1.

( ).

, ,
, ;
.
2.
2.1.
2.1.1.
(.1)
1 2,
4, I.
F, (N-S)
I, I B = S , S
, - .

= I, ( ), 2
. 3
, .
,
5.
= . :

= I
I, ,
.
, ,
, ,

(+ -)
( (. .1)).
3

 ,
()
, .
.

. 1. .
: ;
; ;
() .
:
; .
( . 2.2.)
0,5-1,5. ,

. 1 .
2.1.2.
(. 2).

1 2.
, I, 2
, 3 4. F,
, I

,
.
, 5.

= . :

= I2
I, (
).
-
I (. . 2).
, ,
, ( [0 0,3] -
).
5

 , ,

(. . ).

()
.
:
; ;
.

. 2. .
: ,
;
; ; .
1,5.
. 2 .
2.1.3. .

 (. 3)
1 2, i1 i2.
: 1 2.
2, 1, 3.
i2 4,
.
:

= 1I1I2

, ( 1- ).

:
i1 = I'1m sin t

i2 = I'2m sin ( t+ ),

- .

:

I'1 I'2

2I'1m sin tI'2m sin ( t+ )dt = 2I'1I'2cos ,

- ,

i1 i2.
,
:
,
. ,
, ,
(. 2.1.6).

. 3.
( ).
: ,
;
.
.
: ;
; ;
; -
; .
: 0,1; 0,2; 0,5.
. 3 .

.

,
,
, ,
8

 .
.
2.1.4.
R
, , R (. 4).

.
.

()

RA

. ,
I.

- R,
(. 4). .
( 30 ) .
( 7500) .
R

R
I

. 4. R .
1.
I = 5
I = 50
. NH = 100 ,
RA = 0,015 .
:
:
9

I
R
I
= , R = R
I
R
I

I = I I = 50 5 = 45 , , R = 0,00167 .
45, 75, 100, 150 .
, RA IAH = 0,075 = 75 .
:
=

I
5
=
= 0,05 [/],
N 100

:
50
I
= =
= 0,5 [/].
N H 100

,
I .

,
.
.

,
.

(. 5) V
(. 7),
(5 100 ).
2.
I = 90
I = 5 . N = 100 .
: , 5 ,
I = 90 ,
A = 100/5 = 20. (. 5)
:
I
5

= K C = K = 20
= 1 [/],
N
100

I
.
NH
10

 I = 90 N =

I
C

90
= 90 .
1

I = 90
U

R
A
1

I = 5

. 5. I
A.
2.1.5. .

V, , R
(. 6). V ,
RV ( RV = ).
,
U (, IV = 0), ,
UV = R IR = R I, IV = 0.
V 500
R,

V.

(.

6)

0,02 30 ,
, I V =

U VH
.
RV

RV
I

IV
UVH
11

IR

R
U

. 6. R V.
3.
UV = 150
U = 220 ,
RV = 8000 .
: ,
R.
U= U UVH = 220 150 = 70 .

:
U
U

R =

VH
, I V = R = R ,
RV

U
U VH

RV =

70
8000 = 3733 .
150

4.

U = 5000 UVH = 100
NH = 50 .
: V ,
V
= 6000/100 = 60. (. 7)
:
V =

U VH 100
=
= 2 [/],
NH
50

CV = K CV = 2 60 = 120

12

[/].

N =

U
CV

5000
= 41,67 .,
120

N V = 41,672 = 83,33 .
83,33 V
.
I
R
U=5000

UVH =100
V
V

. 7. U V
V.
2.1.6. .

(. 8), = U I, U
R, V, I ,
.
+

I
U

. 8.
V.

.

13

,
.


. 9.
* 2
*
I1

I2
2

. 9.
.
1-1 ,
Z.
2-2 ,
Z.
, ( )
, ( )
. ,
.

= = UI1cos = R2I2I1cos,
U = R2I2 2-2; R2
; I2 , ,
U , I1
;

U I1.

.
I2
I1 . ,
, (*).
14

 ,
.
I1,
U. ,

.

R ( ) A,

R
( ) V (. 10).
U

R
*
*

R
. 10. R R
W.
5.
I = 5 ,
UVH = 150 NH = 150
U = 220 , I = 25 .
1) ?

2) , N = 41
?
:

R, I = 25 ,
R, U = 300 (. .10)
, 1 3.
:

15

W = I

U VH
150
= 5
= 5 [/].
NH
150

:
I U 25 300
CW =
=
= 50 [/].
NH
150

:
=CWN = 5041 = 2050 .
,
, ,
, , . ,
, , .
,
,
, ,
.
2.2. .

.
,
.

,

.
.
:

: =
, = 9 ,
= 8,9 , , = 9 8,9 = 0,1 .

: ,
, , ..
16


.
.
0 = ( ) 100%

= (0,1/9)100% = 1,11%.

,
.
= ( ) 100%

= 10 ,
= (0,1/10)100% = 1%.
.
.
8 : 0,05; 0,1; 0,2; 0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,5; 4,
. ,
4% (
).
,

, (,
1 . = 1%).
,
. ,

.

(.8).

,
, .
,

17

.8. .
6.
= 10 ,
( ) 1%,
= 0,1 . .

1) 9 ( ,
), :
01 = ( ) 100% = 0,1 9 100% = 1,11%

2) 1 (
, ),
:
02 = ( ) 100% = 0,1 1 100% = 10%

3) 9
1,0, , = 50 ,
:
01 = ( ) 100% = 0,5 9 100% = 5,55%

4) 1
1,0 = 50 ,
:

02 = ( ) 100% = 0,5 1 100% = 50%

,
,
.
,
.
2.3. .

18

 ,
R
R. (. 11)

. 11. .
I
. , I
.
( + ) .
(
):
I =

E
,
+ R

(1)

; R - ;
R ().
(1) :
= R I + R I = U + U,

(2)

U = R I ;
U = U = R I
.
(2) :
U = R I = U,

(3)

U I,
, (3),
. U(I)

U,

[]

19


(. 12).

U=E

2
3

U=E/2

4
0

I=I/2

[]
I

. 12. .

(.12):
1 ,
2 ,
3 ,
4 .
.
(.1) ,
(R = ) -
, , (I =0).
(3) :

U = RI,

(4)

I =0 , U
:
U =
,
.
(.2) , ,
, .
(, .). ,
, , ,
.
20

U = RI,

(5)

U (0,90,95)E
(.3) - ,
( ) MAX.
R
R, R = R

(6)

, , :
= R I 2 , I =

R + R

, = R

E
, (. 1)
+ R

:
R = 0, = 0 ( R ) =0

+ R

R = , =

1
= 2 = = 0 ,

, .
,
:

dy
= 0 ,
dx

E
dR
R + R
dR

dP
= 0 , ,
dR

2
2
2
= 0 ( R + R ) 2 ( R + R ) R E = 0
( R + R ) 2

2 ( R + R ) 2 R ( R + R ) = 0 ,
2

R + 2 R R + R 2 R R 2 R = 0 ,
2

R R = 0 R = R

,
, : R = R
:

U = R I,

(7)

(7) , :
IC =

E
+ R

(8)

, :
= I =
21

2
=
+ R
2 R

(9)

 , :

2
. = R I C = R
R
+ R

2
=
4 R

(10)

() :
. 2 2 R
=
=
= 0,5

4 R 2

(11)

(11) , 50% ,
50% ( ).
,
, ..,
, 50% ,
- .
,
() 50%
.
(.4) ,
R = 0. ,

(R = 0) ,
,
, , , ..

R = 0 (3) :
0 = R I ,

(12)

U = R I = 0 I = 0

(12) : I = R

(13)

(13), : = const
(. 1) (I)
- ,
(I >> I), ,
, ,
.

22

 , ,
, .
,
R. R = 0, ,
U = E - 0I = E, ..
(. 13, ) .

U,
E

[]
1

U'

U'' > U'

2

U'
U''< U'

[A]
0

I''

I'

. 13. .
R = 0;

R' 0;

R'' > R'.

. 13
R. ,
,
,
. ,
U, (. 3 . 13),
U = > U' > U'',

I ( )
.
721-77
( ).
23

, : U = 115 , 230 , 460 ..,

5% , U = 110 , 220 , 440 ..
, -
(, .).
, 1
U',
,
U'' < U' - 2.
, ,
, .

(13)
:
R =

(14)

,
I .

3.
3.1. .
3.2. ,
.
.
3.3.
.
3.4. .
4.

24

4.1.
:
4.1.1. R, IX = 0, UX = E;
4.1.2. RMAX = R1 + R2 + R3;
4.1.3. U = 1,25UC;
4.1.4. R = R, IC = I /2, U=E/2, P;
4.1.5. U = UC /2 = E/4;
4.1.6. R = 0, I = /R, U = 0.
4.2.
R .
4.2.1. R = R1 +R2 = 134 ;
4.2.2. R = R1 = 100 .
5.
5.1.
R = 134 .
, . 14,
(, R) (R)
.

.
, (+ )

0220

.
(
), .
,
()
.
R = 134 .
68
.
(),
150 . ,
V.
25

 1.
1

,

1
80

2
75

3
70

4
65

5
60

:
I ( );
U V.

0220

RBH1

100

RBH2

RBH3
V

34

150

68

150

150

R 1
R2
R3

. 14.

R 0
V :
5.1.1. (R = )
, , ;
5.1.2. (RMAX = R1 + R2 + R3)
, ,
R1, R2, R3,
, ( ) ;
5.1.3.
R1, R2, R3 ,
V U = 1,25UC;
26

5.1.4. (R = R = 134 )
R1, R2, R3
, V U =E/2;
5.1.5.
R1, R2, R3 ,
V U = UC /2;
5.1.6. (R = 0)
R1, R2, R3 (
).
2.
5.2.
R = 100 .
, . 5.1,
3 R = 100 .

R1

R2,

34 68 .
R = 134

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

E
B

U
B

I
A

R=, IX = 0, UX = E

RMAX = R1 + R2 +
R3

U = 1,25UC

R = R, IC = I /2,
U=E/2

U = UC /2

R= 0, I
=/R, U = 0
27

R = 100

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

E
B

U
B

I
A

R=, IX = 0, UX = E

RMAX = R1 + R2 +
R3

U = 1,25UC

R = R, IC = I /2,
U=E/2

U = UC /2

R= 0, I
=/R, U = 0

!
.

V, (+ ) ,
.
.
5.3.
.
.
6. .
,
, .
6.1. ( 5.2. 5.2.)
, . 7,
2 3.
6.2. U=F1(I) R =R1 +R2 =134 R =R1 =100 ;
6.3. =F2(I) R =R1 +R2 =134 R =R1 =100 ;
6.4. =F3(I) R =R1 +R2 =134 R =R1 =100 ;
6.5. =F4(I) =F5(I) R =R1 =100 ;
28

6.6. =F6(I) R =R1 =100 ,

= (/)100% (. .2.2.) 2.
7.
.
7.1. R
R :
R

V (1) 2.3.1.:
E R I E U
=
,
I
I

R =

(15)

R
(15) :
R =

E U E ( E RBH I ) R BH I R 0
=
=
=
,
I
I
I
0

0

0

(. ):
R

/
(
R DBH I )
=

R BH
= RBH .
1

. R
26.
R V
: R = U I ,
R =

(16)

U
E
= = .
I
0

7.2. :
, ,
V :
= E I ,

(17)

, R
( ) , :
= RBH I 2 ,

29

(18)


(.. .. U.=0, R=E/I),
2

P = R I =

E
2
2
I = E I ,
I

. = EI, . = ,
, ( ) ,
V :
= U I = R I 2 ,
= = I R I 2 ,

(19)
(20)

7.3. .

:
=

U I U
=
= ,

EI E

E R BH I
=
,

E

(21)
(22)

=100%,
=

E RBH I E RBH 0 E
=
=
= = 1.

E
E
E

7.4. .
:
= (/)100%,

(23)

, (.2.2.).
7.5. U=F1(I), =F2(I), =F3(I), =F4(I), =F5(I), =F6(I).
7.5.1. U=F1(I) (1) .
12;
7.5.2. =F2(I) (18)
. 15;
7.5.3. =F3(I) (21) (22)
. 16;
30

7.5.4. =F4(I) =F5(I) (17, 19, 20)

. 17;
7.5.5. =F6(I) .2.2 . 8.
8. .
, ,
( .7), (. 310
316),
.

31

[]

RBH

RBH

[A]
. 15. RBH > RBH
[%]

100

RBH
50

RBH
I

0
I /2

I /2

I
[A]

. 16. RBH > RBH

[]

0
I

I /2

[A]

. 17. RBH

32

9. .
1. ,
, ?
2. ?
3. ,
?
4. R R,
?
5. ?
6. : ?
7. ?
8.
?
9. ?
10. ?
11.
?
12. ?
13. ?
14.
?
15.
, ,
?
16.
?
17. ?
18. ,
?
19. ?
20. ,
?
21. ?
22. ?
23. ?
24.
?
25. ?
26.
?

1. .., .. .: , 1999
2. . 3 .
.. .: , 1998

33