(.

)

2
16

8

(.)
0-2226-2311 www.dede.go.th E-mail: dedeoss@dede.go.th


16

1.
2.
3.

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

(Reheating)
/ (Drawing)

1. On Peak

2.

()
3.




4.


1.
(Refractory)

2.
VSD (Variable Speed Drives)

3.

4.
5.

1 ...........................................................................................................

2 ...........................................................................................................

15

3 ...........................................................................................................

24

4 ...........................................................................................................

32

5 ...........................................................................................................

45

6 ...........................................................................................................

57

..............................................................................

70

(Intermediate Stream)





4

1.
2.
3.
4.
1.1

(Ingot) (Billets) (Slab)

2

(Ingots) (Billets) (Blooms or Slabs)
(Ingot)


8




1.1.1

(1) (Billet) (Slab)

(2) (Reheating Furnace)

(3)
(4)
(5) (Descaling)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
1.1.2

(Annealing Furnace) (Reheating Furnace)
(Pickling)

(1) (Slab)
(2) (Annealing Furnace)
(3) (Pickling)
(4) 1
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
1

1.1.3

(1)
(Scrap) (Billet)
(Alloys)
(2)
(3) (Holding Furnace)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)

1.1.4
(Wire Rod)

(1)
(2) (Heat Treatment) (Patenting
Furnace)
(3) (Pickling)
(4) (Drawing)
(5) (Stress Releasing)
(6)

10

1.2

1.2.1

(Ingot, Scrap)

(Melting)

(Casting)

(Heating)

1.2.2

(Milling)

(Semis)

(Plates or
Sections)

(Scrap, Billet, Slap)

(Raw Material
Preparation)

(Reheating Furnace)

(Rolling Mill)

(Hot Leveling Mill)

(Shear)

(Descaling)

(Cooling)

(Cutting)

(Coiling/Packing)

(Hot Rolled Slap)

/
(Shear)

(Annealing Furnace)

(Pickling)

(Cutting)

(Flattening Mill)

(Cool Rolling Mill)

(Coiling/Packing)
1

11


/
(Sand
Milling/Mixing)

(Molding)

(Mold)

1.2.3

(Billet, Scrap)

(Melting Furnace)

(Trapping)

(Holding Furnace)

(Pouring)

(Coating)

(Q.C.)

(Finishing)

(Shake Out)

(Packing)

(Rod)

12

(Patenting)

(Pickling)

/
(Drawing)

(Stress Relieving)

/
(Coiling)

1.3

1.3.1
2



(LPG) (NGV)

1.3.2

80

20

5

( 1 - 1 14)

1.3.3

13

 1 - 1

(Melting)

- (Reheating)
- (Annealing)
- (Stress Relieving)

- (Descaling)
- (Pickling)
/ (Milling or Drawing)
/

-
-

/
/

/
/
14

3 4
5
6

( 90
)







1 - 2



2.1







FT (
) ()

15



FT ()

( 19)
2.2

2.2.1


()
-
()

2.2.2

(1) (Load Factor LF)

(%) =

1 (kW) x 100
(kW)

(%) =

1 (kWh)
x 100
(kW) x (h)

(2)
On Peak, Partial Peak Off Peak

( 2 - 1 20) 21
16



On Peak Off Peak



On Peak Off Peak Partial Peak

On Peak
(Start Up) On Peak

Peak Demand Controller (PLC)

Partial Peak Off Peak
LF LF

2.3

(Induction Furnace)
(Reactive Load) (Power Factor)

17

 (Capacitor)
(
)
2.4

2.4.1


(Capacitor) (Secondary)

(Overload)

TAP

2.4.2

( 2 - 2 2 - 3 22)

18

19

= kVar 61.97 x
kVar = 0.6197 x 7,552 = 4,679.98 kVar
= 3,923 kVar < 4,679.98 kVar ()

(Demand)
On Peak = ( On Peak x On Peak)
= 7,552 x 132.93 = 1,003,887

(Ft)
Ft On Peak = On Peak x Ft = 1,801,000 x 0.2195 = 395,919.50
Ft Off Peak = Off Peak x Ft = 3,005,000 x 0.2195 = 659,597.50
Ft = Ft On Peak + Ft Off Peak = 1,054,917

= ( On Peak x On Peak) + ( Off Peak x Off Peak)

= (1,801,000 x 2.695) + (3,005,000 x 1.1914) = 8,433,852

4 (Time of Use Tariff : TOU Tariff)

20

(kWh)

On Peak
Partial Peak
Off Peak

(kW)
TOD Tariff

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12

* Off Peak 1 22.00 - 09.00 . -

** Off Peak 2 ,

xxxxxxxxx
TOU Tariff
Off Peak
On Peak
1*
2**

Load
Factor
(%)

xxxxxxxxx

2 - 1

()

21

1 (kWh)
x 100
1 (kW) x 1 (h)

11,939,400

(kWh)

18,480

On Peak

xxxxxxxxx

19,580

Partial Peak

18,200

Off Peak

(kW)
TOD Tariff

TOU Tariff
Off Peak
On Peak
1*
2**

4.1.2

82

Load
Factor
(%)

32,357,301.06

()

4 (Time of Day Tariff : TOD Tariff)

22 kV 11,939,400 kWh 10,960 kVar 18,480 kW
19,580 kW 18,200 kW 4.1.2

(On Peak)
18.30 - 21.30 = 285.05 /kW
= 1.7034 /kWh
(Partial Peak)
08.00 - 18.30 = 58.88 /kW
Ft
= 0.3828 /
4.1.2 ( TOD)
1
1.
= ( On Peak x On Peak) +
( Partial Peak On Peak x Partial Peak)
= (18,480 x 285.05) + ((19,580 - 18,480) x 58.88)
= 5,332,492.00

2.
= x
= 11,939,400 x 1.7034
= 20,337,573.96

3.
= kVar 61.97 kW

= 10,960 - (19,580 x 0.6197)
= 1,174 kVar ( PF 0.85 )

=
0.00

= 5,332,492.00 + 20,337,573.96
= 25,670,065.96

2 (Ft)
x Ft
= 11,939,400 x 0.3828
= 4,570,402.32

3 7%
( + Ft) x 7/100 = (25,670,065.96 + 4,570,402.32) x 7/100
= 2,116,832.78

= 25,670,065.96 + 4,570,420.32 + 2,116,832.78

= 32,357,301.06

(Load Factor) =

 2 - 2

.....................................................

1
[ ]
[ ]

(kVA)
(kV)
(V)
(A)
(A)

(Vector Group)

/
/

22

2
[ ]
[ ]

3
[ ]
[ ]

4
[ ]
[ ]

 2 - 3

.....................................................


(kVA) (V)

%

(kW)
R S T (PF)

1
[ ]
[ / ]
1,000
22
400/230
26.2
1,463.4

Dy 11
xxx
8,760
May 1995

(kVA)
(kV)
(V)
(A)
(A)

(Vector Group)

/
/

: (Vector Group) Dd 6, Dy 11

(kVA) (V)
1

1,000

380

%

(kW)
R S T (PF)
1,120

1,005

1,150

0.83

596.3

71.84

:
2

23

24

2

3.1

CIE (Commission
International de IEclairage)

3 - 1 25
3.2


()


()
(
)
3 - 2 26

24

 3 - 1

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.

(Lux)
--

50 - 100 - 150
50 - 150 - 200
20 - 50
50 - 100 - 150
150 - 200 - 300
300 - 500 - 750
150 - 200 - 300
150 - 200 -300
200 - 300 - 500
200 - 300 - 500
500 - 750 - 1,000
300 - 500 - 750
300 - 500 - 750
300 - 500 - 750
50 - 100 - 150
100 - 150 - 200
100 - 150 - 200
150 - 200 - 300

300

25

 3 - 2

(lumen)

(lumen/Watt)

(..)

(/)

(/lm-..)

730 - 1,380
730 - 1,380

1,000
()
8,000 - 12,000

16 - 17
()
120 - 530

1.535 x 10 -5

12 - 14
()
50 - 60

()

1,300 - 3,250

45 - 70
()

13,000
()

60 - 70

3,700 - 22,000

40 - 55

15,000 - 20,000

200 - 700

5,000 - 48,000 50 - 120

()
()
5,700 - 35,000 70 - 85

10,000 - 20,000

720 - 2,000

()

3.086 x 10 -5
()
2.1978 x 10 -6
1.9566 x 10 -6
()
3.4528 x 10 -6

9,000 - 20,000 1,530 - 1,800 7.750 x 10 -6

()

( (Warm))
(lumen/W)
(lumen)
1.
2.

3 - 2

26

3.3

3.3.1



()

3.3.2
- -

-
(Daylight Linking) (Occupancy Linking) (Time Linking)
Voltage Regulator

( 3 - 3 28)

27

 3 - 3

28

-
-

-




(Low Bay)

(High-Bay)







1/3 - 1/2

3.4
-

(Sensor)
(Presence Detector) (Photocell)
(Light Controller)
-
3.5



( 3 - 4 30)

29

30

(Lux)
(Lux)

(W)
(kW)

........................................................

3 - 4

(kW)

(W) (kW) (Lux)

31

30

2 FL

46

46
4.14

7.17
200

220
100

220

30

46

4.14

200

(kW)

(W) (kW) (Lux)

FL

= (W) x
FL (Ballast)
10
6

52

1 FL

(Lux)

(Lux)
(W)
(kW)

(Lab)



4.1

(1) (
)

(2)
(Unitary Unit) (Window Type) (Split
Type) (Package Unit) 9,000 - 70,000 /
(Central Unit) (Chiller)

4.2

32

4.2.1



10 - 30
25 C



-
- 1

4.2.2

-




50% 2
2 1

33

4.3
(Cooling Tower)
(Chiller)

( 5 )


(Blow Down)
(Fill)
( 4 - 1
4 - 2 36 - 37)

34

4.4

(Unitary Unit)
(Central Unit) 4 - 3 4 - 5 42
4 - 6 4 - 7 44

35

 4 - 1

3
1
...............................................................................
................................... ............................. ....................................
............................................... ..............................................

3
1.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

36

37

-
(Air Handling Unit)

-
(Cooling Tower)

-
(Condenser Water Pump)

-
(Chilled Water Pump)

1 1
-
(Chiller)

(kw)

(V)

(A)

(kW) ../ / (%)

(PF)
T
S
R

....................................................................

4 - 2

(kW)

38

0.75

-
(Air Handling Unit)

380

15

-
(Cooling Tower)

0.75

380

-
15
(Condenser Water Pump)

380

(V)

380

250

(kw)

11

-
(Chilled Water Pump)

1
-
(Chiller)

24

25

21

24

25

21

371 1.5 1.6

24

25

21

480 465 485

1.5

0.77

0.82

0.75

0.78

0.75

12.16

13.49

10.37

244.7

24

24

24

24

24

30

30

30

30

30

95

95

95

95

95

(A)

(kW) ../ / (%)

(PF)
T
S
R

(kW)

 4 - 3

.........................................

(Model)

(BTU/hr)
(cm)

(cm)
1

2
(m/s)
3

1
2
3
1

2
(%)
3
1

2
(m/s)
3
1

2
( C)
3
1

2
(%)
3

( C)

39

( C)
(%)

( C)
( C)

(%)
(V)

(A)
(kW)
(V)

(A)
R
S
T
(kW)

Filter
- /
/

Filter

40

(1)
(1)
(1)
(1) 1
(1)

(2)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2) 3 (3) 6
(2)
(3)

(4) (5)
(4) 1 (5)
(4) Filter

(6)

41

00:00
02:00
04:00
06:00
08:00
10:00
12:00
14:00
16:00
18:00
20:00
22:00

( C)

(Psig) ( C) (Psig)

(Psig)

( C) (A)
(V) (Psig) ( C)

(Psig)

( C)

4 - 4

(Psig) ( C) (Psig) ( C)

 4 - 5

1
3
6
1
...............................................................................
................................. .................................. ....................................
................................................ ......................................................

1
1.
2.
3.
4. (Pulley)
5. ()
6. ()
7.
8.
9.
10.
3
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6
1.
2. ()
3.
1
1. ()

42

 4 - 6

1
2
3

- ( )
- ( )
- :
R ()
S ()
T ()
- ()

( C)
( C)
(../..)
(../..)
(../..)

- ( )
- ( )
- :
R ()
S ()
T ()
- ()
- (../..)
- ( C)
- ( C)
- ( C)
- () ( C)
4

43

44

- (pH)

** = ( x ) -

- (pH)

4 - 7

**

(
)


(AC)
(DC)

(Crane)
(Turn Table)
VSD (Variable Speed Drives)
VSD

5.1

-
( )
(High Efficiency Motors)

45

5.2



(Conveyer)
(Rolling Mill)




( ) ()

5.3

5.3.1

5.3.2
Soft Starter ( 5.5 )
-

Voltage
Regulator Electronic Inverter VSD (Variable Speed Drives)
(PF)

46


(
15 )
-
- (High Efficiency Motor)
- Soft Starter VSD
5.4


(Mold)

()

5.4.1



( 5 - 1 5 - 2 51 - 52)

5.4.2
-
-

5

47

 (Filter Dryers)

5.5

(Descaling)



()

5.5.1
(1)

(Coupling)
(
5 - 3 53)

2 - 3
1 - 2
48

(2)

VSD
(Centrifugal Pump)



(Descaling)
(Intermittent)
Unloaded




-

5.5.2

(Belt Drive)

VSD

5.6 (Rolling Mill)

(Descaling)

49

On Peak

(LF)

(Specific Energy Consumption SEC)
SEC
()

5.7
( 5 - 4 54)
(
5 -5 55)
10
1

50

 5 - 1
( )
...............................................................................
................................. ................................ ...........................................
............................................. .......................................................

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. ........................

51

 5 - 2

1
6
1
...............................................................................
............................... ................................... ........................................
............................................. ......................................................

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
52

....................
6

....................
1

....................

 5 - 3

6
1
...............................................................................
........................................ ...................................... ...........................................
.................................................. .....................................................

1.
2.
3.
4.
5. (Load)
6.
7.
6
1.
2.
1
1.
2.
3.
4.

5.

53

 5 - 4

54

(kW)

(A)

R S T (V)

(Psig)

55

(../)

(kW)

(V)

(PF)

x 100

1.732

(kW)

(PF)

P
3 x V x I

R S T (V)

(A)

3 x x

(A)

()

(AC/DC)

5 - 5

(%)

(kW)

56

24

(../)

22

(kW)

380

(V)
43

(A)

()

(PF)
0.87

R S T (V) (kW)
29.7 28.7 28.6 378 10.06
(A)

P
3 x V x I

(%)
(PF)
0.53 45.74

11 kW

: 3 = 1.732

10.06 x 100 = 45.74 %

22

11 kW

AC

(AC/DC)

3 x x

10.06 x 1,000
1.732 x 378 x 29.7 + 28.7 + 28.6
3
= 0.53

x 100

9.43

(kW)

22 kW, 380 V 50 Hz, 43 A

10.06 kW

60%


6.1

(Batch) /

()

57

6.2

(Arc Furnaces) (Induction Furnaces)
(Coreloss Induction Furnaces Crucible Induction
Furnace) (Channel Furnaces)
(Ingot)
(Holding Furnaces)
(Crucible Furnaces)

(Cupola)
(Scrap) (Ingot)

6.2.1
On Peak

(Over Superheat)

6.2.2
Ceramic Fiber

(Refectory)
(Low Thermal Mass Linings)

Medium & High Frequency

Induction Furnaces (Holding
Furnaces)
58

6.3
()
(Rod) (Wire Rod)
(Semis) (Billets or Slabs)

(Reheating Furnaces) (Annealing
Furnaces)

6.3.1

59

6.3.2
-

(Burners)

(Flue Gas Waste Heat

Recovery System)



(Descaling)

(
)


6.4

6.4.1

60

6.4.2

()

6.5

(
6 - 1 63)

( 6 - 2 63)

( 6 - 4 6 - 7
65 - 69)
6

61

 6 - 1

........................................................................................................

- ( )
-
-

- (Burners)
-
- ()
/
-
-
-
-
/
-
-
-
-

-
-
-
-
-

-
- /
- /

62

./.2
/

./
/
/

63

01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
06:00
07:00
08:00
09:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
:
:
24:00

Volt Amp kW PF

(.2)

(/.2) (../..)
( C)

( C)

( C)

( C)
(/.2) 1 2 3

/ ....................................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................

6 - 2

64

(/..)

(..)

(.2)

: = -
(Slag) ()

01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
06:00
07:00
08:00
09:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
:
:
24:00

( C)
(.2)

6 - 2
( )

( C)

(/..)

()
(.2)

 6 - 3

/.............................................................................................
..............................................................
........................... . .......................................... .
1.

2
3

- ( C)
- ( C)
- (%)
- (%)
- ()
- (%)

2.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

( C)
-
-
- ()
- ()
-

: 1) 9

2)

6

65

 6 - 4

........................................................................
. ................................................................................ /..
...............................................................................................................
.................................................. .................................................

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

1.
2.

66

 6 - 5

3
6

...............................................................................
. ................................................................................ /..
...............................................................................................................
.................................................. .................................................

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

67

 6 - 6

3
6

...............................................................................
. ................................................................................ /..
...............................................................................................................
.................................................. .................................................

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

68

 6 - 7

........................................................................
. ................................................................................ /..
...............................................................................................................
.................................................. .................................................

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

69


1. , . .
2. ,
.
3. Continuous Steel Reheating Furnaces Operation and Maintenance, Best Practice
Programme, ETSU.
4. Cupola Melting of Cast Iron in Foundries, Best Practice Programme, ETSU.
5. Efficient Melting in Coreless Induction Furnaces, Best Practice Programme, ETSU.
6. Energy Saving with Motors and Drives, Best Practice Programme, ETSU.
7. Holding Molten Iron in Electric Furnaces, Best Practice Programme, ETSU.
8. Reducting Water Pumping Costs in the Steel Industry, Best Practice Programme,
ETSU.
9. Report of the Study on Energy Conservation Project in Thailand, JICA. Chapter III,
Art.4 1984.
10. Waste Heat Recovery from Hight Temperator Gas Streams, Best Practice Programme,
ETSU.
11. , , ,
2543.

1 2,000 .. 2548

70