Miscellaneous Friction Miscellaneous Friction

Losses Losses
$udden Enlargement $udden Enlargement
W If the diameter of the
pipe suddenly
increases, the area for
flow gradually
increases, velocity of
flow progresssively
decreases
W Fluid with high velocity
will be injected into
relatively slow moving
fluid, turbulence will
start, excess kinetic
energy converted into
heat
1he change ln pressure from
1
Lo
2
noLe LhaL u
1
A
1
u
2
A
2
1he loss of head h
f
$udden Contraction $udden Contraction
W %he area gradually decreases
as sudden contraction is
approached and tehn
continues to decrease for a
short distance (vena
contracta)
W After vena contacta the flow
area approaches a smaller
pipe
W As the fluid moves towards
vena contracta, it is
accelerated and pressuree
energy converted to kinetic
energy
Jhere C
c
ls coefflclenL of conLracLlon varles from
06 Lo 10
!ipe Fittings !ipe Fittings
O ost pipes fabricated from steel with or
without small alloying ingredients, welded
to give a seamless pipe
O Normal metal piping supplied in standard
length of 6m and is joined to give longer
lentghs
O Jointing is by screw flanging/welding
and/or by compression fittings