Modeling Multiphase Flows: Fluent Software Training TRN-98-006

Fluent Inc.
5/1/2012 1
Fluent Software Training
TRN-98-006

Modeling Multiphase Flows
Fluent Inc. 5/1/2012 2
TRN-98-006
Outline
Definitions; Examples of flow regimes
Description of multiphase models in FLUENT 5 and FLUENT 4.5
How to choose the correct model for your application
Summary and guidelines
TRN-98-006
Definitions
Multiphase flow is simultaneous flow of
Matters with different phases( i.e. gas, liquid or solid).
Matters with different chemical substances but with the same phase (i.e.
liquid-liquid like oil-water).

Primary and secondary phases
One of the phases is considered continuous (primary) and others
(secondary) are considered to be dispersed within the continuous phase.
A diameter has to be assigned for each secondary phase to calculate its
interaction (drag) with the primary phase (except for VOF model).
Dilute phase vs. Dense phase;
Refers to the volume fraction of secondary phase(s)

Volume fraction of a phase =

Volume of the phase in a cell/domain
Volume of the cell/domain
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Flow Regimes
Multiphase flow can be classified by the
following regimes:
Bubbly flow: Discrete gaseous or fluid
bubbles in a continuous fluid
Droplet flow: Discrete fluid droplets in a
continuous gas
Particle-laden flow: Discrete solid
particles in a continuous fluid
Slug flow: Large bubbles (nearly filling
cross-section) in a continuous fluid
Annular flow: Continuous fluid along
walls, gas in center
Stratified/free-surface flow: Immiscible
fluids separated by a clearly-defined
interface
bubbly flow droplet
flow particle-laden
flow
slug flow
annular flow
free-surface flow
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Flow Regimes

User must know a priori what the flow field looks like:
Flow regime,
bubbly flow , slug flow, etc.
Model one flow regime at a time.
Multiple flow regime can be predicted if they are predicted by one
model e.g. slug flow and annular flow may coexist since both are
predicted by VOF model.
turbulent or laminar,
dilute or dense,
bubble or particle diameter (mainly for drag considerations).
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Multiphase Models
Four models for multiphase flows currently available in structured
FLUENT 4.5
Lagrangian dispersed phase model (DPM)
Eulerian Eulerian model
Eulerian Granular model
Volume of fluid (VOF) model

Unstructured FLUENT 5
Lagrangian dispersed phase model (DPM)
Volume of fluid model (VOF)
Algebraic Slip Mixture Model (ASMM)
Cavitation Model
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Dispersed Phase Model
TRN-98-006
Dispersed Phase Model
Appropriate for modeling particles, droplets, or
bubbles dispersed (at low volume fraction; less
than 10%) in continuous fluid phase:
Spray dryers
Coal and liquid fuel combustion
Some particle-laden flows
Computes trajectories of particle (or droplet or
bubble) streams in continuous phase.
Computes heat, mass, and momentum transfer
between dispersed and continuous phases.
Neglects particle-particle interaction.
Particles loading can be as high as fluid loading
Computes steady and unsteady (FLUENT 5) particle
tracks.
Particle trajectories in a spray dryer
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Particle trajectories computed by solving equations of motion of the
particle in Lagrangian reference frame:

where represents additional forces due to:
virtual mass and pressure gradients
rotating reference frames
temperature gradients
Brownian motion (FLUENT 5)
Saffman lift (FLUENT 5)
user defined
Particle Trajectory Calculations
p p p p
p
F g u u f
dt
u d
/ / ) ( ) (
drag
+ + =
F
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Coupling Between Phases
One-Way Coupling
Fluid phase influences particulate phase via drag and turbulence transfer.
Particulate phase have no influence on the gas phase.
Two-Way Coupling
Fluid phase influences particulate phase via drag and turbulence transfer.
Particulate phase influences fluid phase via source terms of mass,
momentum, and energy.
Examples include:
Inert particle heating and cooling
Droplet evaporation
Droplet boiling
Devolatilization
Surface combustion

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To determine impact of dispersed phase on continuous phase flow
field, coupled calculation procedure is used:

Procedure is repeated until both flow fields are unchanged.
DPM: Calculation Procedure
continuous phase
flow field calculation
particle trajectory
calculation
interphase heat, mass, and
momentum exchange
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Turbulent Dispersion of Particles
Dispersion of particle due to turbulent fluctuations in the flow can be
modeled using either:
Discrete Random Walk Tracking (stochastic approach)

Particle Cloud Tracking

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User Defined Function Access in DPM
User defined functions (UDFs) are provided for access to the discrete
phase model. Functions are provided for user defined:
drag
external force
laws for reacting particles and droplets
customized switching between laws
output for sample planes
erosion/accretion rates
access to particle definition at injection time
scalars associated with each particle and access at each particle time step
(possible to integrate scalar variables over life of particle)
FLUENT 5
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Eulerian-Eulerian Multiphase Model
FLUENT 4.5

10s 70s 120s
water
air
Becker et al. 1992
Locally Aerated Bubble Column
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Eulerian Multiphase Model
Appropriate for modeling gas-liquid or
liquid-liquid flows (droplets or bubbles
of secondary phase(s) dispersed in
continuous fluid phase (primary phase))
where:
Phases mix or separate
Bubble/droplet volume fractions from 0
to 100%
Evaporation
Boiling
Separators
Aeration
Inappropriate for modeling stratified or
free-surface flows.
Volume fraction of
water
Stream function
contours for water
Boiling water in a container
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Solves momentum, enthalpy, continuity,
and species equations for each phase and
tracks volume fractions.
Uses a single pressure field for all phases.
Interaction between mean flow field of
phases is expressed in terms of a drag,
virtual and lift forces.
Several formulations for drag is provided.
Alternative drag laws can be formulated
via UDS.
Other forces can be applied through UDS.

Gas sparger in a mixing tank:
contours of volume fraction
with velocity vectors
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Can solve for multiple species and homogeneous reactions in each
phase.
Heterogeneous reactions can be done through UDS.

Allows for heat and mass transfer between phases.

Turbulence models for dilute and dense phase regimes.
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Mass Transfer
Evaporation/Condensation.
For liquid temperatures > saturation temperature, evaporation rate:

For vapor temperatures s saturation temperature, condensation rate:

User specifies saturation temperature and, if desired, time relaxation
parameters r
l
and r
v
. (Wen Ho Lee (1979))
Unidirectional mass transfer, is constant

User Defined Subroutine for mass transfer
( )
sat
sat l l l v
v
T
T T r
m

=
o
( )
sat
v sat v v l
l
T
T T r
m

=
o
1 2 12
o r m =
r
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Eulerian Multiphase Model: Turbulence
Time averaging is needed to obtain smoothed quantities from the space
averaged instantaneous equations.
Two methods available for modeling turbulence in multiphase flows
within context of standard k-c model:
Dispersed turbulence model (default) appropriate when both of these
conditions are met:
Number of phases is limited to two:
Continuous (primary) phase
Dispersed (secondary) phase
Secondary phase must be dilute.
Secondary turbulence model appropriate for turbulent multiphase flows
involving more than two phases or a non-dilute secondary phase.
Choice of model depends on importance of secondary-phase
turbulence in your application.
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Eulerian Granular Multiphase Model:
FLUENT 4.5

Volume fraction of air
2D fluidized bed with a central jet
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Extension of Eulerian-Eulerian model
for flow of granular particles
(secondary phases) in a fluid
(primary)phase
Appropriate for modeling:
Fluidized beds
Risers
Pneumatic lines
Hoppers, standpipes
Particle-laden flows in which:
Phases mix or separate
Granular volume fractions can vary
from 0 to packing limit

Circulating fluidized bed, Tsuo and Gidaspow
(1990).

Solid velocity profiles Contours of solid
volume fraction
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Overview
The fluid phase must be assigned as the primary phase.
Multiple solid phase can be used to represent size distribution.
Can calculate granular temperature (solids fluctuating energy) for each
solid phase.
Calculates a solids pressure field for each solid phase.
All phases share fluid pressure field.
Solids pressure controls the solids packing limit
Solids pressure, granular temperature conductivity, shear and bulk
viscosity can be derived based on several kinetic theory formulations.
Gidaspow -good for dense fluidized bed applications
Syamlal -good for a wide range of applications
Sinclair -good for dilute and dense pneumatic transport lines
and risers
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Eulerian Granular Multiphase Model
Frictional viscosity pushes the limit into the plastic regime.
Hoppers, standpipes
Several choice of drag laws:
Drag laws can be modified using UDS.
Heat transfer between phases is the same as in Eulerian/Eulerian
multiphase model.
Only unidirectional mass transfer model is available.
Rate of mass transfer can be modified using UDS.
Homogeneous reaction can be modeled.
Heterogeneous reaction can be modeled using UDS.
Can solve for enthalpy and multiple species for each phase.
Physically based models for solid momentum and granular temperature
boundary conditions at the wall.
Turbulence treatment is the same as in Eulerian-Eulerian model
Sinclair model provides additional turbulence model for solid phase

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Algebraic Slip Mixture Model
FLUENT 5
Courtesy of
Fuller Company
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Algebraic Slip Mixture Model
Can substitute for Eulerian/Eulerian,
Eulerian/Granular and Dispersed phase models
Efficiently for Two phase flow problems:
Fluid/fluid separation or mixing:
Sedimentation of uniform size particles in liquid.
Flow of single size particles in a Cyclone.
Applicable to relatively small particles
(<50 microns) and low volume fraction (<10%)
when primary phase density is much smaller than
the secondary phase density.

Air-water separation in a Tee junction
Water volume fraction
If possible, always choose the fluid with higher density as the primary
phase.

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Solves for the momentum and the continuity equations of the mixture.
Solves for the transport of volume fraction of secondary phase.
Uses an algebraic relation to calculate the slip velocity between phases.
It can be used for steady and unsteady flow.

is the drag function
ASMM
p rel
a u t

=
)) ( (
t
u
u u g a
m
m m
c
c
+ V =

drag
f
p p m
p
f
d

t
18
) (
2
=
drag
f
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Oil-Water Separation
Fluent 5 Results with ASMM Fluent v4.5 Eulerian Multiphase
Courtesy of
Arco Exploration & Production Technology
Dr. Martin de Tezanos Pinto
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Cavitation Model ( Fluent 5)
Predicts cavitation inception and approximate extension of cavity bubble.
Solves for the momentum equation of the mixture
Solves for the continuity equation of the mixture
Assumes no slip velocity between the phases
Solves for the transport of volume fraction of vapor phase.
Approximates the growth of the cavitation bubble using Rayleigh equation

Needs improvement:
ability to predict collapse of cavity bubbles
Needs to solve for enthalpy equation and thermodynamic properties
Solve for change of bubble size

l
v
p p
dt
dR
3
) ( 2
=
l
v v v
p p
R
m
o
3
) ( 2 3
=
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Cavitation model

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VOF Model
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Volume of Fluid Model
Appropriate for flow where Immiscible
fluids have a clearly defined interface.
Shape of the interface is of interest
Typical problems:
Jet breakup
Motion of large bubbles in a liquid
Motion of liquid after a dam break
(shown at right)
Steady or transient tracking of any
liquid-gas interface
Inappropriate for:
Flows involving small (compared to a
control volume) bubbles
Bubble columns
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Volume Fraction
Assumes that each control volume contains just one phase (or the
interface between phases).
For volume fraction of k
th
fluid, three conditions are possible:
c
k
= 0 if cell is empty (of the k
th
fluid)
c
k
= 1 if cell is full (of the k
th
fluid)
0 < c
k
< 1 if cell contains the interface between the fluids
Tracking of interface(s) between phases is accomplished by solution of
a volume fraction continuity equation for each phase:

Mass transfer between phases can be modeled by using a user-defined
subroutine to specify a nonzero value for S
c
k
.
Multiple interfaces can be simulated
Can not resolve details of the interface smaller than the mesh size

cc
c
cc
c
c
k
j
k
i
k
t
u
x
S + =
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VOF

Solves one set of momentum equations for all fluids.

Surface tension and wall adhesion modeled with an additional source
term in momentum eqn.

For turbulent flows, single set of turbulence transport equations solved.

Solves for species conservation equations for primary phase .

j j
i
j
j
i
i j
j i
i
j
F g
x
u
x
u
x x
P
u u
x
u
t
+ + + + = +
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
) ( ) ( ) (
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Formulations of VOF Model
Time-dependent with a explicit schemes:
geometric linear slope reconstruction (default in FLUENT 5)
Donor-acceptor (default in FLUENT 4.5)
Best scheme for highly skewed hex mesh.
Euler explicit
Use for highly skewed hex cells in hybrid meshes if default scheme fails.
Use higher order discretization scheme for more accuracy.
Example: jet breakup
Time-dependent with implicit scheme:
Used to compute steady-state solution when intermediate solution is not important.
More accurate with higher discretization scheme.
Final steady-state solution is dependent on initial flow conditions
There is not a distinct inflow boundary for each phase
Example: shape of liquid interface in centrifuge
Steady-state with implicit scheme:
Used to compute steady-state solution using steady-state method.
More accurate with higher order discretization scheme.
Must have distinct inflow boundary for each phase
Example: flow around ships hull

Decreasing
Accuracy
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Comparison of Different Front Tracking Algorithms
2nd order upwind
Donor - Acceptor
Geometric reconstruction
Geometric reconstruction
with tri mesh
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Surface Tension
Cylinder of water (5 x 1 cm) is surrounded by air in no gravity
Surface is initially perturbed so that the diameter is 5% larger on ends
The disturbance at the surface grows because of surface tension
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Wall Adhesion
Wall adhesion is modeled by specification of contact angle that fluid
makes with wall.
Large contact angle (> 90) is applied to water at bottom of container in
zero-gravity field.
An obtuse angle, as measured in water, will form at walls.
As water tries to satisfy contact angle condition, it detaches from bottom
and moves slowly upward, forming a bubble.
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Choosing a Multiphase Model:
Fluid-Fluid Flows (1)
Bubbly flow examples:
Absorbers
Evaporators
Scrubbers
Air lift pumps
Droplet flow examples:
Atomizers
Gas cooling
Dryers
Slug flow examples:
Large bubble motion in pipes or tanks
Separated flows
free surface, annular flows, stratified flows, liquid films
Cavitation
Flotation
Aeration
Nuclear reactors

Combustors
Scrubbers
Cryogenic pumping

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Gas-Liquid Flows (2)

Volume fraction Model Comments
Less than 10% DPM
Cavitation
Ignores bubble coalescence or particle-particle interaction.
Inception of cavitation and its approximate extension.
All Values ASMM
Eulerian
Applies to two phase flows only. If density of
primary phase is much less than the density of the
secondary phase, restricts to applications with small
diameter and low volume fraction of the Seconday
phase.
For large bubbles either use Vof or modify the Drag
law. Ignores bubble coalescence or interaction.
All Values VOF Bubbles should span across several cells.Applicable
to separated flows: free surface flows, annular flows,
liquid films, stratified flows.
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Particle-Laden Flow
Examples:
Cyclones
Slurry transport
Flotation
Circulating bed reactors

Dust collectors
Sedimentation
Suspension
Fluidized bed reactors

Volume fraction Model Comments
Less than 10% DPM
ASMM
Ignores bubble coalescence or particle-particle
interaction
Only one solid size. More efficient than DPM. For
liquid-solid applications can be used for higher
volume fraction of solids but well below packing
limit.
All values Eulerian
Granular
Solve in a transient manner..
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Solution Guidelines
All multiphase calculations:
Start with a single-phase calculation to establish broad flow patterns.
Eulerian multiphase calculations:
Use COPY-PHASE-VELOCITIES to copy primary phase velocities to
secondary phases.
Patch secondary volume fraction(s) as an initial condition.
For a single outflow, use OUTLET rather than PRESSURE-INLET; for
multiple outflow boundaries, must use PRESSURE-INLET for each.
For circulating fluidized beds, avoid symmetry planes. (They promote
unphysical cluster formation.)
Set the false time step for underrelaxation to 0.001
Set normalizing density equal to physical density
Compute a transient solution

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Solution Strategies (VOF)
For explicit formulations for best and quick results:
use geometric reconstruction or donor-acceptor
use PISO algorithm with under-relaxation factors up to 1.0
reduce time step if convergence problem arises.
To ensure continuity, reduce termination criteria to 0.001 for pressure in multi-grid
solver
solve VOF once per time-step
For implicit formulations:
always use QUICK or second order upwind difference scheme for VOF equation.
may increase VOF UNDER-RELAXATION from 0.2 (default ) to 0.5.
Use proper reference density to prevent round off errors.
Use proper pressure interpolation scheme for hydrostatic consideration:
Body force weighted scheme for all types of cells
PRESTO (only for quads and hexes)
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Summary
Modeling multiphase flows is very complex, due to interdependence of
many variables.
Accuracy of results directly related to appropriateness of model you
choose:
For most applications with low volume fraction of particles, droplets, or
bubbles, use ASMM or DPM model .
For particle-laden flows, Eulerian granular multiphase model is best.
For separated gas-liquid flows (stratified, free-surface, etc.) VOF model is
best.
For general, complex gas-liquid flows involving multiple flow regimes:
Select aspect of flow that is of most interest.
Choose model that is most appropriate.
Accuracy of results will not be as good as for others, since selected
physical model will be valid only for some flow regimes.
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Conservation equations
Conservation of mass

Conservation of momentum

Conservation of enthalpy
+ + V + V = V +
c
c
q q q q q q q q q q q q q
F P u u u
t

o t o o o o ) (
= V +
c
c
=
n
p
pq q q q q q
m u
t
1
o o
) (
1
pq pq
n
p
pq
u m R

+
=
+ + V V + = V +
c
c
q q q k
q
q q q q q q q q
s q u
dt
dp
h u h
t

. : ) ( ) ( t o o o
) (
1
pq pq
n
p
pq
h m Q +
=
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Constitutive Equations
Frictional Flow
Particles are in enduring contact and momentum transfer is through
friction
Stresses from soil mechanics, Schaeffer (1987)
Description of frictional viscosity

is the second invariant of the deviatoric stress tensor
| |
frict s kin s coll s s , , ,
, max + =
) 0 ( = V
s
u
2
,
2
sin
I
P
s
frict s
=
2
I
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Interphase Forces (cont.)
Virtual Mass Effect: caused by relative acceleration between phases
Drew and Lahey (1990).

Virtual mass effect is significant when the second phase density is much
smaller than the primary phase density (i.e., bubble column)

Lift Force: Caused by the shearing effect of the fluid onto the particle
Drew and Lahey (1990).

Lift force usually insignificant compared to drag force except when the
phases separate quickly and near boundaries
|
.
|
\
|
V +
c
c
V +
c
c
= ) ( ) (
, s s
s
f f
f
f s vm fs vm
u u
t
u
u u
t
u
C K

o
) ( ) (
, f s f f s L fs k
u u u C K

V = o
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Eulerian Multiphase Model: Turbulence
The transport equations for the model are of the form

Value of the parameters

c k
k
k k k k k k
k
t
k
k k k k k k k k
k
G k k u k
t
H + + V + V = V +
c
c
c o
o
v o o ) (
k
k k k k
k
k
k
t
k
k k k k k k k k
k
c G c
k
u
t
c c c
c
c o
c
c
o
v c o c o H + + V + V = V +
c
c
} { ) (
2 1
3 . 1 92 . 1 44 . 1 3 . 1 1 09 . 0
3 2 1 c c c c
o o c c c c
k
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Comparison of Drag Laws
Fluid-solid drag functions
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0.010.060.120.170.230.280.340.390.45 0.5 0.56
Solids volume fraction
f
Syamlal-O'Brien
Schuh et al.
Gidaspow A
Gidaspow B
Wen and Yu
Di Felice
Fluid-solid drag functions
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0.01 0.07 0.13 0.19 0.25 0.31 0.37 0.43 0.49 0.55
Solids volume fraction
f
Syamlal-O'Brien
Schuh et al.
GidaspowA
GidaspowB
Wen and Yu
Di Felice
Relative Reynolds number 1 and 1000
Particle diameter 0.001 mm
Arastoopour
Arastoopour
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Drag Force Models
Fluid-fluiddragfunctions
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
10 2460 4910 7360 9810 1226014710
Re
Cd
Schiller andNaumann
Schuhet al.
Morsi et Alexander
( )
>
s +
=
1000 Re 44 . 0
1000 Re Re 15 . 0 1 24
687 . 0
D
C
( )
( )
>
> s +
s < +
=
2500 Re 4008 . 0
2500 Re 200 Re / Re 0135 . 0 Re 914 . 0 24
200 Re 0 Re 15 . 0 1 24
282 . 0
687 . 0
D
C
(Re) are , , where
Re Re
3 2 1
2
3 2
1
f a a a
a a
a C
D
+ + =
Schiller and Naumann
Schuh et al.
Morsi and Alexander
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Solution Algorithms for Multiphase Flows
Coupled solver algorithms (more coupling between phases)
Faster turn around and more stable numerics
High order discretization schemes for all phases.
More accurate results

Implicit/Full Elimination
Algorithm v4.5
Implicit/Full Elimination
Algorithm v4.5
TDMA Coupled
Algorithm v4.5
TDMA Coupled
Algorithm v4.5
Multiphase Flow Solution
Algorithms
Multiphase Flow Solution
Algorithms
Only Eulerian/Eulerian
model
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Heterogeneous Reactions in FLUENT4.5
Problem Description
Two liquid e.g. (L1,L2) react and make solids e.g. (s1,s2)
Reactions happen within liquid e.g. (L1-->L2)
Reactions happen within solid e.g. (s1--->s2)

Solution!
Consider a two phase liquid (primary) and solid (secondary)
liquid has two species L1, L2
solid has two species s1,s2
Reactions within each phase i.e. (L1-->L2) and (s1-->s2) can be set up as
usual through GUI (like in single phase)
For heterogeneous reaction e.g. (L1+0.5L2-->0.2s1+s2)
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Heterogeneous Reactions in FLUENT 4.5
In usrmst.F
calculate the net mass transfer between phases as a result of reactions
Reactions could be two ways
Assign this value to suterm
If the net mass transfer is from primary to secondary the value
should be negative and vica versa.
The time step and mass transfer rate should be such that the net volume
fraction change would not be more than 5-10%.
In urstrm.F
Adjust the mass fraction of each species by assigning a source or sink
value (+/-) according to mass transfer calculated above.
Adjust the enthalp of each phase by the net amount of heat of reactions
and enthalpy transfer due to mass transfer. Again this will be in a form of
a source term.

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Heterogeneous Reactions in FLUENT 4.5
Compile your version of the code
Run Fluent and set up the case :
Enable time dependent, multiphase, temperature and species calculations.
Define phases
Enable mass transfer and multi-component multi-species option.
Define species, homogeneous reactions within each phases
Define properties
Enable user defined mass transfer

GOOD LUCK!!
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Particle size
Descriptive terms Size range Example
Coarse solid 5 - 100 mm coal
Granular solid 0.3 - 5 mm sugar
Coarse powder 100-300 m salt, sand
Fine powder 10-100 m FCC catalyst
Super fine powder 1-10 m face powder
Ultra fine powder ~1 m paint pigments
Nano Particles ~1e-3 m molecules
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Discrete Random Walk Tracking
Each injection is tracked repeatedly in order to generate a statistically
meaningful sampling.
Turbulent fluctuation in the flow field are represented by defining an
instantaneous fluid velocity:

where is derived from the local turbulence parameters:

and is a normally distributed random number
Mass flow rates and exchange source terms for each injection are
divided equally among the multiple stochastic tracks.
i i i
u u u ' + =
i
u'
3
2
'
k
i
u =
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TRN-98-006
Cloud Tracking
The particle cloud model uses statistical methods to trace the turbulent
dispersion of particles about a mean trajectory. The mean trajectory is
calculated from the ensemble average of the equations of motion for
the particles represented in the cloud. The distribution of particles
inside the cloud is represented by a Gaussian probability density
function.
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TRN-98-006
Stochastic vs. Cloud Tracking
Stochastic tracking:
Accounts for local variations in flow properties such as temperature,
velocity, and species concentrations.
Requires a large number of stochastic tries in order to achieve a
statistically significant sampling (function of grid density).
Insufficient number of stochastic tries results in convergence problems
and non-smooth particle concentrations and coupling source term
distributions.
Recommended for use in complex geometry
Cloud tracking:
Local variations in flow properties (e.g. temperature) get averaged away
inside the particle cloud.
Smooth distributions of particle concentrations and coupling source terms.
Each diameter size requires its own cloud trajectory calculation.
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TRN-98-006
Granular Flow Regimes
Elastic Regime Plastic Regime Viscous Regime
Stagnant Slow flow Rapid flow
Stress is strain Strain rate Strain rate
dependent independent
dependent
Elasticity Soil mechanics Kinetic theory

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Flow regimes

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Eulerian Multiphase Model: Heat Transfer
Rate of energy transfer between phases is
function of temperature difference between
phases:

H
pq
(= H
qp
) is heat transfer coefficient between
p
th
phase and q
th
phase.
Can be modified using UDS.

( )
Q H T T
pq pq p q
=
Boiling water in a container:
contours of water temperature
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Sample Planes and Particle Histograms
As particles pass through
sample planes (lines in 2-D),
their properties (position,
velocity, etc.) are written to
files. These files can then be
read into the histogram
plotting tool to plot
histograms of residence time
and distributions of particle
properties. The particle
property mean and standard
deviation are also reported.

Modeling Multiphase Flows: Fluent Software Training TRN-98-006

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