:

1 2005


2005

20

,
.

28

,
. ,
,
.

36

44

, ,
, , ,
.

52

,
.

60

68

,
.

72

, , ,
.

:


:

:
:

..
..

.:
..

..
:

.. ,
..

..

50, 100, 150

, ,

..

:
..
:
.. , .. , .. ,
.. , .. , .. ,
.. , .. , .. ,
.. , .. , .. ,
.. , .. , .. ,
. . , .. , .. ,
.. , .. , .. ,
..
:

..

..

..

:
.. , .. , ..
:

..

..

..

..

:
105005 , . , . 22, . 409
: (095) 727-35-30, ./ (095) 105-03-72
e-mail: edit@sciam.ru; www.sciam.ru
:

80

Scientific American, Inc.

AvanteGuardeGothic
Garamond ( ParaType Inc.)

611

90

, 2004

.
77-13655 30.09.02
:
.

25 000

.
.
.
.
.

SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN
ESTABLISHED 1845
Editor in Chief:
Editors:

John Rennie

Mark Alpert, Steven Ashley,

Graham P. Collins, Carol Ezzell, Steve Mirsky,
George Musser, Christine Soares

News Editor:

Philip M. Yam

Contributing editors:
Mark Fichetti,
Marguerite Holloway, Michael Shermer,
Sarah Simpson, Carol Ezzell Webb
Art director:
Vice President and publisher:
Chairman emeritus:
Chairman:

Edward Bell
Bruce Brandfon
John J. Hanley
John Sargent

President and chief executive officer:

Gretchen G. Teichgraeber
Vice President and managing director,
international:
Dean Sanderson
Vice President:

Frances Newburg

2004 by Scientific American, Inc.

Scientific American,

Scientific American, Inc. .

.
.. .

Up-studio

: -

748-6733

14

92

,

.

3- ,
FM-.

-
2003 . . , ,

, 90% 50%
, .
40 .


. 1970 .


. , 1977 .,

. 20 ,

,
.
1999 .
,
17 ,

. ,

.
, , , :

.
:
,

- .
,
, , ,
( ),

, - .
,
.
,
-

www.FireWooD.net.ru

. ,

.

,
20%
.
, ,
,
$75 . 20 ,

$1 .

50, 100, 150

1955
.
,
, -
? , . ,
. ,

,
. , .
. 1297 ,
, , .
, , .
,
.
. , .
: , . .
Sabena Airlines ,
120 / ,
, 400 /.
.

1905
.

. ,
. (. .), .
- . Scientific American ,
, . ,

, 1905 .
, . -
,
.

1855
.
, . ,
.
. ,
300 . /, 3,5 .
, ? ,
.
. , ,
. . ,
,
.
:
, .

www.FireWooD.net.ru

2005

, ,

, ,
, PPAR-delta.
13 ,

,

.
, PPAR-delta
.

(
).

()

(-),
().

,
, PLoS
Biolog y,

. 1800
2,5 , .. , . ,
.
, -
,
.

. , , . , Carassius carassius,
, , . .
, .
, ,

.

www.FireWooD.net.ru

2005

yONG-XU WANG ET AL. IN PLOS BIOLOGY, VOL. 2, NO. 10, E294; OCTOBER 2004 (top); CORBIS (bottom)

?
:
, , .
PPAR-delta.
(Ronald M. Evans) .
- (), ,

,
, , PPAR-delta
, .
,

, ,

?
.
? , - . ,
, , ,
.

, ,
, - .
, ,
.
, GW501516,
PPAR-delta.

,
.
,

,
PPA R-delta. ,

:
17.0119.01 2005 .

: , . - ,
.

. ..

.
,
.

, ,
-.
.
-

, , -
. -,
, IGF-1.
IGF-1
.
(Paul Root
Wolpe),
,
( PPAR-delta) .
.
,

.

,
, . :

, .
.
,
. ,
(
, )
.

- .

www.FireWooD.net.ru

27.0128.01 2005 .
52-

10.01 2005 .

, ,

15 2004 .
.
- ,


16
( ) ,
.
.
, .

- ( )
, . $85 .
, , .
, ,
,
-, .
.

k
26 2004 .

1200
,
( 1%).

. , ,
.
, -.


, . , (

-.

),
.
, 14

www.FireWooD.net.ru

( )
.

2005

ROM MILLER (bottom, grayscale); NASA/JPL/SScl (bottom, color)

, ,

IBM

IBM SRAM ( RAM).

.
10 ,
. ,

,
, ,
.
CMOS-.

,
(strained Ge). ,
(strained
silicon),
,
, ,
,
,
. ,

.
-
, ,
,
, .
32- IBM
2013 ., 65- 2005 .

, (
)
, ,
.
, ,
,
.
, , , , ( 21
,
) ( ). , ,
.
,
(Andrew Bakun)

(Scarla J. Weeks)
, 70- . .
, ,
. ,
, ,
, .

Ecology Letters.

,
(Ellen Pikitch),

, -

www.FireWooD.net.ru

,
,
,
,
.

, ,
- .

, ,

,
.
,
.
, Nature

(Dennis
Bramble)

(Daniel Lieberman), ,
,
, .

. , ,
..
,

,
,

, 1000 , ,
.
, ,
, (Pieter Stroev), .
,
.

10

(, , ) .
, .
,
, ..
.
, ,
.

www.FireWooD.net.ru

,
.
, 2,5 3 . ,
.
, , .
,

,
,
, , . ,

, , ,


.


.
a 1000 ,
. , ,
, .

,

.
, .
.

2005

, ,

REUTERS/CORBIS (top); RODGER DOYLE (bottom)

,
.
1991 .
,
.

Privacy Journal (Robert
Ellis Smith), .
-, ,
. -,
, .

. Privacy Journal
.

: ,
,
,
, .
,
.
.

, . M
. .
.
, (
,
, , , ).
M,
. M

. ,

.
, 12
2003 . 4,6%
,
, 0,7%
.

)'('

!*"#(%('% +,%)%(' &".',/ $"((/.34251/0! #*&,$ %- ")+*($'

&%$#"!

0.,/+!!

0-"*"!

www.FireWooD.net.ru

, ,
.
:
,
.
,

,
( ).


.
: , , ,
. ,

,

.

?

(. ).

11

, ,

,
,
.
, 25
New England Journal of Medecine.


,
,
.

,
,
,
.

Iomai Corp. . . - (100 18
40 ) 1/5
,
. . ,


.
.

12

(Robert B. Belshe)
-. (130 18 60
108 60 ) 2/5
.
,
, Iomai Corp.

,
,

( ).

,
, ,

.

:
. ,

,
.

,
,
(Gregory M.Glenn) Iomai
Corp., , 3050%
, ,
.

, 18 . .
Homo f loresiensis.

.
, , , Homo.
(Peter Brown)
-

www.FireWooD.net.ru

, H. f loresiensis H. rectus,
( ) .
, 35 .
,
H. sapiens,

H. erectus, -
. , .

2005

, ,

PETER BROWN (bottom)

.
: (
12 ) ( ,
).
,

, ,

600 , .


. , ,
.
,
, ,
23 . 103
1670 , -

: Homo
floresiensis () ,
H. sapiens ().

9 .
,
,
, 10 .
, ,
.
:

.
(
The Proceedings of the
Royal Society.)

,
,

, , .
.

.
,
, -

.


.
(,
).

.
.

,
.

-: Science News Online, ScienceDaily Magazine, Associated Press,

- ,

www.FireWooD.net.ru

13

(),
, ,
, , , ,
.
8%,
2010 ., , 12%.

.



,
, .

,
6 ,
2100 .

14

www.FireWooD.net.ru

2005

.
, ,
.

20 .
- .
(
4 35 )
,
. .
, -

. ,
, .

-

-
. , ,
. -
, , ,
.

-

,
,


,
.


( ) -

,

.
.
(
, ,
) ,
, , , .

www.FireWooD.net.ru

.




, ,

15

- 600
,
.
. 900 ,
600 . ,
.

.
,
, ,

.

NASA, 10
,
.
,

.
-

16

,


.
1,31,5
.

.

,

1 2 ( ,


-

www.FireWooD.net.ru

). ,


,
,
( 4,5
5,0 . /2 ). ,
,
( .),
,
, (4,04,5 . /2 ).
60% ,

, 3,5
4,5 . /2 .
,
,
. ,


. , ,
, .
, ,


, .
:

: , ,
? ,


( )
.
,
, ,

. ,

2005



.


, ,

.

.

?
.

.

.
, ,
.
() ( ,
,
..). ,
,
.
, , - .



, ,
65

4,5 5 . / 2 ,

, ,
.
,
,
,

,


.
, ,


, 2 2

- 100 .,

(..

37 ) 70%
, 45 50%
- .
. , ,


60% .

, 1,52
,
.

.



.
(
)
(), ,

:
, . . : ,
, ,
, , .

.

www.FireWooD.net.ru

17

. 800


.
,
,
. ,

,


.



( ,
, ).
.
-

18

,
. -,

.

.
(-) .
,
1 5 , .

,
--

www.FireWooD.net.ru

, ,
.
,


,
2005 .

2005

.
www.FireWooD.net.ru

www.FireWooD.net.ru

,

.


.

,
,


.


,
, , .
.
.
, ,
( ). , - , .
, ,
.

, ,

.


. (,
, ,
- .)
,
, , .
, ,
,
.
, ,

.
. ,

,
.
,
,


.

, . ,
,
, .

.
.
, ,
.
,
.

.
,

:
, ( ) ,

, ,
. , ,
, .

,
, .
, , ,
- - .
, .

22

www.FireWooD.net.ru

,
,
. ,


.
,
.
,
.
, ,
- .
,
(. . 23).

,

.

,
.. ,
. ,
.
,



.
, . ,
,
,
,
, ,
.
,
. . , ,

.
,

2005

DON DIXON (preceding pages)

ALFRED T. KAMAJIAN

(, )

(
).
,
.
, .
, ( 88 ), ,

, .
:

(. . 25).
- ,


.

.


.
,

,
( ,
),
.

, .


,
,
. ( (S. Hawking),

, .
.

.
.

,
.

,
.

www.FireWooD.net.ru

23


, ,
. .

, 1,5 .
,
, 1 .
. 20 70 . 99% 1% .

, .

HH-30, 450 , ,
(). 960 . /. , .

.
,
.)
, , ,
10% ( ,
). 10
,
.
, ,
,

.
,
,
10%

,
.

,
?
,
. :
, , ,
,
.

,
!
,
.
,

.

NGC 7331,
50 . , ,
.
Spitzer,
,

.

M87,
50 . ,
,
6,5 . .
,
.

24

www.FireWooD.net.ru

2005

M. J. MCCAUGHREAN MPIA, C. R. ODELL Rice University, NASA, ESA (protoplanetary disk);

C. BURROWS STScI, J. HESTER Arizona State University, J. MORSE STScI, NASA (HH-30);
M. REGAN et al. STScI, JPL, CALTECH, NASA (NGC 7331); STScI, NASA (M87)


,
. ,
,
. ,
,

,
.

, , ,
,
, .
,
-

,
.
,
. ,

.


, 1970- .
,
. ,

,
.
,

.
, ,
, . ,
. 1973 .

.

. ,



(,

, (). ,
,
.



().

,
( ).
, ,
.

,


.

ALFRED T. KAMAJIAN

,
,
.

.
.

www.FireWooD.net.ru

,

,

.

25

.

, ,
, .

,
), ,

.
,
.
, .
, ,
, ,
, ,
,
.

1991 . .
(S. Balbus)
(J. Hawley)

.
,
.

.


.

,

,
,
. .

. , .

: ,
.
.
,

.
.
,
-

:
(Omer Blaes),
-, . , .
, .

26

www.FireWooD.net.ru

,
.

.
.

, . ,
.

,
,
,
. .
.
-


. XX .,
,
.
,

(, ,
,
).
, , - ,


.
,

, ,
,

2005

ALFRED T. KAMAJIAN

,
,
.
,

 ,
. .

, .
, -


,
, , ,

.
, ,

,

,
.

ELIZA JEWETT, ADAPTED FROM FIGURE 4D BY BELLONI ET AL. IN A&A, VOL. 355, 271290; 2000

, ,
.
, , :


(. .
).
Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer,

,

,
415 .
,

. (R. Wagoner)
, ,
.

( )

40,000

20,000

1,000

2,000

3,000

()

, GRS 1915+105,
, 40 . .
.

,

.


,
(. . 24).
,



. ,

,
,
.


, .
, ,
,

. ,

,
. -

www.FireWooD.net.ru

.


,


.
, ,
.
, -, ,
,
.
1980- .
(R. Blandford) (D. Payne)
,

,
. , ,


. ,
,

. ,
.

27

www.FireWooD.net.ru

,


.

,

, ,


.
.

, .

.
, .
,
, , .
, .

, , , ,
( ), ( ).
,
, ,
, .
, ,

.

, ,
Escherichia coli,
( , -

www.FireWooD.net.ru

).
- , ,
.
,

( ,
) , .


: , E.coli,
.
. ,

.

, ,
.
, , .
, -
( ), .

,

29

 , ,

.
,

, ,
.

1997 . (Phillip A. Sharp)
(Richard J. Roberts)
,
.
,
-
, (
, ) (
, ,
).

,
,
. : ,

, - ().

, , ,
, .
, ?
95% - .
, ,
,
, - -
, .
,
, - , ,
, . ,
,
.
.
, ( )
,

. ,
, -

() , . .
, , , . ,
, .
,
- . , ,
.

30

www.FireWooD.net.ru

. ,

- ,


.
,
,
,
. ,
Caenorhabditis elegans ( 1000 ),
19000 - ,
50% , (13500), ,
( ~25000).

.
,

1,5%, . ( )

, ,
,
- .
,
( ,
) , ,
(. ,
, 2 3, 2004 . ). ,
,
.

, .

, ,

2005

JEFF JOHNSON (DNA background); MOREDUN ANIMAL HEALTH LTD/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY (bacterium); LENNART NILSSON (embryo) (preceding pages)

LUCY READING; SOURCE: R. J. TAFT AND J. S. MATTICK

II.
-, ,
:
,
.
II
.
,

:
, .
-
,
,
. ,
, ,

.

.


,

II. , , , ..
, .
-.
,

.
,
,
.
.
,

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 /

, ,
.
, .
, , -,
.

, .
, ,
.
, . -, ( )
, , :

.
, , ..
.
: .
,

www.FireWooD.net.ru

, /- /-, , ,

.


,

.
, .
,
,
,
.
:
,
( ).
( , 3/4)
-.

31

- .
, .
.

,
,
. , ,
(). , .

, . ,

, , .

:
, , .
-,
,
,

. ,

- ,

.

32

, -
,
.

,
.

.
, , 100
, .
, ,
, .

www.FireWooD.net.ru

, .
,
(,
),

, ,
. , .
, ,
() (
),
.
( ,
).

2005

TERESE WINSLOW

,
, .

, .

.
,

.

,
, ,
,
.
,
. , ,

.
.

.
, , .



. ,
, , ,
. ,
,
in vivo, .

www.FireWooD.net.ru

: , ?
( -
) .
, .
, ,
.
( , ) : ,
99%
.
, ,
, .
,

33

miR-39
miR-37
miR-38

miR-36

miR-40

miR-35
5'

3'

miR-41

( ),
, ,
.
, .

.

,
,
?
,

,

.
(Daniel C. Dennett)
,


.

, .
, -

.

.

, ( ). ,
, ,
.
.
, , ,
, ,
.

:
(John Mattick)
. , , ,
.

34

www.FireWooD.net.ru

, ,
.
,
.

, .

,
, . ,

.


525 . ,
. ,

,

.


.
,
. 95%

, ,
.
,
,
.
, , , . ,
-
,
,

2005

ALICE CHEN; FROM NELSON C. LAU ET AL. IN SCIENCE, VOL. 294; OCTOBER 26, 2001

. ,


- .
,
,
.

.
, ,

, .

,

, .

4000

3000

2000

LUCY READING

,
. ,
. ,
.

,
, 40% . ,
- . ,
,
, -

, ,
.
, - ,
, , .
-
-

. ,
. ,


.

1000

, .
,
. ,
2003 . Erev Y. Levanon of Compugen
,
A-to-I (adenosine-to-inosin)editing (-).

.
-

www.FireWooD.net.ru

100 , , Alu- ,
.
, ,
.
-
, Alu- .

, Alu-

,
,
.
,
,

, ..
. ,
,

.

35

www.FireWooD.net.ru

,
120 /,
,
. , ,
.
, ,
.
-
? ,

?
,

,
.

.
, , .


.
,
,
, (. .
. 3839).

.
.
,

. ,
,
,
.
,

www.FireWooD.net.ru

,
.
,
.

,

,

. 60- . XX .
, Project
Stormfury, .
, ,


,
. .
,
,
. , ,

.
.

, .. ,

.

,
30 ,
. ,
.

37


(, )
,
.

,
(1).
, ,
(2).

(3).

. ,
. ,

,
,
,
.

,
.
,
, , .
, ,
.
,
,
.

,

(4).
, ,
,
(5).

, ,
(6).
.

38

www.FireWooD.net.ru

, ,
. :
,
-
, ?
,
,
.

NASA

(Atmospheric and
Environmental Research, AER) -

2005

COURTESY OF NASA/CORBIS (precending pfges)

,
. .

11

9
10

,
(7),

(8). .
,
,

,

.

DAVID FIERSTEIN

,
.

. ,
. ,
,
.
,
, ..
.

.
(9) (10),

(11).
.

, , , ,
.
, .

.

,
,

. , ,

www.FireWooD.net.ru

,
,
.
,
. -,

, ..
,
.

,
. ,
,
.
. ,

39


, , .

( four-dimensional variational
data assimilation, 4DVAR).
, , .

, -

, .

.


,
.
,
, -

,

.

,
.
4DVAR , .. , ,
,
, .

. , ,
-

, .
4DVAR , ,
,
,
,
.
,
.
,

:
(Ross N. Hoffman) - (AER).
, , .
NASA - .
NASA, AER,
(John Henderson).

40

www.FireWooD.net.ru

.

.

,

.

, , ,
,

,

.

, . ,

. ,
,
.
, ,
, .
,

.

, .

AER

, 1992 .

, ,

2005


.

.
,

. ,

,

.

4DVAR.

,

.

.
, .

,
2

LUCY READING

1992 . . ,
, 90 / (
, ).
( ) ,
.
,
(
) 100

.
,
,
()
()
.

,
:
.

www.FireWooD.net.ru

41


,
,
. ,
,
(). ,

( ).
. -
() .
.

.
, 3,24,8 /.

32 /


.



, ,

, ,
.

,
,
.

42

!

, 4DVAR
.
,

,
.

,
.
4DVAR ,

, :

www.FireWooD.net.ru

23 .

( 0,5)
800 1000
.
.
,
.
( 90 /)
,
.
,
.
. ,

2005

DAVID FIERSTEIN


, ,
. ,
,
.

?



, :
?
,
.

.

,
. ,
,

.
,

.
.

,
.
,
.

,

, ..

-.
4DVA R

, .

,
. , , ,

. ,

.
. ,

,
,
. ,

.

,

. ,



.

?
,

.
1970- .
,
.
,
.

, .
, ,
, . , , 1020

.

:
The Rise and Fall of Weather Modification: Changes in American Attitudes toward
Technology, Nature, and Society. Chunglin Kwa in Changing the Atmosphere:
Expert Knowledge and Environmental Governance. Edited by Clark A. Miller and
Paul N. Edwards. MIT Press, 2001.
Controlling the Global Weather. Ross N. Hoffman in Bulletin of the American
Meteorological Society, Vol. 83, No2, pages 241-248; February 2002. Available at
http://ams.allenpress.com
Critical Issues in Weather Modification Research. Michael Garstang et al., National
Research Council of the National Academies of Sciences. National Academies
Press, Washington, D.C., 2003. www.nap.edu/books/0309090539/html
NOAAs Hurricane Research Division: www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq
Ross N. Hoffmans technical presentations on weather modification can be found
at www.nlac.usra.edu/studies

www.FireWooD.net.ru

43



,

,

.

www.FireWooD.net.ru


,
,

,

,

,
.

. ,

,

.
.

,


.

,

, , ,
.
,
, .
,
-

www.FireWooD.net.ru

, ,

,
.
,
, , IT-.

,
, . ,

.
: X10,
LonWorks, CEBus, BACnet, Bluetooth,
IrDA, HomePlug ..
1960- ., Arpanet, .

,

.


(inernetworking)
.

45



, .

,
.

. ,


.

,

.


, .

- .
, . :
: -

-0
, .
,
.
, , ,
,
, -.
-0 ,
.

46

www.FireWooD.net.ru

, !
,
,
, .
2001 .
-.
,
.

,
.
.

-2. ,

. - ,

, ,
-2, -0.
, 0, IP-
,


.

: IP-
.
.
- ,
IP- ,
. ,
IP .
. ,
IP-,
. IP-

2005

SLIM FILMS (preceding page)

,
.
, ,

. (Internet
Protocol, IP) (end-to-end),
, , .

,
,
..

,
.
30
64 Arpanet
200 .
. ,
, .
.


-0
.
,
. -0

,
, ,
, .
0-
, .

, : , ,


.
,

,

.

Ethernet

,

,
.

, .
,

.

,
.

, .

,
(PDA).

MANU PRAKESH (key); LUCY READING (house)

,
.

,
.
,

.



.

.

, .

,

, .

-0 ()
- ().
.
,
. 0-,
-.

IP-

www.FireWooD.net.ru

UDP-

0-

47

LUCY READING

30

30

1 000 /

10 /

,
,
.
( ) (
),
.
.

100 ,

.


.
:
.
, , .
,
, ,
Ethernet- . ,
.

, ,
, -

48

, - .
, .

. ,
,
-.

,

.

: ,
.
.
0-
.
:

.
( -), . . 0


-

www.FireWooD.net.ru

:
.
: MAC (,
00:08:74:AC:05:0C), IP- (, 18.7.22.83),
(www.mit.edu), (,
) , .

. 0-
, , ,
.

,
.

.

.
,
128- ,
1038 . ,
,


.
: 0 ,
. ,
, , - .

(
).

2005


,
.
: 1 / 30 .
30 ,

.

. ,
,
, , ,

, , ,
. , -

,

,
-0.
. ,
,
.

,
,
.
1 /, (DSL) , ,
, 300 .
,
, ,
.

:
, , ,
. ,
, . .
,

.
. ,
.


. .

.
.
0 ,
,
, . , 0-
,
.
0 ,
, 1
, .
.


,
. ,
,
.
,


,
. 0-,

:
(Neil Gershenfeld), (Raffi Krikorian) (Danny Cohen) .
,
.

,
- , , . ,
, 0-.
-0
, Sun Microsystems,
.
Arpanet, IP- MOSIS.

www.FireWooD.net.ru

49



.

, ,
.

, , ,
- .

: , . ,


. (
,
0-
.)
,

. IP-, ,
. , 0-,
, .

: 0
.

, ,
.
0

.

(RFID) ,

(. , , 4,
2004 .).
RFID-, ,
.
RFID,
: RFID-
.
0 .
IP- ( IPID-),
.
- ,

, .
,
.
,
?
,
. -
.
Ethernet , , .
:
.

:
How the Internet Came to Be. Vinton Cerf in the Online Users Encyclopedia.
Edited by Bernard Aboba. Addison-Wesley, 1993.
www.internetvalley.com/archives/mirrors/cerf-how-inet.txt
When Things Start to Think. Neil Gershenfeld. Henry Holt, 1999.
cba.mit.edu/projects/I0

50

www.FireWooD.net.ru

,


.
0, , :

.
0
,
. 0
,
.
0-
,
.
0
.
, . . , , ,
.


. , ,
.
,
0-, ,

.
,
0
. 0- ,

.
,
,
,
, ,
.

2005

kk,

www.FireWooD.net.ru

www.FireWooD.net.ru

RENEE LYNN Corbis (impalas and lionesses); JANA BRENNING (photocomposition)

,

,

.
, ,


.
?
,
( ),
65 .
.

,
.
,
.
,

, .
,
,
,
, ,
,
.

, .

,
.
, .

53



(
),
.
, ,

.
1000
.
.
(), ,
, , ,

,
.
, , ,
.
,

, , .

.

,

. , , ( ) ,
.
,
. ,
.
,


.

,
.
,
?
, .

54

.
,
(
).
( ),
.
,
.

www.FireWooD.net.ru

2005

()

,
,
,
( ). ()


().
,
,
.. ,

.

, , .

( ) ( )
.

, (
)
.


().
.

().

,
(): ,

,
.


, .

www.FireWooD.net.ru

55

KEITH KASNOT (drawings); RALF DAHM (top SEM, layers); ALAN R. PRESCOTT University of Dundee, Scotland (bottom SEM, jigsaw pieces); FROM DEVELoPMENT OF A MACROMOLECULAR DIFFUSIoN PATHWAY IN THE LENS,
BY V. I. SHESTOPALOV AND S. BASSNETT, IN JOURNAL OF CELL SCIENCE, VOL. 15; 2003 (bottom left two images, nucleated cells); RALF DAHM (bottom right four images, degrading nuclei)

(
)

, .
,

. , ,
.
, ,
-

56

,
.
,

, ,
.
, -

www.FireWooD.net.ru

.
:
.
,
.

.
.

,
. ,
,
. , ,
,

.
,

.

.

(, ),


.

1800- .
.. .
,

-

2005

KEITH KASNOT

(. ),
,
, .
.
.
. ,
,
, .

,
- ,
.
,
, .

, .
.
,
. ,
, ,
.
.



. ,
.

,
.
XVIIXVIII .
, , .

,
, .
,
,
. ,
.

, ..
.

.

1 . .
45
100% .

.

,
. ,
,

.

ALICE CHEN (drawing); SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY (photograph)

,
,
. ,

,
. . ,
,

.
, .
,

, ,

(. .
54 55).
.

:
(Ralf Dahm) . (),

.

www.FireWooD.net.ru

.


().

,
,
,


(b).
,

().
,
(.
).

,

,

.

57

 , 1899 .
(), . ,
19181924 .,
. ,

,
.

(18401926) . ,

, .
.
,
(, ,
) .

.
:
.

, .

1908 .:

.
,
, .
,
.
,
(,
) ,

58

68-
. 1912 .
,
.

,
.

,
, .
, 1922 .
, -
.
:
,
10%. 1923 ., 83 ,
,
, ,
, .
1925 . -
, ,
. ,
.

, (, )
. ,

,
.
: ,
,
, , , .
,

www.FireWooD.net.ru

.

,
(Steven Bassnett)
,



, .
, ,
, -

2005

THE JAPANESE FOOTBRIDGE, BY CLAUDE MONET, GIFT OF VICTORIA NEBEKER COBERLY, IN MEMORY OF HER SON JOHN W. MUDD, AND WALTER H. AND LEONORE ANNENBERG, IMAGE
BOARD OF TRUSTEES, NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART, WASH., D.C. (left); MINNEAPOLIS INSTITUTE OF ARTS, BEQUEST OF PUTNAM DANA McMILLAN (right)


.
, , .

,

. ,

.

: ,

.

, .
, , ,
.
.

. (Michel
Wride)
(Esmond Sanders)
,

.
()
.
,
.

,
. ,
, ,
,
, -3,
.
, -

.
-3 .
,
,
,
.
-3 ,

, ,
.
(Sogo
Nishimoto) .
() (, ),

.
, - , .
,

,
.

,
,
.

,
,

. 48
.
,

.

.
-
(Nusslein-Volhard)
,

,

.
,
.
,

,
.


,
.

:
Nuclear Degeneration in the Developing Lens and Its Regulation by TNFalpha.
Michael A. Wride and Esmond J. Sanders in Experimental Eye Research, Vol. 66,
No.3, pages 371383; 1998.
Lens Organelle Degradation. Steven Bassnett in Experimental Eye Research, Vol.
74, No. 1, pages 16; 2002.
Developmental Aspects of Galectin-3 Expression in the Lens. R. Dahm, S. Bramke,
J. Dawczynski, R. H. Nagaraj and M. Kasper in Histochemistry and Cell Biology, Vol.
119, No. 3, pages 219226; 2003.
Nuclear Cataract Caused by a Lack of DNA Degradation in the Mouse Eye Lens.
S. Nishimoto et al. in Nature, Vol. 424, pages 10711074; 2003.

www.FireWooD.net.ru

59

COURTESY OF SEQUOIA VOTING SYSTEMS

Sequoia.

60

www.FireWooD.net.ru

2005

, : ,
.

. -,
,
, , ; - ,
,
. 2000 . 150 .

46 ., 2% . ,
537 .
(
1,5 3 .
)
,
1,5 2 . .
- -
4%

www.FireWooD.net.ru

. 680

, . ,

2000 .
, -
2/3 ,


1/3.
,


, ,
.

. 90-
. 2000 .
. 1996 . , 40 .

61


7% ,
1998 . 150 . ( 2%). 2000 .

0,2%.

3,2% 2000 .
0,9% 2002 .
, .
- , ,

-
,

.

,

, , ,

. 1869 .
(Thomas Edison) ,
70- . .
DRE

, .

, . ,
,
. ,

.
- ,
.
,
. 2002 .

Electronic
Systems and Services (ESS).

2000 .

.
, , ,
.

.

,
.

62

www.FireWooD.net.ru

, .
Sequoia ,
10% .
, .

, .
1997 . Global Election Systems
(
Diebold)

(Douglas W.Jones)
, .

.
2003 . Diebold
,


.



.
, .

, . , ,
.
,
.

2005

DON FOLEY (ILLUSTRATION); COURTESY OF SEQUOIA VOTING SYSTEMS (PHOTOGRAPH)

,

.

.
.

www.FireWooD.net.ru

.



.

63


, .

1,3%

1892 .

1964 .

.

.

.
.

,
? ,
,

.
,

,
-

,
.
,
.
1983 . (Ken
Thompson) ,

64

.
.
,
. -

www.FireWooD.net.ru

, .

,
,
,

.


.
(SAVE),
-

2005

ELIZA JEWETT

,
,

1962 .

1976 .

2000 .

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

.
.

. ,
,
, , .

,
,
.

, . ,
. , ,

.
,
.
, ..
.
,
, CD-,
.
-

,
,
.
, .
, . ,
.

:
(Ted Selker)
,
,
.

www.FireWooD.net.ru

65


,
, .

(Robert Wexler)

.

-,
2003 .
,


.

16 .
,
. ,
,
, ,
.

, ,
14 .

Diebold, Inc. ,

.
,


.

, .
,
.
! ,
. -

15 .
2002 .
. ,
.

,

.
.

,
.

.
-

66

.
-

www.FireWooD.net.ru

,
.

.
2002 .
,
,


.
,
100 . . -

2005


,
. 28% 31% .
.
:
,

.

. :
,
? ,
,
.

COURTESY OF DIEBOLD ELECTION SYSTEMS

?

.

,
:
1. .

2000 .
-
,
.

.
2.
.
3. ,
,

.

AccuVote TSX DieBold

.

4. , .
5.

,

.
6.
, -

.
7.
, .
, , , ,

.

:
Misvotes, Undervotes and Overvotes: The 200 Presidential Election in Florida. Alam
Agresti and Bret Presnell in Statistical Science, Vol.17, no.4, pages 436-440; 2002.
A Better Ballot Box? Rebecca ercuri in IEEE Spectrum, Vol.39, No.10, pages46-50;
October 2002. Available at
www.spectrum.leee.org/WEBONLY/publicfeature/oct/evot.html
Security Vulnerabilities and Problems with VVPT. Ted Selker and Jon Goler. April
2004. Available at
www.vote.caltech.edu/Reports/vtp_wp13.pdf
The Catech/M.I.T.Voting Technology Prugect is at www.vote.caltech.edu;
the progects Jujy 2004 report with recommendations for the 2004 presidential
election is at www.vote.caltech.edu/reports/EAC.pdf
: www.sciam.com/ontheweb.

www.FireWooD.net.ru

67

k?

68

1996 . Worth ,

Microsoft, Isis Pharmaceuticals. , Isis

.

.
.
,
in vitro,
(Phillip A. Sharp),

.
, .
, 1993 .
, -

www.FireWooD.net.ru

. ,

-
(i).

.
, , , ,
,
- .
1998 . (Andrew
Z. Fire)

(Craig C. Mello)
,
(),
,
. 2001 . (Thomas
Tuschl) , (si, .
short interfering RNA)
- .


, -

2005

ELIZA JEWETT

,
.
-
, ,
(. ,
, 11, 2003 .).
si
? .
,
. ,
, . si


.
: si
,
() ,
- -
(RISC, . RNA-induced silencing
complex). RISC ,

,
.
, 15 ,
si
.
,
.
si 100, 1000 , ,
(Judy
Lieberman),
.
si -
100 .

,

,
si .
si-.
2002 .
- ,
(David P. Bartel)

. Alnylam
Pharmaceuticals ( Alnylam , ).



(Paul
R. Schimmel). ,
,
.
. ,
(John
M. Maraganore) ,

si-, , .

,
, .
,
, .
, i,
. $85 . ,
.


.
,
si - . si
,


.
. Alnylam

( )
( ).

www.FireWooD.net.ru

69


(, ),
, ,

.


.

si 21
in vitro.
,
,
. Alnylam
Isis, -
.
-

Isis
, . Alnylam
Isis $5 .


. Isis,
, Alnylam

1
i
(si),

in vitro
2
si

si

si,
3

.

-
-
si

si

() si ,
4 ()

- -

().
()
, ().

TAMI TOLPA

70

www.FireWooD.net.ru

2005

$10 .,

si-.
si-
, .

, FDA,
(vitravene)
Isis, ,
-.
,

. ,
(
-).
,
. :

Acuity
Pharmaceuticals , , .
FDA Sirna Therapeutics
,
, Alnylam. , Sirna
, Ribozyme
Pharmaceuticals,

. ,
, ,

. ,
,
. ,
,

Acuity Pharmaceuticals

Alnylam
Pharmaceuticals
, .

Atugen

,
, ,
,

Benitec
,

, ,
, .

,
, ,
2

CytRx

,
, .
,

Intradigm
, .

Nucleonics

, ,
,
.

Sirna Therapeutics
,

,
, ,
, ,

(, ).

. .


si. Ribozyme
Pharmaceuticals
, Sirna
Therapeutics,
,

, , si.
, si
22 .

$72 .

,

www.FireWooD.net.ru

, ..
,
si
.
i- .
,
, ,
, .
,
.
i
.

,
, si ,

.

71

kk
,

,
,


.

.

www.FireWooD.net.ru

, ,

2/3 ,
, 70% .



, .

(1845 .) .

.
3/4
,
,


,

....
,
,
,
1926 .
,
, . ,

, . ,

,

.
,
.

www.FireWooD.net.ru

. ,
,
, ,
.
. ,
,
,
,
, ..
,

. , , (
)
,
,
.

.


(
,
),

.
,
, ,

,
. ,


.

,
,

73

200
150
100
50
0

180

90

90

180

. 1. : ) ,
(1977, 1979 .); )
NGC 1365, 21
.

74

( . 1 ). ,

.

, , ,
-

.

. ,

.
,
(.. ),
, ,
. .
-

www.FireWooD.net.ru

( . 2 ).
( . 2),
,
( . 2).
.

-

2005

Corbis/ (precending pages)

, . , . ,
. , . . , . .
, ,
,
. ,

.
,

,
,
( . 1).

.

,
..
, , .
. 24
NGC 1365 -

.
.

.

,


, , ,

.


.
. 2. (1) (2)

(3), -


. 2.

( 2

).

)

(1)
(2)

(3).

.

.

Mrk 1040,
( . 3).

,
( . 3) ( . 2).
,

-
,
. ,

.
- (
) .
,

, ,

.
, ,
,
.
, ,
-

)

:

V,
.

) ,

.

,
. ,

. , ,
,

.

) .

,

?
,
,
.
,
.
,

:
, , , . .. .

www.FireWooD.net.ru

75


, /
100

50

50

100

10

. 3. Mrk 1040 , :
) . (.. , ); ) (
). , . . .
, .

. : V ,
V, :
Vr, V, Vz .
V :
V = V + (Vr sin + V + V cos ) sin i + Vz cos i

(1)

, r
, i ( ).
Vr, V, Vz
V, ( ,
).
:
Vr (r, ) = C r(r) cos (2 F r(r) ),
V(r, ) = C (r) cos (2 F (r) ),

(2)

Vz (r, ) = Cz (r) cos (2 F z (r) ).

, .

.
(2) (1), V ,
.
V , . :
a 0, a1, b1, a 2, b2, a 3, b3, a i cos, b i
sin.
: V, V, C r, F r, C , F,
Cz, F z, . - , ,
( ) ,
.

76

www.FireWooD.net.ru

.
( . .)

, (2)
. ,
-
- (,
(2) (1),
- V ,

).
,
NGC 157

.

2005

/3;91:;3@ !46 #; "2

,075.670<

$!!!

#!!!

)$
($
'$
&$
%$

"!!!

$
!

"

&

'

&

'

+/0298-1;34. :0714

.236=<05?781 >3;58

. 4. - ()
().

,
,
( . 6, , , max ,
).

,

. ,
, , ,
.
:
.
- , , .
,
.

,
.

. 5. ,
: ) NGC 157 ; ) NGC 1365

)&$$

()3+4452*1/. 25 7.153+ !4.0# -6,/"

+'$
*+4,5563920/ 36 8/264, !5/1# .7-0"

. 4 , . 4 .



. . 5

NGC 157 ,
.

.
,
( )
, .

.

, ,
( . 5 ).

,


. , , ,

( . 6,
, , max ,
min , 0() ,
. ,
min , max ..,
).
NGC 3631

*$

%!!!

'$

)%$$

%$$

&$$

+($

+&$ +%$

%$

&$

)+4,5563920/ 36 8/264, !5/1# .7-0"

www.FireWooD.net.ru

($

)&$$

)%$$

%$$

&$$

')3+4452*1/. 25 7.153+ !4.0# -6,/"

77


%!

0 ()

$!

min

max
Cint

#!

0 ()

.



. ,
, -
1979 .
,
.
.

. (
) ,
.

Cext

max

max

"!
!

Cint

Cext

0 ()

0 ()

"!

#!

$!

%!

%!

$!

#!

"!

"!

#!

$!

%!

. 6. :
) , , max, min, 0() ,
, . , min , max
.., ; ) , ,
max, .

78

*%&

*%$

()3+445281/. 25 7.153+ !4.0# -6,/"

.
,

.

,


(, ).
, . .
1972 .

*&

&

%$

%&
*%&

*%$

*&

&

')3+445281/. 25 7.153+ !4.0# -6,/"

%$

%&

. 7. : ) ,
( )
(); )
NGC 157.

www.FireWooD.net.ru

2005


,

. 1994 . ( . 7).

( ) ,

, ,

.
2000 ., NGC 157,

,


( . 7 ).
.

,

.

.., ..,
& .. , 1977, 1979

.., .., ..,

.., .., ..,
.., .., ..,
.. , . ,
. , 2001

.., .., ..,

.., .. , 1986

.., ..
, 1993

.., .., ..,

.., .., ..,
.. , . ,
1997

.., .., ..,

.., .., ..,
.., .. , 1999

.., .. , 1972

- . , 1979

.. , 1994

.., .. ,
2000

.
,
,
-

,

.

,
.


, . ,
, , ,

,
, ,
- .
, ,
.

-

www.FireWooD.net.ru

,
.

,

,
,
.
,
. ,


, ,

-
.

79

www.FireWooD.net.ru

..

, ,
.
, .
,
.
.
.

? , .


.
,
.
,
. ? ?
,
60-
,


,

.

, ,
,
.

,

- .

www.FireWooD.net.ru

1921 .
. , -

.
:



.
50- . XX .
() (.
. 82).
,
(
. ..
. ), , ,
()
.


.
: ,
, ,
,
(. ,
, 2, 2004 .)
. ,
,
,
,

8 . .
,
215 . .
20% ,
10% , 70%
(),

81

 (63%) (28%).

250, 300, 500, 800 1200 .
,
, , , , .
,
-

82

,

.

20- 30- . XX .



, -
.

www.FireWooD.net.ru

,
,
25%, , .


.
50- . . -

2005

ROB MATHESON Corbis/ (pcecending pages)


.

( )

, , ,
, , ,

.



.

.
72%
(
20 /), 32%
()
. ,
, 1991 .
.
.

( ,
),

.


.
, .

.
,
,
3738%. , ,
, 60%,
. , .
, ,
, , -

www.FireWooD.net.ru

,
.

,
.
,
.

. , .
, :
.

,
. 1,4 .
, 0,8 .
.

250 . , , 80%
, 15%
.
100 70
, 30%, .
, 50- ,
.
,
, .

,
.
,
.

,

83


, 39%,
()
55 60%. (,
1 . )
.

40% 1500.

95 . .

-450 (. .
. 85). ,
.. -

,
60% ( ) ,
.
,
-
,

,
. , ,
, ,

.


.
,
240 .
545/545,
60- . (
-100
100 315 .
650.)
.

,
,
.


. ,
, ,
,
(. ).
,
, , ,
.

50 P, GPa
40
30

20
10
0

T, kK

,
, ,
.
,

(
)
.


,


.

(, , , ,
),
.

,


, .

,
, ,
(. ).

-
.

.
,
.

84

www.FireWooD.net.ru

2005



300 .
600/620, 4445%.
1012

350 . 700800 5455%.


.

,



, ,
,
, ..

. 2000 .

243,2 . (...), 64%,
30% 5%. 2001 .
66%, 28,4%.


( 2/3),
.


, .

, .
,
,
.

34%
20202025 .
, ,
. (
)
,
.
(. ,
, 10, 2004 .)
,
20 , 90,

.

, (.
, , 9, 2004 .)
1020
, .

www.FireWooD.net.ru

,
, .

,
, ,
..

10%, .. . ,
.

, ,
.
.
,

85


,
(. . . 89).

()
: , , , , , ,
, ,

, .
:
, , .
, ,
-,
.
.
,
-

,
,
.
,
.
,
,
.

, -,
.
7080-
. XX .,
,
,
. , -

.
, .

. () 2000 . 17,8 ,
2002 . 31,1 .

:
, ,
, ,
.

( ),
(, , , , ),
.
.

86

www.FireWooD.net.ru

. 10
300500 , 20002002 .

11,2 ,
,
$1 . . , ,
.
,
250 ( ) 1
.
,
, .

( 100 10 )
70 .


.

1 . (, , ,
, , ), ,
,
13 . .

.

.
2,5 . ,

2005


:


( ):
33%;
37%;
19%;
3%;
8%.

31 *

70

*
, ()

0,4

30

1,6%

12%
2,8%
2,7%
2,7%
2,7%
2,5%
2,4%

2,2%

;
, ,
..

H2

H2

H2

www.FireWooD.net.ru

87


1 . 3 . 90- .
-
,
500 . .
.
, , .

,
.

().

, -

(,
.), , .
, ,
, ,
.
500 ,
, 100
,
1 . .

500 .

.
$4 ,

,

.
.
5060 . 2 , ,
57 . ... .
,
.


, ().
7
354 (), .
-

88

1520 /.
( )

.
,

.

.
.

www.FireWooD.net.ru

12% (
).
(,
)
,

.

5%.
, .
, ,
, ,
- , (, ).
,
.
, ,
27

1,4 ,
(, , ).
2,2 . .
9,7 . .
()

: ,
.
60 . , 130 . 10 .
. 190 . ...,
.

( )
,
, ( 70%) (30%).

2005

..

, 0,03 /2 .
,
,
23 /100 .


.
, , 100,
().


.


30 200,
4 .
5 . .

.


.
-
12 . 2002 .
50 .

.

),

( . , , 8,
2004 .).
,
,
,
, ,

.

,
,
-

,

,
.
-, , ,
,
. XX .
, XXI .
.

() .

.
, ..

(

www.FireWooD.net.ru

89

90

.
,
. ,
,
.

KENT SNODGRASS Precision Graphics

,
.
.
, ,
, ,
(Andre Filiatrault),
-

- .
, ,
c
. , , ,
10%,
90% .
, ,
Degenkolb Engineers -
(James Malley). (, ,
, , , ).
, ,
: ,
, , ,
(Douglas P.Teylor), Taylor Devices.
, ,
, , ,

.

www.FireWooD.net.ru

(
)

2005

 ?
1999 .




.
15
,
20
, $100 .

,



.

.
1994 .
, , 60
$20 .
1995 .
()
50
5 .
:
-
() 1971 .

,
.

.
,
,
.
.


,
(
).
(.
),


.
,

.

,
, , ,
, ,
. ()

.
, , ,

.
, .

,
,

.
,

.

www.FireWooD.net.ru

91

,
,

3-
iPod
,


,


FM-.

92

3- iPod
Apple Computer, : -
?! , iPod
, MP3,
. 3-, -

www.FireWooD.net.ru

,
iPod. ( , :
iPod 40 $399.)
,
.
, iPod ,

. ,

2005



.
,
.


. iPod
: ,

. . ,
- CD-,
: , !
,

. iPod ,
Apple MP3-.
,
iPod.
200
. USB-,

, , .
, iPod ,
.
- Griffin
Technology Belkin,
.
.
.
.
Belkin ($34,99) iPod, iTalk
Griffin ($39,99) /,
.

,
iPod
. (
, ,
.)
.

Griffin Belkin FM-, iPod
. iTrip
($35) Griffin
,
87,9 .

iTrip ,
. ,
,

iTrip,
.
FM-
iPod .
,
, .
(, ,
Sex Pistols!)
. iTrip, TuneCast II
. FM. ,
, -.
: iTrip
TuneCast II ? , , ,

.
,

3-?
.
,
7,5 .
TuneCast II ($39,99)
Belkin
.
,
. ,
,
. iTrip, ,
TuneCast II (
).
-

www.FireWooD.net.ru

,
.
:

!
:
.
. !!!
,
. , , iTrip,
TuneCast II ,
FM-.

. iPod ,
.

93

-2004

, C , 2.
, , , 3.

, , 11.
, , 4.

.., -, 5.
, , , 1.
, , , 4.
, , 9.
, , 6.

, , 9.

, , 12.

: , , 2.
? , 3.
, , 9.

: , , 1.
, , 10.
, , 7.
: , , 11.
, , 8.
: , , 9.
, , 5.
: , , 2.
: , , 3.

, , 12.

, , 6.

, , 10.

, , , 12.

, , 11.

, ! , 12.

, , 4.
GPS, , 9.
, , 5.
, , 7.
, , 6.
, , , 10.
, , 11.
, , 4.

? , 12.

.
? , 6.


, 11.

, , , , , 2.

, , 8.
? , 11.

, , 10.

, , 10.

94

www.FireWooD.net.ru

2005

, , 1.
, , 11.
: , .., 7.
, , 9.
, . ., -, 11.
, , 4.
, 7.
100 , , 8.
, .., -, 2.
, , 6.
, , 7.
, , 4.
? , 2.
, , 6.
, , -, 1.
, , 8.
, , 5.
, , 2.
, , , 3.
! , 8.
, , 6.
, .., -, 7.
, , 7.
, , 3.
. , , 12.
, .., -, 8.
, . ., -, 6.
, .., -, 10.
, , , 10.
, , 7.
, , 12.
, , 12
-, , -, , 2.
: , , 5.
, , , 5.
? , 5.
, , 5.
, , 5.
, , 5.
, , 12.
XXI , , 12.
, , 4.
, .., -, 3.
, , 2.
, , 1.
, , 7.
, , 4.
, , 1.
, , , 1.
, , 9.
, , 1.
, , 12.
, , 8.
, , 9.

www.FireWooD.net.ru

95

:
, 45724; , 81736; ,
69970;
KSS, 10729
( ), , ( ...,
) , : (095) 105-03-72; 727-35-30 e-mail: distr@sciam.ru.
390 ., 780 .
, , .
; www.sciam.ru.
( ):
;
, 1- - .,1;
, , , ;
. ;
-, -, (812) 324-67-40; (812) 275-07-21
, , . (3832) 20-36-26;
, , . (8312) 35-15-92, 35-72-42, 19-76-05; -, . (8312) 31-31-14, 31-31-16;
, . (8312) 35-88-16
, KSS, . (044) 464-02-20.
: . , 22, , :
60- , .9, .203, ./ (095) 135-42-16.

40702810100120000141
.
044525187

30101810700000000187
7709536556; 770901001

, ..,

40702810100120000141
.
044525187

30101810700000000187
7709536556; 770901001

, ..,

96

www.FireWooD.net.ru

2005