BI GII BT TRONG TON HC TUI TR

Bi 1: Cho cc s dng a, b, c. Chng minh rng:

2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
a b c
a ab b b bc c c ca a
b c a
+ + + + + + + (1).
Bi gii: Cch 1: (1) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
a b c
a b b c c a a ab b b bc c c ca a
b c a
+ + + + + + +

2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
a ab b b bc c c ca a
a ab b b bc c c ca a
b c a
+ + +
+ + + + + + +

2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
a ab b b bc c c ca a
b c a a ab b b bc c c ca a a b c
b c a
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + (2)
p dng BT Cauchy cho 3 b 2 s dng :
2 2
a ab b
b
+
, b ;
2 2
b bc c
c
+
,
c
;
2 2
c ca a
a
+
,
a
. Ta c:
VT(2)
( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 a ab b b bc c c ca a + + + + +
thay vo (2). Ta cn chng minh
BT sau:
2 2 2 2 2 2
a ab b b bc c c ca a a b c + + + + + + +
(3).
Ta c:
2 2
2 2
2
a b
a ab b
+
+

2 2
2 2
2
b c
b bc c
+
+

2 2
2 2
2
c a
c ca a
+
+
Cng v theo v ta c: VT(3)
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
a b b c c a + + +
+ + (*)
Mt khc p dng BT Bunhiacopxki ta c:

2 2
2 2
a b a b + +

2 2
2 2
b c b c + +

2 2
2 2
c a c a + +

Cng v theo v ta c: VP(3)

2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
a b b c c a + + +
+ + (**).
T (*) v (**) suy ra VT(3) VP(3)

BT (3) ng

BT (2) ng

BT (1) ng

pcm.
Du = xy ra
a b c .
Cch 2: ( tng t cch 1, phn sau bin i gn hn)
(1)
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
a b c
a b b c c a a ab b b bc c c ca a
b c a
+ + + + + + +

2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
a ab b b bc c c ca a
a ab b b bc c c ca a
b c a
+ + +
+ + + + + + +

2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
a ab b b bc c c ca a
b c a a ab b b bc c c ca a a b c
b c a
+ + +
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + (2)
p dng BT Cauchy cho 3 b 2 s dng :
2 2
a ab b
b
+
, b ;
2 2
b bc c
c
+
,
c
;
2 2
c ca a
a
+
,
a
. Ta c:
VT(2)
( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 a ab b b bc c c ca a + + + + +
thay vo (2). Ta cn chng minh
BT sau:
2 2 2 2 2 2
a ab b b bc c c ca a a b c + + + + + + +
(3).
Ta c:
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
3 3
2 2
a b a b
a ab b a b ab a b
+ + _ _
+ + +

, ,

2 2
2
a b
a ab b
+
+
Tng t
2 2
2
b c
b bc c
+
+

2 2
2
c a
c ca a
+
+
Thay vo (3)

pcm. Du = xy ra a b c .
Bi 2: Cho x, y, z l cc s thc thuc khong (0 ; 1). Chng minh rng:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 x y y z z x xyz x y z
+ +
+
(1).
Bi gii: Cch 1:
Khai trin mu thc ca VP(1) ta c:
(1)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 x y y z z x x y y z z x
+ +
+ + 1
]
(2)
Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s
x y z

1 1 1 x y z
( ) ( ) 1 1 z x z z
m ( )
2 2
1 1 1 1
1 2 .
2 4 4 4
z z z z z z
_
+ + +

,
. (*)
Ta cn chng minh:
( )
( )
1
1
4
1
1
4
x y
y z

'

. Tht vy ta c:
* ( ) ( )
2 1 1 1
1 1 2 1 0
4 4 4
x y y y
x y

ng ( ) 0;1 y
. (**)
* ( ) ( )
2 1 1 1
1 1 2 1 0
4 4 4
y z z z
y z

ng ( ) 0;1 z
(***)
T (*), (**) v (***) thay vo BT (2) ta c:
(2) 12
(2) 12
VT
VP

'

. Suy ra BT (2) ng

BT (1) ng

pcm.
Du = xy ra
1
2
x y z .

Cch 2: (1)
( ) ( ) 1 1
1
x z yz
y x

+

+
(1 )(1 ) (1 )(1 )
3
1 1
xz x y xy y z
z y x z

+ + +


1 1 1
1 1 1 3
1 1 1
yz xz z xz xy x xy yz y
y x x x z y y y x z z z
+ + + + + + + +


1 1 1
6
1 1 1
yz z xz x xy y
z x y
y x z y x z

+ + + + + + + +


1 1 1
6
1 1 1
z z x x y y
y x z y x z

+ + + + +

(2)
p dng BT Cauchy cho 6 s dng ca (2) ta c:

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
6
1 1 1
(2) 6 6
1 1 1
xyz x y z
VT
xyz x y z

pcm.
Du = xy ra
1
2
x y z
Bi 3: Cho 3 s a, b, c khng m tha mn: 1 a b c + + . Chng minh rng:

1
1 1 1 4
ab bc ca
c a b
+ +
+ + +
(1)
Bi gii:
*Trng hp 1:
* 0 a 1 b c + . Ta c:
( )
2
1
(1)
4 4
b c
VT bc
+

pcm. Du = xy ra
0
1
2
a
b c

'

*Trng hp 2:
* 0 b 1 a c + . Ta c:
( )
2
1
(1)
4 4
a c
VT ac
+

pcm. Du = xy ra
0
1
2
b
a c

'

*Trng hp 3:
* 0 c 1 a b + . Ta c:
( )
2
1
(1)
4 4
a b
VT ab
+

pcm. Du = xy ra
0
1
2
c
a b

'

*Trng hp 4:
Ta c: (1)
ab bc ca
VT
a c b c a b a c a b b c
+ +
+ + + + + + + + +
.
p dng BT Cauchy cho cc b s dng sau: a + c, b + c; a + b, a + c; a +b, b + c. Ta c:
( ) ( ) 2 a c b c a c b c + + + + +
( ) ( ) 2 a b a c a b a c + + + + +
( ) ( ) 2 a b b c a b b c + + + + +

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
(1)
2
ab bc ca
VT
a c b c a b a c a b b c
1
1 + +
1 + + + + + +
]

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1
(1)
2
ab a c b c bc a b a c ca a b b c
VT
a c b c a b a c a b b c
1
+ + + + + +
1 + +
+ + + + + +
1
]

( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
1
(1)
4
ab a c b c bc a b a c ca a b b c
VT
a c b c a b a c a b b c
1 + + + + + + + + +
+ +
1
+ + + + + +
]

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1 1
(1)
4
ab c a b bc a b c ca b c a
VT
a b b c c a
1 + + + + + + + +

1
+ + +
]
(2)
Ta bin i v phi ca (2) ta c:

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
(2)
4
a b ab a bc ab c b c bc ab c abc ac a c a bc abc
VP
abc a b ac a c b c b a abc bc
1 + + + + + + + + + + +

1
+ + + + + + +
]

( )
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 1
(2)
4 2
a b ab b c bc ac a c abc a b c
VP
a b ab b c bc ac a c abc
1 + + + + + + + +

1
+ + + + + +
]

2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2
(2) 1
4 2
a b ab b c bc ac a c abc
VP
a b ab b c bc ac a c abc
1 + + + + + +

1
+ + + + + +
]
. Thay vo (2)
1
(1)
4
VT pcm.
Du = xy ra
1
3
a b c .
Cch 2:

1
1 1 1 4
ab bc ca
c a b
+ +
+ + +
1
4
ab bc ca
a c b c a b a c a b b c
+ +
+ + + + + + + + +
4 4 4
1
ab bc ca
a c b c a b a c a b b c
+ +
+ + + + + + + + +
(1)
1 1 1 1 1 1
(1) VT ab bc ca
a c b c a b a c a b b c
_ _ _
+ + + + +

+ + + + + +
, , ,
( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1
ab bc ab ac bc ca
a c b c a b
_ _ _
+ + + + +

+ + +
, , ,
1 b a c + + dpcm
. Du = xy ra
1
3
a b c .
Bi 4: Cho 3 s dng
, , a b c
tha mn: 1 abc . Tm GTNN ca

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4 4 4
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
A
a b c b c a c a b
+ +
+ + + + + +
Bi gii:
Cch 1:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4 4 4 4 4 4
1 1 1 1 1 1
b c c a a b
A
b c a c a b
+ +
+ + + + + +
p dng BT:
( )
2
2 2 2
a b c a b c
m n p m n p
+ +
+ +
+ +
Ta c:

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
b c c a a b
A
a b b c c a
+ +

+ + + + + + + +
p dng BT Bunhiacopxki ta c:

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
3
1 1 1 1 1 1
ab bc ca
A
a b b c c a
1
+ +
1
1
]

+ + + + + + + +
p dng BT: ( ) ( )
2
3 a b c ab bc ca + + + + . Suy ra

( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
3
3
1 1 1 1 1 1
ab c abc a bc
A
a b b c c a
1
+ +
1
1
]

+ + + + + + + +

( )
2
1 1 1
a b c
ab a b bc b c ca c a
+ +

+ + + + + + + + + + +

( )
( )
2
2 3
a b c
A
ab bc ca a b c
+ +

+ + + + + +
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2 3
3
a b c
a b c
a b c
+ +

+ +
+ + + +
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
3
6 9
a b c
a b c a b c
+ +

+ + + + + +

( )
( )
2
2
3
3
a b c
a b c
+ +

+ + +
2 2
3
3 3 1
3 3
a b c
a b c a b c
+ + 1 1

1 1
+ + + + + +
] ]
.
Theo BT Cauchy , cho 3 s dng a, b, c ta c:
3
3 3 a b c abc + +

3 1
3 6
3 2
a b c
a b c
+ + +
+ + +
3 1 1
1 1
3 2 2 a b c

+ + +

3
4
A . Du = xy ra 1 a b c .
Vy
3
1
4
MinA a b c . (pcm).
Cch 2:

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
4 4 4
1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
A
a b c b a c c a b
+ +
+ + + + + +

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4
1 1 1 1 1 1
a b c a b c a b c
A
a b c b a c c a b
+ +
+ + + + + +

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
b c c a a b
A
ac ab bc ab bc ac
+ +
+ + + + + +

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 3 3 3 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 8 8 1 1 8 8 1 1 8 8
b c ac ab c a bc ab a b bc ac
A
ac ab bc ab bc ac
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + + + +
+ + + + + +
p dng BT Cauchy cho 3 b 3 s dng ta c:

( )
3 3 3 3 3 3
3 3 3
3 1
3 3 3
64 64 64 4 4
b c c a a b
A ab bc ca + + + +
( ) ( )
3 3 1
4 4 4
A ab bc ca ab bc ca + + + +
( )
1 3
2 4
A ab bc ca + + . p dng BT Cauchy cho 3 s dng ab, bc, ca ta c:

3 3 3
2 4 4
A . Du = xy ra 1 a b c . pcm
Bi 4 : Gi s Oxyz l mt tam din vung O v A, B, C th t l 3 im thay i trn cc cnh Ox, Oy, Oz sao
cho ABC c din tch S khng i cho trc. Gi S
1
, S
2
, S
3
ln lt l din tch cc OBC, OAC, OAB. Tm
gi tr ln nht ca biu thc:
3 1 2
1 2 3
2 2 2
S S S
P
S S S S S S
+ +
+ + +
Bi gii:
Ta c :
2 2 2 2 2 2
1
2
S a b b c c a + +
Z
1
1
2
S bc ,
2
1
2
S ac ,
3
1
2
S ab
C( 0; 0; c)

B(0; b; 0)
O Y
A(a; 0; 0)
X
Ta c:
3 1 2
1 2 3
2 2 2
S S S
P
S S S S S S
+ +
+ + +
1 1 1
2 2 2
bc ac ab
P
S bc S ac S ab
+ +
+ + +
1 1 1
3 1 1 1
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
bc ac ab
P
S bc S ac S ab
+ +
+ + +
1 1 1
2
S
S bc S ac S ab
1
+ +
1
+ + +
]
3 1 1 1
2 2
S
P
S bc S ac S ab
1
+ +
1
+ + +
]
( )
9 9 9
. .
2 3 2 3 2 3
2 3 2 3
S S
S ab ac bc S S

+ + + +
+
( )
3 9 3
2 2 3
2 3 2 3
P
+
+
ax
3 2
2 3 3
M
S
P a b c
+
Bai 5: Cho 3 s dng a, b, c . Chng minh rng :
2 2 2
2 2 2
; ;
ab bc ca a b c a b c b c a
P Min A B Q Max C D
c a b bc ca ab b c a a b c


+ + + + + + + +
' ; ' ;


Bai giai:
*Trng hp 1:
Q C
. Ta co:
2 2
2 2
A D C A C D
B D C B C D
+

' '
+

ma
A C
D C P Q
B C


'

*Trng hp 2:
Q D
. Ta co:
2 2
2 2
A C D A D C
B C D B D C
+

' '
+

ma
A D
C D P Q
B D


'

T hai trng hp trn ta co PCM. Du = xay ra khi a = b = c.

Bi 6: Cho a, b, c l cc s thc dng v a + b + c = 6. Chng minh rng:
3 3 3
2
1 1 1
a b c
b c a
+ +
+ + +
(1).
Bi gii:
Ta c: VT(1)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2a 2 2
2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1
b c
b b b c c c a a a
+ +
+ + + + + +
p dng BT Cauchy cho tng mu s ta c:
VT(1)
2 2 2
2a 2 2
2 2 2
b c
b c a
+ +
+ + +
(2)
Ta c: VT(2)
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
ab bc ca
a b c
b c a
+ +
+ + +
2 2 2
2 2 2
(2)
2 2 2
ab bc ca
VT a b c
b c a
1
+ + + +
1
+ + +
]
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
4 4 4
ab bc ca
a b c
b b c c a a
1
+ + + +
1
+ + + + + +
]
p dng BT Cauchy cho tng mu s ta c:

2 2 2
3 3 3
2 2 2
(2)
3 4 3 4 3 4
ab bc ca
VT a b c
b b c c a a
1
+ + + +
1
]
3 3 3 2 2 2
2 2 2
3 3 3
a b b c c a
a b c
1
+ + + + 1
1
]
p dng BT Cauchy cho 3 b 3s dng b, b, 2; c, c, 2; a, a, 2. Ta c:
( ) ( ) ( )
1
(2) 2 2 2
9
VT a b c a b b b c c c a a + + + + + + + + + + 1
]
( ) ( )
7 2
9 9
a b c ab bc ca + + + +
Ta li c:
( )
2
3
a b c
ab bc ca
+ +
+ +
( )
( )
2
7 2
(2) . 2
9 9 3
a b c
VT a b c
+ +
+ +

(1) (2) 2 VT VT
pcm.
Du = xy ra 2. a b c
Bi 7: ( T4/393)
Tm GTNN ca biu thc:
a b c d
P
b c d a a c d b a b d c a b c d
+ + +
+ + + + + + + +
trong a, b, c, d l
di cc cnh ca mt t gic li.
Bi gii:


2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
a b c d
P
ab ac ad a ab bc bd b ca cb cd c da db dc d
+ + +
+ + + + + + + +
( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2
2
a b c d
P
ab bc cd da ac bd a b c d
+ + +

+ + + + + + + +
( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2
2
a b c d ab bc cd da ac bd
ab bc cd da ac bd a b c d
+ + + + + + + + +

+ + + + + + + +
(1)
Ta c:
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
a b ab
b c bc
c d cd
d a da
c a ca
b d bd
+

'
+

( )
2 2 2 2
2
3
a b c d ab bc cd da ca bd + + + + + + + + . Thay vo (1). Ta c:
( )
( )
8
3
2
4
3
ab bc cd da ca bd
P
ab bc cd da ca bd
+ + + + +

+ + + + +
2
Min
P a b c d
hay t gic l hnh thoi hoc l hnh vung.
Bi 8: (T8/393) Cho t din OABC c gc tam din nh O vung. Chng minh rng:
3
cot .cot cot .cot cot .cot
2
AB BC BC CA CA AB + + trong cotAB l k hiu cotang ca gc nh din cnh AB.
Bi gii: C
c
B
O b

a
A

Ta c:
2 2
2 2
2 2
cot
cot
cot
ab
AB
c a b
bc
BC
a b c
ca
CA
b c a

'
+

. Ta c:
cot .cot cot .cot cot .cot Q AB BC BC CA CA AB + +
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a b c
Q
a b a c a b b c a c b c
+ +
+ + + + + +
Ta c:
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1
2
1
2
1
2
a a a
a b a c
a b a c
b b b
a b b c
a b b c
c c c
a c b c
a c b c
_
+

+ +
+ + ,

+
'
+ +
+ + ,

+

+ +
+ + ,
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 3
2 2
a b b c c a
Q
a b a b b c b c a c a c
_
+ + + + +

+ + + + + +
,
(pcm).
Du bng xy ra
2 2 2
a b c ABC u.