,0
C Paspalum atratum
59,3
63,2
74,8
85,8
89,7
u l nh
101
144
186
198
215
u l ln
124
180
215
223
233
u Macro
105
151
176
206
220
Rau lang
155
194
220
229
239
L rau mung
176
230
258
266
271
L bng ci
172
214
227
234
238
L bp ci
222
264
274
288
298
Rau c trng
C h u
Ph phm trng trt
Ngun: Danh Mo and Nguyen Van Thu, 2009

350
y = 3.29x - 28.18
R2 = 0.80
V kh, m l/g O M
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
70.0
80.0
90.0
100.0
OMD, %
Biu . Mi quan h gia lng kh sinh ra (ml/gOM) vi

t l tiu ha in vitro (%OMD)
47
Qua biu trn ta thy lng kh sinh ra (ml/gOM) c mi quan h cht ch vi

t l tiu ha in vitro (%OMD) R2 = 0.80. Qua ta c th t lng kh sinh ra
(%OMD) m bit c t l tiu ha (%OMD) v ngc li vi R2 = 0.80. Vic dng
lng kh sinh ra dnh gi TLTH in vitro cn kh mi m v cn ang dc nghin
cu nhiu. Tuy nhin gia chng c mi quan h vi nhau. TLTH tng theo thi gian
lng kh sinh ra cng tng theo thi gian. TLTH v lng kh sinh ra ti mt thi im
c quan h mt thit vi nhau. TLTH v lng kh sinh ra ti cc thi im ca mt loi
thc n th khc nhau v khc nhau cc loi thc n khc nhau.
Bng 12. Cc tham s ca phng trnh Orskov (1979) theo di lng kh sinh ra
ca mt s loi thc n dng trn th.
Tn thc n
Hm Orskov (a, b) Y = a + b (1-e-ct)x

a
R2
C lng ty
214,8
0,04
0,977
a cc
276,3
0,07
0,990
u l ln
222,8
0,07
0,960
u l nh
203,6
0,06
0,989
L bng ci
233,0
0,11
0,997
L rau mung
256,9
0,10
0,980
Rau lang
221,6
0,11
0,980
T kt qu bng 9 ta thy hm Orskov l hm dng xc nh mi quan h gia

lng kh sinh ra vi thi gian ph bin trn b. Tuy nhin khi s dng hm ny
nh gi mi quan h gia lng kh sinh ra vi thi gian trn th cng chnh xc a
cc vi R2 = 0,990, l bng ci vi R2 = 0,997, u l ln vi R2 =0,960, rau lang vi R2
= 0,980, c lng ty, u l nh, l rau mung vi R2 ln lt l 0,977, 0,989, 0,980. T
chng ta c th s dng hm ny c lng th tch kh sinh ra theo thi gian.
Lng kh sinh ra cng nhiu chng t dng cht c s dng cng cao.
T kt qu phn tch thnh phn dng cht, theo di TLTH vt cht hu c v
sinh kh trong in vitro nhn thy cc thc n trn c th dng nui th trin vng tt:
Nhm rau c t nhin: c lng ty, rau mung, a cc, bm bm, Trichanteria gigantica,
rau trai. Nhm c h u: u l nh v u l ln. Nhm ph phm trng trt: rau lang,
l bng ci, l bp ci, ci bc tho, l rau mung. Nhm thc n b sung m v nng
lng: tm, cm, la ht b sung nng lng trong khu phn rt tt v tin li; cm,
thc n hn hp, b bia, b u nnh dng b sung m rt ph hp cho th.
48
III. Thc n tinh bt

Gm c la, ng, khoai, sn,.. dng b sung thm cho th. Bp v la thng
c ngm nc cho mn trc khi cho n. La mc mm cho n rt tt, thng la ngm
t chiu ngy hm trc n chiu hm sau, ri tri ra mt nn c bng mt v sng hm
k th ly la ny mm cho th n, ch no cha dng ti th c bao v ti nc mi
ngy mt ln. Tuy nhin khng nn mm ln qu 1cm. Mm la c nhiu vitamin E,
B1, B6, B2, PP v C. 1 kg la ngm 24 gi s cho 1,7kg v 48 gi s nng l 2,3 kg.
C Khoai lang
La
IV. Thc n b sung m

Bt c, bt tht v cc loi bnh du (u nnh, da, bng vi, phng) cng c
dng trn vo hn hp thc n cho th ty theo yu cu cht lng ca hn hp thc
n. Vic b sung thc n hn hp tu thuc vo gi c thc n v gi bn tht hay th
ging v gi thc n hn hp cao. Kinh nghim cho thy nu b sung thc n hn hp
20%CP cho th tht th mc 20-30g/ngy con tu giai on, trong lc th mang thai
l khong 40g/ngy v th nui con l 60g/ngy trong iu kin khu phn c b sung
thm l rau mung v b u nnh (Nguyen Thi Kim Dong & Nguyen Van Thu, 2008).
Tuy nhin nu khu phn ch cho n c lng ty th thc n hn hp c th b sung tng
ln n 100g/ngy th nui con (Nguyn Th Xun Linh, 2008). Cn thit cho n thm
c kh vo ban m cho th gm nhm cng nh cung cp thm nc ung cho th. Cc
loi b bia, b u nnh, b u xanh c th b sung m tt v tn dng c ngun
dng cht vi gi r.
49
B bia
B u nnh
Thc n hn hp (dng vin)
V. Cch ch bin thc n cho th

i vi thc n xanh thng c thu hoch lc cn non hay va phi nn khng
cn phi ch bin g, tuy nhin nu qu di hay th th cn phi ct ngn 20-30 cm. Cc
loi khoai, qu th st nh dy khong 5-8mm. Bp hay la ht th xay b hay xay
nhuyn, tuy nhin la hay ht u cng c th cho n nguyn ht. Nu thc n dng bt
th cn phi vy t nc trnh bi thc n bay vo mi th v cng trnh hao tn
thc n. Cc dng thc n ht cng c th ngm nc v cho ny mm cho th n nh
l bp, la v u. C xanh lc c nhiu c th thu hoch v lm c kh d tr, c phi
kh c b li thnh tng bnh cht c 2 u ri gc ln sn cao cch mt t khong
1m. Vic phi hp thc n s lm tng khu v v tng kh nng tiu ho chng. Khng
nn cho th n n iu mt loi c hay mt loi thc n tinh di ngy v nh vy s lm
gim tnh thm n ca th, dn n lng thc n tiu th gim lm nh hng n nng
sut tng trng v sinh sn ca chng.
50
C. CU HI N TP
1. Trnh by vai tr v nhu cu ca nng lng v m i vi th tht v th sinh sn.
2. Trnh by vai tr v nhu cu ca cht x, khong, vitamin v nc i vi th.
3. Nu mt s thc n ph bin c th chn nui th ti a phng ca anh ch v
xut s pht trin ca chng.
D. TI LI U THAM KHO
nh. NXB Nng Nghip.
8. Nguyn Ngc Nam, Nguyn Quang Sc v Phm Th Nga, 1983. Nui th tht. NXB
Nng Nghip, H Ni.
11. Nguyen Quang Suc, Dinh Van Binh, Le Viet Ly and TR. Preston, 1994. Studies on
the use of dried pressesed sugarcane stalk or peeled sugarcane stalk for rabbit. In
proc. Of Natioanal Seminar-Workshop. Sustaianable Livestock production on local
feed resources. Nov. 22-27, 1993 in Ho Chi Minh city. pp 53-56.
12. Nguyen Thi Kim Dong and Nguyen Thanh Van, 2009. Effect of different levels of
cabbage waste (Brassica olerea) replacement in para grass (Brachiaria mutica) basal
diet on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of crossbred rabbits in Mekong
delta of Viet Nam. In proceedings of International Rabbit Workshop on Organic
farming based on Forages at Cantho University, Vietnam. 25-27 Nov. 2008.
http://www.mekarn.org/prorab/content.htm.
13. Nguyen Thi Kim Dong and Nguyen van Thu, 2006. Effect of supplement level of
water spinach leaves in diets based on para grass on intake, nutrient utilization,
growth rate and economic returns of crossbred rabbits in Mekong delta, Vietnam.
51
MEKARN Proccedings of Workshop on Forages for Pigs and Rabbits Phnom Penh,
Cambodia, 22-24 August 2006. Agricultural Publishing house Hanoi
14. Nguyen Thi Kim Dong and Nguyen van Thu, 2006. Effect of dietary protein supply
on reproductive performance of crossbred rabbits. MEKARN Proccedings of
Workshop on Forages for Pigs and Rabbits. Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 22-24 August
2006. Agricultural Publishing house Hanoi.
15. Nguyen Van Thu & Nguyen Thi Kim Dong, 2009. A study of associated fresh
forages for feeding growing crossbred rabbits the Mekong delta of Vietnam. In
proceedings of International Rabbit Workshop on Organic farming based on Forages
at
Cantho
University,
Vietnam.
25-27
Nov.
2008.
16. Nguyen Van Thu and Danh Mo, 2009. A study of nutritive values of forages as rabbit
feed resources by using in vitro digestibility and gas production techniques. In
at
Cantho
University,
Vietnam.
25-27
Nov.
2008.
http://www.mekarn.org/prorab/content.htm
17. Nguyen Van Thu and Nguyen Thi Kim Dong, 2005. Effect of replacement of
different levels of paragrass (Brachiaria mutica) and sweet potato vines on feed
utilization, growth rate and carcass quality of crossbred rabbit in the Mekong delta.
BSAS Proceedings Khon Kaen, Thailand. Vol.2. T51.
18. Nguyen Van Thu and Nguyen Thi Kim Dong, 2008. Effect of psophocarpus scandens
replacing para grass in the diets on feed utilization, growth rate and economic return
of growing crossbred rabbits in the mekong delta in Vietnam. In Proc. of 9th World
rabbit Congress. Verona, Italy. P 759-762.
19. Nguyen Van Thu and Nguyen Thi Kim Dong, 2008. Effect of water spinach and
sweet potato vine associated with 2 other natural plants, on growth performance,
carcass values and economic return of growing crossbred rabbits in the mekong delta
of Vietnam. In Proc. of 9th World rabbit Congress. Verona, Italy. P 763-767.
20. Nguyn Vn Thu, 2003. Gio trnh Chn nui Th. Khoa Nng Nghip, i Hc Cn
Th.
22. Santoma G, J. C. De Blas, R. Carabano and M. J. Fraga (1987), Animal Production,
(45), 291-300.
Hochiminhcity.gov.vn/DetailNews.asp?ID=735
nng nghip.
52
CHNG 4: CHUNG TRI
I. NHNG YU T CH KHI XY DNG CHUNG TRI TH

Th l loi gia sc tng i chu ng c nhiu loi kh hu khc nhau. Tuy nhin
th kh nhy cm vi mi trng sng. Chung tri nh hng n s thch nghi, nng sut
v sc kho ca th, do vy khi xy dng tri th phi ch n cc c im sau:
1. Kh hu
a. Nhit
Nhit tt cho s sng ca th trong khong t 15-200C. Thng thng th th
chu lnh tt hn l chu nng. Trnh nhng ni qu chnh lch gia ngy v m, gia
thng lnh v thng nng. Nhit thp qu hay cao qu s lm thay i, dn n xo
trn sinh l v bin dng cn bn, t s c tc ng xu n tng trng v sinh sn
ca th cng nh l d nhim bnh do sc khng c th th b km. Ta c th to ra
mt tiu kh hu trong chung th tt vi iu kin xy dng chung tri th vi vt liu
v phng cch thch hp.
b. Gi
Th d cm ng vi nhng cn gi la, lm thay i kh hu trong chung, d
dn n th b cm lnh v cht. V th lp tri th nn la nhng ni no trnh c
hng gi c gi lung trc tip vo tri v d hng Ty Nam, Bc Tuy nhin tri rt
cn thong kh, khng kh trong tri cn thit phi c trao i vi bn ngoi.
c. nh sng
nh sng nhiu qu s khng thch hp cho th, v th lp tri th nn la ni no
c bng mt, nh di nhng bng cy to, c bit l nhng ni c c ma h qu nng.
d. m
m ph hp cho th c th nm trong khong t 60-90%. Th d b cm nhim
vi iu kin m t, hay c nc thng xuyn. c bit ch trnh nhng ni qu m
t, m ly, sng m, nht l nhng ni c nhiu mui.
2. V tr
Cn thit phi ct ni cao ro, d thot nc, thun tin cho vic di chuyn ti lui, yn
tnh, t c ngi, gia sc qua li v nn chn nhng ni t tng i thch hp cho vic
trng cc loi cy thc n. Nu c nn chn nhng ni t mi cha nhim bnh tt.
53
II. NH NUI TH
Nh nui th l nh m cc lng th c t trong . Nh c th c ct bng
cc loi vt liu thun li v r tin ti ch v t dn nhit nhng ch cc yu cu sau:
- Phi c trn nh cch nhit tt chng nng vo ma h, vch nh trnh c
gi la vo ma lnh v ma tt vo. Cn phi c h thng ca ra vo hai u nh (Bc
- Nam) v h thng ca s m bo nh thong, sng sa, kh ro.
- Nn nh phi c h thng rnh thot phn v nc tiu hp l, d dng dn qut
v sinh. Nn nn lm bng xi mng, phng v c dc thot nc d dng.
- Mi nh nn lm bng vt liu khng dn nhit c th l l hay ngi, nu lm
bng tole hay tole xi mng th phi c trn.
-Vch nh c th lm bng tre, l, g hay gch, nn trnh lm bng tole hay thit
v sn c th l g hoc tre.
- Kch thc nh nui th ph thuc s th c nui v kch thc lng th b tr.
Hnh 1. Nh nui th Tnh Tin Giang
54
Hnh 2. Nh nui th Italy

III. LNG TH
C th lm bng tre, g, st thp. Kch thc lng th phi ph hp vi tm vc
ca th, thng thng ta c th p dng nhng phng php xc nh kch thc ca
lng th theo 3 chiu di, ngang, cao ca mi ngn lng nht th.
+ o chiu ngang ngn lng: t th trn 1 bn rng v ko di 2 chn sau ra, v o
khong cch t mi th n cui hai chn sau, y l chiu rng ti thiu ca ngn lng.
+ o chiu di ca ngn lng: Cho th di chuyn (nhy), o khong cch ti a:
gia chn sau khi th cha nhy v chn trc khi th phng ti.
+ o chiu cao ngn lng: Chiu cao va phi, cho th chm ln n c
trn cao, tu th ln nh m c chiu cao ngn lng khc nhau, bnh qun l 60cm.
Hnh 3. Kiu lng th ca Italy
55
Hnh 4. Lng c mng c di ng trn

Lng th c th chia lm nhiu loi:
1. Lng nht ring tng con:

Thng dng cho th c ging v th ci c thai hoc th ci cha phi.
- Th to con: c din tch t 0,81m2 - 1,0m2/ con ( (0,9x0,9) (1x1m))
- Th trung bnh: 0,61 m2 - 0,80 m2
- Th nh con: 0,45m2 - 0,6 m2
2. Lng th ci nui con

Phi m bo nui c mt th ci v 10 th con n khi cai sa. Mi th con
kho ng 2dm2/con.
* Ging th to con: 1,5 m2
* Ging th trung bnh 1,2 m2
* Ging th nh con 0,8 m2
Khi cai sa th th tch th ci v th c nui ring, n 4 thng th tch nui
ring tng con.
56
3. Lng th nui tht

Kch thc lng th nn thay i theo s th nui trong mi ngn lng. Thng
ngi ta tnh din tch cho 10 th tht, c chiu ngang 0,7m, chiu di 1,5m v chiu cao
l 0,5 m. Khi ng lng th th cn thit cc lng phi ng nht nhau v kch thc
tin vic b tr v sp xp trong nh nui th cng nh to ra v m quan. S lng nui
th c tnh ton ty theo s pht trin s th trong tri v da theo s th hin ti.
V d: 9 th ci v 1 th c cn s lng nh sau:
- 9 lng th ci nui con
- 5 lng th nht ring (3 cho th ci c mang thai, 1 cho th c v mt
lng th cch ly (bnh tt hoc v sinh lng)
* i vi th nh con: cao 0,6m, ngang 0,7m, chiu di c th thay i.
* i vi th nht tng con: 0,6 x 0,7 x 0,8m (di)
* i vi th ci nui con: 0,6 x 0,7 x 1,0m
* i vi th tht 10 con: 0,6 x 0,7 x 1,5 m
4. Cc kiu lng:
C th dng kiu lng: 1, 2 hay 3 tng, nu dng lng nhiu tng th tit kim c din
tch. Tuy vy b tr sao cho s thao tc lm vic ca cng nhn c thun li, nu dng
lng nhiu tng th phi c vt che gia, trnh th trn tiu, tiu xung tng di.
a. Kiu lng 1 tng
0,6m
0,7m
1,0m
57
b. Kiu lng 2 tng
0,6m
0,5m
0,5m
0,6m
0,45m
0,45m
c. Kiu lng 3 tng

Kiu ny t c p dng trong nc v tng th 3 cao qu, cng nhn rt kh khn
cho s chm sc v nui dng, v mt cu trc cng tng t nh cu trc lng 2 tng.
Ngoi cc kiu lng nu trn cn c cc kiu lng khc nh kiu lng di ng, c
th di chuyn lng i nhiu ni, thng c nui trong cc sn c v ch nui 1 s t th
thi. Kiu lng c cng khing i hoc l lng treo bng kim loi.
Hnh 5. Kiu lng c mng c gia
58
5. Vt liu lm lng
Thng c th l g bo lng v sn dng c lu v tin cho v sinh chung,
c th lm chung bng st v sn. Chung quanh lng thng ng li, kch thc cc
l li cng quan trng i vi li lm nn lng, l qu to th th lt chn, cn qu nh
th phn khng lt dn n phn ng thnh lp v mt v sinh. L li ny thng l
1,25 x 1,25 cm i vi th nh con, hoc 1,25 x 2cm cho th ln con. Ngoi ra c th
lm vch lng bng nhng song st hay l g. Tuy nhin i vi song g th thng gm
mn dn, v th sau mt thi gian phi thay.
6. Dng c trong lng

Ni chung trong lng th c mt s dng c sau: mng c, mng thc n b sung
mng ung v cho th ci.
60cm
45cm
Mng Thc n b
sung
50cm
90cm
Mng c
Hnh 6. Kch thc lng v b tr mng c v mng thc n b sung
59
Hnh 7. B tr mng n v nc ung
a. Mng c:
phn phi c cho th, mng c phi cao th khng th dm ln c n,
trnh nhim bnh cu trng v nc tiu, phn dnh ln c lm cho c mau h. Mng
thng b tr bn ngoi lng th khng li ko c ri trong lng. Bn trong phn nh
vo lng phi c song theo khong cch thch hp (3-4cm), nu dng thanh st th ch 2
cm th ko c n. Mng c c th lm bng g, tre, hay cc thanh st. Chiu di mng
ph thuc kch thc ca lng v s th nui. Kch thc t vch lng ra khong 20 cm,
mng c t cch lng 10 cm v chiu cao c th t t 3-4 cm (tu chiu cao lng).
b. Mng thc n b sung (TABS):
i vi cc loi th nh th c ging, th ci mang thai, th v bo th cn phi b
sung thc n dng thc n hn hp, la ny mm, bnh du, khong... Thng thng
trong chn nui th cng nghip ta dng thc n vin (c th gm bt c v cc thnh
phn khc), vic dng thc n vin c li l th c th gm nhm, trnh gy bnh nht l
cu trng.
60
c. Mng ung:
Nhu cu nc i vi th l kh cao. Nu cho th n ton c xanh c th tho mn
nhu cu nc. Nu nui bng thc n vin, th trong lng th phi c mng ung cung
cp nc. Ngoi ra mng ung cn l phng tin cung cp thuc ung tr bnh hay
nga nh l cu trng. C nhiu kiu mng ung thng ta t ch mng ung bng chai
nc bin treo ln.
d. :
Trc khi th 3-4 ngy th vo lng cho th ci . c hnh dng
nh ci hp, c kch thc tu theo tm vc th. y ca th nn d thot nc,
trnh nc tiu ca th lm cho th con b cm lnh.
Bng 1. Kch thc ca th
_______________________________________________________________________
Loi th
chiu cao
chiu rng
chiu di
din tch
_______________________________________________________________________
- Nh con
25cm
25cm
35cm
885cm2
40cm
1200cm2
- Trung bnh
30cm
30cm
- Ln con
35cm
30cm
45cm
1350 cm2
_______________________________________________________________________
Trong tri th phi c hng ro cch ly hn ch xm nhp ca ngi l v cc
loi gia sc khc trong tri trnh bnh truyn ly hay lm cn ph th hay lm h hi
lng th. Phi b tr h tiu c trc khi vo tri th v gia cc ngn chung cng c
h tiu c (vi bt). Chng ta cn thit phi v sinh lng th thng xuyn.
7. Kiu lng lin kt vi hang th

Th l loi vt nht nht thch sng t nhin trong hang do vy Tin S A. Finzi
(Italy), ngi gii thiu kiu 1 lng kt hp vi 1 hang ring bit (bng ciment hay
t st nung) th sng mt m, m hnh ny c pht trin Chu u, c bit l
cc nc Chu Phi c nhit ngoi tri nng. Lng th lin kt vi hang bng 1 ng
thng bng t st nung, ciment hay nha. Th s c tp n, tiu tiu lng bn ngoi
vi ngy u v sau quen vi iu kin sng trong hang. M hnh ny thng p
dng cho th ci sinh sn.
61
Hnh 7. Kiu Lng lin kt vi hang
IV. CU HI N TP
1. Nu vai tr quan trng ca chung tri i vi chn nui th. Gii thch l do ti
sao?
2. Nhng yu cu ca nh nui th, nn lm nh nui th nh th no thch hp
vi iu kin a phng?
3. Nu cc kiu lng th v nhng dng c cn thit ca lng th. Cch b tr cc
dng c nh th no cho hp l?
V. TI LI U THAM KHO
nh. NXB Nng Nghip.
Nng Nghip, H Ni.
62
replacing para grass in the diets on feed utilization, growth rate and economic return of
growing crossbred rabbits in the mekong delta in Vietnam. In Proc. of 9th World rabbit
Congress. Verona, Italy. P 759-762.
11. Nguyen Van Thu and Nguyen Thi Kim Dong, 2008. Effect of water spinach and sweet
potato vine associated with 2 other natural plants, on growth performance, carcass
values and economic return of growing crossbred rabbits in the mekong delta of
Vietnam. In Proc. of 9th World rabbit Congress. Verona, Italy. P 763-767.
Cn Th.
14. Santoma G, J. C. De Blas, R. Carabano and M. J. Fraga., 1987. Animal Production,
(45), 291-300.
nng nghip.
63
CHNG 5: K THUT NUI TH
Th kh nhy cm vi nhng thay i v thc n, nc ung v cch chm sc

hn cc loi gia sc khc. Do vy trong chn nui th cn ch nhng im nh to
phn x trong vic cung p thc n (1), thc n quen thuc nhng phi m bo v sinh
(2) v s tit kim thc n ti a nng cao hiu qu kinh t (3).
1. To cho th phn x c iu kin v n ung: ch yu l thi gian v trnh t
cc loi thc n c cung cp, phn x ny gip cho th tit dch tiu ho v tng tnh
thm n (cn lu l ban m th n gp i ban ngy). Th t cho n c th nh sau:
bui sng u tin cho th ung nc, tip theo cho n thc n ht hay thc n hn hp
v 2 gi sau cho n thc n xanh; chiu cho n cc loi thc n c qu. i b phn thc
n th xanh cn cho n vo bui chiu v ti. V mt sinh l tiu ho th hn ch trong
vic xo trn thc n v d dn n xo trn tu ho. Khi chuyn thc n t kh sang
ti hay ngc li cn phi tin hnh thay dn khng nn t ngt, hay l c loi thc n
mi cha cho th n bao gi cn cho n th v tng dn, trnh cho n ln u qu nhiu
(ngay c trong trng hp th thch n) d lm cho th cht v kh tiu ho.
2. Thc n cho th phi v sinh sch s: Cc loi c v rau xanh cho th n nn
c thu hoch trn cn trnh th b nhim cu trng hay sn l. Nu rau c b ngp
hay trng ni m c th cn phi ra nhiu ln cho sch s, trnh bn t dnh vo, cng
c th phi hi kh ri hy cho n. Cn ch ra mng n mng ung thng xuyn, cc
loi thc n mc hay km phm cht d gy ng c cho th (gy bnh vim rut). Trong
nhiu trng hp cc tri th b cht hng lot do s thiu ch vn v sinh thc n
nc ung. Nc ung cn sn trong lng th v khng nn cho th ung mt ln qu
nhiu nc.
3. Tit kim thc n v thc n phi c gi tr dinh dng cao: vn tit kim
thc n y khng ch l tit kim s lng thc n hn hp, b sung hay ngay c rau
c, m cn thit phi lu s thu hoch thc n khi n c gi tr dinh dng cao, v d
nh thu hoch c trc khi tr bng, cho n thc n c cht lng cao vi s lng m
bo yu cu dinh dng tu nhu cu th tng giai on. Cho th n theo trnh t hp l,
trnh thc n b ri vi do mng n lm khng ng quy cch. Nng cao nng sut th
bng bin php dinh dng cng l mt cch tit kim thc n.
I. NUI TH THT
V nguyn tc nui th tht phi m bo yu cu th tng trng nhanh, t hao ph
thc n v cho cht lng tht tt. Thng thng th c cai sa khong 30-35 ngy v
ta c th nui thm t 55 ngy n 65 ngy na l c th bn tht t yu cu v kinh t,
do giai on sau th th chm ln.
Giai on sau cai sa nn nui th k lng trnh b ri lon tiu ho do n thc
n v nc ung khng v sinh, hoc cho n khng hp l hay th b lnh, mi trng
sng m thp bnh cu trng pht trin. giai on ny th con d b cht do mua t ni
64
khc em v, v th con cha quen vi iu kin thc n v ni mi. Cn trnh cho th

n c qu non lm tiu chy. Th tht c tng trng nhanh th cn cho n thm mt s
thc n b sung. Trong giai on sp bn tht cn tng b sung thc n bt ng nh
la, khoai m, khoai lang v thc n hn hp v gim bt m trong khu phn. Mt tun
trc khi bn m tht nn gim bt c rau ti v tng thc n th kh v bt ng
s lm tht th sn chc v ngon hn. Trong chn nui gia nh c th ch cho th n thc
n giu tinh bt giai on t 20- 30 ngy giai on cui ca v bo tht gim chi ph,
tuy nhin s b sung thc n tinh bt trong khu phn ca th t nh n ln cng tt do
cung cp nng lng gip th mau ln hn.
Mt s khu phn tham kho cho th tng trng v th tht

Cc loi thc n (g/ con/ ngy)
Loi th
Hn hp
Th xanh
C qu
T khc
0,5 1 kg
20 30
60 130
20 45
10 15
1 2 kg
70 120
200 300
25 50
25 35
2 3 kg
120 150
300 400
70 100
30 40
Ngun: inh Vn Bnh (2003)

Nui th tht vi nhm ging th lai BSCL ch bng thc n l rau c mc
tng trng thng l 13-15gam/ngy, nu c b sung thm thc n m v nng lng
nh b u nnh, b bia, c h u, cc loi bnh du, thc n hn hp, la, khoai c,
v..v c th t t 20-25 gam/ngy v cao nht c con t 30gam/ngy trong thc t sn
xut. Nhng khu p n c th p dng v thnh tch nh sau:
Loi thc n trong khu phn 1
T l trong khu phn

(% trng thi ti)
C lng ty
30,1
B bia
34,4
Bp ci
32,3
Thc n hn hp 20%CP
3,2
Tng trng thc t (g/con/ngy)
20
65
T l trong khu phn

(% trng thi ti)
C lng ty
29,2
B u nnh
67,4
Thc n hn hp 20%CP
3,4
22,7
T l trong khu phn

(% trng thi ti)
Dy l bm bm
34,3
C lng ty
24,5
B u nnh
39,2
Thc n hn hp 20%CP
2,0
23,9
T l trong khu phn

(% trng thi ti)
C lng ty
32,4
B u nnh
37,0
C u dy leo l ln
27,8
Thc n hn hp 20%CP
2,8
21,3
66
T l trong khu phn

(% trng thi ti)
C lng ty
23,5
a cc
42,9
B u nnh
30,6
Thc n hn hp 20%CP
3,0
25,7
T l trong khu phn

(% trng thi ti)
L rau mung
32,0
C lng ty
22.7
B u nnh
41,2
Thc n hn hp 20%CP
4,1
22,5
T l trong khu phn

(% trng thi ti)
Rau mung
68,3
C lng ty
25,9
La
5,8
21,0
67
T l trong khu phn

(% trng thi ti)
Rau lang
74,9
C lng ty
17,4
Thc n hn hp 20%CP
7,7
20,3
II. NUI TH SINH SN

1. Nui Th c
Nui th sinh sn bao gm th c ging v th ci ging. Yu cu l th c
phi c nhiu th ci v t t l th thai cao thng t t l trung bnh trn 70%.
Trnh th c qu mp m hay qu gy. Trnh cho th n qu nhiu lm cho th c
li, sn xut tinh trng km. Th c ngoi cho n rau c cn b sung thm khong 50 g
la, bp hay u. i vi th c c th cho n la 3 ngy lin tc kt qu phi ging th
thai s rt tt. Thc n cn giu m v vitamin nht l vitamin A v E v chng c vai
tr quan trng trn c s pht trin t bo v m c. Thng 1 th c c th phi cho t
9-12 th ci. Tui th c c th s dng t 8-10 thng tui.
2. Chn Th c
Chn th c tng i quan trng, v n truyn c tnh rng ri ca mnh hn
th ci. Tiu chun chn th c :
- To con, u to va
- Ngc, mng v vai to
- Lng rng
- Chn sau to
- Mnh dn v hng hi
- Phi t tiu chun v trng lng qui nh cho mi ging th
68
3. Chn Th ci
- To con nhng khng qu mp
- Di v rng ngang nht l phn mng
- u tng i nh
- Lng mt mn
Thng thng kh chn c th ci tt nu ch cn c vo hnh dng bn ngoi.
V th cn chn nhng con th ci m m n l nhng con th tt. V d nh sai con (>6
con), nui con tt (con mau ln v t cht).
4- Chn th con lm th ging

Chn nhng th con c cha m tt, trong by th ny chn nhng con nhanh l
lm th ging, nhng con th lm ging c th cai sa mun hn khong 6 tun tui thay
v 3-4 tun.
Sau khi cai sa th th nn tch ring ci v c ngay lc hoc c th tr
1-2 tun sau. Cn thit trnh nhng kch xc lin tc i vi th nh i xa, x li v
chch nga. Khi cai sa th con th ta bt th m ra khi chung v th con li
chung c trnh kch xc v mt chung ti, di chuyn. Chch nga cho th phi trnh
lc th yu v 2 ln chch phi cch nhau khong 1 tun.
Khi th c 4 thng th tch ring tng con v nui trong mt cn lng ring v
sau nh s th ging phn bit v lp phiu kim sot sinh trng v sinh sn ca
th ci v th c.
5. Tui cho th sinh sn

Trong iu kin BSCL th th ci lai 3-4 thng tui c kh nng giao phi.
Tuy nhin vo tui ny th ci thnh thc cha y , cho nn cho th sinh sn vo tui
ny s c sa t, s con khng sai, th con d bnh. V th phi th sinh sn tui 8
thng i vi th c, v i vi th ci l 6 thng. cc tri ging th th ci sinh sn
l 8 thng v th c l 10 thng.
Mt th c c th nhy 8-12 th ci (trung bnh l 10 con). Cn c vo s lng
ny ta tnh lng th c cn thit phi nui. Thi gian s dng th ging ty thuc vo:
s con th ci v tnh trng sc kho th ci. Nu th ci 5 la/nm th c th s
dng trong vng 3 nm n tu theo tnh trng sc kho v kh nng sinh con, sau th
v bo bn tht. Cn i vi th c th cng c th s dng trong 3 nm ty tnh trng
sc kho v kh nng sai con ca n.
69
Mu phiu theo di th ci
PHIU TH CI
S: 128
Dng: New Zealand
Sinh : 10.1.1987
S th cha: 23
Ngy phi
th
c s
12.2.1988
S th m: 68
Khm
thai 15
ngy
Ngy
11.2
123
S th con
Cai sa
Cn
S dng
T l
Sng
Cht
Ngy
21
Ngy
TL
Ging
Tht
Cht
350g/
8c
11.3
500g
20%
(8c)
Mu phiu th c
PHIU TH C
S: 139
Dng: Papillon Francais
Sinh: 30.1.1986
S th cha: 45
S th m: 28
Cho th
nhy ngy
Th ci s
12.7.1986
134
Kt qu mi
ln nhy
C thai
70
S th con
Sng
Cht
Nhn xt
Hng hi v lanh l
Nhn
xt
tt
6. Th ci ln ging:
Kh c th xc nh c thi k ln ging ca th ci. Tuy nhin c th da vo
mt s triu chng v nhng triu chng ny ch c tnh cht tng i. Bnh thng khi
th ngh ngi, th nm dn thnh mt khi trn, 2 chn trc dui ra, chn sau c xp
di bng, v lng lm thnh hnh vng cung. Nhng khi ln ging th th nm dui ra
trong lng, mng chng ln hi cao. m h c con hi sng to ln, mu nim mc ca
m h cng c mu hng. Trong mt s trng hp ca c dch nhn chy ra. C nhng
con chy ti chy lui, cn c cn mng. iu ny i hi phi c nhiu kinh nghim mi
c th bit c th ci ln ging.
Trng hp th ci khng chu cho th c nhy th c th kch thch th ci.
Chng ta c th tin hnh nh sau b th ci vo lng th c trong vng vi gi sau
bt th ci ra. Hoc l b mt nm c ca lng th c cho vo trong lng th ci, cng
c th nht th ci k lng th t 24-48 gi. Sau th ci c th chu nhy. Cng c th
dng cc loi kch dc t kch thch th ci ln ging v chu cho c phi trong
nhng trng th ci khng c biu hin ln ging v khng cho th c nhy.
7. Cho th phi ging

Thng cho th ci phi ging vo sng sm hay chiu mt, khng nn cho th
phi vo lc nng nng v iu kin nng s khng thun li do stress nhit.
Bt th ci b nh nhng vo trong lng th c, khng nn bt th c b vo
trong lng th ci do c th lm cho th c hong s vi mi trng mi khng chu
phi, cng nh th c phi nhiu ln b bt chuyn qua lng khc. Phi quan st coi th
nhy. Khi nhy c th ci, th c s ku ln mt ting v ng sang bn cnh l t.
Th c ch c th nhy t 1-2 ln. Khng nn th ci trong lng th c sut m
lm mt sc c th c v ci. Trong mt vi tri cho th c nhy lin tip 2 ln trc
khi bt th ci ra, ch p dng cch ny khi th c t nhy. Cch dng 2 th c khc
nhau nhy 1 th ci c hn ch l: Khng xc nh c di truyn con c no v th
ci yu sc s khng chu c. Th c tt c th cho nhy 2 ln 1 ngy.
8. Chm sc th ci c thai
Thi gian mang thai ca th ci l 30 ngy, c th sm hoc tr hn 1-2 ngy. Sau
khi cho th nhy nu khong 6-7 ngy sau m th cn c, lng lm th c th kt
lun l th khng c thai. Th c thai th nn t th mt ni yn tnh, kn o v sau
15 ngy th khm thai. Sau th cho th vo lng rng hn, c nc ung thng
xuyn, c c y v thm thc n b sung, bt c, bnh du.
71
9. Kim sot th ci c thai

Kim sot tt nht l ngy th 15, nn khm coi th c thai hay khng? Khng
nn khm thai sau ngy th 18
Cch khm:
- S bng tay: bt th ci t nh nhng ln trn mt nhm, tay phi nm l tai v
vai th, tay tri t di mnh th gia 2 chn sau v trc vng xng chu, t ngn
ci 1 bn v 4 ngn cn li mt bn, lt nh nhng t trc ra sau, nu gp 1 cc trn
nh nh su chui l th c thai.. Nn phn bit vi phn th nm gn xng sng v
trc trng.
10. Cho th
Cn c vo ngy phi ghi chp m chun b ngy th . Thng thng thi gian
mang thai ca th l 1 thng, tuy nhin th c th sm hay tr hn 1-2 ngy l chuyn
bnh thng. Ta cn thit phi chun b cho th. th c th c ng bng g
(nh trnh by phn chung tri). Cng c th dng cc r bng tre hay nha. cho vo
mt t vi vn. Trc khi , th m s cn lng bng v lt vo . Th nhanh v t
ra nhau thai. Ta cn theo di ly nhau thai chn i.
Cho th s sinh b l iu quan trng, nu thc hin cn thn v kt qu th con
b y s nng cao s con cn sng sau cai sa. S tht bi thng xy ra giai on
ny. Ch l th con cn c s gip b m, c bit l th m la hu b. Phi
theo di v cho b y , mi ngy chng ta c th cho b ch 1 ln vo bui sng. Th
con s sinh c th tch ra khi m vo lt bng nha ni kh ro, m p v trnh b
th m vo bi con vng ra hay cht. Th con b y s ng yn v da cng
bng, trng hp thiu sa th s ca quy nhiu v da nhn, gy cm. Th m mt t 913 ngy, ta c th tp n ti lng ca th con bng rau xanh tt v cc loi thc n b
sung c cht lng m khng cn cho theo m. Nh vy chng ta to iu kin cai
sa tt v th m t b nh hng bi th con. Thng thng chng ta cai sa chng t
30-35 ngy tui.
11. Mt s khu phn tham kho nui th sinh sn

Da trn cc nghin cu trn th lai sinh sn ti Trng i Hc Cn Th trong
nhng nm qua, chng ti nhn thy rng cung cp cho th sinh sn yu cu dinh
dng chng ta c th p dng tiu chun n ca th sinh sn da trn khu phn th
mang thai vo tun th 1. tun th 2 ca giai on mang thai tng lng thc n ca
ton khu phn ln 5%, tun th 3 tng ln 10% v tun th 4 tng ln 15% so vi khu
phn th mang thai tun 1. Sau khi , tun u tin lng thc n ton b nn tng
10%, tun th 2 v 3 tng ln 30% v tun th 4 ca giai on nui con tng ln 40% so
72
vi tun 1 ca giai on mang thai. V thng thng i vi th lai chng ta cai sa vo

cui tun th 4.
+ Th c thai:
th c thai nn gim bt lng c ti, v c ti nhiu m t l nc cao lm
d dy th lun y thc n v nng, ln thai lm cho s pht trin thai b hn ch.
Khong 4-5 ngy trc khi th nn cho n thm cm, khoai c, tng rau c ti
trnh th b bn.
Cc khu phn tham kho cho th ci sinh sn cc giai on
Loi th
Cc loi thc n (g/ con/ ngy)

Hn hp
Th xanh
C qu
T
khc
Ni mang thai
150 200
450 500
150 200
50
Ni nui con
200 250
600 800
200 - 300
70 100
Ngun: inh Vn Bnh (2003)
T l trong khu phn

(% trng thi ti)
C lng ty
30,2
Rau lang
57,7
L rau mung
10,1
Thc n hn hp 20%CP
4,5
T l trong khu phn

(% trng thi ti)
C lng ty
37,5
L rau mung
55,3
Thc n hn hp 20%CP
9,4
73
T l trong khu phn (%

trng thi ti)
C lng ty
35,9
L rau mung
24,0
B bia
35,9
Thc n hn hp 20%CP
4,2
T l trong khu phn (%

trng thi ti)
C lng ty
41,4
C u l nh
34,5
L rau mung
13,8
B bia
6,9
Thc n hn hp 20%CP
3,4
III. NHNG BNH THNG THNG TH

1. Bnh Bi huyt:
Bnh c pht hin vo nm 1984 ti Trung Quc v hin nay hin din khp
cc chu lc. Ti VN, trng hp nhim bnh ln u tin vo khong nm 2000 min
Bc, c chn on y l bnh bi huyt th do virus Calicivirus. Nm 2003, virus ny
gy thit hi n 80% tri th cc tnh pha Nam ca nc ta. c trng ca bnh ny
l phn ln th b bnh t 2 thng tui tr ln, cht rt nhanh, nu tnh t lc nhim virus
n lc cht trong khong 14 - 25 gi, ngi nui pht hin ra cc triu chng nh st
cao, kh th ch khong 3 gi, thm ch pht hin th cht t ngt hng lot. Th cht c
u ngc v pha sau. Th b co git, nhy cng ln v c mu ln bt tro ngoi mi.
Cc c quan nh gan, phi, kh qun, lch u xut huyt, t huyt thm ch hoi t.
Bnh khng th tr bng cc loi thuc c tr, t l cht ca th rt cao, i khi n 100%
trn th mc bnh. Tuy nhin hin nay c vaccine phng bnh hiu qu t rt tt. Tuy
nhin cng cn lu mun bo v tt n th ngoi vic chng vaccine ng hng dn
cn phi kt hp vi nhng bin php khc nh nui dng chm sc th hp l, v sinh
chung tri; khng mua th cha r ngun gc em v tri m khng c cch ly hoc
khng tim phng vaccine. Cn phi nh k st rrng chung tri sau mi t nui bng
Benkocid (c th phun trc tip ln ngi th). y l loi vaccine v hot, s dng thi
74
gian 1 nm. Bo qun v vn chuyn nh nhng vacxin bnh thng khc. Tim nga
bng vaccine cho th vo 1,5 thng tui v chng li vo su thng sau.
2. Bnh cu trng:
L bnh ph bin nht cc tri th v gy t vong cao dn n thit hi kinh t
ln so vi cc bnh khc. Th mc bnh nng nm trong tui 1-3 thng lm gim sc
khng ca c th. Cc bo t k sinh nim mc rut v ng mt qu nhiu ph hy t
bo biu b, c t do bo t tit ra gy vim nhim v ri lon tiu ho cn tr s hp
thu dinh dng. i vi bnh cu trng rut, th b au bng a chy, chng hi, km
n, x lng, gy yu v c th cht 10-15 ngy, mc thit hi c th n 50% n.
bnh cu trng gan c thm triu chng nim mc vng v thiu mu.
Chng ta c th dng phenothiazin vi liu 0,2g/kg th trng iu tr. Dng
dung dch iod 0,01% cho th ung trong 10 ngy lin, tuy nhin ch s vim rut.
Cng c th Rabbipain pha 10g/10 lt nc hoc trn 10 g/5kg thc n, dng lin tc t
3-5 ngy.
phng bnh th y lng chung phi c l, rnh thot phn d dng dn v
sinh hng ngy. Tng cng sc khng cho th bng cch b sung vitamin, cc loi
thc n c cht lng. C th s dng cc loi thuc trn phng bnh vi liu s dng
bng 1/2 liu iu tr.
3. Bnh sn l gan:
Do Sn Fasciola hepatica gy ra, do dng rau ni trng thp, m t c u trng
sn l gan. Gan th b vim, x cng t gy bnh vng da. Th cng km n, a chy,
th gy yu khng tng trng, c th dn n t vong.
Cha bnh bng cc loi thuc c cha CCl4 dng ung. Phng bnh bng v sinh
c v thc n nc ung v dit k ch trung gian c ni trng, m t.
4. Bnh Gh:
y l bnh cng kh ph bin th do 3 ging gh: Psoroptes cuniculi (gh tai),
Sarcoptes v Notoedses cuniculi (gh da).. Bnh ny ly nhanh, gh c khot cc rnh,
nt ln. Th b nga, c gi vo chung, rng lng, c mi rt hi, c th lan n b phn
sinh dc. Th gy m, chm ln, sinh sn km...
iu tr bng cch phc hi sc kho th. Dng cc loi thuc tr gh bi c tr
lm 3 t 2-3 ngy/t v kim tra thng xuyn. Phng bnh bng v sinh tt chung
tri, ngun ly bnh do ngi mang sang.
75
5. Bnh T Huyt Trng:

Th kh mn cm vi bnh ny do vi khun Pasteurella multiseptica Cuniculi gy
vim ng h hp. Bnh c th lm th cht 2-3 ngy sau khi c biu hin bnh. Triu
chng l th st cao 40-41oC, th gp, mt v cht nhanh.
Dng cc loi khng sinh iu tr nh Streptomycin (10.000 - 20.000 UI/kg th
trng) kt hp vi penicilin, Tetracycline, v.v.. v cc loi thuc bi dng. Phng bnh
bng cch gi cho th m khng b cm lnh, vim mi... c th nga bng cch pha
thuc cho th ung nh k.
6. Bnh vim mi:

Do vi trng gy vim phi kt hp vi mt s loi vi trng nung m k sinh trong
xoang mi, khi gp iu kin thun li th pht bnh. Nu khng iu tr kp thi th v
c kh nng pht trin gy vim mng phi, vim bao tim.
Triu chng l th b chy nc mi c nh m, kh th bng mi phi th bng
ming v th hay ly hai chn trc di vo mi, lng bt li v nc mi chy ra. Th
l , bing n v c ting th rt ln. iu tr l cn pht hin sm v iu tr kp thi.
Dng thuc Streptomycin, Choranphenicol, Kanamycin nh vo hai l mi 2ln/ngy
(sng v chiu), 4-5 git/ln nh. Cn kt hp tim hoc ung iu tr lin tc trong ba
ngy lin. Xem xt v quyt nh iu tr tip nu thy gim triu chng hay khi bnh.
Phng bnh th cn kt hp vi vic chm sc nui dng, v sinh sch s, chung tri
thng thong, khng b gi la. Nu th b bnh nng cn tim Streptomycin vi liu
0,01g/1kg th trng, hoc Kanamycin liu 0,05g/1kg th trng lin tc trong 3 ngy.
7. Bnh chng hi, tiu chy:

Bnh gy ra do th n phi thc n b i, mc, hoc do thay i thc n t ngt
lm ri lon tiu ha. Cc loi thc n th xanh c cha qu nhiu nc cng c th lm
th b tiu chy. Bnh thng xy ra th ln v th sau khi cai sa.
Triu chng l bng chng hi, phnh to, th kh, si bt mp. Sau tiu chy
mu hi en, rt thi. C th th s cht nhanh. Cch tr l dng cho n cc loi thc n,
nc ung ang cho n c mm gy bnh. C th s dng Streptomycin pha long cho
ung 2 4 ln/ ngy, kt hp vi vic s dng nc chit xut t cc loi l c cht cht
nh t i, l chui,... v tim hoc cho ung nc sinh l, vitamin A, B tng sc
khng. C th phng bnh bng cch dng cc thc n v sinh, sch s. Khi thay i
ngun thc n, cn tp cho th quen dn thc n mi; cn phi lm ro nc i vi cc
loi thc n xanh c cha qu nhiu nc nh cc loi rau, lc bnh, c mm, v..v
III. CU HI N TP
1. chn nui th c hiu qu ta cn ch nhng c im no ca th?
2. Trnh by s lc v k thut nui th tht
76
3. Trnh by s lc k thut nui th ci sinh sn

4. K thut nui dng v s dng th c ging.
5. Nu mt s bnh thng thng ca th: Nguyn nhn, triu chng v cc phng v
tr bnh
IV. TI LI U THAM KHO

nh. NXB Nng Nghip.
Nng Nghip, H Ni.
10. Nguyn Quang Sc & inh Vn Bnh (2000), Cm nang chn nui th, thng tin
trang wed-Vin Chn Nui Vit Nam, http://www.vcn.vnn.vn/vcn
11. Nguyen Quang Suc, Dinh Van Binh, Le Viet Ly and TR. Preston, 1994. Studies on
the use of dried pressesed sugarcane stalk or peeled sugarcane stalk for rabbit. In
proc. Of Natioanal Seminar-Workshop. Sustaianable Livestock production on local
feed resources. Nov. 22-27, 1993 in Ho Chi Minh city. pp 53-56.
12. Nguyen Thi Kim Dong and Nguyen Thanh Van, 2009. Effect of different levels of
cabbage waste (Brassica olerea) replacement in para grass (Brachiaria mutica) basal
diet on growth performance and nutrient digestibility of crossbred rabbits in Mekong
delta of Viet Nam. In proceedings of International Rabbit Workshop on Organic
farming based on Forages at Cantho University, Vietnam. 25-27 Nov. 2008.
13. Nguyen Thi Kim Dong and Nguyen van Thu, 2006. Effect of supplement level of
water spinach leaves in diets based on para grass on intake, nutrient utilization,
growth rate and economic returns of crossbred rabbits in Mekong delta, Vietnam.
MEKARN Proccedings of Workshop on Forages for Pigs and Rabbits Phnom Penh,
Cambodia, 22-24 August 2006. Agricultural Publishing house Hanoi
77
14. Nguyen Thi Kim Dong and Nguyen van Thu, 2006. Effect of dietary protein supply
on reproductive performance of crossbred rabbits. MEKARN Proccedings of
Workshop on Forages for Pigs and Rabbits. Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 22-24 August
2006. Agricultural Publishing house Hanoi.
15. Nguyen Van Thu & Nguyen Thi Kim Dong, 2009. A study of associated fresh
forages for feeding growing crossbred rabbits the Mekong delta of Vietnam. In
at
Cantho
University,
Vietnam.
25-27
Nov.
2008.
16. Nguyen Van Thu and Danh Mo, 2009. A study of nutritive values of forages as rabbit
feed resources by using in vitro digestibility and gas production techniques. In
at
Cantho
University,
Vietnam.
25-27
Nov.
2008.
http://www.mekarn.org/prorab/content.htm
17. Nguyen Van Thu and Nguyen Thi Kim Dong, 2005. Effect of replacement of
different levels of paragrass (Brachiaria mutica) and sweet potato vines on feed
utilization, growth rate and carcass quality of crossbred rabbit in the Mekong delta.
BSAS Proceedings Khon Kaen, Thailand. Vol.2. T51.
replacing para grass in the diets on feed utilization, growth rate and economic return
of growing crossbred rabbits in the mekong delta in Vietnam. In Proc. of 9th World
rabbit Congress. Verona, Italy. P 759-762.
19. Nguyen Van Thu and Nguyen Thi Kim Dong, 2008. Effect of water spinach and
sweet potato vine associated with 2 other natural plants, on growth performance,
carcass values and economic return of growing crossbred rabbits in the mekong delta
of Vietnam. In Proc. of 9th World rabbit Congress. Verona, Italy. P 763-767.
20. Nguyn Vn Thu, 2003. Gio trnh Chn nui Th. Khoa Nng Nghip, i Hc Cn
Th.
22. Santoma G, J. C. De Blas, R. Carabano and M. J. Fraga (1987), Animal Production,
(45), 291-300.
nng nghip.
78

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TRNG I HC CN TH

KHOA NNG NGHIP & SINH HC NG DNG

1- H v tn: PGs Ts Nguyn Vn Thu

2- H v tn: Ts Nguyn Th Kim ng

II. PHM VI V I TNG S DNG

THNG TIN V TC GI..........................................................................2

b. Hot ng sinh l sinh dc ca th......................................................................15

CHNG 2: GING V CNG TC GING TH ...........................18

CHNG 3: DINH DNG V THC N CA TH .......................31

CHNG 4: CHUNG TRI...................................................................53

CHNG 5: K THUT NUI TH .....................................................64

CHNG 1: TM QUAN TRNG V C IM SINH HC CA TH

II. NHNG LI CH CA NGH NUI TH

1. Th sinh sn nhiu v nhanh

th sn xut ra th con. Mi la th trung bnh 6-7 con, mi th ci trung bnh mi

2. Thc n ca th r tin d kim v t cnh tranh vi cc gia sc khc

5. Cung cp tht nhanh:

6. Tht th c gi tr dinh dng tt:

1. Nhng tp tnh c bit ca th

thng thong, thng gi s lu chuyn trong khng kh vo khong 0.3m/giy l thch

3. Thn nhit, nhp tim v nhp th

5. c im v thnh gic v th gic

th lu li 2 12gi v s c tiu ho bi cc enzyme ca vi sinh vt. Ch yu l

Vin phn cng

Manh trng ln gp 5 n 6 ln d dy v nhu ng ca rut yu do thc n

C quan sinh dc th c c cc phn chnh nh l cc loi gia sc khc nh dch

con ci, bung trng c dng oval v khng vt qu 1 1,5cm, pha di

khu phn tng ng khong 3 tun l, v nh th s pht trin c th s chm i 3 tun.

CHNG 2: GING V CNG TC GING TH

Ging th ny c nui nhiu nc v ph bin nhiu ni trn th gii Vit

Ging th ny c to ra v pht trin t M (khong 1920) t 2 ging New

y l ging th to ra c li tc cao cho ngi nui th thng phm. c im ca

Th Chinchilla ln u tin c trnh din ti Php 1913 bi J.J. Dybowski c

5. Nhm th Vit Nam

lng trng thnh 2,6-3,2kg. Mt vi ni c cc ging th lng x mu trng do c mu

Nhm th Lai BSCL

Bng 1. Cc ch tiu sinh l thng thng ca th Vit Nam v th New Zealand

Ngoi ra cn mt s ging th khc c ting trong khu vc hay nhng chu lc

New Zealand White

S con sng trong

S con cai sa trong

b.Tng trng v thnh phn c th:

d. Gen v mi trng sng

e. S lai ging cc nc nhit i

III. PHNG PHP CHN LC V NHN GING TH

1. Cc phng php chn lc

Bng 2. Kt qu sinh sn ca 10 gia nh th

ton lc s sinh (g)

2. Phng php nhn ging th

nht nh. Nu nh s lng th tham gia di mc cho php s dn n ng huyt

Vic ghi chp nh du bo m cho s liu chnh xc khi phi ging l iu rt

s con trng lng Ghi ch

CHNG 3: DINH DNG V THC N CA TH

A. NHU CU DINH DNG

Bng 2. Nhu cu duy tr ca Th

Bng 3. Thnh phn ho hc ca sa Th v cc loi GS n c khc

Chng ta thy rng do nc t hn nn vt cht kh ca sa th cao hn cc loi

Tun l 1-2: 200%

Tun l 3-4: 330%

Tun l 5-6: 370%

Tun l 7-8: 400%

Trong lc c tc gi th cho rng tun l 3-4 l 350% v 7-8 l 600%. Trong

trng lng trng thnh c th trong khong t 1 - 9 kg ty theo ging th. V d s l 1

Tng trng/ngy (gam)