Khuch i thut ton

khuch i thut ton

I. L thuyt

c trng c bn ca b khuch i thut ton. (Operational Amplifier) Mt b KTT s c hai u vo nh hnh v A01.1a. (Thc cht y chnh l 2 u vo ca mt b khuch i vi sai, tng u ca b KTT) in p u ra Vo t l vi hiu s ca in th gia hai u vo, v cho bi: Vo = K (Vb - Va). vi K l h s khuch i p, thng rt ln c 1 000 000 ln. Mt KTT l tng c:

Tr khng vo l v cng. Cc dng in chy n 2 u vo bng 0. Tr khng ra bng 0.

p ng tn s l nh nhau mi tn s Tuy nhin trn thc t cc tham s chnh ca mt KTT l:

in p lch khng l in p a ti u vo to in
p 0 ti u ra. iu ny c ngha, khi khng c in p ti u vo, u ra vn c mt in p khc 0.

Dng thin p v dng lch khng l dng chy ti cc u

vo.

Tr khng vo (thng rt ln nhng khc v cng) Tr khng ra (thng rt nh nhng khc 0). p ng tn s c gii hn
B KTT c th coi nh hai mch khuch i Transistor u vi nhau nh hnh A01.1 b. Vic s dng ngun m dng, +Vcc v -Vcc, cho php in p u ra hoc l dng (nu Vb > Va) hoc l m (nu Va>Vb).

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Mch khuch i o Nu mt tn hiu c a n u vo o v u vo kia ni t th tn hiu ti u ra s b o (tc lch pha 1800 ) nh hnh A01.2a. Mch khuch i khng o (thun). Trng hp tn hiu c a n u vo khng o v u kia ni t (0 Volt) th tn hiu u ra s trng pha vi tn hiu vo (hnh A10.2b). H s khuch i p H s khuch i p, K, c nh ngha nh t s in p u ra v in p u vo vi sai. K = Vo/Vi vi Vi = Vb-Va. Mch trong hnh A01.3 c th s dng o h s khuch i. Gi thit b khuch i c tr khng vo v cng th mi quan h gia Vin v V1 c th xc nh t cng thc phn p. Vin = V1 . R1 / (R1 + R2). Do Vin thng rt nh (c mV) nn c th thc hin c php o ta s o qua V1, ngha l R2 cn ln hn rt nhiu so vi R1; m bo t s R2 / R1 = 10 5 . Thng thng, R1 nh hn 100 R2 khng qu ln. Thay gi tr ca Vin trong biu thc trn vo , ta c
K= V0 V0 V R + R2 = = 0. 1 V1 .R1 Vin V1 R1 R1 + R2

Trong cng thc ny, ch gi thit tr khng vo l v cng, hay cng phi cao c th b qua. S dng cng thc ny tm ra h s khuch i ca b khuch i, ng thi cn phi o c Vo v in p vo V1. in p lch khng y l in p cn thit ti u vo in p ra bng 0 Volt. Thng thng, ngay c khi khng c in p vo, in p ra
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vn khc 0 V. l v s khng hon ho ca linh kin trong mch khin mch khng hon ton i xng. Ni cch khc, in p lch khng l in p cn bng in p rt nh tn ti u vo. Mch nh hnh A01.4 s dng o in p lch khng. Vo l in p u ra khng mong mun gy ra bi in p Vi ti u vo. Hai gi tr in p ny ph thuc vo cc gi tr tr khng Ri v Rf:
Vi = Vo Ri Ri + Rf

V khng c tn hiu no c a ti b khuch i v gi thit khng c nh hng ca dng lch cng nh dng phn cc th in p ra ch c do in p lch khng. o c Vo cho php tnh gi tr ca in p lch khng. Khi nu ta a mt in p bng nhng o du so vi in p lch khng vo u vo th in p u ra s bng 0. T s nn tn hiu ng pha (CMRR- common mode rejection ratio). Xt hnh A01.1b, ta nh ngha in p ng pha Vic l gi tr trung bnh ca in p gia hai u vo ca b khuch i thut ton. ng thi, gi in p vi sai Vid l na hiu ca hai in p vo. Vic = (Via +Vib)/2. Vid = (Via -Vib)/2 T s nn tn hiu ng pha CMRR c nh ngha nh sau: CMRR = Kd / Kc . vi Kc l h s khuch i ng pha (h s khuch i c c khi a cng mt tn hiu ti 2 u vo) cn Kd l h s khuch i vi sai c tnh theo cng thc sau: Kc = Vo / Vic Kd = Vo / Vid Khi mch c chnh loi b hon ton in p lch khng (tc l u ra bng 0) th h s khuch i ng pha s bng h s khuch i vi sai. Kd . Vid + Kc . Vic = 0. t ta tnh c t s nn ng pha
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CMRR = Kd Vic = K0 Vid

Ch : T s nn tn hiu ng pha thng c tnh theo n v decibel

CMRR ( dB ) = 20 lg Kd Kc

Tr khng vo Tr khng vo c xc nh nh l tr khng gia 2 u vo. Hnh A1.6 l mch o tr khng vo. in p a vo l V, cn in p thc cn cho tnh ton l Vin. Do Vin nh nn s c xc nh gin tip nh o in p ti im V1, sau s dng cng thc phn p qua R1 v R2 tnh Vin.
Vin = R1 V1 R1 + R 2

Nh vy, ta cn 2 php o: mt o vi R ngn mch v mt vi R c trong mch. Vi R l ngn mch, ta c:

Vo 1 = K .Vin

Cn khi thm R:
Vo 2 = K .Vin . Rin R + Rin

Ta s chnh V c c Vin trong php o 2 bng Vin trong php o 1. Tip , thc hin 2 php o in p ra Vo ca 2 trng hp, ta s lp c cng thc tnh in tr vo Rin.
Rin = R. Vo 2 Vo1 Vo 2

Tr khng ra u ra ca b khuch i thut ton c biu din bi mt ngun p l tng Vo mc ni tip vi in tr ra Ro. Mch nh hnh A01.7 c s dng o Ro .
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Nu Rf ln hn rt nhiu so vi Ro v kho S m th in p ra Vo s l:
V ' o Vo = K .Vin

Nu Rc nh hn nhiu so vi Rf v kho S ng th in p Vo c tnh:

V 'o = o . V R c R c = K .V . in R +R c o R +R c o

Nu Vin c gi khng i trong c hai ln o th, Ro c th c tnh:

R =R . o c V o' o V V ' o

Tc p ng L tc m ti b khuch i thay i in p u ra ca n. Tham s ny c n v l Volt/s hay Volt/ s v c o bi mch trong hnh A01.8. o tham s ny a tn hiu sng vung ti u vo b khuch i v o s thay i ca in p ra trong mt khong thi gian ngn . rng bng thng c nh ngha l di tn s m ti h s khuch i bng 1. H s khuch i s gim khi tn s tng do tc p ng ca linh kin v do cc hiu ng k sinh. o c di tn ny, s dng mch A01.8. a mt tn hiu hnh sin c tn s thay i c ti u vo, tng dn tn s cho n khi in p ra bng in p vo. Khi ta s xc nh c di tn s c h s khuch i ng nht (hay chnh l bng thng ca b khuch i) B khuch i o H s khuch i h mch ca mt b khuch i thut ton rt ln (in hnh khong 100 000 ln hay 100dB). H s ny qu ln nn s gy mt n nh cho mch, do khng c s dng trn thc t. gim bt h s khuch i ca mch ngi ta s dng bin php hi tip m. Ngha l ly mt phn tn hiu ra quay tr v u

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vo o ca b KTT. Mch c bn ca cu hnh ny nh hnh A02.1. Trong hnh ny, u vo o c cng in th so vi u vo khng o tc bng 0V. Thng gi u vo o l im t o. Dng chy qua Ri c cho bi: I = Vin / Ri. Ch : Tr khng vo c gi tr v cng nn dng in I ny s chy qua Rf v in p Vo qua n s l: Vo = - Rf . I Du - xut pht t thc t rng, nu Vin > 0V dng chy t Vin ti Vo bi th Vo c mc in p thp hn u vo o; tuy nhin u vo o li l im t o (0V) nn Vo s phi m. Thay th gi tr ca I vo ta c : Vo = - Vin . Rf / Ri. v h s khuch i c nh ngha nh t s gia p vo v p ra nn: K = Vo / Vin = - Rf / Ri. Ch : Vi b khuch i thc, tr khng vo v h s khuch i khng phi l v cng nhng cng rt ln do cng thc trn c th chp nhn c. Mch khuch i khng o Mt mch khuch i khng o n gin c ch ra nh hnh A03.1 n nh mch khuch i, mt phn tn hiu ra c ly quay tr v u vo o (hi tip m). Vi mch khuch i l tng, h s khuch i v tr khng vo bng v cng. H s khuch i c tnh bng t s in p ra v in p vo hiu; nu h s ny bng v cng c ngha rng in p hiu s bng 0V. Ni cch khc, in p u vo o v u vo khng o lun bng nhau. Tng t, t tnh cht tr khng vo bng v cng, c th thy rng dng chy qua R2 s bng dng chy qua R1. R1 v R2 s to thnh mch phn p i vi in p ra Vo. T , suy ra:
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Va = Vin = Vo . R1 R1 + R 2

nh vy, h s khuch i c tnh:

K = Vo R2 =1+ Vin R1

Cc cng thc trn ng cho mch KTT thc t c h s khuch i ln v tr khng vo cao. Ch : T cng thc trn thy rng h s khuch i ca mch khng o khng th nh hn 1, h s ny ch bng 1 khi R2=0 hoc R1 = . Mch khuch i tng Mch khuch i tng c 2 u vo v c th nhiu hn nu cn. Nh thy trong hnh A04.1 in p V1 v V2 u c a n u vo o ca b op amp qua in tr R1 v R2. Mi u vo s to tc ng trn u ra c lp vi nhau. Bi th, in p ra c xc nh bng tng kt qu tnh vi mi u vo.
R3 R3 Vo = V 1 * + V 2* R1 R2

Du - biu th u ra s ngc pha vi tn hiu vo. T cng thc trn, nu yu cu u ra l tng ca cc u vo th t s R3/R1= R3/R2 = 1. Lc ny: Vo = - (V1 +V2). Nu u ra bng trung bnh in p ca cc u vo th t s R3/R1 =R3/R2=0,5. Tc l: Vo= -(V1+V2)/2. Ch : C th c rt nhiu u vo, nhng ch rng s lng ny cng gii hn khng khin cho b khuch i vt ra khi khong lm vic tuyn tnh, ng thi tng dng phi nh hn dng max cho php do nh sn xut quy nh. Mch khuch i tng s lm vic vi c tn hiu dc ln tn hiu ac.

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Mch khuch i hiu Mch khuch i hiu s cho ta in p ra bng hiu ca 2 (hay nhiu) in p vo. Mch in hnh s dng b KTT nh ch ra trong hnh A05.1. Ta c th tm cc cng thc tnh ton i vi mch khuch i hiu, gi thit rng b KTT l l tng. V tr khng vo, trong trng hp ny song song vi R4, theo l thuyt l v cng, nn in p vo cc khng o s l:
V 2' = V 2. R4 R3 + R 4

V mch KTT l tng c h s khuch i v cng nn in p V1=V2. Do vy, dng I qua R1 l:

V 1 V 1' I = = R1 V1 V 2 * R4 R3 + R 4 R1

Ton b dng in ny s chy qua R2 do tr khng u vo bng v cng. Do vy, in p ra l: Vo = V1 I*R2. Thay cc cng thc trn vo ta tnh c Vo nh sau:
Vo = R2 R2 R4 V 1 + (1 + ) V2 R1 R1 R3 + R 4

Nu t s R2/R1=R4/R3 th ta c: Vo = (V2 - V1)*R2/R1. v nu R2=R1 v R4=R3 th: Vo = V2 - V1. mch tch phn Mch tch phn n gin nht c cho hnh A06.1 Ta thy c t in C trong mch hi tip. Xt mch A06.1, u vo khng o ni t, do vy u vo o coi nh c in p 0 (im t o). Bi th, dng chy qua in tr R s c tnh bi t s Vin chia cho R. Ton b dng in ny s np cho t. Ni cch khc, ta c:
Vin dVo =C . R dt

v Vo = -Vin, nn:
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dVo = 1 .Vin .dt RC

tch phn 2 v, ta c:
Vo = 1 RC

Vin .dt

vy in p ra s bng tch phn ca in p vo chia cho hng s thi gian = RC Bin c th c nh ngha nh l thi gian cn thit cho in p Vo t ti bin bng vi in p vo, bt u t iu kin 0 v vi in p vo l hng s. Xt vi b KTT thc, ta c th tm c in p lch khng, xut hin nh l in p dc ti u vo v khi c tch phn s xut hin ti u ra nh l mt in p tng tuyn tnh. Tng t, mt phn ca dng thin p cng c tch phn, to nn s thay i ca in p ra. Hai nguyn nhn gy li trn thc t s a b KTT n trng thi bo ho. y chnh l mt hn ch ca mch. Vn ny s c khc phc bi vic ni thm 1 in tr gia u vo khng o v t, b nh hng ca dng thin p; ng thi thm in tr mc song song vi t C trung ho nh hng ca in p lch (hnh A06.2). mch vi phn S mch vi phn c ch ra hnh A07.1. in tir c dng trong mch hi tip, trong khi t c ni vi in p vo. Gi s b KTT l tng, u vo o s c mc in p 0 (im t o), bi th, dng chy qua R c cho bi: i = Vo/R. vi t in, ta c quan h sau: i=C*dV/dt. v tr khng vo bng v cng, nn dng qua t s bng vi dng qua tr R, thay vo ta c:
Vo = RC dVin dt

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Nu tn hiu vo l tn hiu dc, in p ra s bng 0V, v t ngn cn dng dc. Ngha l h s khuch i s bng 0 vi thnh phn tn hiu dc. Khi tn s tng, bin in p ra cng nh h s khuch i cng tng t cng thc trn ta thy: Vo t l vi w (da vo y ngi ta xy dng mch bin i tn s-in p) Theo l thuyt, nu tn s bng v cng, t in s c dung khng bng 0, tc l h s khuch i bng v cng vi mch vi phn. Tuy nhin, h s khuch i cao khin mch khng n nh. Ngoi ra, v h s khuch i gia tng theo tn s, nn nhiu giao thoa (interference) ti tn s cao s c khuch i gy bin dng tn hiu ban u. Do vy in tr R1 s c mc ni tip vi t C (hnh A07.2) gii hn h s khuch i ca mch vi phn, vi t s R/R1 ti tn s cao khi dung khng ca t l rt nh (ni cch khc l m rng di tn hot ng ca mch) Mch so snh Mch so snh l mch m so snh tn hiu vo Vin v tn hiu chun Vref. in p ra ca b so snh Vo c th nhn mt trong hai gi tr: Vmin hay Vmax. Trong ng dng ny, mch khuch i hot ng trong min khng tuyn tnh. Xt mch hnh A08.1, gi thit KTT l l tng, khi Vin>Vref th u ra ca b so snh s t ti mc in p dng max (bo ho dng); ngc li nu Vin<Vref th u ra t mc gi tr m max (bo ho m). Hot ng ca mch c c do h s khuch i rt cao, bi v mt in p hiu rt nh cng a mch vo trng thi bo ho. Ta c th thy rng mch in rt n gin khng cn c thm cc linh kin ngoi. ng dng ch yu ca mch l b pht hin qua mc 0 v mch to xung vung. Gi thit Vmin v Vmax l cc in p bo ho m v dng ca u ra mch so snh.

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Mch khuch i logarit Mch khuch i logarit c nhim v cung cp tn hiu ra c quan h logarit vi tn hiu vo. S mch cho b khuch i ny c ch ra nh hnh A09.1, trong nhnh hi tip gm 1 Transistor. B KTT c h s khuch i rt cao, ch cn mt in p lch nh cng a u ra ti trng thi bo ho. V base ca T ni t v Emitter ni u ra nn in p ra bng in p base-emitter nhng tri du. vo = -vBE . Khi vBE tng, dng collector cng tng. Do tr khng vo rt cao (v th dng i vo u vo o c th b qua), dng collector ca T s bng dng qua R. iu ny khin in p lch gim v do in p ra cng gim. trnh bo ho in p lch s nm trong di V (do h s khuch i khong 100000). Trong ch hot ng thng thng, in p vBE ca T l khong 0,5 1V; c ngha in p lch s rt nh nn c th coi u vo o nh l im t o. Dng ic a vo collector ca T l: ic = vin /R ic = hFE*iB base: (2) (1) Ta c t s gia dng collector v dng base l: ng thi, ta c quan h gia in p base-emitter v dng
v BE VT

i B = Io * e

(3)

trong : iB l dng base. Io = dng r (ngc) bo ho ca chuyn tip PN. vBE = in p base-emitter. VT = K*T/ q l in th nhit vi K: hng s Boltzmann ; T : nhit tuyt i ; q: in tch e. T (2) v (3) , ta c: vBE = VT * ln h * Io FE Thay gi tr ca ic trong (1) vo ta c:
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v BE =VT * ln vin R * hFE * Io vin R * hFE * Io

vo = v BE =VT * ln

Nh vy in p u ra l mt hm logarit ca in p u vo

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II. Bi tp 1. Bi ton thun phn tch mt mch KTT c thc hin nh sau:

1. 2. 3.

Vit phng trnh KCL cho nt N tm VN theo cc ngun u vo o Vit phng trnh KCL cho nt P tm VP theo cc ngun u vo thun Cho VP = VN tm dng in p u ra theo cc in p u vo

Ch : Bc 1 v 2 c thc hin vi gi thit dng vo cc ca ca b KTT bng khng. V d: Xc nh in p u ra theo in p u vo ca mch sau:
Va Vb Vm V1 V2 Vn Ra Rb Rm R1 R2 Rn U1 IDEAL out Rf

p dng KCL cho nt P ta c:

Tng t, p dng dng in nt cho nt N ta c:

V Vn VP V1 VP V2 + + ... + P =0 R1 R2 Rn V V V V P = ( R1 // R 2 // ... // Rn )( 1 + 2 + ... + n ) R1 R 2 Rn

V N Va V N Vb V Vm V N Vout + + ... + N + =0 Ra Rb Rm Rf V V V V V N = ( R1 // R 2 // ... // Rn )( a + b + ... + m ) + out ( R1 // R 2 // ... // Rn // Rf ) Ra Rb Rm Rf

Thay VN = VP ta c:
Vout = ( V V V V V1 V2 Rf + + .. + n )( R1 // R 2 // ... // Rn ) Rf ( a + b + ... + m R1 R 2 Rn Ra // Rb // ... // Rx // Rf Ra Rb Rm )

Bi tp mu: Cho mch in nh hnh v. Tm biu thc ca in p u ra theo cc u vo

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V1 V2 3k 4k 12k U4 IDEAL 6k 4k

out

V3

Vit phng trnh KCL ti im N vi gi thit tr khng vo ca b khuch i rt ln nn coi nh khng c dng vo ca o.
V1 V N V2 V N Vout V N + + =0 3 4 12 V 3.V 2 Vout VN = + + 2 8 8

Cng vi gi thit nh trn ta coi nh khng c dng vo ca thun. Khi phng trnh KCL cho nt P s l:
V P V3 V P + =0 6 4 2.V3 4 VP = V3 = 4+6 5

Theo tnh cht ca b khuch i thut ton in p ti ca o bng in p ti ca thun nn ta c: VN = VP Do vy :

VN = 2.V3 V1 3.V2 Vout + + = VP = 2 8 8 5 16 Vout = 4V1 3V2 + V3 5

2. Bi ton ngc Thit k mt mch KTT c phng trnh: Vout = X1.V1 + +XnVn Y1Va - - YmVm Trong X1, X2, Xn l h s khuch i ca cc u vo khng o Y1, Y2 Ym l h s khuch i ca cc u vo o Gi s mch cn thit k c dng sau:

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Va Vb Vm Ra Rb Rm Ry U1 IDEAL out Rf

V1 V2 Vn

R1 R2 Rn Rx

T phn tch l thuyt ngi ta a ra cch lm nh sau: + Tnh: X= Y=

Xi = X1 + X2 + +Xn
Yj = Y1 + Y2 + +Ym
j= 1

i =1 m

Z = X- Y 1

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+ Da vo gi tr ca Z ta s chn 1 trong 3 trng hp sau tnh: TH 1 2 3 Z >0 <0 =0 Ry Rf/Z Rx -Rf/Z R1,2 Rf/Xi Ra,b Rf/Yj

Ch : nn chn gi tr ca Rf c 100k - 200k Bi tp mu: Thit k mch cng s dng b khuch i thut ton c mi quan h gia u vo v u ra nh sau: Vout = 10v1 + 6v2 + 4v3 5va 2vb Gii: X= Y=
3

Xi = 10 + 6 +4 = 20
Yj
j =a

i =1 b

=5+2=7

Z = X - Y 1 = 20 -7 1 = 12 Do Z > 0 nn ta s p dng cch tnh ca trng hp 1. Chn Rf = 120k . Khi cc gi tr cn li c tnh nh sau:
Rf 120 k = = 12 k X1 10 Rf 120 k R2 = = = 20 k X2 6 Rf 120 k R3 = = = 30 k X3 4 R1 = Rf 120 k = = 24 k Ya 5 Rf 120 k Rb = = = 60 k Yb 2 Rf 120 k Ry = = = 10 k Z 12 Ra =

Kt qu l ta c mch nh sau:
Va Vb 24k 60k 120k U2 IDEAL

out

10k

V1 V2 V3

12k 20k 30k

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3. Thit k mt mch KTT c phng trnh ca in p u ra cha c biu thc tnh tng, hiu, vi phn v tch phn. Ta thc hin nh sau: Bc 1: Thit k mch dng b KTT 1 thc hin php tnh tng, hiu Bc 2: Thit k mch dng b KTT 2 thc hin php tnh vi phn Bc 3: Thit k mch dng b KTT 3 thc hin php tnh tch phn Bc 4: Dng mt b tng vi cc h s bng 1 cng cc kt qu trn Bi tp mu: Thit k mch s dng b KTT thc hin hm sau:
y= da + 2 bdt + c 3d 2dt

Gii: Da vo biu thc cho ta s thit k mch

y1 = c 3d 1 da y2 = . 2 dt y = y1 y 2 y3 y 3 = 2 bdt

p dng tnh nh cc bi tp bit ta c kt qu nh sau:

d 10k 30k IDEAL c 45k 15k
0.5u 1M IDEAL a

y1

y2

0.5u b 1M IDEAL y3

y2 y3

10k 10k 10k IDEAL

y1

10k 5k

Kt qu l ta c mch sau:

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a 0.5u 1M IDEAL

0.5u b 1M IDEAL

10k 10k IDEAL

10k

10k

30k IDEAL

10k 5k

45k 15k

Bi tp thm: 1. Tm mi quan h gia u ra vi cc u vo ca cc mch sau:

10k 5k 10k v1 v2 10k 5k IDEAL 1k out v1 v2 1k 5k 10k IDEAL v1 out 10k 10k 100k

IDEAL

out

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4k IDEAL v1 v2 v3 50k 25k 5k 10k out

5k U4 IDEAL 2k 10k

1k

v1 v2

out

30k 2k v1 v2 v3 10k 1k 5k 1k IDEAL 3k out v1 v2 10k 20k 5k IDEAL 10k out v1 v2 v3 v4

10k U11 IDEAL v1 10k 10k U12 IDEAL 10k

8k 6k 10k 5k IDEAL out

10k

10k IDEAL

50k U9 IDEAL v1 50k v2

100k IDEAL out

v2 10k

out

100k 50k

10k

2. Thit k mch thc hin cc hm sau: a. v0 = v1 + 10v2 - 30va 100vb b. v0 = 8v1 + 8v2 - 4va 9vb c. v0 = 3v1 + v2 + 6v3 4va 5vb t d. y = 4a + 2b + 3 cd t e. y = 3b 2b - 5 cd

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