Teach Yourself Beginners Latin

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beginner's latin
Two aooio CDs with paperback book
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beginner's latin
Two aooio CDs with paperback book
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._....-
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CONTENTS
Introduction _
v
I Subjects and objects; the cases: nominative,
accusative and ablative; est and sunt
The Classics 1
II Singular and plural fonns
A question of rhetoric 10
III Masculine, feminine and neuter nouns; prepositions
Speaking as the Romans did 18
IV Genitive case; questions
'Anyone 'for a cancan? 30
V Declensions: nominative and genitive; vocative
case; adjectives
Reformation and Renaissance: life after death 40
VI More adjectives; pOlest. vult, debet; infinitives;
dative case
Latin wanted: dead or alive? 50
Revision 1-6 61
VII Third declension nouns
Di immortales! 64
VIII Verbs: first and second conjugations:
present and future
Brotherly love 73
IX Third declension adjectives; gerundives
Speculator amicae 84
CONTENTS
Introduction _
v
The Classics 1
case; adjectives
dative case
Revision 1-6 61
Di immortales! 64
present and future
Brotherly love 73
CONTENTS
Introduction _
v
The Classics 1
case; adjectives
dative case
Revision 1-6 61
Di immortales! 64
present and future
Brotherly love 73

..
BEGINNER'S LATIN
X Third, fourth and mixed conjugations:
present and future; how to recognise
a conjugation; irregular verbs
esse, posse, velie
MiserabUe corpus 93
XI Imperfect tense; adjectives
-ens; present participles; adjectives as nouns
Yaysoos in chaylo 102
XII Perfect tense; personal pronouns;
my, your, our
The murder in a cathedral 111
Revision 7-12 121
XIII Past participles; eo, ire
A winter's night
124
XIV Fourth and fifth declensions; pluperfect tense;
compound verbs
A hunting moral 135
XV Third person pronouns: iIle, hie, is, ipse, se;
passive forms
All's jair in philosophy, love and war 144
XVI Subjunctive; imperatives;
ut and De; cum
Friends, Romans 0 andfamily 154
XVII More passive forms; deponent verbs;
comparative and superlative of adjecLives
The Consolation of Philosophy 165
XVIII 'If' clauses; direct and reported speech
Love in the rain 175
Tables 183
Key to the Exercises 190
Latin-English Vocabulary 201
English-Latin Vocabulary 213
..
BEGINNER'S LATIN
X Third, fourth and mixed conjugations:
present and future; how to recognise
a conjugation; irregular verbs
esse, posse, velie
MiserabUe corpus 93
XI Imperfect tense; adjectives
-ens; present participles; adjectives as nouns
Yaysoos in chaylo 102
XII Perfect tense; personal pronouns;
my, your, our
The murder in a cathedral 111
Revision 7-12 121
XIII Past participles; eo, ire
A winter's night
124
XIV Fourth and fifth declensions; pluperfect tense;
compound verbs
A hunting moral 135
XV Third person pronouns: iIle, hie, is, ipse, se;
passive forms
All's jair in philosophy, love and war 144
XVI Subjunctive; imperatives;
ut and De; cum
Friends, Romans 0 andfamily 154
XVII More passive forms; deponent verbs;
comparative and superlative of adjecLives
The Consolation of Philosophy 165
XVIII 'If' clauses; direct and reported speech
Love in the rain 175
Tables 183
Key to the Exercises 190
Latin-English Vocabulary 201
English-Latin Vocabulary 213

INTRODUCTION
Flogging a dead course?
It may seem odd to find Latin alive and well at the beginning of the
twenty-first century, and yet here it is, one of nature's survivors.
And why? Because beyond this course there is a literature teeming
with good things, with high life, with low life and, most of all, with
life. All we have to do, of course, is read it ...
Paulus and Lucia
The story is a foil for the grammar and exercises. It is set at a
monastery in northern Europe around the ninth century AD. An
English translation of the Latin story is available at the LATIN
QVARTER (www.lingua.co.uk).
Living Latin
Assembling all the infonnation about words and endings is a
necessary but sometimes slow process. This section offers the
chance to hear some excerpts of authentic Latin. You do not have
to study these in detail to make progress. They are included to give
you an idea of what there is to enjoy once you have mastered the
language.
Recording
A recording of the story and Living Latin sections of the book is
available. This is not an essential aid to learning the language, but
will enhance your enjoyment of the poetry, and give you an idea of
what Latin sounded like.
INTRODUCTION
Flogging a dead course?
It may seem odd to find Latin alive and well at the beginning of the
twenty-first century, and yet here it is, one of nature's survivors.
And why? Because beyond this course there is a literature teeming
with good things, with high life, with low life and, most of all, with
life. All we have to do, of course, is read it ...
Paulus and Lucia
The story is a foil for the grammar and exercises. It is set at a
monastery in northern Europe around the ninth century AD. An
English translation of the Latin story is available at the LATIN
QVARTER (www.lingua.co.uk).
Living Latin
Assembling all the infonnation about words and endings is a
necessary but sometimes slow process. This section offers the
chance to hear some excerpts of authentic Latin. You do not have
to study these in detail to make progress. They are included to give
you an idea of what there is to enjoy once you have mastered the
language.
Recording
A recording of the story and Living Latin sections of the book is
available. This is not an essential aid to learning the language, but
will enhance your enjoyment of the poetry, and give you an idea of
what Latin sounded like.

BEGINNER'S LATIN
INTRODUCTION
vii
Pronunciation guide to classical Latin
As in English (standard southern British), except:
a 'cyp' (short vowel) or 'father' (long vowel)
ae ' ~ '
au 'hQYse'
C 'cj!t' (always hard; never as in 'hali.Q.e')
ch 'k' with a sharper expulsion of breath (as in '.Q.urses!')
e ' ~ t ' (short vowel) or 'pay' (long vowel)
ei 'r.cign'
eu two sounds run together: 'e-oo'
g 'gag' (almost always hard, oat as in 'Qeorge')
go at the beginning of a word 'n', and io the middle of a word 'ogn')
I 'lip' (short vowel) or 'leap' (long vowel)
i G)consonant: as English 'y'
og as in 'anger' (oot 'hangar')
o 'oQt' (short vowel) or (long vowel) 'oQte' (as the Scots would say it)
oe 'ill!'
ph 'p' with a sharper expulsion of breath (as in 'peasant!')
qu 'kw', as in '.QYack' (as English 'qu', not French)
r trilled with the tip of the tongue (again, think Scots...)
s as in h i ~ (not hiS)
th as 't' with a sharper expulsion of breath
u 'pyll' (short vowel) or (long vowel) 'PQQI' (not with the 'y'
sound in 'pew')
v as English 'w'
y French 'ty' (short vowel), French 'syr' (long vowel)
Yoo/ius Kysser, Joolius Seezer, Yoolius Chaser
The story of Lucia and Paulus, though set in a later period, is
narrated according to the guidelines above. The selections in
Living Latin are also read in the classical manner, except post-
classical ones (marked *). You will hear one or two different
sounds in the post-classical sections, such as our own 'v' sound in
the v; the erosion of ae to e; and the Church/Italian ' c h ~ sound in
ciJce (e.g. caelum: classical - kylum, ecclesiastical - chaylum).
These changes should be taken as characteristic only, and not as
precise, scientific reconstructions according to date, region and
speaker. It's hard enough reaching any certainty about Cicero's
Latin, never mind the multitude of evolving and fragmenting forms
which followed.
Verse-rhythms of later Latin changed too. The rhythms of classical
poetry were founded on an interplay of natural stress and quantity
(i.e. the meLIe), but later poets came to disregard metre and used
stresses alone to maintain rhythm.
Our efforts of recreation are inevitably hit and miss, no doubt
betraying more than a few signs of the present day. For a further
discussion of pronunciation see 'Speaking as the Romans did' (p.
24), and those who wish to explore this topic in more detail should
look at Vox Latina (W. Sidney Allen, CUP).
Key for grammatical words
Nouns
A noun is a word like mule, monk or wood. Something you cao see
or at least feel. English nouns often have the or a in front of them.
Latin has no equivalent words for the and a so when you translate
a noun you must decide whether or not to add them. Names are also
nouns, like Paul, Rome, etc., and so are abstract ideas like peace,
kindness, fear, which are real enough but cannot be identified in
the same way as concrete objects.
Verbs
A verb is a 'doing' or 'being' word; it describes the action, what
happens or what is done, e.g.
The mule ~ the wood.
The monk is. not carrying the bag.
Paul is. a student.
English verbs often comprise more than one word (e.g. is
carrying). Most Latin verbs are expressed by one word only. Averb
like spectat has three possible versions in English: watches, is
watching or does (not) watch. As with 'the' and 'a' and nouns
above, a judgement has to be made from the context, from what
'sounds right'.
BEGINNER'S LATIN
INTRODUCTION
vii
Pronunciation guide to classical Latin
As in English (standard southern British), except:
a 'cyp' (short vowel) or 'father' (long vowel)
ae ' ~ '
au 'hQYse'
C 'cj!t' (always hard; never as in 'hali.Q.e')
ch 'k' with a sharper expulsion of breath (as in '.Q.urses!')
e ' ~ t ' (short vowel) or 'pay' (long vowel)
ei 'r.cign'
eu two sounds run together: 'e-oo'
g 'gag' (almost always hard, oat as in 'Qeorge')
go at the beginning of a word 'n', and io the middle of a word 'ogn')
I 'lip' (short vowel) or 'leap' (long vowel)
i G)consonant: as English 'y'
og as in 'anger' (oot 'hangar')
o 'oQt' (short vowel) or (long vowel) 'oQte' (as the Scots would say it)
oe 'ill!'
ph 'p' with a sharper expulsion of breath (as in 'peasant!')
qu 'kw', as in '.QYack' (as English 'qu', not French)
r trilled with the tip of the tongue (again, think Scots...)
s as in h i ~ (not hiS)
th as 't' with a sharper expulsion of breath
u 'pyll' (short vowel) or (long vowel) 'PQQI' (not with the 'y'
sound in 'pew')
v as English 'w'
y French 'ty' (short vowel), French 'syr' (long vowel)
Yoo/ius Kysser, Joolius Seezer, Yoolius Chaser
The story of Lucia and Paulus, though set in a later period, is
narrated according to the guidelines above. The selections in
Living Latin are also read in the classical manner, except post-
classical ones (marked *). You will hear one or two different
sounds in the post-classical sections, such as our own 'v' sound in
the v; the erosion of ae to e; and the Church/Italian ' c h ~ sound in
ciJce (e.g. caelum: classical - kylum, ecclesiastical - chaylum).
These changes should be taken as characteristic only, and not as
precise, scientific reconstructions according to date, region and
speaker. It's hard enough reaching any certainty about Cicero's
Latin, never mind the multitude of evolving and fragmenting forms
which followed.
Verse-rhythms of later Latin changed too. The rhythms of classical
poetry were founded on an interplay of natural stress and quantity
(i.e. the meLIe), but later poets came to disregard metre and used
stresses alone to maintain rhythm.
Our efforts of recreation are inevitably hit and miss, no doubt
betraying more than a few signs of the present day. For a further
discussion of pronunciation see 'Speaking as the Romans did' (p.
24), and those who wish to explore this topic in more detail should
look at Vox Latina (W. Sidney Allen, CUP).
Key for grammatical words
Nouns
A noun is a word like mule, monk or wood. Something you cao see
or at least feel. English nouns often have the or a in front of them.
Latin has no equivalent words for the and a so when you translate
a noun you must decide whether or not to add them. Names are also
nouns, like Paul, Rome, etc., and so are abstract ideas like peace,
kindness, fear, which are real enough but cannot be identified in
the same way as concrete objects.
Verbs
A verb is a 'doing' or 'being' word; it describes the action, what
happens or what is done, e.g.
The mule ~ the wood.
The monk is. not carrying the bag.
Paul is. a student.
English verbs often comprise more than one word (e.g. is
carrying). Most Latin verbs are expressed by one word only. Averb
like spectat has three possible versions in English: watches, is
watching or does (not) watch. As with 'the' and 'a' and nouns
above, a judgement has to be made from the context, from what
'sounds right'.

viii
Grammar Index
BEGINNER'S LATIN
Other grammatical words are introduced in the course as follows:
Ablative 4, 19,21,169 Interrogative 34
Ablative absolute 129 Irregular Verbs 97
Accusative 4, 21, 53, 96 Mood 154
Active 125, 148 Nominative 4
Adjective 42, 105, 168 Object I
Case 4 Participle 105, 124
Comparative 168 Passive 87, 125, 148
Compound 25, 59. 97, 140 Perfect III
Conjugation 75, 98 Pluperfect 136
Dative 53 Prefix 25, 59, 140
Declension 40 Preposition 21
Deponent 166 Present vii, 73
Future 78 Principal parts 125
Gender 18 Pronoun II, 114
Genitive 30 Subject I
Gerundive 86 Subjunctive 154, 159
Imperative 155 Superlative 170
Imperfect 102, III Tense 73
Indicative 154 Vocative 42
Infinitive 50 Voice 154
Symbols and abbreviations
This indicates material that has been recorded and is
available on cassette or CD.
This indicates exercises - places where you can practise
using the language.
This indicates grammar or explanations - the nuts and bolts
of the language.
This indicates key words or phrases.
This draws your attention to points to be noted.
viii
Grammar Index
BEGINNER'S LATIN
Other grammatical words are introduced in the course as follows:
Ablative 4, 19,21,169 Interrogative 34
Ablative absolute 129 Irregular Verbs 97
Accusative 4, 21, 53, 96 Mood 154
Active 125, 148 Nominative 4
Adjective 42, 105, 168 Object I
Case 4 Participle 105, 124
Comparative 168 Passive 87, 125, 148
Compound 25, 59. 97, 140 Perfect III
Conjugation 75, 98 Pluperfect 136
Dative 53 Prefix 25, 59, 140
Declension 40 Preposition 21
Deponent 166 Present vii, 73
Future 78 Principal parts 125
Gender 18 Pronoun II, 114
Genitive 30 Subject I
Gerundive 86 Subjunctive 154, 159
Imperative 155 Superlative 170
Imperfect 102, III Tense 73
Indicative 154 Vocative 42
Infinitive 50 Voice 154
Symbols and abbreviations
This indicates material that has been recorded and is
available on cassette or CD.
This indicates exercises - places where you can practise
using the language.
This indicates grammar or explanations - the nuts and bolts
of the language.
This indicates key words or phrases.
This draws your attention to points to be noted.

UNIT I
In this unit you will learn:
Subjects and objects
The cases - nominative. accusative, ablative
est and sunt
About Latin: The Classics
~ Subjects and objects
Latin is an inflected language. This means that the final syllable(s)
of a word can vary according to the way the word is being used in
the sentence:
MulDs silvam spectal. The mule is watching the wood.
UNIT I
Subjects and objects
The cases - nominative. accusative, ablative
est and sunt
About Latin: The Classics
~ Subjects and objects
Latin is an inflected language. This means that the final syllable(s)
of a word can vary according to the way the word is being used in
the sentence:
MulDs silvam spectal. The mule is watching the wood.

2 BEGINNER'S LATIN UNIT I 3
I'J Practice (i)
1 There are a few English words which change their fonn
according to whether they are subject or object. These are
pronouns, words we use in place of nouns. Complete the table
with the missing subject or object forms:
(a) (b)
Here the mule is doing the watching, the wood is being watched.
The mule is the subject of the sentence, the wood the object, the
difference being that the subject is the 'doer', the object is on the
receiving end and is 'done to'. Latin makes this clear by having
different endings for subject and object.
Mulum silva spectat. The wood is watching the mule.
prj amat likes, loves
ambulat walks, is walking
cum with, in the company of
est is
et and
fessus tired
in in, on
lenlus slow
mulus, mulum, mulo mule
non not
Paulus, Paulum, Paulo Paul
portat carries, is carrying
sarcina, sareinam bog
sed but
sitva, sitvam wood
spectot watches. is watching
terrilus scored
Now silva no longer has a final 'm', and mulus has been changed to
mulum. This makes silva the subject and mll)um the object. English
word order is more restricted because we recognise a subject by its
position in a sentence, not by its ending. Latin's word order is more
flexible: in general the subject appears before the object, with the
verb at the end to complete a sentence or word-group, although
variations, for a particular emphasis or rhythm, often occur. The
verb's place at the end may seem strange at first, but you will get
used to it. Reading is a process of anticipation and completion of
meaning; in English this function is often performed by the object:
Today the milkman delivered ... (borrles ofmilk is the anticipated
objecl; the post would come as a surprise, and twins even more so).
Latin has us predicting the action, not the object:
Today the milkman ... two pints ofmilk ... (delivered is what we are
expecting, ahead of stole or threw at the boy on the skateboard).
" Paulus in silva
Paulus in silva ambulat. Mulus cum Paulo ambulat. Mulus non
Paulum sed sarcinam portat. Fessus est Paulus et mulus est
lentus. Mulus silvam non amat. Mulus silvam spectal. Silva
mulum spectat. Mulus est territus.
SUBjEG OBJECT SUBJECT OBJEG
I silvo
,he mulum
him sarelnam
we Paulus
2 Choose the correct word and translate:
(01 Mulus (sarcina/sarcinam) portat. (b! Mulum (Paulus/Pauluml portat.
2 BEGINNER'S LATIN UNIT I 3
I'J Practice (i)
1 There are a few English words which change their fonn
according to whether they are subject or object. These are
pronouns, words we use in place of nouns. Complete the table
with the missing subject or object forms:
(a) (b)
Here the mule is doing the watching, the wood is being watched.
The mule is the subject of the sentence, the wood the object, the
difference being that the subject is the 'doer', the object is on the
receiving end and is 'done to'. Latin makes this clear by having
different endings for subject and object.
Mulum silva spectat. The wood is watching the mule.
prj amat likes, loves
ambulat walks, is walking
cum with, in the company of
est is
et and
fessus tired
in in, on
lenlus slow
mulus, mulum, mulo mule
non not
Paulus, Paulum, Paulo Paul
portat carries, is carrying
sarcina, sareinam bog
sed but
sitva, sitvam wood
spectot watches. is watching
terrilus scored
Now silva no longer has a final 'm', and mulus has been changed to
mulum. This makes silva the subject and mll)um the object. English
word order is more restricted because we recognise a subject by its
position in a sentence, not by its ending. Latin's word order is more
flexible: in general the subject appears before the object, with the
verb at the end to complete a sentence or word-group, although
variations, for a particular emphasis or rhythm, often occur. The
verb's place at the end may seem strange at first, but you will get
used to it. Reading is a process of anticipation and completion of
meaning; in English this function is often performed by the object:
Today the milkman delivered ... (borrles ofmilk is the anticipated
objecl; the post would come as a surprise, and twins even more so).
Latin has us predicting the action, not the object:
Today the milkman ... two pints ofmilk ... (delivered is what we are
expecting, ahead of stole or threw at the boy on the skateboard).
" Paulus in silva
Paulus in silva ambulat. Mulus cum Paulo ambulat. Mulus non
Paulum sed sarcinam portat. Fessus est Paulus et mulus est
lentus. Mulus silvam non amat. Mulus silvam spectal. Silva
mulum spectat. Mulus est territus.
SUBjEG OBJECT SUBJECT OBJEG
I silvo
,he mulum
him sarelnam
we Paulus
(01 Mulus (sarcina/sarcinam) portat. (b! Mulum (Paulus/Pauluml portat.

4 BEGINNER'S LATIN
UNIT I
5
3 Choose the correct verb and translate:
(a) Mulus silvam non (ambuJat/amat).
(b) Paulus in silva (portatJambulat).
(e) Mulus silvam (portat/spectat).
(d) Non Paulus sed molus sarcinam (portat/arnbulat).
ad to, towards
cibum lace. of cibus)
desiderat lon9s For
emit buys
etiam also
Food
lente slowly
monachus monk
monosterium monastery
nunc now
revenit returns
~ C a s e s
'Case' is the name given to the different kinds of word-ending:
g Practice (ii)
1 Fill the gaps:
" Mulus lente ambulat
Nouns like mulus (e.g. Paulus, etc.) all have the same case
endings. and nouns like silva (sarcina, etc.) have their endings in
common too.
Paulus est monachus. Benedictus etiam est monachus.
Benedidus cibum desiderat. Paulus cibum emit et ad
monasterium revenit. Nunc Paulus cum mulo in silva ambulat.
Cibus est in sarcina. Mulus sarcinam portat. Mulus lente
ambulat et silvam spectat. (a) Paul. cum mul.......
in sHv ambuJat.
2 Identify the cases of the underlined nouns, and translate:
(a) Benedictus cibum desiderat.
(b) Mulus sarcinam non amat.
(c) Benedictus non in silva est.
(d) Paulus est monachus.
3 Complete the words which have missing endings, and translate:
(b) ]n muI. est
sardn .
SUBJECT OBJECT 'in', 'with', 'on'
Nominotive case Accusative case Ablative case
mulus mulo
Paulum
sarcinam
silva silva
silvl;I, mulus
silvam, mulum
silva, mulo
5vbied
Obiecl, or with prepositions (e.g- ad)
'With', 'in' used (nol always) with
prepositions (e.g. cum, in)
Nominative case
Accusative case
Ablative cose
~ Est and sunt
Est (is) and sunt (are) do not take objects like other verbs do. The
'object' of the verb to be is not on the receiving end of anything
particular, but merely describes the subject. So any 'object' or
rather complement of the verb 'to be' will be in the nominative
case:
Paulus monachus est. Paul is a monk.
but
Paulus monachum spectat. Paul watches the monk.
4 BEGINNER'S LATIN
UNIT I
5
3 Choose the correct verb and translate:
(a) Mulus silvam non (ambuJat/amat).
(b) Paulus in silva (portatJambulat).
(e) Mulus silvam (portat/spectat).
(d) Non Paulus sed molus sarcinam (portat/arnbulat).
ad to, towards
cibum lace. of cibus)
desiderat lon9s For
emit buys
etiam also
Food
lente slowly
monachus monk
monosterium monastery
nunc now
revenit returns
~ C a s e s
'Case' is the name given to the different kinds of word-ending:
g Practice (ii)
1 Fill the gaps:
" Mulus lente ambulat
Nouns like mulus (e.g. Paulus, etc.) all have the same case
endings. and nouns like silva (sarcina, etc.) have their endings in
common too.
Paulus est monachus. Benedictus etiam est monachus.
Benedidus cibum desiderat. Paulus cibum emit et ad
monasterium revenit. Nunc Paulus cum mulo in silva ambulat.
Cibus est in sarcina. Mulus sarcinam portat. Mulus lente
ambulat et silvam spectat. (a) Paul. cum mul.......
in sHv ambuJat.
(a) Benedictus cibum desiderat.
(b) Mulus sarcinam non amat.
(c) Benedictus non in silva est.
(d) Paulus est monachus.
3 Complete the words which have missing endings, and translate:
(b) ]n muI. est
sardn .
SUBJECT OBJECT 'in', 'with', 'on'
Nominotive case Accusative case Ablative case
mulus mulo
Paulum
sarcinam
silva silva
silvl;I, mulus
silvam, mulum
silva, mulo
5vbied
Obiecl, or with prepositions (e.g- ad)
'With', 'in' used (nol always) with
prepositions (e.g. cum, in)
Nominative case
Accusative case
Ablative cose
~ Est and sunt
Est (is) and sunt (are) do not take objects like other verbs do. The
'object' of the verb to be is not on the receiving end of anything
particular, but merely describes the subject. So any 'object' or
rather complement of the verb 'to be' will be in the nominative
case:
Paulus monachus est. Paul is a monk.
but
Paulus monachum spectat. Paul watches the monk.

BEGINNER'S LATIN
UNIT I 7
About Latin
The Classics
Latin was the language spoken in Rome and the surrounding
region, Latium (mod. Lazio) as early as the sixth century Be and
possibly earlier. The number of Latin speakers grew with the
expansion of Rome's empire around the Mediterranean, and the
vocabulary swelled and fanTIs modified under the influence of
languages in the new subject territories (especially Greek).
Shaded oreo indicates where lotin was spoken at the end a/the first century AD
The classical Latin authors lived within a few decades either side
of the life of Christ. In the first century Be Cicero tried to prevent
the republican government falling prey to the ambitions of
dictators. Acompelling public speaker, his skills brought him to the
attention of politicians such as Caesar and Pompey, and he was
courted by them as an owner of a newspaper or television station
might be today. His writing was greatly admired, and the elegance
and rhetorical flair of his prose became a model for later scholars
and schoolboys to imitate. He was followed by, amongst others, the
historian Tacitus, whose pointed asides on the theme of moral and
aristocratic degeneration enliven his account of Rome under the
early emperors. Of the poets the best known is perhaps Virgil. His
story of the founding of Rome by the Trojan fugitive Aeneas
emerged within a few years of publication as a political symbol and
literary masterpiece. Horace, a friend of Virgil, is remembered for
his Odes, four books of lyric poetry drawing on themes of love and
friendship, and yearnings, never quite fulfilled, for homely
contentment and rustic ease. The erotic elegies of Propertius and
Tibullus echo Catullus' earlier infatuation for Lesbia and
foreshadow the work of Ovid, a decade or so later. Ovid's wit and
fresh invention brought new twists to the elegiac genre, and his
verse was imitated more than any other by medieval writers; partly,
perhaps, because copies were available, but also because of a
lightness of touch which won him universal appeaL
These classics have a timeless feel about them. They have been
drummed into pupils for the best part of two thousand years (less
the last few decades, perhaps). They are literature's heroes and
anti-heroes. If other heroes are found, more often than not they are
those heroes' heroes. Classical authors have been trotted out as
arbiters of good taste throughout the centuries, medieval and
Renaissance, neoclassical and new wave.
This aura of pennanence is reinforced by the serene grandeur of
classical civilisation, by the durability of buildings and statues
which survive it. Much of what actually went on, however, was
anything but serene and civilised. Writers and artists are known to
find inspiration under duress and in times of political insecurity. So
it was with some of the best Roman literature. Throughout most of
the first century Be Italy suffered from political chaos and
intennittent cruelty and bloodshed. '0 Tempora 0 Mores!' (What
an age! What moral standards!) cried Cicero, rounding on his peers
for failing to live up to earlier times, and damning the period we
have subsequently identified as one of the greatest in our history.
The classical period of Latin was a moment in the language's
evolution which could not endure, for no living language can
remain the same for long. The efforts of later grammarians to
preserve classical Latin were a symptom of its passing. As the
living, spoken language moved on, eventually evolving into
BEGINNER'S LATIN
UNIT I 7
About Latin
The Classics
Latin was the language spoken in Rome and the surrounding
region, Latium (mod. Lazio) as early as the sixth century Be and
possibly earlier. The number of Latin speakers grew with the
expansion of Rome's empire around the Mediterranean, and the
vocabulary swelled and fanTIs modified under the influence of
languages in the new subject territories (especially Greek).
Shaded oreo indicates where lotin was spoken at the end a/the first century AD
The classical Latin authors lived within a few decades either side
of the life of Christ. In the first century Be Cicero tried to prevent
the republican government falling prey to the ambitions of
dictators. Acompelling public speaker, his skills brought him to the
attention of politicians such as Caesar and Pompey, and he was
courted by them as an owner of a newspaper or television station
might be today. His writing was greatly admired, and the elegance
and rhetorical flair of his prose became a model for later scholars
and schoolboys to imitate. He was followed by, amongst others, the
historian Tacitus, whose pointed asides on the theme of moral and
aristocratic degeneration enliven his account of Rome under the
early emperors. Of the poets the best known is perhaps Virgil. His
story of the founding of Rome by the Trojan fugitive Aeneas
emerged within a few years of publication as a political symbol and
literary masterpiece. Horace, a friend of Virgil, is remembered for
his Odes, four books of lyric poetry drawing on themes of love and
friendship, and yearnings, never quite fulfilled, for homely
contentment and rustic ease. The erotic elegies of Propertius and
Tibullus echo Catullus' earlier infatuation for Lesbia and
foreshadow the work of Ovid, a decade or so later. Ovid's wit and
fresh invention brought new twists to the elegiac genre, and his
verse was imitated more than any other by medieval writers; partly,
perhaps, because copies were available, but also because of a
lightness of touch which won him universal appeaL
These classics have a timeless feel about them. They have been
drummed into pupils for the best part of two thousand years (less
the last few decades, perhaps). They are literature's heroes and
anti-heroes. If other heroes are found, more often than not they are
those heroes' heroes. Classical authors have been trotted out as
arbiters of good taste throughout the centuries, medieval and
Renaissance, neoclassical and new wave.
This aura of pennanence is reinforced by the serene grandeur of
classical civilisation, by the durability of buildings and statues
which survive it. Much of what actually went on, however, was
anything but serene and civilised. Writers and artists are known to
find inspiration under duress and in times of political insecurity. So
it was with some of the best Roman literature. Throughout most of
the first century Be Italy suffered from political chaos and
intennittent cruelty and bloodshed. '0 Tempora 0 Mores!' (What
an age! What moral standards!) cried Cicero, rounding on his peers
for failing to live up to earlier times, and damning the period we
have subsequently identified as one of the greatest in our history.
The classical period of Latin was a moment in the language's
evolution which could not endure, for no living language can
remain the same for long. The efforts of later grammarians to
preserve classical Latin were a symptom of its passing. As the
living, spoken language moved on, eventually evolving into

8 BEGINNER'S LATIN
UNIT I
nunc
sarcina
amat
portat
sed
French, Spanish, Italian and other Romance languages, this
classical, literary Latin was preserved and 'pickled' by later
generations of writers and scholars, and after the fall of the western
empire, by monks in their monasteries.
Thus the rules of classical Latin, the grammar and syntax, are
something of a still shot of what was essentially transitory.
Nonetheless these rules are instrumental in shaping all the Latin
which followed, for almost all subsequent Latinists have attempted,
with different degrees of success, to remain faithful to classical
nonns. Where possible the Latin in this course, the grammar,
syntax, idioms and pronunciation, are based on the ground rules of
classical Latin, including OUf story set in a medieval monastery.
There are some inevitable twentieth-century inventions, and a
number of words are used in their medieval sense, such as ecclesia
(church) and presbyter (priest).
I'J Revision
1 Fill the gaps:
CASE sitva monachus sarcina cibus
wood monic. bag food
Nominative
(subject) silva monachus sorcino cibus
Accusative
(objectl sarcinam cibum
Ablative
[in, on, with) silvCl mClnClcho
2 Translate into Latin:
(a) Benedict is not walking in the wood.
(b) The bag is on the mule.
(c) The mule does not carry Paul but the bag.
(d) The mule does not like the wood.
3 Write a Latin sentence with:
(a) mulus in the accusative;
(b) sarcina in the ablative;
(c) Paulus in the nominative;
(d) monachus in the ablative.
4 Do you know what these words mean? If not, look back and
learn them.
silva mulus
et non
ambulat spectat
est cibus
cum in
etiam monachus
What English words have their roots (or some of them) in these
Latin words?
" Living Latin
lhis section of each unit contains some authentic Latin, most but not
all of which is classical. The pieces are included as both a rest and a
stimulant. You are not expected to read them too closely, in fact
you are advised not to! Many of the words and endings will be
unfamiliar, so be positive and accumulate what you can. With the help
of the translations see what you are able to work out, then sit back and
listen to the recordings. and repeat them for pronunciation practice.
1 Verberat nos et lacerat fortuna.
(Seneca, Dial. i,4,12)
Fortune batters and torments us.
2 Defendi rem publicam adulescens, non deseram senex.
(Cicero. Phil. ii.II8)
I defended the republic as a young man, I shall not desert it in my
old age.
3 Ubi solitudinem faciunt, pacem appellant.
(Tacitus, Agricola xxx)
They make a desert and call it peace.
4 Aurora interea miseris mortalibus almam
extulerat lucem referens opera atque tabores.
(Virgil. Aeneid xi, 182-3)
Dawn now raised her nourishing light upon the suffering mortals
and renewed their daily grind.
S 0 tempora, 0 mores! Senatus haec intellegit, consul videt.
(Cicero, In Catilinam i, 1)
What an age! What moral standards! The senate knows what's
going on, the consul has it right in front of his eyes.
8 BEGINNER'S LATIN
UNIT I
nunc
sarcina
amat
portat
sed
French, Spanish, Italian and other Romance languages, this
classical, literary Latin was preserved and 'pickled' by later
generations of writers and scholars, and after the fall of the western
empire, by monks in their monasteries.
Thus the rules of classical Latin, the grammar and syntax, are
something of a still shot of what was essentially transitory.
Nonetheless these rules are instrumental in shaping all the Latin
which followed, for almost all subsequent Latinists have attempted,
with different degrees of success, to remain faithful to classical
nonns. Where possible the Latin in this course, the grammar,
syntax, idioms and pronunciation, are based on the ground rules of
classical Latin, including OUf story set in a medieval monastery.
There are some inevitable twentieth-century inventions, and a
number of words are used in their medieval sense, such as ecclesia
(church) and presbyter (priest).
I'J Revision
1 Fill the gaps:
CASE sitva monachus sarcina cibus
wood monic. bag food
Nominative
(subject) silva monachus sorcino cibus
Accusative
(objectl sarcinam cibum
Ablative
[in, on, with) silvCl mClnClcho
(a) Benedict is not walking in the wood.
(b) The bag is on the mule.
(c) The mule does not carry Paul but the bag.
(d) The mule does not like the wood.
3 Write a Latin sentence with:
(a) mulus in the accusative;
(b) sarcina in the ablative;
(c) Paulus in the nominative;
(d) monachus in the ablative.
4 Do you know what these words mean? If not, look back and
learn them.
silva mulus
et non
ambulat spectat
est cibus
cum in
etiam monachus
What English words have their roots (or some of them) in these
Latin words?
" Living Latin
lhis section of each unit contains some authentic Latin, most but not
all of which is classical. The pieces are included as both a rest and a
stimulant. You are not expected to read them too closely, in fact
you are advised not to! Many of the words and endings will be
unfamiliar, so be positive and accumulate what you can. With the help
of the translations see what you are able to work out, then sit back and
listen to the recordings. and repeat them for pronunciation practice.
1 Verberat nos et lacerat fortuna.
(Seneca, Dial. i,4,12)
Fortune batters and torments us.
2 Defendi rem publicam adulescens, non deseram senex.
(Cicero. Phil. ii.II8)
I defended the republic as a young man, I shall not desert it in my
old age.
3 Ubi solitudinem faciunt, pacem appellant.
(Tacitus, Agricola xxx)
They make a desert and call it peace.
4 Aurora interea miseris mortalibus almam
extulerat lucem referens opera atque tabores.
(Virgil. Aeneid xi, 182-3)
Dawn now raised her nourishing light upon the suffering mortals
and renewed their daily grind.
S 0 tempora, 0 mores! Senatus haec intellegit, consul videt.
(Cicero, In Catilinam i, 1)
What an age! What moral standards! The senate knows what's
going on, the consul has it right in front of his eyes.

UNIT II
11
UNIT II
agro (in) a Field
discipulus student
equos (equus)
hobita(n)t live
labora(n)t work
saepe often
schola school
sunt ore
Singular and plural fanns
How to look for the subject
About Latin: A question of rhetoric
" Mulus equos non arnat
Benedictus et Stephanus monachi sunt. Monachi in monasterio
habitant. Paulus discipulus in schola est. Discipuli cum
monachis in monasterio habitant. Mulus cum equis in agro
habitat. MuJus saepe in agris laborat. Equi cum mula non
Jaborant. Equos mulus non amat.
works in the monastery.
Thev live in the field.
(a) Mulus sarcinam (portatJportant).
(b) Monacbi in monasterio (habitat/habitant).
(c) Muli non equos (amatJamant).
(d) Equus in agro non (laborat/laborant).
If there is no subject, i.e. no word in the nominative case, then we
add an English pronoun (he, she or it if the verb is singular, they if
plural):
In monasterio laborat.
In agro habitant.
Silvae, umbrae
The plural of silva (and nouns like silva) is (nominative),
silvas. (accusative) and silvis. (ablative):
Practice (i)
1 Choose the correct words and translate:
Mulus cum (equos/equis) in agro habitat, sed (equiJequus)
cum (mulumlmulo) non laborant.
The mule is working in the field.
The mules are working in
the field.
The monks watch the mules.
A mule is (there is a mule) in
the field.
Mules are (there are mules) in
the field.
In agro sunt fiuI!.
Monachi mulos spectant.
In agro m mul.l!S..
Singular and plural forms
The plural of mutus is muli if nominative (subject), mulos
if accusative (object) or muUs if ablative (in, with, etc.). The verb
(spectal, laborat, etc.) has an 'n' before the final '1' if the subject
is plural:
Molus in agro laborill-
Muli in agro laborant.
UNIT II
11
UNIT II
agro (in) a Field
discipulus student
equos (equus)
hobita(n)t live
labora(n)t work
saepe often
schola school
sunt ore
Singular and plural fanns
About Latin: A question of rhetoric
" Mulus equos non arnat
Benedictus et Stephanus monachi sunt. Monachi in monasterio
habitant. Paulus discipulus in schola est. Discipuli cum
monachis in monasterio habitant. Mulus cum equis in agro
habitat. MuJus saepe in agris laborat. Equi cum mula non
Jaborant. Equos mulus non amat.
works in the monastery.
Thev live in the field.
(a) Mulus sarcinam (portatJportant).
(b) Monacbi in monasterio (habitat/habitant).
(c) Muli non equos (amatJamant).
(d) Equus in agro non (laborat/laborant).
If there is no subject, i.e. no word in the nominative case, then we
add an English pronoun (he, she or it if the verb is singular, they if
plural):
In monasterio laborat.
In agro habitant.
Silvae, umbrae
The plural of silva (and nouns like silva) is (nominative),
silvas. (accusative) and silvis. (ablative):
Practice (i)
Mulus cum (equos/equis) in agro habitat, sed (equiJequus)
cum (mulum/mulo) non laborant.
The mule is working in the field.
The mules are working in
the field.
The monks watch the mules.
A mule is (there is a mule) in
the field.
Mules are (there are mules) in
the field.
In agro sunt muI!.
Monachi mulos spectant.
In agro m mul.l!S..
Singular and plural forms
The plural of mutus is muli if nominative (subject), mulos
if accusative (object) or muUs if ablative (in, with, etc.). The verb
(spectal, laborat, etc.) has an 'n' before the final '1' if the subject
is plural:
Molus in agro laborill-
Muli in agro laborant.

12 BEGINNER'S LATIN
UNIT II
13
I'J Practice (ii)
MulDS non (silvas/silvis) amat quod in (silvas/silvis) sunt
(umbrae/umbras).
(a) Sarcinae in muJo (est/sunt).
(b) Umbras in silva mulus non
(amat/amant).
(e) Monachi sarcinas nOD (portatlportant).
(d) Equi in silva Don (habitat/habitant).
" Umbrae in silvis
Benedictus vinum desiderat. Paulus igitur vinum in oppido
emit et ad monasterium cum muJo ambulat. Mulus vinurn
portal. Nunc sunt in silva. MuJus saepe in silvis ambulat, sed
nOD silvas 3mal quod in silvis suot umbrae. Mulus neque
umbras neque sarcinas amat. MuJus amicos in agro desiderat.
About Latin
A question of rhetoric
The classical period was a relatively brief period in the life of
Latin. It was then immortalised by the enthusiasm of later
generations. and two thousand years later the books ~ all w ~ have
left. But books are all it was ever meant to be. Classical Latm was
composed on the page; it may have been brought to life by recital,
but it was a written language. We may safely assume that the
carefully weighted sentences of Cicero or the delicate rhythms of
poets were not typical of everyday conversational Latin of the time.
Latin literature was the work of an educated, erudite minority.
Authors all shared the same school texts, the same tutors, the same
tastes. the same stock of stories and myths. the same models,
Roman and Greek. Not many Romans were literate, and even fewer
were literary. Authors were either themselves members of an upper-
class elite or supported by someone who was. They frequently
allude to myths. heroes and episodes in their history, as though to
impress us with the detail of their knowledge. But their readership.
the educated Roman public. were all familiar with the material.
They did not judge an author by this alone. but by the use he made
of it; and this material was almost all derived from Greece.
At the beginning of the second century Be, Rome controlled parts
of the western Mediterranean, and her ambitious generals were
contemplating further expansion eastwards, beginning with
Greece. Several Romans had already visited Greece and liked what
they had sampled of the refinements of Greek culture and lifestyle.
Here they found an artistic inspiration and intellectual energy
unmatched by anything back home. and before long Greek art and
literature found a new and enthusiastic public in Italy. Talented and
educated Greeks were befriended. hired, or bought in the slave
markets to guide this process of cultural transfusion. a process
which gathered momentum once Rome had made the step from
ally to mistress of Greece.
Political control of the eastern half of the Mediterranean had
belonged to the Macedonians. Greece was once part of Alexander
the Great's empire, which stretched from Greece to India and south
into Egypt. Alexander's travels and conquests merged the cultures
neque.. neque neilher... nor
quod because
umbrae (umbra) shodows
vinum wine
There are shadows in the woods.
(Sthe11) does !WI carry the bags.
In silvis sunt umbl1lt.
SarcinRS non portat.
prj arnicos (amkus) friends
emit (s/he) buys
igitur and $()
in oppido in the /own
12 BEGINNER'S LATIN
UNIT II
13
I'J Practice (ii)
MulDS non (silvas/silvis) amat quod in (silvas/silvis) sunt
(umbrae/umbras).
(a) Sarcinae in muJo (est/sunt).
(b) Umbras in silva mulus non
(amat/amant).
(e) Monachi sarcinas nOD (portatlportant).
(d) Equi in silva Don (habitat/habitant).
" Umbrae in silvis
Benedictus vinum desiderat. Paulus igitur vinum in oppido
emit et ad monasterium cum muJo ambulat. Mulus vinurn
portal. Nunc sunt in silva. MuJus saepe in silvis ambulat, sed
nOD silvas 3mal quod in silvis suot umbrae. Mulus neque
umbras neque sarcinas amat. MuJus amicos in agro desiderat.
About Latin
A question of rhetoric
The classical period was a relatively brief period in the life of
Latin. It was then immortalised by the enthusiasm of later
generations. and two thousand years later the books ~ all w ~ have
left. But books are all it was ever meant to be. Classical Latm was
composed on the page; it may have been brought to life by recital,
but it was a written language. We may safely assume that the
carefully weighted sentences of Cicero or the delicate rhythms of
poets were not typical of everyday conversational Latin of the time.
Latin literature was the work of an educated, erudite minority.
Authors all shared the same school texts, the same tutors, the same
tastes. the same stock of stories and myths. the same models,
Roman and Greek. Not many Romans were literate, and even fewer
were literary. Authors were either themselves members of an upper-
class elite or supported by someone who was. They frequently
allude to myths. heroes and episodes in their history, as though to
impress us with the detail of their knowledge. But their readership.
the educated Roman public. were all familiar with the material.
They did not judge an author by this alone. but by the use he made
of it; and this material was almost all derived from Greece.
At the beginning of the second century Be, Rome controlled parts
of the western Mediterranean, and her ambitious generals were
contemplating further expansion eastwards, beginning with
Greece. Several Romans had already visited Greece and liked what
they had sampled of the refinements of Greek culture and lifestyle.
Here they found an artistic inspiration and intellectual energy
unmatched by anything back home. and before long Greek art and
literature found a new and enthusiastic public in Italy. Talented and
educated Greeks were befriended. hired, or bought in the slave
markets to guide this process of cultural transfusion. a process
which gathered momentum once Rome had made the step from
ally to mistress of Greece.
Political control of the eastern half of the Mediterranean had
belonged to the Macedonians. Greece was once part of Alexander
the Great's empire, which stretched from Greece to India and south
into Egypt. Alexander's travels and conquests merged the cultures
neque.. neque neilher... nor
quod because
umbrae (umbra) shodows
vinum wine
There are shadows in the woods.
(Sthe11) does !WI carry the bags.
In silvis sunt umbl1lt.
SarcinRS non portat.
prj arnicos (amkus) friends
emit (s/he) buys
igitur and $()
in oppido in the /own

14 BEGINNER'S LATIN
UNIT II
15
of Greece with those of the near east and north Africa, creating the
'Hellenistic' culture. The city of Alexandria in Egypt became the
library of the HelJenistic world, attracting writers and artists, poets
and professors. This was the Greek culture which Romans
inherited and experienced first-hand, but it was not the Greek
culture they aspired to.
In the fifth century Be, when Rome was still struggling to assert her
independence and when the Latin language was in its infancy,
Greece experienced her classical age. Having fought off the
menace of Persian aggression, Athens, Sparta and other city-states
(Greece was not a single country at this time) all contributed to an
era of virtually unparalleled excellence in the arts, in literature,
architecture, philosophy and politics. The achievements of the
Athenians were the most notable, and certainly now the most
visible. Having organised a union of minor states, Athens turned
!.his into an empire, and from its revenues built the Parthenon and
other buildings on the Acropolis. Abroad she ruled with the heavy
hand of a despot, but at home she nurtured the world's first
democratic government. In this period the dramatists Aeschylus,
Sophocles, Euripides and Aristophanes wrote and produced their
plays; Herodotus and Thucydides wrote their histories; and
Socrates and Plato confronted politicians with arguments about
power and methods of persuasion in a democratic society.
Debate, discussion, argument, a willingness to talk through issues
and participate in public affairs gave impetus to Athenian
democracy. But by the end of the fifth century democracy was
already beginning to lose its innocence. Politicians were thoughlto
be out for all they could get, promising the world for a taste of
power. Socrates himself criticised professional teachers of rhetoric,
who gave lessons in how to deliver convincing arguments (and win
elections) at the expense of the substance of the argument itself.
Was there a value, wondered Socrates, in persuading others of a
particular course of action if we did not first have a very firm grasp
of the merits of that course of action? His stubborn pursuit of the
truth offended a number of powerful people, and he was put to
death at the close of the fifth century.
The Athenian taste for dialogue and debate was not confined to
politics and philosophy but infused their plays, histories and all
their literature. No one argued more convincingly
despite his misgivings about the of persuasIOn, and hIS
conversations were rccreated by hIS student, Plato (we have
nothing written by Socrates whose were an
inspiration to later students of rhetonc. Rhet?nc was taught as a
formal subject in Greek, Roman and medIeval schools - our
meaning of 'rhetoric' today shows what a lost skill speaking has
become.
The Greeks were known for being good speakers, and good
squabblers. The difference between a debate and a quarrel is only
one of degree, and while one was a symptom of freedom, the other
brought that freedom to an end. A quarrel between the two most
powerful city-states, Athens and Sparta, weakened the peninsula
enough for Alexander's father, Philip, to overrun it in the fourth
century.
The later period of Hellenism looked back on classical Greece as a
golden age, and the literati deliberately recreated and imitated
earlier writers. The Romans absorbed these conventions, and thus
Greek ideas, rhythms, stories, their gods even, found new fertile
soil in Italy, helping to shape and develop the Latin language.

1 Add the missing forms to the tables:
(a)
CASE SINGULAR
Nominative mulus
(sub"eet
Accusative discipulum
lob"eet)
Ablative (by, with, mulo umbra
from, in, onl
PLURAL
Nominative discipuli umbrae
(subieetl
Accusative mulos
(objeet)
Atllative Iby, with, discipulis umbris
from, in, on)
14 BEGINNER'S LATIN
UNIT II
15
of Greece with those of the near east and north Africa, creating the
'Hellenistic' culture. The city of Alexandria in Egypt became the
library of the HelJenistic world, attracting writers and artists, poets
and professors. This was the Greek culture which Romans
inherited and experienced first-hand, but it was not the Greek
culture they aspired to.
In the fifth century Be, when Rome was still struggling to assert her
independence and when the Latin language was in its infancy,
Greece experienced her classical age. Having fought off the
menace of Persian aggression, Athens, Sparta and other city-states
(Greece was not a single country at this time) all contributed to an
era of virtually unparalleled excellence in the arts, in literature,
architecture, philosophy and politics. The achievements of the
Athenians were the most notable, and certainly now the most
visible. Having organised a union of minor states, Athens turned
!.his into an empire, and from its revenues built the Parthenon and
other buildings on the Acropolis. Abroad she ruled with the heavy
hand of a despot, but at home she nurtured the world's first
democratic government. In this period the dramatists Aeschylus,
Sophocles, Euripides and Aristophanes wrote and produced their
plays; Herodotus and Thucydides wrote their histories; and
Socrates and Plato confronted politicians with arguments about
power and methods of persuasion in a democratic society.
Debate, discussion, argument, a willingness to talk through issues
and participate in public affairs gave impetus to Athenian
democracy. But by the end of the fifth century democracy was
already beginning to lose its innocence. Politicians were thoughlto
be out for all they could get, promising the world for a taste of
power. Socrates himself criticised professional teachers of rhetoric,
who gave lessons in how to deliver convincing arguments (and win
elections) at the expense of the substance of the argument itself.
Was there a value, wondered Socrates, in persuading others of a
particular course of action if we did not first have a very firm grasp
of the merits of that course of action? His stubborn pursuit of the
truth offended a number of powerful people, and he was put to
death at the close of the fifth century.
The Athenian taste for dialogue and debate was not confined to
politics and philosophy but infused their plays, histories and all
their literature. No one argued more convincingly
despite his misgivings about the of persuasIOn, and hIS
conversations were rccreated by hIS student, Plato (we have
nothing written by Socrates whose were an
inspiration to later students of rhetonc. Rhet?nc was taught as a
formal subject in Greek, Roman and medIeval schools - our
meaning of 'rhetoric' today shows what a lost skill speaking has
become.
The Greeks were known for being good speakers, and good
squabblers. The difference between a debate and a quarrel is only
one of degree, and while one was a symptom of freedom, the other
brought that freedom to an end. A quarrel between the two most
powerful city-states, Athens and Sparta, weakened the peninsula
enough for Alexander's father, Philip, to overrun it in the fourth
century.
The later period of Hellenism looked back on classical Greece as a
golden age, and the literati deliberately recreated and imitated
earlier writers. The Romans absorbed these conventions, and thus
Greek ideas, rhythms, stories, their gods even, found new fertile
soil in Italy, helping to shape and develop the Latin language.

1 Add the missing forms to the tables:
(a)
CASE SINGULAR
Nominative mulus
(sub"eet
Accusative discipulum
lob"eet)
Ablative (by, with, mulo umbra
from, in, onl
PLURAL
Nominative discipuli umbrae
(subieetl
Accusative mulos
(objeet)
Atllative Iby, with, discipulis umbris
from, in, on)

17
UNIT II
'" post-classical
" Living Latin
1 Contra quis ferat anna deos?
(Tibullus, Elegies i, 6, 30)
Who may lake arms againsllhe gods?
2 *Nonne Socrates iniustae victoriam mortis promeruit?
(Boethius, Consolation of Philosophy i, 3)
Did IIot Socrates reap the victory of an unjust dealh?
3 Graecia capta rerum victorem cepit et artis
intulit agresti Latio.
(Horace, Epistles ii, I, 156-7)
When Greece was captured, she in tum captivated her utltamed
conqueror and introduced the ans to bumpkin Lazio.
4 Vivos ducent de mannore vultus.
(Virgil, Aeneid vi, 848)
(The Greeks) will bring to life faces from marble.
S *Si quidem deus est, unde mala? Bona vero unde, si non
est? (Boethius, Consolation of Philosophy i, 4)
If there is a god, how can there be evil? And how can there be
good if there is not?
-
s
I
d
e
--'
SClrcinom
BEGINNER'S lATIN
sitvCl
~ N G U L A R
silvas
PlURAL
equus
Accusative
00"
Accusative
(object)
Ablative (by, with,
from. in, on
Nominative
wb" I
CASE
Ablative (by, with,
From, in, on]
(b)
umbra sunt vinwn
discipulus equus saepe
desiderat quod ad
igitur laborat amicus
Now look for English derivatives (they are often a clue to th
meaning of the Latin word but not always identical to it).
,.
2 Change the underlined word to the plural (if the subject
plural, the verb will be plural too), and translate:
(a) Paulus saepe in agro cum rnonacho lahorat.
(b) Sarcina in mulo est.
(e) Discipulus in monasterio habitat.
(d) Mulus umbram non aroat.
(a) There are shadows in the woods.
(b) The monks are not carrying bags.
(e) The mule often walks in the woods.
(d) The mule does not like the horses because they do no
work with mules.
4 Do you know what these words mean? If not, look back an
learn them....
17
UNIT II
'" post-classical
" Living Latin
1 Contra quis ferat anna deos?
Who may lake arms againsllhe gods?
2 *Nonne Socrates iniustae victoriam mortis promeruit?
(Boethius, Consolation of Philosophy i, 3)
Did IIot Socrates reap the victory of an unjust dealh?
3 Graecia capta rerum victorem cepit et artis
intulit agresti Latio.
(Horace, Epistles ii, I, 156-7)
When Greece was captured, she in tum captivated her utltamed
conqueror and introduced the ans to bumpkin Lazio.
4 Vivos ducent de mannore vultus.
(Virgil, Aeneid vi, 848)
(The Greeks) will bring to life faces from marble.
S *Si quidem deus est, unde mala? Bona vero unde, si non
est? (Boethius, Consolation of Philosophy i, 4)
/fthere is a god, how can there be evil? And how can there be
good if there is not?
-
s
I
d
e
--'
SClrcinom
BEGINNER'S lATIN
sitvCl
~ N G U L A R
silvas
PlURAL
equus
Accusative
00"
Accusative
(object)
Ablative (by, with,
from. in, on
Nominative
wb" I
CASE
Ablative (by, with,
From, in, on]
(b)
umbra sunt vinwn
discipulus equus saepe
desiderat quod ad
igitur laborat amicus
Now look for English derivatives (they are often a clue to th
meaning of the Latin word but not always identical to it).
,.
2 Change the underlined word to the plural (if the subject
plural, the verb will be plural too), and translate:
(a) Paulus saepe in agro cum rnonacho lahorat.
(b) Sarcina in mulo est.
(e) Discipulus in monasterio habitat.
(d) Mulus umbram non aroat.
(a) There are shadows in the woods.
(b) The monks are not carrying bags.
(e) The mule often walks in the woods.
(d) The mule does not like the horses because they do no
work with mules.
4 Do you know what these words mean? If not, look back an
learn them....

UNIT 1Il
19
UNIT III
Neuter nouns ending -um
Vinum wine, monasterium monastery, oppidum town, olewn oil,
ovum egg and unguentum perfume also have endings similar to
mulus: the differences are in the nominative singular, which ends
-urn (like the accusative), and the nominative/accusative plural,
both of which end -a:
In this unit you will leam:
Nouns ending cr
Masculine, feminine and neuter nouns
Ablative case: in, on, with, by,jrom
Prepositions - ablative or accusative?
About Latin: Speaking as the Romans did
~ Nouns ending -er
Presbyter priest, puef boy, Iiber book, magister master and ager
field all have endings identical to molDS except for the nominative
singular (-er). Some lose the 'e' in the other cases:
presbyteri
presbyteros
presbyteris
magister ager
magistrum agrum
magistro ogro
" Sarcinae onerosae
The mule does not like wine.
In the bag is some wine.
Mulus vinum non amat (object).
In sarcina est vinum (subject).
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nominative vin-um vin-o
Accusative vin-um vino
Ablative vin-o Yin-is
These are neuter nouns, and all without exception have the same
endings for both the nominative and accusative cases, so the ending
alone will not tell you whether a neuter noun is subject or object.
This has to be worked out from the conlext:
~ Ablative case: in. on. with, by, from
English words which commonly render the ablative are: in, on, with,
by, from. Sometimes the ablative is used without a preposition:
Sarcina est unguentis onerosa. The bag is heavy with peifumer.
Cum, with, is only used if it means 'in the company of'.
agri
agros
ogris
magiSh'i
magish'os
magistris
SINGULAR
presbyter puer liber
presbyterum puerum librum
presbytero puero libro
PLURAL
pueri libri
pueros libros
pueris libris
Nominative
Accusative
Ablative
Nominative
A c c u ~ t i v e
Ablative
~ Masculine. feminine and neuter
Most nouns like silva are feminine and those like mulus (and
presbyter, puer, etc.) are masculine. There are also neuter nouns.
You will need to know a noun's gender when you come to
matching adjectives with the nouns they qualify.
Shared endings key
(Nouns are singular. unless stoted plural. Entries in bold are included for the first
time. A vowel may be long ar short, e.g. nominative silva, ablative silval
'um mulum, puerum, agrum : accusative
vinum : nominative or ac<usative
-a silva: nominative or ablative
vina : nominative pl. or accusative pl.
UNIT 1Il
19
UNIT III
Neuter nouns ending -um
Vinum wine, monasterium monastery, oppidum town, olewn oil,
ovum egg and unguentum perfume also have endings similar to
mulus: the differences are in the nominative singular, which ends
-urn (like the accusative), and the nominative/accusative plural,
both of which end -a:
Nouns ending cr
Masculine, feminine and neuter nouns
Ablative case: in, on, with, by,jrom
Prepositions - ablative or accusative?
About Latin: Speaking as the Romans did
~ Nouns ending -er
Presbyter priest, puef boy, Iiber book, magister master and ager
field all have endings identical to molDS except for the nominative
singular (-er). Some lose the 'e' in the other cases:
presbyteri
presbyteros
presbyteris
magister ager
magistrum agrum
magistro ogro
" Sarcinae onerosae
The mule does not like wine.
In the bag is some wine.
Mulus vinum non amat (object).
In sarcina est vinum (subject).
SINGULAR PLURAL
Nominative vin-um vin-o
Accusative vin-um vino
Ablative vin-o Yin-is
These are neuter nouns, and all without exception have the same
endings for both the nominative and accusative cases, so the ending
alone will not tell you whether a neuter noun is subject or object.
This has to be worked out from the conlext:
~ Ablative case: in. on. with, by, from
English words which commonly render the ablative are: in, on, with,
by, from. Sometimes the ablative is used without a preposition:
Sarcina est unguentis onerosa. The bag is heavy with peifumer.
Cum, with, is only used if it means 'in the company of'.
agri
agros
ogris
magiSh'i
magish'os
magistris
SINGULAR
presbyter puer liber
presbyterum puerum librum
presbytero puero libro
PLURAL
pueri libri
pueros libros
pueris libris
Nominative
Accusative
Ablative
Nominative
A c c u ~ t i v e
Ablative
~ Masculine. feminine and neuter
Most nouns like silva are feminine and those like mulus (and
presbyter, puer, etc.) are masculine. There are also neuter nouns.
You will need to know a noun's gender when you come to
matching adjectives with the nouns they qualify.
Shared endings key
(Nouns are singular. unless stoted plural. Entries in bold are included for the first
time. A vowel may be long ar short, e.g. nominative silva, ablative silval
'um mulum, puerum, agrum : accusative
vinum : nominative or ac<usative
-a silva: nominative or ablative
vina : nominative pl. or accusative pl.

~ Prepositions - ablative or accusative?
These are words which form phrases with nouns. Sometimes the
noun is in the accusative case, sometimes the ablative. It depends
on the preposition:
3 Change the underlined words into the plural, and alter any other
words which are affected, and translate:
(a) Monachus in monasterio habitat.
(b) Mulus non silvam sed agrum amat.
(c) Equus neque in silvis neque in agris cum mulo laborat.
(d) Benedictus vinum et unguentum desiderat.
21
(b) Sarcina (vinumlvino) et
(ole%lea) et (unguental
unguentis) et (ovum/ovis)
onerosa est.
UNIT III
(a) (Presbyter/presbyteri)
cum (discipulosldiscipulis)
non (Iaborat/laborant).
-
20 BEGINNER'S LATIN
Paulus et Benedictus monachi sunt. Benedictus presbyter est, et
cum ancillis in culina laborat. Paulus non presbyter sed
discipulus est. In cuHoa et in bibliotheca et in agris laborat.
Benedictus, ubi cibum vinumque desiderat, Paulum ad
oppidum mittit. Hodie igitur Paulus mulusque ex oppido per
silvam ad monasterium reveniunt. Ager et monasterium longe
absunt. Sarcinae sunt onerosae. Sarcinae vino et ovis et oleo et
unguento onerosae sunt. Mulus gemit. Unguenta et cibum et
vinurn semper Benedictus desiderat sed semper mulus portat.
absunt (they) ore away, absent mitti. (s/he) sends
ancillis (ancilla) moids onerosae heavy
bibliotheca library po< through, across, olong
culina kitchen -que (cibum vinumque) a,d
e. from, out of (food and wine)
gemi. (5/lIe) groans reveniunt (they) come bock
hodie todoy semper always
longe for, distant ubi when, where
Practice (i)
1 Add the missing fonns to the following tables:
CASE SINGULAR
Nominative ager unguentum presbyter
sub"e<:t
l
Accusative unguentum
[ob"e<:t)
Ablative (by, with,
9<0
preSbytero
from, in, onl
PLURAL
Nominative unguenta
(subje<:t)
Accusative agros unguenta
(obje<:t)
~ b l a t i v e (by, will1, presbyteris
from, in, on)
,
~ Prepositions - ablative or accusative?
These are words which form phrases with nouns. Sometimes the
noun is in the accusative case, sometimes the ablative. It depends
on the preposition:
3 Change the underlined words into the plural, and alter any other
(a) Monachus in monasterio habitat.
(b) Mulus non silvam sed agrum amat.
(c) Equus neque in silvis neque in agris cum mulo laborat.
(d) Benedictus vinum et unguentum desiderat.
21
(b) Sarcina (vinumlvino) et
(ole%lea) et (unguental
unguentis) et (ovum/ovis)
onerosa est.
UNIT III
(a) (Presbyter/presbyteri)
cum (discipulosldiscipulis)
non (Iaborat/laborant).
-
20 BEGINNER'S LATIN
Paulus et Benedictus monachi sunt. Benedictus presbyter est, et
cum ancillis in culina laborat. Paulus non presbyter sed
discipulus est. In cuHoa et in bibliotheca et in agris laborat.
Benedictus, ubi cibum vinumque desiderat, Paulum ad
oppidum mittit. Hodie igitur Paulus mulusque ex oppido per
silvam ad monasterium reveniunt. Ager et monasterium longe
absunt. Sarcinae sunt onerosae. Sarcinae vino et ovis et oleo et
unguento onerosae sunt. Mulus gemit. Unguenta et cibum et
vinurn semper Benedictus desiderat sed semper mulus portal.
absunt (they) ore away, absent mitti. (s/he) sends
ancillis (ancilla) moids onerosae heavy
bibliotheca library po< through, across, olong
culina kitchen -que (cibum vinumque) a,d
e. from, out of (food and wine)
gemi. (5/lIe) groans reveniunt (they) come bock
hodie todoy semper always
longe for, distant ubi when, where
Practice (i)
1 Add the missing ronns to the following tables:
CASE SINGULAR
Nominative ager unguentum presbyter
sub"e<:t
l
Accusative unguentum
[ob"e<:t)
Ablative (by, with,
9<0
preSbytero
from, in, onl
PLURAL
Nominative unguenta
(subje<:t)
Accusative agros unguenta
(obje<:t)
~ b l a t i v e (by, will1, presbyteris
from, in, on)
,

23
(b) Ova (in/e) sarcina

(perlin) terram cadunt.
UNIT 111
(e) Mulus (elper) silvam
(in/ad) monasterium
ambulaL
II Practice (ii)
I Choose the correct word and translate:
(a) Monachi per (via/viam) ambulanL
(b) Mulus in (agrumlagro) est.
(e) Equus, a (monachoslmonachis) territus, e monasterio
venit.
(d) Monachus ex (equumlequo) in (terralterram) cadiL
2 Choose the correct preposition and translate:
(a) (In/Cum) silva, monachus
(in/ex) equo cadit
et (ablin) tefTa iaeet.
-
22 BEGINNER'S lATIN
+ AcCUloOtive + Ablative
PO'
throogh, by way of ,um
-.;"
in inlo, on 10 ;n in, on
ad 10, /aWards alb, from, by
e{x) oot 01. owoy from, off
!he extro con$OllOnl is u ~ before
a """'"
Prepositions like in which are used with either case are followed by
the accusative if some motion is implied, or ablative if it is not:
In terr:IDn cadit. Sihe falls Q!l1Q the ground.
In terr1! iacet. Sihe lies Qlllhe ground.
In silvam ambulat. Slhe walks iJlJQ the wood.
In silVB ambulat. Slhe walks ill the wood.
Monachus in cucullo
Paulus et roulus longe a monasterio absunt. Neque silvam
neque sarcinas amat mulus. ']o!' clamat Paulus. Mulus non
ambulat.
Subito equum Paulus et mulus audiunt. Deinde equum videot.
Celeriter equus per viam ad Paulum rnulumque venit. In equo
est monachus in cucullo. Equus est territus. Equus Paulum
mulumque videl et subito e via declinat. Monachus ex equo in
terram cadit et equus celeriter in silvam abit. Monachus in
terra iacet.
abit (s/he) deports iacet (s/he] lies
audiunt (they] hear iol heyvp!
cadit (s/heJ foils subito suddenly
celeriter quickly telTOm (terro) groond
c1amat (s/heJ shouts territus scored
cucullo (cucullus) hood venit (s/heJ comes
declinat M swerves viam (vio) 'ood
deinde !hen, nexl vide(n)t
-
....
23
(b) Ova (in/e) sarcina

(perlin) terram cadunt.
UNIT 111
(e) Mulus (elper) silvam
(in/ad) monasterium
ambulaL
II Practice (ii)
I Choose the correct word and translate:
(a) Monachi per (via/viam) ambulanL
(b) Mulus in (agrumlagro) est.
(e) Equus, a (monachoslmonachis) territus, e monasterio
venit.
(d) Monachus ex (equumlequo) in (terralterram) cadiL
2 Choose the correct preposition and translate:
(a) (In/Cum) silva, monachus
(in/ex) equo cadit
et (ablin) tefTa iaeet.
-
22 BEGINNER'S lATIN
+ AcCUloOtive + Ablative
PO'
throogh, by way of ,um
-.;"
in inlo, on 10 ;n in, on
ad 10, /aWards alb, from, by
e{x) oot 01. owoy from, off
!he extro con$OllOnl is u ~ before
a """'"
Prepositions like in which are used with either case are followed by
the accusative if some motion is implied, or ablative if it is not:
In terr:IDn cadit. Sihe falls Q!l1Q the ground.
In terr1! iacet. Sihe lies Qlllhe ground.
In silvam ambulat. Slhe walks iJlJQ the wood.
In silVB ambulat. Slhe walks ill the wood.
Monachus in cucullo
Paulus et roulus longe a monasterio absunt. Neque silvam
neque sarcinas amat mulus. ']o!' clamat Paulus. Mulus non
ambulat.
Subito equum Paulus et mulus audiunt. Deinde equum videot.
Celeriter equus per viam ad Paulum rnulumque venit. In equo
est monachus in cucullo. Equus est territus. Equus Paulum
mulumque videl et subito e via declinat. Monachus ex equo in
terram cadit et equus celeriter in silvam abit. Monachus in
terra iacet.
abit (s/he) deports iacet (s/he] lies
audiunt (they] hear iol heyvp!
cadit (s/heJ foils subito suddenly
celeriter quickly telTOm (terro) groond
c1amat (s/heJ shouts territus scored
cucullo (cucullus) hood venit (s/heJ comes
declinat M swerves viam (vio) 'ood
deinde !hen, nexl vide(n)t
-
....

About Latin
Speaking as the Romans did
A recording of Cicero making a speech or Virgil reciting his poetry
would be a fine thing. The best we can do twenty centuries later is
tentatively reconstruct the sound of Latin, letter by letter, syllabic
by syllable, from various bits and pieces of evidence. Much is
disputed, much open to interpretation. But we have to live with
this, for no one can begin to appreciate a literature - which was
written for recital - without some idea of its sound. Our
reconstruction may be a somewhat incomplete jigsaw puzzle, but
so too is that of Elizabethan English, and that hasn't stopped
production of Shakespeare's plays. So with all the help which
academic findings can give us we shall set about putting flesh on
the skeleton and breathe life back into the ancient texts.
We would be hard put to identify just one correct pronunciation in
any case. Latin was the first language of the empire of Rome,
which lasted for over half a millennium, and stretched from the
Crimea to Spain, Edinburgh to Egypt. For centuries Latin was the
language of the entire known world. Looking back over the
emergence of English, our international language today, whom
should we choose as its most correct speaker? Alfred the Great?
Abraham Lincoln? Nelson Mandela? At least with Latin we can
limit our attention to the two centuries of classical Latin, but even
within this briefer span changes will have occurred - a recording
of F10rence Nightingale suggests our own pronunciation has
changed considerably in the past one hundred and fifty years or so.
The clearest evidence we have is of the sound of the individual
letters themselves. This evidence comes from ancient
commentators who give detailed advice about certain sounds (that
it was given at all can be taken as a symptom of variance if not
change); other clues come from transliteration into and out of other
languages (e.g. Greek Koisar for 'Caesar', and Duo/erios for
'Yalerius'); also from puns and plays on words, rhymes and
assonance; and from the sub--Latin, or 'Romance' languages,
French, Spanish, Portuguese and Italian, of which the more isolated
and conservative dialects are especially interesting - centum's hard
'c', for instance, in Sardinian (kentu, a hundred).
24 BEGINNER'S LATIN
UNIT III
25
Latin English French Spanish Italian
unU5, uno 0"'
un, une un(o}. uno un(o), uno
septem
~ "
~ p l siete sette
centum hundred celli dento cenlo
Stress and intonation are less secure. Latin stress was probably
similar to our own, where the accent falls on the penultimate
syllable, or if that syllable is weak, the one before it: AugUstus,
Cicero. Some hold the view that the initial syllable had the weight
of accent, particularly in pre--classical Latin. This idea is prompted
by the weakening of first syllables when they are compounded and
made second syllable: facere, peificere; c(lpere, recjpere. Even
after the classical period we see this stress in, for example, the
Italian pellegrino (from Latin peregrinus), whose initial syllable
was given enough weight for the word to arrive in English as
'pilgrim'. But we should not take this first-syllable theory too far.
Almost all the examples cited involve a compound with a prefix,
which would naturally be stressed on first fonnation. Put the accent
on the second syllable of a compound, and it will soon lose
the prefix and revert to the simple fonn. Even pellegrino was once
a compounded fonn, being 'a person from across the field':
per-ager-inus.
An 'm' in the middle of a word was very similar to ours, but at the
end of a word appears to lose much of its consonantal value. For
instance, say seprem (seven) without closing your lips on the final
'm'. It is interesting to note that many other European languages,
such as Bulgarian, Dutch and Gennan have a nasalised ending
(-ml-n) for their word for 'seven' but the Romance languages
derived directly from Latin all lose it (see the table above). This
'm' is also missing from some Latin inscriptions: e.g. scriptum est
(it was written): written as scriplusr. In classical Latin poetry a
final 'm' is treated like a vowel if it appears before another vowel,
and is elided. In medieval Latin the final 'm' appears to be a more
complete sound, no doubt reinforced by students of classical Latin
learning the accusative case: a schoolmaster had to be impressed
that you knew silvam from silva and so you spelt and hummed it
for all it was worth with none of the halfway nasalising of the
classical sound. Literacy is a conservative influence on the
About Latin
Speaking as the Romans did
A recording of Cicero making a speech or Virgil reciting his poetry
would be a fine thing. The best we can do twenty centuries later is
tentatively reconstruct the sound of Latin, letter by letter, syllabic
by syllable, from various bits and pieces of evidence. Much is
disputed, much open to interpretation. But we have to live with
this, for no one can begin to appreciate a literature - which was
written for recital - without some idea of its sound. Our
reconstruction may be a somewhat incomplete jigsaw puzzle, but
so too is that of Elizabethan English, and that hasn't stopped
production of Shakespeare's plays. So with all the help which
academic findings can give us we shall set about putting flesh on
the skeleton and breathe life back into the ancient texts.
We would be hard put to identify just one correct pronunciation in
any case. Latin was the first language of the empire of Rome,
which lasted for over half a millennium, and stretched from the
Crimea to Spain, Edinburgh to Egypt. For centuries Latin was the
language of the entire known world. Looking back over the
emergence of English, our international language today, whom
should we choose as its most correct speaker? Alfred the Great?
Abraham Lincoln? Nelson Mandela? At least with Latin we can
limit our attention to the two centuries of classical Latin, but even
within this briefer span changes will have occurred - a recording
of F10rence Nightingale suggests our own pronunciation has
changed considerably in the past one hundred and fifty years or so.
The clearest evidence we have is of the sound of the individual
letters themselves. This evidence comes from ancient
commentators who give detailed advice about certain sounds (that
it was given at all can be taken as a symptom of variance if not
change); other clues come from transliteration into and out of other
languages (e.g. Greek Koisar for 'Caesar', and Duo/erios for
'Yalerius'); also from puns and plays on words, rhymes and
assonance; and from the sub--Latin, or 'Romance' languages,
French, Spanish, Portuguese and Italian, of which the more isolated
and conservative dialects are especially interesting - centum's hard
'c', for instance, in Sardinian (kentu, a hundred).
24 BEGINNER'S LATIN
UNIT III
25
Latin English French Spanish Italian
unU5, uno 0"'
un, une un(o}. uno un(o), uno
septem
~ "
~ p l siete sette
centum hundred celli dento cenlo
Stress and intonation are less secure. Latin stress was probably
similar to our own, where the accent falls on the penultimate
syllable, or if that syllable is weak, the one before it: AugUstus,
Cicero. Some hold the view that the initial syllable had the weight
of accent, particularly in pre--classical Latin. This idea is prompted
by the weakening of first syllables when they are compounded and
made second syllable: facere, peificere; c(lpere, recjpere. Even
after the classical period we see this stress in, for example, the
Italian pellegrino (from Latin peregrinus), whose initial syllable
was given enough weight for the word to arrive in English as
'pilgrim'. But we should not take this first-syllable theory too far.
Almost all the examples cited involve a compound with a prefix,
which would naturally be stressed on first fonnation. Put the accent
on the second syllable of a compound, and it will soon lose
the prefix and revert to the simple fonn. Even pellegrino was once
a compounded fonn, being 'a person from across the field':
per-ager-inus.
An 'm' in the middle of a word was very similar to ours, but at the
end of a word appears to lose much of its consonantal value. For
instance, say seprem (seven) without closing your lips on the final
'm'. It is interesting to note that many other European languages,
such as Bulgarian, Dutch and Gennan have a nasalised ending
(-ml-n) for their word for 'seven' but the Romance languages
derived directly from Latin all lose it (see the table above). This
'm' is also missing from some Latin inscriptions: e.g. scriptum est
(it was written): written as scriplusr. In classical Latin poetry a
final 'm' is treated like a vowel if it appears before another vowel,
and is elided. In medieval Latin the final 'm' appears to be a more
complete sound, no doubt reinforced by students of classical Latin
learning the accusative case: a schoolmaster had to be impressed
that you knew silvam from silva and so you spelt and hummed it
for all it was worth with none of the halfway nasalising of the
classical sound. Literacy is a conservative influence on the

2. BEGINNER'S LATlN
UNIT UJ
27
inflexions of any language: it is no coincidence that lhe English
language lost many of its own inflexions after the Nannan
Conquest took away its function as a written language.
Thus we can guess with some confidence that the final 'm' of
seplem was sounded, if openly, by educated speakers who were
taught both to spell words and enunciate them until their tongues
were sore; but that this sound tcnded to be reduced in ordinary
speech, with its stress on the syllable-herore-Iast, to the point of
eventual extinction in the Romance languages.
Differences between literary and spoken Latin ~ or 'vulgar' Latin
(vulgus: crowd, public) - were not confined to sound. The syntax
of speech was inevitably looser and more straightforward than that
of the page. There were also differences in vocabulary: equus was
the literary man's word for horse (equestrian, equine, equitation
are among the learned and 'posh' words coined after the Middle
Ages), while a cart-driver made do with a caballus (cheval,
caballo, cavalry and possibly cabbie). We shall never know how
far Cicero carried his literary style into ordinary speech, but he
certainly retained something of his elaborate style in letters to his
friends. One thinks of Queen Victoria's famous grumble at
Gladstone, the Prime Minister, telling him not to address her as if
she were a public meeting.
Spoken idioms will, conversely, have in some measure been
employed by writers, not so much to create a simple, plain style but
to embellish a dramatic effect or intimate moment. Our unlettered
cart-driver, however, would have struggled with all the allusions to
Greek mythology and legends, and even in the one or two more
accessible pieces, he might have found satirists fIring sharpened
verses at him for the din he made in going about his daily business.
In the fourth and fifth centuries AD, the early Christians gave fresh
impetus to literary Latin and for a while welded it to the vulgar
fonu. The gospels had originally been written in Greek but it was
Latin translations, in particular St Jerome's bible (the Vulgate),
which wooed the western world to the new religion. The language
of the pulpit had to be simple and straightforward since it was
aimed primarily at those with little or no schooling in literacy and
rhetoric. In tandem with Christianity's populist tendency was the
intellectualising of theologians caught up in debates such as the
nature of the Trinity, the 'three-in-one-ness' of the Father, Son and
Holy Spirit, a controversy which fuelled the fires of early heresies,
and which gave renewed life to the language of philosophy and
rhetoric.
pjRevision
1 Add the missing (onus to the tables:
CASE SINGUlAR
Nominative puer
t$ubiectl
Accuwtive silvam
lab"eell
AblaTive (by, with, mulo puero
from, in, on)
PLURAL
Nominative
Isub'eet\
Accusative silvas
lobiectl
Ablative (by, with, pueris
from, in, an)
CASE SINGUlAR
Nominative vinum liber an(illa
[$ub"ectl
Accu$Otive librum
I"I'Ke
Ablative (by, with, vino an(iIIo
From, in, onl
PlURAl
Nomiootive vina an(iIIae
[$Ubiectl
Accu$Otive v i ~ libros
lob;",
Ablative (by, wilb, libris
From, in, on)
2. BEGINNER'S LATlN
UNIT UJ
27
inflexions of any language: it is no coincidence that lhe English
language lost many of its own inflexions after the Nannan
Conquest took away its function as a written language.
Thus we can guess with some confidence that the final 'm' of
seplem was sounded, if openly, by educated speakers who were
taught both to spell words and enunciate them until their tongues
were sore; but that this sound tcnded to be reduced in ordinary
speech, with its stress on the syllable-herore-Iast, to the point of
eventual extinction in the Romance languages.
Differences between literary and spoken Latin ~ or 'vulgar' Latin
(vulgus: crowd, public) - were not confined to sound. The syntax
of speech was inevitably looser and more straightforward than that
of the page. There were also differences in vocabulary: equus was
the literary man's word for horse (equestrian, equine, equitation
are among the learned and 'posh' words coined after the Middle
Ages), while a cart-driver made do with a caballus (cheval,
caballo, cavalry and possibly cabbie). We shall never know how
far Cicero carried his literary style into ordinary speech, but he
certainly retained something of his elaborate style in letters to his
friends. One thinks of Queen Victoria's famous grumble at
Gladstone, the Prime Minister, telling him not to address her as if
she were a public meeting.
Spoken idioms will, conversely, have in some measure been
employed by writers, not so much to create a simple, plain style but
to embellish a dramatic effect or intimate moment. Our unlettered
cart-driver, however, would have struggled with all the allusions to
Greek mythology and legends, and even in the one or two more
accessible pieces, he might have found satirists fIring sharpened
verses at him for the din he made in going about his daily business.
In the fourth and fifth centuries AD, the early Christians gave fresh
impetus to literary Latin and for a while welded it to the vulgar
fonu. The gospels had originally been written in Greek but it was
Latin translations, in particular St Jerome's bible (the Vulgate),
which wooed the western world to the new religion. The language
of the pulpit had to be simple and straightforward since it was
aimed primarily at those with little or no schooling in literacy and
rhetoric. In tandem with Christianity's populist tendency was the
intellectualising of theologians caught up in debates such as the
nature of the Trinity, the 'three-in-one-ness' of the Father, Son and
Holy Spirit, a controversy which fuelled the fires of early heresies,
and which gave renewed life to the language of philosophy and
rhetoric.
pjRevision
1 Add the missing (onus to the tables:
CASE SINGUlAR
Nominative puer
t$ubiectl
Accuwtive silvam
lab"eell
AblaTive (by, with, mulo puero
from, in, on)
PLURAL
Nominative
Isub'eet\
Accusative silvas
lobiectl
Ablative (by, with, pueris
from, in, an)
CASE SINGUlAR
Nominative vinum liber an(illa
[$ub"ectl
Accu$Otive librum
I"I'Ke
Ablative (by, with, vino an(iIIo
From, in, onl
PlURAl
Nomiootive vina an(iIIae
[$Ubiectl
Accu$Otive v i ~ libros
lob;",
Ablative (by, wilb, libris
From, in, on)

28 8EGlNNER'S LAllN
UNIT III
2.
2 Change the underlined words into the singular, alter any orner
words which may be affected, and translate:
(a) Discipuli in culinam ambulant.
(b) Presbyteri cibum vinumque saepe desiderant.
(e) Mulus per ~ semper venit.
(d) Magister ~ discipuli vinurn desiderant.
(a) The horses work in neither the wood nor the field.
(b) The monk carries the perfumes in lhe bag.
(e) The priest walks with the students through the wood
towards the monastery.
(d) Students are nOl priests.
4 Do you know what these words mean? If not...
ager magister ovum
terra via per
e(x) oppidum ubi
iacet a(b) habitat
culina venit mittit
audiunt videot hodie
semper clarnat subito
How many English words can you think of which are related to
these?
If Living Latin
1 IUa quidem iurata negat, sed credere durum est.
She denies it under oath, but it's hard to believe her.
2 "Reati mites quoniam ipsi possidebunt terram.
(St Matthew v, 4)
Blessed are the meek for they will inherit the eanh.
3 "Gloria in excelsis Deo et in terra pax hominibus
bonae voluntatis.
(Gloria)
Glory be to God on high and on ennh peace to men ofgood will.
4 Dum nos rata sinunt oculos satiemus amore.
(Propertius ii, IS, 23)
While the fates allow us let us fill our eyes with love.
S Oro, si quis adhuc precibus locus, exue mentem.
(Virgil, Aeneid iv, 319)
I beg you, if there's still time for entreaties, change your mind.
6 "NOD vern vocare iustos, sed peccatores in paenitentiam.
(S. Luke v, 32)
I have not come to welcome the righteous, bllt the sinners
to repentance.
7 Exitiabilis superstitio rursum erurnpebat, non modo per
]udaeam, originem eius mali, sed per urbem etiam quo
cUDela undique atrocia aut pudenda connuunt
celebranturque.
(Tacitus, Annals xv, 44)
The deadly superstition broke out again, not only itl Judaea,
the source of this trouble, but also in the capital wherefrom
every corner all things sleaze-ridden and shameful ooze
together and come into vogue.
'" post-classical

UNIT IV
31
UNIT IV
The genitive ('of') case
Questions
About Latin: 'Anyone' for a cancan?
The 'oj' case may also describe a quantity:
amphora vini an amphora ~
sarcina ovorum a bag ~
The 'of' case can be 'subjective' or 'objective':
timor Danorum fear oUlle Danes (either
another 's fear of them or
the Danes' own fear)
amor Dei Iove!J.f...QQd. (either another's love
of God or God's own love)
" Femina in terra iacet
Monachus in terra iacet. Equus, ab umbris territus, e via in
silvam effugit. Vento enim folia et rami crepitant et equus,
umbrarum ramorumque timidus, nunc per silvas ad
monasterium festinat. Immotus in terra iacet monachus.
Paulus ad monachum currit. Figura tamen non monachi sed
feminae est. Paulus feminam spectat. Cucullus feminae est
scissus. Paulus feminam tunica protegit.
~ The genitive ('of') case
The nominative case is for subjects, the accusative for objects (and
also follows some prepositions), and the ablative is the in, on, with,
by or from case. Now for the genitive:
nominative accuso/ive genitive ablative
SINGULAR silva silvarn silvoe silva
mulus mulum mulj mula
vinurn vinurn vini vina
PLURAL silvoe silvas silvarum silvis
muli mulos mulorum mulis
vina vina vinOf'um vinis
Shared endings key
-j muli: nominative plural -ae
muli, vini : 'of ..' genitive case
silvae: nominative plural
silvoe: 'of .' genitive case
The genitive can almost always be translated with the preposition
'oj .. '. This may be the possessive 'of':
Benedicti vinum the wine ofBelledicf
(Benedict 'y wine)
feminae cucullus the hood of/he woman
(the woman's hood)
.., '--------------'-m-m-o-'u-.--,,-,,,-------'
iW Hepitant (they) rus/le
cUrTit Is/he} runs protegit {s/he] covers
eHugit (s/he] flees rami (ramus) branches
enim for, you see SciSSU5 10m
feminom, feminae (femino) tamen however
woman timidus fearful
festinot Is/he) hurries tunica tunic, dress
figura shape vento (ventus) wind
folia (folium) leaves

CASE SINGULAR
Nominative terrg ramus folium
(sub"eet)
ACcuKltive
(obiect)

Ablative with, terra
From in on
PlURAL
Nominotive
(wbjecti
"""ACeusotive
{oboctj
Genitive
(0I)
. Ablative (by, with, terris
from, in, on)
32
PAl Practice (i)
1 Add the missing fonns:
2 Add the missing endings and translate:
(a) Feminae in culina
monasteri.... laborant.
BEGINNER'S LATIN
UNIT rv
o
C1
""=
(b) Ova in tunicam
feroio.... cadynt.
33
D
o
Cl
D
(e) Discipuli vinum
Benedict.... bibun..
(a) Disciouli vinum ancillarum desiderant.
(b) Stephanus est magister
(e) Paulus est Stephani discipulus.
(d) Mulus est silvarum timidus.
4 Put these nouns into the genitive singular, and genitive plural:
(a) ramus (brunch) (b) ager (field) (e) ovum (egg)
(d) umbra (shadow) (e) ancilla (maid)

34
BEGINNER'S LATIN UNIT IV 35
Th-m vales?
Ubi femina habitat?
Cur in terra femina iacet?
non ita no, not so
oculos (oculus) eyes
potest Is/he) is able, can
ragat (s/he) asks
sum lam
te miseram you poor thing
tibi gratias thank you
timet (s/he, it) fears
trepidus nervous
voleo (-es) lam {you are} well
videre to see
vis you want, wish
adest Is/he, it} is present, here
anxius concerned
aperit opens
aquam (aqua) water
audire to hoor
bibere to drink
diu for a long time
es you are
inquit Is/he) mys, said
ita vero yes
malum est il is bod! curses!
mortua dood
About Latin
'Anyone' for a cancan?
In the medieval period a 'clerical' worker was more often than not
a clergyman. The Church first became active in government and
admin' t . d' h
IS ralion unng t e latter days of the Roman empire, and
be.came even more so after it collapsed, Libraries and schools
might have died out altogether if the early monasteries had not
2 Make up questions which lead to these answers:
(a) Mulus est in silva.
(b) Paulus in bibliotbeca laborat quod est discipulus.
(c) Non ita, femina non mortua est.
(d) Stephaous est magister.
PI Practice (ii)
1 Answer the questions with the correct fonn of the verb to be:
(a) Quis es? Paulus.
(b) Qui estis? ............... Stephani discipuli.
(c) Quis est? .............. episcopus.
(d) Ubi sum? in silva.
III
es you are estis you are (pl.)
est s/he, it/there is sunt they/there are
Are you well?
Where does the wontanlive?
Why is the woman lying on
the ground?
The 'is' in the third example above is part of the verbal phrase 'is
lying', represented in Latin by iacet (and nOI est: see Key for
grammatical words in the introduction).
Some questions expect the answer 'yes' or 'no'. Noone expects the
answer 'yes', Dum the answer 'no':
Noone Benedictus in culina est? Surely Benedict is in the kitchen?
Num Paulus est episcopus? Surely Paul is not a bishop?
"Ubi sum?
Paulus neque videre neque audire equum feminae potest.
Equus e silvis ad monasterium festinat. Femina diu iacet
immota. Paulus est anxius et mulus trepidus. 'Te miseram!'
clamat Paulus. Femina oculos aperit et Paulum spectat. 'Nonne
es mortua?' rogat Paulus.
'Mortua? Non ita. Ubi sum? In silvis?'
'Ita vero,' inquit Paulus.
'Ubi est equus?'
'Lente, lente! Vales-ne? Vis-ne aquam bibere?'
'Non ita, tibi gratias. Equus-ne adest?'
'Non ita. Ramos umbrasque timet. Et tu, vales-oe?'
'Valeo. 0 malum est!' clamat femina.
'Lente! Quis esT
Questions
A question may be introduced by a question word such as ubi?
where?, quis? who? and quid? what? Without such an
interrogative word to introduce the question, the suffix -De is added
to the first word:

36 BEGINNER'S lAnN
UNITN
37
Revision
1 Write sentences as answers to these questions:
(a) Ubi est femina?
(b) Cur equus feminae e silva festinat?
(c) Ubi magister scholae laborat?
(d) Quid mulus portat?
In the eighth century Charlemagne had wanted to improve the
schools within his empire, and employed an English scholar. Alcuin,
10 raise the standard of Latin taught in them. Similar initiatives
followed over the next few centuries, culminating at the end of the
middle ages in the Renaissance, when writers, artists and scholars
were guided and inspired almost exclusively by classical models.
It was less easy to impose unifonnity on the spoken language. The
spoken Latin of the empire had already evolved into the vernacular
languages of the Romance countries, and the Latin-as-a-second-
language spoken in the medieval period became rather homeless
and fragmentary. Different countries and regions could barely
understand each other's use of the language, and the sound of
ecclesiastical Latin was far from uniform. Even in Ihe churches
Latin was not going to last long, at least not in the countries where
the Rcfonnation was gathering momentum and allegiance to Rome
would be cast aside. Latin's fading role as an international language
and the continued rise of the vernacular languages was in one sense
the eventual triumph of vulgar Latin over its literary counterpart.
BUI once retired from active life, Latin becomes provider, and feeds
the vernacular languages wiLh vast numbers of new words and
expressions.
survived 10 house them. Monks would sing, read and write Latin,
much of which was religious and some secular. Hymns, liturgy,
lives of saiDls. histories, charters, leers and poems aU contribute
to a rich variety of writing produced over more than a millennium.
Sub-classical imitations were carefuUy crafted, and there was
looser stuff too influenced by the respective native languages.
The spoken Latin of the empire had long since disintegrated into
the Romance languages. intcnningling with local speech habits and
evolving with the peoples who spoke it. In France students of Latin
have tcnded to pronounce Latin as they do French (e.g. 'quO as 'k'.
not 'kw'). This has an interesting bearing on the origin of the word
'cancan'. which is said by some to be derived from the Latin word
quamquam. Quamquom usually means 'although'. but the
connection between although and a dance is not easy 10 fathom.
More likely is a less well-known meaning of quamquam -
'anyone' in the feminine, 'any girl', i.e. no fixed partner. Another
theory ascribes the cancan 10 a 'scandalous' dance, again the origin
being the Latin word quamquam, the scandal being a row during
the Reformation: a few priests in France had adopted the
pronunciation favoured in northern (and Protestant) Europe,
'kwamkwam', only to incur the severe displeasure of the French
authorities. Even the pronunciation of a dying language could have
life-threalening implications.
In England, as elsewhere, Latin was pronounced according to local
speech habits. In the years following the Nonnan Conquest of
1066, English was strongly innuenced by French. 'Julius Caesar',
which was 'Yoolius Ky-sser' in classical times, was pronounced
'Joolius Seizer' by the many schoolmasters of French origin, and
'Kikero' became 'Sissero', 'Wergilius' 'Vurdgil'.
Latin is not a parent language of English, but the number of loan-
words, of which many arrived via French, make it a most generous
uncle. New words have one of three sources: they are either new
formations, or taken from another language, or a mixlure of the
two. The spelling of certain words may be changed, or stabilised,
at a later date (e.g. Old English discipul and munuc which were to
become disciple and monk). It may be that a parent language
coined the word, or itself borrowed from another source (e.g.
elepJuJnI: Egyptian to Greek to Latin to French to English). Origins
SOME lOANWORDS TAKEN
BEFORE THE NORMAN
CQNOUEST 110661
coslle (coslellurn-il
di5Cipie
monk
desire ldesirer/desiderarel
oil (huile/oIeuml
silence (silence/silentiuml

" Living Latin
1 Nema serVU'i polest duobus dominis servire.
(SI Luke xvi, 13)
No one can be a slave to two masters.
(a) Are we in a wood?
(b) The woman's horse is able to hear the wind.
(e) The mule carries the monk's bags.
(d) Surely the students do not long for Benedict's wine?
3 Add the missing fonns:
4 How well do you know these words?
cur ventus tunica
currit tameD eoiro
Donne nurn quis
quid femina schola
timet folium ramus
ita vero non ita adest
What English words can you think of which are in part at least
from these Latin words? The English word via is
denved from the ablative of via. Can you see how?
3'
3 .Alcuinum, de Britannia Saxonici generis hominem,
virum undecumque doctissimum, praeceptorem habuit.
(Einhard, Vita Karoli xxv)
He (Charlemagne) employed Alcuin as teacher, afeUowfrom
Britain, of Saxon blood, in every respect a mosr learned man.
4 .Heu, cueulus nobis fuerat cantare suetus,
quae te nunc rapuit hora nefanda tuis?
Heu, cueulus, eueulus, qua te regione reliqui,
infelix nobis ilia dies (uerat.
(Alcuin, Versus de Cuculo)
Mourn rhe little cuckoo who liked to sing to us.
What unspeakable moment snatched you from your friends?
Little cuckoo, little cuckoo, where did I leave you?
What a wretched day that was for us.
5 *Hie Harold Rex interfectus est et fuga verterunt Angli.
(Bayeux Tapestry)
Here King Harold was slain and the English turned and fled.
6 *Sidus c1arum
puellarum,
nos et deeDS omnium
rosa veris,
quae videris
clarior quam lilium.
(12th century anon.)
Bright star of maidens, everything sflower and ornament, you
are like a spring rose, more lovely than a lily.
" post-elassical
2 .Quis maior est, qui recumbit an qui ministrat?
(St Luke xxii, 27)
Whom do we value more, the one who sits for dinner or the
one who serves?

OYO
OYIS
PlURAL
SINGULAR
tunica
tunices
tunico vento
venti
Nominolive
Acl;U$(Ilive
Genitive
Nominative
Accu50tlve
Ablative
nitive
A olive
3.

UNIT v
41
UNIT V
Declensions: the nominative and genitive
The vocative case
Adjectives: sanctus, sancta, sanctum
About Latin: Reformation and Renaissance -life after death
~ Declensions: the nominative and genitive
All nouns belong to one of five groups, or 'declensions', Nouns
like silva, umbra or Lucia belong to the first, while those like
mulDs, magister or vinum all belong to the second declension.
Arnor and timor which appeared briefly in the previous unit
belong to the third - hut more about them later. All these
declensions and cases mean that some endings do double and treble
duty: the ending a, for example, might be the nominative or
ablative singular of silva, or neutcr plural of vinum. So to help
establish a noun's declension (and therefore the endings),
dictionaries show a noun's nominative and genitive endings:
NOMINATIVE GENITIVE
sarcina sarcinae
umbra
ovum
....
ma Istrl
eplscopus
E._
hber
'Non Egberta, sed Egbertae mia, Lucia sum. Et tu, quis es?'
'Sum Paulus, et in monasterio habito.'
'Es presbyter?'
'Non presbyter, sed discipuJus sum.'
'Episcopi-ne discipuJus es?'
'Non episcopi sed Stephani.'
'Quis est Stepbanus? In monasterio habitat?'
'Stephanus est monachus et scholae magister.'
'Me miseram! Ubi est iIle caballus?'
'Lente! Fortasse est in agris cum monasterii equis. Age,
mecum ad monasterium veni. In mu)um ascendas.'
fonasse pemoP'
hobito (-as) (-at) I (you) {s/he} live
ille thai
Lucia-oe Lucio
me miseram ;vst my luck
mecum with me
veni comel
age come onl
oscendos you may climb
coballus'i 1m} horw
costellumj In] coslle
domino-oe In lady, mistress
Egberta-oe Egberta
episcopus-i {m] bishop
filio-oe In daughter
1'111 Practice (i)
1 Fill the gaps:
silva,silvae
mulus, muli (also: puer, pueri;
ager, agri afield)
vinum, villi (neuter)
First declension:
Second declension:
" Lucia
'Quis es? Ubi babitas?' rogat PauJus.
'In castello,' inquit femina.
'Th-ne es Egberta, castelli domina?'
2 Make a list of all the nouns you have mel (showing the
nominative and genitive endings) similar to:
(a) silva, silvae (e.g. sarcina-ae, Lucia-ae, etc.)
(b) muJus, mull (e.g. episcopus-i, Paulus-i, etc.)
(c) vinum, vini (e.g. ovum-i, castellum-i. etc.)

42
BEGINNER'S LATIN
UNITY 43
f1 The vocative case
Second declension nouns (those like mulus-i) have a special
ending for when they are being spoken to. This is called the
'vocative case': mule for mutus, (Brute for Brutus in Et to
Brute!). Most other vocative forms are the same as the nominative,
e.g. '0 Lucia'.
Adjectives: sanctus, sancta, sanctum
Adjectives give nouns more detail or colour: a saintly bishop, a
!.irill nwid. A Latin adjective is said to 'agree' with the noun it
describes in gender (masculine, feminine or neuter), number
(singular or plural) and case (nominative, accusative, etc.):
Sanctus episcopus et ancilla The saintly bishop and tired
fessa in agro sedent. maid sit in the field.
Multae feminae per silvarn Many women are walking
obscuram ambulant. through the dark wood.
Liber magnus in The large book is in the
monasterio est. monastery.
The masculine endings of adjectives like sanct-us are identical to
those of mul-us, the feminine to those of sHy-a, and neuter to those
of vin-um. In the final example above magnus agrees with lib,
even though their endings are not identical: both words are
nominative masculine singular.
The position of an adjective may be before or after the noun it
describes. You will come across adjectives placed several words
before or after the nouns they qualify, especially in poetry. The
endings help you match the two together. Some adjectives appear
after a verb (as in English):
Mulus est lentus. The mule is slow.
" E silvis veniunt
Obscuram per silvam ad monasterium veniunt. Paulus mulum
ducit. Lucia in mulo sedet. Mulus est lentus. Silva est umbrosa.
Lucia Paulum rogat: 'Episcopus-ne sanctus in monasterio
manet?'
'Episcopus? Nescio. Sanctus episcopus? Vel saevus?'
'Nonne est sanctus?'
'Episcopus est saevus, quod semper Stephanum nos
discipulos in bibliotheca claudere iubet.'
'Discipuli-ne estis boni studiosique?'
'Certe, semper.'
'Num vos discipuli semper boni estis? Fortasse mali, ignavi,
somnuJenti estis.'
'Mali? 19navi? Nos? [ocosa es.'
'Cur in silva ambulas? Cur studiosus in bibliotheca non
laboras?'
'Episcopus certe est malus, gulosus, saevus, vinolentus ....'
'Ssst. Maledicis. Episcopus est Egbertae avunculus.'
'Vero? Episcopus est cognatus Egbertae? Quid ergo? Hic, 0
Domina, est mulus. Mulus est cognatus equorum qui in
monasterii agris habitant, eho mule?' Paulus ridet. Sed neque
Lucia neque mulus ridet. Nunc enim mulus et Luciam et
onerosas cibo multo vinoque sarcinas portat. 'lgnoscas, 0
Lucia!' inquit Paulus. Per silvas silentio procedunt. Mox
magnos monasterii muros vident et e silvis in agros veniuot.
ambulas you walk
avuneulus-i [m] uncle
bonus-a-um good
eerie certojnly. yes
elaudere 10 Jock
eognatus-i [m] kinsman
dueit (s/he) leads
eha eh
et. et both. and
gulasus-a-um greedy
hie here
lazy
forgive {me}, sorry
IOCOSUS-a-um full of iokes,
humorous
iubet Is/he} orders, lells
laboras you work
magnus-a-urn greal, Jorge
maledicis you slander
malus-a-urn lroublesome bad
manet (s/he] slays '
max soon, presenlly

44
BEGINNER'S lATIN UNIT V 45
2 Change the underlined words to the plural fonn (other en,dings
should be changed if affected) and translate the new versIOn:
(a) Iksli!l Curiosa sanctum mooachum spectat.
(b) lJ.bn magnus in bibliotheca est.
(e) Discipulus ignavus mulum furiosum in urn videt.
(d) Monachus somnulentus in bibliotheca nOD laborat.
About Latin
Reformation and Renaissance -
life after death
The Renaissance was a 'rebirth', a renewal of interest in classical
literature and art. Many Greek and Latin books which had
previously been ignored or unknown were brought to light and
translated. There were imitations as well as translations, and
original works were written in the authors' own languages which
echoed classical precedents in form or content. Schoolmen and
scholars redoubled their efforts to introduce classical standards of
grammar and syntax, and medieval Latin as a living language was
all but laid to rest, helped on its way by the Reformers' dislrust of
anything Roman. Latin, in its classical form, had achieved
immortality: dead languages do not change, and the linguistic rules
which govern their use will always remain the same.
The translation of classical texts into English demanded a wider
range of vocabulary than it was able to supply. There were not the
words to express the many new ideas of religion, astronomy,
science and philosophy which were stimulated by the interest in
these ancient texts, and often the simplest solution was to import a
word direct from the Latin or Greek. Many of these words in time
lost their foreign status, and became part of our language (some
with slight modifications, e.g. splendidus was first sp/endidious
and then settled as splendid). The anglicised pronunciation of these
loan-words will in tum have influenced our pronunciation of
original Latin.
Latin was very closely caught up in the religious conflicts in the
sixteenth century. It was, after all, the language of the Church,
where it had survived as a spoken language for over a thousand
years. Latin was a symbol of all things Roman, and since scholars
Were being strangled, burned and beheaded for denying or
affirming Rome, it's no small mercy that Latin survived at all. In
England, classical scholars took sides in the dispute over the
correct language for the liturgy - Sir John Cheke spoke out against
Latin and assisted Cranmer with his Book of Common Prayer.
Some wanted to follow the lead of the Dutch scholar, Erasmus, and
(e) Christianum .
bestiae fugaol.
(b) Christianus .
bestias fugat.
g Practice (ii)
1 Fill each gap with the appropriate form of (unosus angry and
sanctus saitltly: (fugat = chases)
(a) Bestiae .................
Christianos fugant.

46
BEGINNER'S lATIN
UNIT V 47
Not all these later additions survived (e.g. desiderate). Some words
were respelt and replaced the earlier forms altogether - a headache
for all those who struggle with spelling:
recreate a more authentic classical sound. Others wanted most of
all to rid Latin of its association with the Church. Thus the sound
of Latin, now deprived of its status as an independent, if ritualised.
language, lived for a brief while in a limbo of learned good
intentions before becoming part of English and being pronounced
according to our own speech habits.
A further complication is the famous 'vowel shift' which occurred
in English at this lime. Vowel quantities of Latin-derived words
had been changing since pre-Conquest times. Pater, for instance,
has a short 'a' in Latin which was lenglhened on arrival in English,
possibly by association with the long 'a' in 'father'. The vowel
shift then brought about a further change, leaving us with the 'pay-
ter' we hear in period dramas. lbrough change of quantity or vowel
shift or both, we now have in English (and. until as late as the
nineteenth century, in Latin): bQne-us from bonus (classical
pronunciation: 'bQnnus'); mise-er from miser ('missair'), flll-ial
fromft/ius ('feel ius'), wine from viflum ('weenum').
If Latin in this country was somewhat anglicised, it is even more
pertinent to say English was Latinised. Coining new words became
something of a fad, beyond the requirement of scientists and
translators. Some loan-words which had settled into English, many
having arrived via French, were reformed to make them resemble
the original Latin ones more closely. We now have many cases of
pairs of words, which have subsequently developed different
meanings:
manet
ridet
vero
multus-aum
lATIN
~ M
oompulore
desiderore
LAnN
dubium
.."...,
wbtili$
PRE I500
w<.
count
desire
PRE I500
doule
set (Frenchl
,.,;1
POST-I 500
secure
compute
desiderate
PQST1500
"""bt
sept IFrenchl
~ b "
Some Latin-derived words can appear dry and pompous.
Comedians from Moliere to Mrs Bucket have had plenty of mileage
from unnecessarily tortuous circumlocutions. In the sixteenth
century one poor fellow closed a letter to someone he hoped to
impress with 'I relinquish to fatigale your intelligence... .'.
However, quirk and affectation aside, Latin has proved to be a rich
source of new words. Some loan-words have settled in so well that
you would not notice their origin, and their crispness and nuance
help to give English its unequalled richness and variety.
I"J Revision
I Fill the gaps:
lATIN ENGUSH DER1VATIVElSj
ovum-i ~ o l
lucidu$-O-um bri ht
murus-i
slia-oe
folium-i
dubiumi doubt
I
'"
talkative
viri moo
iraluS-O-iJm angry
2 Change the underlined words into the plural and alter any other
(a) Monachus-ne ignavus in agris laborat?
(b) Num discioulus cognatus Luciae est?
(c) Paulus magistri li.b.n!m in bibliotheca spectat.
(d) Num Benedictus aneillae avuneulus est!
3 Write out sanctus-a-um, singular and plural, in all the cases
you have met so far.
4 Check you know these words:
casteUumi episcopus-i
sedet iubet
mox eerte
bonus-aum malus-a-urn

48
BEGINNER'S LATIN UNIT V 49
What English words are derived from these?
5 During the Renaissance many new adjectives were coined from
Latin roots. Identify the English meanings of the Latin nouns
below, and the English adjective derived from the Latin word:
(a) Surely the bishop is not greedy?
(b) The tired students often sit in the field.
(c) Is the lady furious, Stephen?
(d) Do mules work in the dark wood?
Living Latin
1 *Ne nos inducas in tentationem, sed libera a malo.
(Pater Noster)
Do not lead us into temptation bUI free us from evil.
2 *Beati pauperes, quia vestrum est regnum Dei.
(St Luke vi, 20)
Blessed are the poor, for yours is the kingdom of God.
* post-classical
3 Sequitur clades, forte an dolo principis incertum (nam
utrumque auctores prodidere), sed omnibus quae huic urbi
per violentiam ignium acciderunt gravior atque atrocior.
A disaster followed ~ whether accidemal or by Nero's hand no
one knows (both versions have their supporters) - but this city
had never experienced a more serious or damaging fire.
4 Eorum multitudo ingens haud proinde in crimine incendii
quam odio humani generis convicti sunt.
A large number of Christians were condemned, not so much on
any charge of arson but because of their aversion to the human
race.
5 Quamquam adversus sontis et novissima exempla meritos
miseratio oriebatur, tamquam non utilitate publica sed in
saevitiam unius absumerentur.
Despite their guilt and the deserved severity of their
punishment, people began to feel pity because their destruction
was not so much in the interests of the public but rather for the
sadistic amusement of one man.
6 Pervaserat rumor ipso tempore tlagrantis urbis inisse eum
domesticam scaenam et cecinisse Troianum excidium.
(Tacitus, Annals xv. 39)
A TUmour circulated that at the very time of the fire in Rome
Nero had gone on to his stage in the palace and sung of the
Fall of Troy.
saevus-a-um
Icotus-a-um
nocturnol
gulosus-a-um
furiosus-a-um
bibliotheca-ae
magnus-a-um
sanctus-a-um
fessus-a-um
e.g. noctes
" O C " ' ~ ' O " canis c/lvrch
culina house
decem wn
domus brother
ecclesia nights
filius mother
frater dog
mater collie
sol ten
boves kitchen

UNITYI 51
to love
to , ~
to wrile
to hoor
to make, do
o ~ ..
videre
scribere
audire
facere
s/he loves
s/he sees
s/he writes
s/he hOOfS
s/he makes
C1mClt
videt
scribit
C1udit
facit
~ Latin infinitives -re
PI
UNIT VI
The five verbs above each represent a different group (or
conjugation). With the exception of irregular verbs like esse and
posse, all Latin verbs belong to one of these five conjugations.
" In bibliotheca
D Shared endings key
Adjectives: miser, misera, miserum (wretched)
Infinitives-re
Dative case: raJar
About Latin: Latin wanted - dead or alive?
~ Adjectives: miser, misera, miserum (wretched)
The endings of these adjectives are almost identical to those of
sanet-us-a-um but for the nominative masculine singular (ef.
presbytn and molDs). So mulDs miser, mulum miserum,
femina misera, feminam miseram, elc.
-0
-00
-is
mulo, vino: oblotive
mulo, vino: dative ('to.. I far..')
silvae: genitive, nominotive plurol
silvae: dCltive ('to. I for.')
mulis, silvis, vinis: ablative plural
mulis, silvis, vinis: dCltive plurClI ('to.! for.')
These verbs are usually followed by an infinitive (an infinitive of
an English verb is fonned with 'to.... ' , e.g. to see, to believe, to say.
Abbatissa cantare non potest. The abbess is unable to sing.
Pecuniam dare debent. They ought to give some money.
~ Verbs: potest, vult. debet
s/he
'hey
is/ore able
potest
po$5\,1nt
wont(s)
vult
volunt
ought, owe(s)
dobet
debent
Est meridies. Discipuli Stephanusque sunt in bibliotheca.
Scholae magister discipulis historiam Christianorum
bestiarumque narrat.
'Christiani multi in amphitheatro occisi sunt. Romani pro
suffragiis populi ludos faciebant et magnam opulentiam
ostentare volebant. Miseros Christianos! Pagani semper videre
multam saevitiam volunt. Ludos in amphitheatro spectabant
etiam docti, qui eos non saevos sed ineptos existimabant. Nulla
enim victimis erat misericordia. Nunc nobis Iibri non ludi sunt
grati, eho Paule? Age, Paulus-ne nobis recitare potest? Paule?
Ubi est Paulus?'
'Quando Christiani, 0 Domine, in amphitheatro paganos
mutilaverunt?' rogavit Augustinus ex discipulis unus.
'Ubi est Paulus?' inquit Stephanus qui eum non audit.
'Hodie Paulus in culina laborat,' inquit Augustinus.
'Quid? Cur Paulus in culina laborare vult? Adesse in schola
debet. Paulus enim non coquus sed discipu]us est.'

52 BEGINNER'S lATIN UNIT VI 53
!'.iiI Practice (i)
Choose the correct words and translate:
(a) Monachi abbatissam videre non (debet/possunt).
(b) Abbatissa in culina laborare (debet/volunt) sed in ecclesia
monachos spectare (vult/possunt).
,. adesse to be here
amphitheotrum-i [nJ amphitheatre
[ij beast
Christianusj [m] Christion
coquusj [m] cook
debet Is/he} ooght
doctus-i [m] /eorned mon
dominus-i 1m] lord, sir
eos them
erat Is/he,il,there} was
eum him
existimabant (they) rhooghf
faciebant (they) prepared
gratus-a-um pleasing
historio-oe story
ineptus-o-um Foolish
laborare to work
ludusj [m] gome, show
mendies midday
miseros Christianosl wretched
Christians
mutilavenmt (!hey) did mutilate
narrat (s/he) tells, relates
nobis 10 us, for us
nulla misericordia{--ae) no pity
oc:cisi sunt were h/led
opulentia-ae [ij wealth
ostentare to show
paganusj 1m] pogon
populusj [m] people
pro [-+-obl.] in return for
quando when
qui who
rec:itare to recite, read alovd
rogavit (s/he) asked
Romanusj [m] a Roman
soevitia-ae [ij cruelty
spectabant (they) used 10 watch
suffrogium-i [nJ vole
unus one
victimo-oe [ij victim
valebant (they) wonfed
vult, volunt (s/he) wonts, (they) .
Miseros Christianos! Me miserum!
The phrases are both in the accusative without on the face of it
being objects. This expression is called the 'accusative of
exclamation'. The use of the accusative suggests they are implied
objects of a hidden verb.
Dative case: to, for
This is the last of the cases to be studied. If the genitive is the 'of'
case, the ablative the 'by, with, in, on' or 'from' case, then the dative
may be known as the 'to' or 'for' case. 'To' a place, or 'towards'
somewhere, is expressed by ad followed by the accusative (e.g. ad
monasterium to(wards) the monastery). Otherwise 'to' something
or someone is represented by the dative case:
Augustinus Paulo amicus est. Augustine is friendly w...E.mil
(or Augustine is Pauls friend).
Non culinae sed scholae est Nor to the kitchen but to the
Pauli oboedientia! school is Paul's duty!
The word in the dative is commonly an indirect, not direct, object
of a verb:
Paulus Benedicta cibum Paul is bringing food and wine
vinumque portat. for Benedict.
Cibum vinumque is the object in the accusalive, and Benedicto
the indirect object in the dative.
nominative accusative genitive dative ablative
SINGULAR silva silvam silvae silvoe silva
mulus mulum muli mulo mulo
vinum vinum vini vino vino
PLURAL silvae silvos silvorum silvis silvis
muli mulos mulorum mulis mulis
vina vlna vinorum vinis vinis
The dative has a small overlap with the genitive in so far as the
dative may also show possession. The genitive is generally
attached to another noun (e.g. magister whereas the
dative is affected by a verb (often the verb '10 be'). The genitive
tends to emphasise the possessor, and where the dative is used, the
emphasis is on the thing(s) possessed:

54 BEGINNER'S LATIN UNIT VI
55
Sunt Benedicto unguenta. The perfumes are rolfor
Benedict (Benedict has perfumes).
'To' or 'for' will help you find the meaning of the dative, but these
prepositions are sometimes nol appropriate in a final English
version. A word in the dative should be taken closely with the verb
- be this an indirect object, possessive or whatever.
" Augustinus
Mox Stephanus e culina revenit. 'Paulus Don in culina laborat
sed in silvis vaeat.'
'Ex oppido revenit,' inquit Augustinus, qui Paulo est amicus.
'Paulus cibum vinumque ex oppido portal.'
'Cibum vinumque? Quis iussit Paulum ad oppidum ire et
cibum vinumque emere?'
'Et oleum et ova et unguenta,' inquit Augustinus.
'Unguenta? Sumus monachi! Et ova? Hie multa sunt ova.'
'Non salis Benedicto, 0 Magister,' inquit Augustinus. 'Paulus
Benedicto cibum vinumque semper dat. Paulus cuJinae servus
est. '
'Neque coquo neque culinae sed magistro et scholae est Pauli
oboedientia,' clamavit miser magister.
'Sed nunc Paulus Benedicto est servus,' inquit Augustinus,
'et in culina cum ancillis laborat.'
'In culina cum ancillis?'
'Etiam-ne nos possumus in colina laborare, Domine?'
'St! Tacete! Ad libros! Ubi eram?'
'In colina cum ancillis?' rogant discipuli.
'Me miserum! Ah ... in amphitheatro eram.'
.., "'-.-m-_-.'o.--"-_,ou-------------------'
r:JI ..... -v leO' oboedientiooe [ij duty
dot Is/he} gives, ;s giving possumus we are able, can
emere Jo buy $Otis enough
eram I was servus-i [m] serf, $/ave
ire 10 go Stl 5h/
iussrt (s/he} 1oIcJ, ordered tocetel be quieti
miser--aum wrefcMd vocat (s/hel ;$ idle
III Practice (ii)
I Add the missing fonns to the tables:
~ N G U l A R
Nominative oleum
Accusative Nm
Genitive
ri culinae
00....
,
~
Ablative ....
PlURAL
Nominative
Accusative
Genitive culinorvm .....m
Dative
,
uis
Ablative ogris
2 Put each noun in its correct fonn and translate:
(a) (AnciliaiAncillae)
(discipulosldiscipulis)
cibum portat.

About Latin
Latin wanted - dead or alive?
After the Renaissance Latin survived as the language of scholars
and intellectuals. and with Greek was a fertile source for Scientists
and innovators looking for new words and names. The majority of
these aTe unwieldy and obscure, though shorter ones were also
coined, sometimes for wider commercial impact. A scientist will
deliberately choose a long-winded word which has little appeal to
the rest of us because he has to be as precise as he can. Any word
which spills into everyday use, where it may pick up funher,
figurative meanings (e.g. magnet, radical, livid), will lose its value.
57
Some Latin-derived words mean much the same as a native
English word, though tend to be more fonnal: someone who admits
he is 'culpable' is almost too clever to be given the blame (culpa);
to 'concur' (concurrere) is somehow not as supportive as 'agree'.
But this gives the wrong impression of the Latin language, and not
an entirely representative one of its influence on English. There are
also countless shorter words derived from Latin. many via French,
whose origins we hardly notice. Examples with Latin ancestors in
the last few passages are: vacam, data, servile, labour, wine,
doctor, popular, spectator, unit, history, obscure and mural. Some
Latin words have been absorbed in their original fonn, e.g
aborigine, agenda, arena, computer, deficit. facsimile, genius,
junior, miser, rabies, recipe, referendum, series, squalor, status,
video and viros.
The correct fonn of the pluraJ of Latin-derived words remains
debatable. For instance, Latin-derived words which end -um in the
singular change to -a in the plural (e.g. curriculum, curricula);
others are similar according to declension and fonn. The trouble
with this rule is its inconsistency. Some loan-words like circus and
area already had ordinary English plurals before the influx of
further loan-words during the Renaissance. Others such as affidavit
(s/he has affirmed) and recipe (take... Le. ingredients, the first word
of cookjng instructions) are nouns now but in Latin were verbs.
The plural of these can hardly be affidaverunt and recipite, which
are the respective plural fonns in Latin. Should we be receiving
boni in place of bonuses? Referendums is heavier on the ear than
referenda, but agendum is a rather unwieldy singular fonn of
agenda (and though it may offend some, agendas, the 'plural of a
plural', is now commonplace).
A number of Latin-derived words and phrases are current in legal
and other technical uses of English. Recently there has been a
move to rid the language of such obscure archaisms, but will the
awkward phrases or forgettable acronyms which may replace them
be an improvement? In any case, ad hoc, status quo and et cetera
can scarcely be called Latin any more. These words and phrases are
now part of English. And this is a good point to move on, for the
purpose of this course is not to pick over Latin's lifeless present.
but sample the living past.
UNIT VI
01
LJ
I [
I
o
Te
-0
BEGINNER'S LATIN
::J
CJ
(b) Discipulus non (episcopifepiscopo) sed (abbatissaeJ
abbatissa) unguentum dat.
3 Change the underlined words to the singular (other endings
should be changed if affected) and translate the new version:
(a) Episcopus historiam monasterii presbyteris mona-
chisque narral.
(b) Discipuli ignavi Luciam spectant.
(c) Miser mulus sarcinas onerosas semper portat.
(If) Cur andllae cum monachis laborare debent?
56

58 BEGINNER'S LATIN UNIT VI 5.
" Living Latin
1 '" Si monumentum quaeris circumspice.
(Epitaph of Christopher Wren in 5t Paul's Cathedral)
If you seek a memorial, look around you.
2 "'Nihil est in intellectu quod non fuerit in sensu.
(Locke, 17th century)
Excipe: nisi ipse inteIJectus.
(Leibnitz, 17th/18th century)
There is nothing in the mind which exists separate from the
senses.
With one exception: the mind itself
bestia-ae
populus-i
satis
die- (soy)
due- (bring)
fer- {corry, bear}
habit- (live]
iae-fiG(- {lie}
labor- (work}
mit- (send)
part- (corry)
serib- {write}
ven- {come}
Check you know these words:
oarrat dat
dominus-j domina-ae
misera-um qui
ancilJa-ae abbatissa-ae
How many words can you make by matching the prepositions
on the left with the stems on the right - e.g. pre + fer = prefer,
preference, etc.
ad (Io)
con', com', eall- (with, Iogelher)
eontTo- (ogginsl)
de- (down, from)
e(x)- (oul, from)
in-, im- (in, on)
per- (through)
pre- (before)
pro- (forward)
re- (bock)
sub- {under, beneath}
h'ans- (ocross)
6
5
SINGULAR
C o ~ paganusj 1m] oppidumj [n] bestiaae [ij
Poooo towo animal
Nominative
cusative
nitive 0
, ,
stiae
Dalive
Ablative pagano
PLURAL
Nominative
Accusative
,
stios
Genitive onorum
Dative
Ablative
(a) Paul gives much food to the cook.
(b) The student ought to walk not with the maids but with the
monks.
(e) The monks want 10 watch the games but have to work in
the monastery.
(d) Is Lucia able to work in the kitchen?
I'J Revision
1 Make a phrase which is current in English with these words:
(a) initium-i (beginning), ab
(b) annus-j (year), dOnUnus-i (lord, master)
(e) vita-ae (life), curricuJum-i (course)
(d) ceterus-a-um (other, rest), et
(e) nausea-ae (sickness), ad
if) infinitus-a-um (endless), ad
2 Rewrite these sentences, changing the underlined words into
the plural, and translate:
(a) ~ - n e Christianum in ampbitheatro devorat?
(b) Monachus bonus ludos saevos DOD arnat.
(e) PaulUS-De ~ cibum vinumque semper portal?
(d) Cur discipulo l.i..b.nm! magister dat?
3 Add me missing fonns to the table:

60
BEGINNER'S LATIN
3 *Floreas langum, America, 0 beata,
libera et felix vigeas in aevum.
(Samuel Wilson c.18th century)
Blessed America, long may you flourish. and enjoy your freedom
and goodfortune far info the future.
4 *Inter Vietnamiam et Civitates Americae Unitas relationes
diplomaticae coniunguntur. De ea re praesidens Bill Clinton
oratione sollemni in Aedibus Albis die Martis habita
nuntiavit.
(The Finnish Broadcasting Company, Nuntii Latini)
Diplomatic relations between Vietnam and the United States of
America are being restored. On that matter President Bill Clinton
made an announcement in afonnal speech in the White House
on Tuesday.
* post-classical

REVISION I
(UNITS 1-6)
1 Identify the correct form of the nouns In brackets (the
nominative and genitive forms are given):
(0) Abbatissa sanctam timet.
(b) Ova in (episcopus-i)
ignavum caduot.

.2
BEGINNER'S lATIN
REVISJON I (UNITS 1-61 .3
bona fide
angelus
et cetera
recipe
veto
genius
miser
Cicero
mater
circus
pauper
agenda
bonus
data
pater
alibi
alias
video
(a) Are the students tired?
(b) An evil monk cannot live in the monastery.
(e) The furious master gives books to the wretched students.
(d} The mistress's daughter is unable to work in the kitchen.
Surely she ought not to walk with the students?
(e) Can the horses hear the mule in the wood? He is bringing
the horses' food to the monastery.
5 Fill the table with the correct fonns of magnus-a-urn, large,
great:
7 Vespa-ae is (a) a wasp; (b) an abbreviated version of ancient
evensong; (e) an early medieval fonn of bicycle.
Masculine Feminine Nov..,
SINGULAR
Nominative
AcCUloOtive
nitiv
Dative
Ablative
PtuRAl
Nominotive
Accusotive
Genitive
Dative
Ablative
,,6 Pronounce the following words in the recommended classical
manner:
ad
ubi
ex
per
hodie
o
(tf) (Benedictus-i) gulosns
ungueDta (abbatissa-ae)
odorae desiderat.
igitur
cum
nunc
Donne
mox
(e) Liber Augustini non
(discipulus-i) furiosis sed (ancilla-ae)
gratus est.
Do CJ
o
o
saepe
enim
quod
cur
semper
2 Rewrite these sentences, changing underlined words to the
plural, if they are singular, or to the singular if plural. Translate
the new version.
(a) Monachus muros monasterii videre potest.
(b) Misera IDKill.D. semper in culina laborat.
(e) f.Yfi m..u.l.!l cibum dat.
(d) Cur est abbatissa in bibliotheca?
(e) Ludos monachi non spectant.
if) Episcopi-ne in monasteriis habitant?
(g) Monachus feminae aquarn dat.
What do these words mean? 3

-
UNIT VII .5
UNIT VII
II Practice (i)
1 Translate the underlined nouns into Latin in their correct case:
(a) with the abbots
if!
of the trees
(h) in the trees (g) with the father
(c) of the maiden (h) for the maidens
(J) for the father (i) the father's
(e) with the abbot (;) he sees the abbot
3rd dec:lension: ablative
mule, Paule: vocative
mulum: ace.
vinum: nom. ex ace.
3rd declension: gen. pl.
superstltio, superstitionis miles, militis
ox
'""
Soldier
virtus, vlrtutls
love
homo, hominis
pax, pacis
m
ifld
bos, bovis
f110lher
mens, mentis
peace panis, panls mao
Iriflg
sol, solis
V1it
ue
rex, regis
amor, amorts
superstilion
mater, matris
bread
Shanod enWngs key
-is silvis, mulis, \finis: 001. pl. ex abl. pl. -e
3rd declension: genitive
-i muli: nom. pl.; muli: vini: g e n ~ v e -um
3rd declension: dative
"'eS 3rd declension: nom. pl. or ace. pl.
the new version.
(a) Rex in monasterio non habitat.
(b) Monachus bovem in silva videre potest.
(c) Virtutem matris laudant.
(d) Amicus-ne abbatis gratus est militi?
2 Identify the English meanings of each noun (look them up in
the back if necessary):
(a) r(b:-) --,
~ 0 di immortales!
~
SINGUlAR
Nominative abbas
a,b,,, pate, virgo
Accusotive abbot-em arbor-em patr-em virgin-em
Genitive abbat-is arbor-is patr-is virgin-is
Dative abbat-i arbor-i patr-i virgin-i
Ablative abbat-e arbor-e patr-e virgin-e
PLURAL
Nominotive abbot-es arbor-es patr-es virgin-es
Accusative abbot-es arbor-es patr-es virgin-es
Genitive abbot-um arbor-um patr-um virgin-urn
Dative abbot-ibus arbor-ibus patr-ibus virgin-ibus
Ablative abboHbus arbor-ibus patr-ibus virgin-ibus
...
Nouns: third declension
Third declension: neuler nouns -us, -en
Living Latin: Di ImmortaJes
r:t Nouns: third declension
So far you have met the first declension (nouns like silva) and the
second declension (nouns like mulDs, magister and vinum). Now
for the third. These nouns have many different nominative forms, but
the genitive (remember a dictionary will give this form as well) of all
third declension nouns is -is. The genitive will aJso show you the
noun's stem as it appears in all cases other than the nominative, e.g.
abbas, abbatis {stem: abbat-} abbot
arbor, orboris (stem: arbor-) free
pater, patris (stem: patrol father
virgo, virginis (stem: virgin-) maiden, girl

Stephanus discipulis fessis Romae historiam adhuc narrabat.
'At Romanis eranl multi dei deaeque. Iuppiter deus erat caeli,
Diana silvarum et venationis, Mars belli et militum, Venus
amaris, Neptunus aequoris, Apollo solis et carminum.
Quomodo autem possumus, ut dicit onus ex sauctis,
"commemorari omnia nomina deorum et dearum?" Quis vera
sapiens piusque in tot deos credere potest?'
'Liberum amo!' susurravitAugustinus.
'Quid?'
'Nihil, Magister.'
'Quid dixisti?'
'Librum amo.'
'Bene. Mox librum recitabis exscribesque. Ubi cram? ... Dei
deaeque ergo in fabulis male se gerebant, et nunc nobis iJlae
superstitiones sunt exempla turpitudinis. Neque coim virtutcm
laudabant neque animas hominum curabant. Deus tamen,
creator terrae caelique hominumque bestiarumque, semper nos
omnes curat. ''Num,'' ut dicit sanctus Boethius, "Deus facere
malum potest?" Nos sumus omnes semper carissimi Deo...'
'Magister, ecce Paulus!' Augustinus clamavit.
' .... fortasse praeter Pauium. Ubi est ille delinquens?' inquit
Stephanus, et ad fenestram festinavit. 'Nihil videre possum nisi
boyes ovesque.'
'Paulus sub arboribus cum virgine ambulat.'
'Cum virgine?' Stephanus Paulum et Luciam conspexit.
'Mehercule,' inquit, 'ma est virgo!' et statim discipuli libros
reliquerunt et ad fenestram festinaverunt. 'Ad libros, 0 inepti,
ad libros! Cibum vinumque scilicet! Paulus modo cum ancillis
modo cum virgine vacat. 0 di immortales!'
~ The third declension: neuter nouns -us, -en
Like all neuter nouns, the nominative and accusative endings are
the same, with the plural always -3. Do not confuse nouns like
mulus with 3rd declension neuter nouns like tempus. Having
learned the ending -urn to be the object ending of -us, you now
have to recognise that -us may be an object ending itself! The
genitive, dative and ablative endings are the same as those of other
3rd declension nouns:
..
adhuc slill
aequor-is [n] water, sea
oliquis someone
omo llove
amor-is [m]
anima-ae [ij
at but, yel
BEGINNER'S lATIN
autem however
bellum-i [n] war
bene fine
caelum-i [n] heaven, sky
carissimus-a'um very dear, special
carmeninis [n] song, poem
c1amavit (s/he] shouted
UNITYll
commemOf'Ori 10 remember, relate
conspexit Is/he) caughl Sight of
creator-is [m] creator
credere 10 believe
curat [+ace.] (s/he} cares for
(curabont) (they) cored for
dea-ae [ij goddess
deus-i (n,pl : dil [m] god
di immortales immortal gods
dicit (dixistil (s/he) soys (you said)
~ c e look
exemplum-i [n] example, proof
exscribes you will wrile Oul
facere 10 do, make
fenestra-ae lij window
festinaverunt (they) hurried
fortasse perhaps
homo-inis [m] man
ilia that, she
iIIae those
iIIe delinquens that delinquent
luppiter Jupiter
laudabont (they) praised
liber-bri [m] book
liber-i [m] Liber, god of wine
male se gerebant (they)
conducted themselves badly
meherculel weill be Herculesl
milesitis [m] soldier
modo . modo one minute .
the next
narrabat Is/he) was recoonling
nihil nothing
nisi except
nomina [ace.] [0] names
omnia [n.pl.] all
pius-a-um pious, dUliful
possum (possumus) I am able
(we...)
praeter [-+-occ.] excepl, besides
quomodo how
rec:itobis you will recite
reliquerunt (they) left
sapiens Wise
scilicetl my foot!
sol-is [m] sun
sub [-+-obl.] beneath
superstitio-nis lij superstition
susurravit Is/he) whispered
tot so many
turpitudo-inis [ij disgraceful
behaviour
ut as
vacat Is/he) idles
venotio-nis [ij hunt
virtus-tutis [ij courage, virtue
67

In culina ancillae streDuae cenam magnam paraot; Dam hodie
abbatem ex abbatum convocatione exspectant. Aliae igitur
potiones aliae camem aliae panem aliae crusta aliae fruges
parant. Deinde operibus fessae in horto requiescunt.
Mox Paulum et Luciam conspexerunt. 'Quis est iIla? Quid
est puelJae nomen?' rogavit una ex ancillis.
'Filia est Comitis Karoli, nomine Lucia,' inquit alia. Nunc
anciJIae possunt videre abbatissam abbatemque qui Luciam
salu13nt. lnterea Benedictus culinam intravit.
'Age, tempus fugit!' clamavit coquus. 'Ubi sunt unguenta
vinaque? Ubi est ignavus servus?'
'ffic est puer, Pater Benedicte, nunc Paulus adest.'
'Dico vobis, puer ilIe ignavus cum diabolo ambulat .... Sancta
Maria! Paulus cum abbatissa ambulat? Num abbatissa salutem
dicit puero? Quid fit? Nunc puer abbati salutem dicit! Die mihi,
nam scire volo: quis est ilia virgo? Est-ne puer nunc magnus et
abbati amicus? Paulo gratiam et munera praebeo, sed quid iIle
puer Benedicto dat?'
'Ecce, nunc venit.'
'Videre est credere.'
Una ancillarum e culina ad Paulum festinavit. 'Age, Paule,
Pater Benedictus sarcinas desiderat!'
Paulus 'ubi Patris Benedicti,' inquit, 'est temperantia?'
-
68 BEGINNER'S lAnN
.......
,-
I connen ............, rv'W><n

Nominative lompu.

lompu.
Genitive
--
c:antNr'II$
o.m..
-
connln,
.........
cannlne
PlURAL
Nominative
......... connina
Accusative .....para connina
Genitive
....."""'m
c:anninum
""""
tempon"bus cannin!
.....

connlN
Practice (ii)
1 Identify the English meanings of each noun:
opus, operis
gift
bodY
nomen, nominis
munus, muneris
WO,*
name
corpus, corporis
(a) the names of the abbots (tf) the bodies of the beasts
(b) mother's gifts (e) the songs of the abbot
(e) many tasks if) (with) pleasing songs
Paulus cum diabolo ambulat
Shared endings key
tempus: or acc. fren'lpora. carmina: or ace. pl.
muIus: nom. r.iMJ: nom. or obi.
vinCI: nom. pl. Of occ. pl.
UNIT VII
adest (s/he};s here
age come onl
alia another (person)
aliae. aliae some .. others
amkus-i 1m] friend
Karolus-i [m] Charles
caro, camis flesh, meol
cena-oe dinner
comes-itis [m] coont
conspexerunt (they) caught sight of
convoccrfio.nis COIIference
cru5tum-j In] pastry, coke
dot (slheJ gives
diabolus-i [m] devil
dk mihi IeII me
dka vobis
exspectant (theyJ woil lor
festinavit (s/he) hurried
frux-gis fruit
fugit (s/he/it) flees, Ries
gratia-ae fovoor
hic here
hortus-i [m] garden
iIIe 1m], ilia he/she, thaI
interea meonwhile
introvit (s/heJ &nJttred
nom ro,
panis-is 1m] bread
parant (they) prepore
possunt (theyj are oWe
potio-nis (ij drink
praebeo , give, oIfe,-
qui who
quid fit? wfIot's going on?
6.

70 BEGINNER'S LATIN UNIT VII
71
Countless stories from Greek mythology were unravelled in Latin
and with came their gods: Zeus, Aphrodite, Ares, Hephaistos
and ArtemiS were absorbed and further embellished in Jupiter,
Venus. Mars, Vulcan and Diana. These pagan gods were not only
pagan, they were immoral. The stories about them were so
appealing to the monks that after overcoming resistance they came
to settle on monastic shelves as allegories, not heresies.
1 the god of the forge, finds his wife Venus is having a fling
with Mars, the god of war. So using his skills, Vulcan sets a trap.
Vt venere torum coniunx et adulter in unum,
artc viri vinclisque nova ratione paratis
in mediis ambo deprensi amplexibus haerent.
Lemnius extemplo valvas patefecit eburnas
inmisitque deos; ilIi iacuere ligati
turpiter, atque aliquis de dis non tristibus optat
sic fieri turpis; superi risere diuque
haec fuit in toto notissima fabula caelo.
When his wife and her adulterer came together on the couch,
by his skill and with the chains which he had so cleverly set up,
they were both caught fast in each other's arms. Immediately
the Lemnian god opened the ivory doors and let in the other
gods: there the nvo lay in their shaming bondage - and one of
the gods, who were much tickled, wished he could be so
ashamed. The gods laughed, andfor a long time this story went
the rounds of heaven.
(Ovid, Melamorphoses iv, 182-9)
requiescunt f/hey} rekJx
solutant (they} greel
solutem dicit (,/he) says hello
sc;ire 10 know
" Living Latin
Di Immortales
strenuus-a-um energetic
temperantiaoe [fJ restraint
YOlo I won'
2 In anolher story Venus gently brings her husband round to her
way of thinking.
Dixerat et niveis hinc atque hinc diva lacertis
cunctantem amplexu molli fovet. rue repente
accepit solitam flammam, notusque medullas
intravit calor et labefacta per ossa cucurrit.
Venus finished speaking, and slipping her snow-white arms this
way and that, wraps him lip in a cuddle. He hesitates. Then
suddenly he felt that familiar rush and recognised the glow as
it penetrated his innermost core flickering through his
trembling bones.
(Virgil, Aeneid viii, 387-390)
3 Lucretius, a poet-philosopher and contemporary of Cicero, had
little time for the gods.
Quippe ita fonnido mortalis continet omnis,
quod multa in terris fieri caeloque tuentur
quorum operum causas nulla ratione videre
possunt ac fieri divino numine rentur.
(Lucretius, De Rerum Natura i, 151--4)
There's no question all mortals are repressed by fear: they see
many phenomena on earth and in the sky which they are unable
to account for with any rational explanation, so they imagine
them to be the work of gods.
II Revision
1 Fill the gaps'
CASE CorpU5, homo, pcmo,
Corpon5 [n] homini5 [mJ pcmoni5 [fJ
body man, person drinlc
SINGUlAR
Nominative
(arDU5
Accusative
hominem
Genitive
;,
Do"",
,
Abla"'"

p g ,
72 BEGINNER'S LATIN
PLURAL
Nominotive
ccusotive corpora potlones
Genitive hominum
Dative
Ablative
2 Rewrite these sentences makin the underlined words lural:
(a) Munus discipuli dominae gratum est.
(b) Num magister in superstitionem credit?
(c) Augustinus carmen vireini recitat.
(d) Monachus pacem, miles bellum desiderat.
nomen-inis
nihil
interea
nam
age!
(a) Who is the goddess of love? Is it Diana?
(b) The abbess walks with Father Benedict into the wood.
(c) Are the maiden's songs pleasing to the abbot?
(d) Why does Benedict always long for meat, bread and cakes?
abbas-atis pax-cIS
amor-is corpus-oris
arbor-is tempus-oris
virgo-inis opuseris
pater-tris munus-eris,
mater-tris superstitio-nis
homo-inis carmen-inis

UNIT VIII
Present tense: amo (l[ove), amare (to love) (first conjugation
verbs)
Present tense: moneo (/ warn), monere (to warn) (second
conjugation verbs)
Future tense: amo, amare; moneo, monere
living LAtin: Brotherly love
~ Present tense: amo (J loue), amare (to loue)
For the different ways we express the present tense in English, see
'Verbs' in the Key for grammatical words. in lhe Introduction.
I love {om loving/do lovel
you (singular) love (are lovingldo love)
s/he, illol'e$ (is loving/does /eve)
we love (are loving /do love)
you (plVfOI) love (are lovingkJo IoveJ
/hf,y Jove (ore lovingA:Jo love}
am'o
am-as
am-ot
om'omus
am-otis
am-cmf
II Practice (i)
1 All these verbs belong to the first conjugation, and have
endings like arnOt amare. Match each one to its English
meaning (look in the vocabulary section if necessary):

UNIT VIII
II Practice (ii)
1 Match each verb to its English meaning:
(a) ;::(b:.c) -,
d Present tense: moneo (1 warn).
~ monere (to warn)
The endings of verbs likc amare and those like monere are very
similar but for the 'a' and 'e'. Amare belongs to the ftrst
conjugation, monere to the second (there are five conjugations in
all, the third, fourth and fifth all being fairly similar).
14 BEGINNER'S LATIN
(0) (b)
ambulo-are .,.
Intro-are
"""
desidefo-are -, laudo-are mutilate
habito-are
.... rnonstro-are
P""
laboto--are
_tor
mutilo-are
.edt.
paro-are
~ nalTo-are
""""""BN puta-are
thin/<
~ ~ ~
"'-"'"
fogo-are
we"
reclto-are
showlpoint out
salutCHlre
speeto-are
we"" servo-are tolerate
-
-y
tolero-are
(c) (d)
curo-are care tor/lOOk ahe" aestlm(Hlre
huny
be empty/idle
damno-are
""""'mn
canto-are
do-are
ea' castigo-are
. te/V8.1U
8
devoro-are explain
clarno-are
es
llrn3
preach
equlto-are
'"
exspecto-are
PUnish
expllco-are
give
festino-are
-'
sta-are
sland
"""
ostento-are
show off"
Sing
susurro-are praedJco-are
valita-are whisper vaco-are
wait fo"
I worn (am worningA:Jo worn)
roo (singulor) worn (are worningldo wornJ
sfhe, if worm (is worningA:/oes worn]
we worn (are worning..& worn)
you (piuroQ worn (are worningldo worn)
they worn (are worningldo worn]
~ -
mon..s
mon..t
mon'emus
monetis
mon-e"t
* These Latin verbs take an object in the accusative even though
the English has a preposition to complete the meaning: e.g. mulum
curat slhe cares for the mule.
2 Translate the underlined verbs into Latin:
(a) They YUli1...fur the student.
(b) We Illili& the monk.
(c) He i>..il!k.
(d) You are working, boys.
(e) I am reciting a poem.
if) T h e y ~ .
(g) He does nol ~
(h) Thcy are preparing dinncr.
(i) She ~ Augustine.
(/) Horses do not fu.
(k) The bishop is preaching.
(l) The cook looks aftcr the wine.
(m) Why are you punjshing Ihe student, Stephen?
(a) ~ in the field.
(b) They fear the woods.
(c) She is warning the maids.
(d) Are yOIl laughing, students?
(e) We stay in the monastery.
(j) Do they reply?
(g) Are you teachino the students, Stephen?
(h) They grieve in the church.

" Quanti diligentiam aestimas?
'Sancti igitur,' inquit Stephanus, 'exempta nobis virtutum et
pagani vitiorum monstrant. Sancti nos vitam bonam, pagani
malam, docent. Carmina quidem Romana superstitionibus
fabulisque deorum sunt plena; sed Donne poetae deos esse
falsos putaverunt? Lucretius eerte in ilJos Don credidit et
originem superstitionum sic explicat: I<Pormido mor/ales
continet om"es". Nunc poetarum opera magni aestimamus et in
monasterii bibliotheca servamus: fabulas coim sicut allegorias
tolerabimus nec damnabimus. Nos fortunatos! Nunc multos
carminum Iibros in bibliotheca habemus. Nunc ergo ad
legendum .... hoc opus, hie labor est.'
'Cur tibi soli mortui poetae sunt grati, 0 Pater Stephane?'
inquit Augustinus. 'Poeta Martialis olim dicebat: "Nee laudas
nisi morluas poe/as".'
'Hodie,o pueri, opus non Martialis sed Vergilii recitabimus:
"Aurora in/erea miseris mor/alibus almam ex/uleral lucem
referens opera a/que labores .... " Quis est iIIe?'
'Ignoseas, Pater Stephane.'
'Paule? Nunc ades? 0 male discipule! Cur lascive in silvis
vacas ubi in bibliotheca adesse debes? Dolebis eerte, 0 puer, et
te castigabo.'
'Magister, erat puella in silva.'
'Ita vero.'
'Saucia erat.'
'Sancia, puto, amore.'
'Ex equo cecidit, Magister.'
'Cecidit scilicet, puer. Vnde? De eaelo? Equus-ne in caelo
volitabat? Vt poma de arboribus sie virgines de caelo cadunt?'
Alii discipuli rident.
'Magister, vera tibi dieo.'
'Vera? 0 tempora 0 mores! Potas-ne studia esse nugas?
Quanti diligentiam aestimas?'
'Magni, Pater Stepbaoe, magni.'
'0 Paule, magister non saevus sum, sed diligentiam te
docebo. Vides-ne bunc librum?'
'Video, Magister.'
'Hodie liber est exscribendus; etiam in noctem, si necesse est,
laborabis.'
'Hodie?'
7.
Shared endings key
-es 3rd declension: nom. pl. Of
occ;. pl.
monel: 'you.' Is.)
-a.
BEGINNER'S lATIN
lsi dedension: ace. pl.
(silvas)
omos: 'you: (5.)
UNIT VIII
ad legendum fro (our) reading
agamus we should do
alii the other
allegaria-ae [ij ol/egoty
"Auroro..." l.OO Unit I
cadunt (they) foil
cecidit (s/he) fell
cem at Ieosl, of course
credidit (s/he) believed
de [+abl.J from, about
dicebat Is/he} said
diligenria-ae [ij attentiveness
erga so, therefore
exemplumi [n] example,
precedent
exscribendus-a-um to be
written au'
fabula-ae [ij story
falsus'a-um Folse
"formido..." l.OO Unit VII
fortunatus-a-um happy, IlJCky
hoc... hie this... this
hune this
in ilIos in them
loborobis you will work
lobM-is [mJ WClIi
lascive wontonly
77
magni much, greolly
mortuus-a-um dead
nee ond...not
nugae-arum {pl.] triRes, nonsenM
o temporo a maresl l.OO Unit I
olim once (upon a hme)
ariga-inis [ij Ol'igin
pagonus-i [m] pogon
plenus-a-um [+abl.J filled (with]
poetaae 1m] poet
pamum-i [n] fruil
putaverunt {they} thought
quanti how much, at what value
quidem in Foct
sauciusaum wounded, sminen
si if
sic thus
sieut jusl os, as if
salus-o-um only, olone
studium-j [n] 5fudy
ribi [dotive] (101 you
talero-are endure, support
uncle from where
ut a'
vita-ae [ij life
vitium-i [n] vice
valitabot (s/he, it1 wos flying

78 BEGINNER.'S LATIN UNIT VIII
79
(b) Pater Benedictus ..................
Pill Practice (iii)
1 Identify the correct endings of canto, cantare and iaceo,
iacere:
(a) Corpus in terra .
~ Future tense: amo, amare; moneo, monere
The future tense is expressed in English with the belp of auxiliaries
(shall, will. going to). In Latin there's only one word to cover the
pronoun (l, you, he, etc.) and the tense itself. So, not so many
words to remember, but once more the inevitable endings; at least
they are the same for both verbs:
(0) She will warn the abbot.
(b) Will they love the songs?
(c) We shall praise courage.
(d) YQy, boys, will sit in the garden.
(e) Paul, will you sing to me?
if) We shall order the students to recite the songs.
(g) The abbot will preach in the church.
(h) Now you will see the bishop, Father Stephen.
(i) We shall stay in the monastery.
Disputet philosophus vaeuo eratere,
seiat quia minus est seire quam habere.'
" Quis philosophus esse vult?
Lucia et abbatissa et episcopus prope portam monasterii stant,
ubi equos raedamque exspectant. Mox abbas e monasterio
venit et eis vale dicit; deinde duo ramuli viatoribus equos et
raedam e stabulo ducunt. Lucia tamen ipsa non equitabit quod
adhuc convalescit, sed cum abbatissa in raeda sedebit. Nunc
episeopus in equum aseendit et sub arbores cum raeda equitat.
[nterea in bibliotheca Paulus et Augustinus adhuc laborant;
duos enim Stephanus iussit regulam monaehorum per totum
diem exscribere. Nunc Augustinus e fenestra viatores
monasterium relinquentes conspexit: 'Illie tua virgo
monasterium relinquit. Earn-ne videre vis?'
'Num adhuc vaeas, Augustine? Opus perfieere debemus,'
inquit Paulus.
'Scribere est lentum et difficile: ''Nom vigilare leve est,
pervigilare grave est", ut dicit Martialis. Ecce ilia virgo: est
abbati abbatissaeque arnica; etiam, puto, opulenta. Et tu,
Paule, scientiarn an pecuniam habere vis? an amorem?'
'Sst! Nunc est scribendum.'
'Quis philosopbus vel tbeologus esse vult? Ego volo divitias
habere:
mone-bo
m o m ~ ..bis
mone-bit
mone-bimu$
mone-bitis
mone-bunt
' u t u ~
I shan worn
you ($.) will wom
'/he, it will worn
we shoji worn
you {pl.} will worn
they will warn
ama-bo
oma-his
amo-bit
ama-bimus
amabitis
amabunt
I sholl love
)'00 (s.} will love
slhe, it will love
we sholl love
you {pl.} willlovs
they will love

-
=LA=":::N
..., omica-ae [' .,"JL, __ J h'lo h
IJ "1J1tffJ(J P I sop us-j 1m]
an 01' porto-oe In gale
conspexit (s/heJ caught sight 01 prope [+acc.) near
deinde #hen quam 1hon
dicit (s/heJ 5O)'S quia thol
per totum diem 0" cloy long raeda-oe lij corrioge
diHkile difficull regula-oe If! nAe
disputet let (him/hM} di$plJ1e relinquentes leaving
divitiae-anJm [pl.] riches relinquit (s/heJ leaves
ducunt {/hey} bring sciat leI (him/her} know
duos two scientio-ae If! knowledge
earn her scribendus-o-um shoold be
eis 10 /hem wrilten
eX$cribere 10 wrile 0111 stabulumj [n] slable
famulus-i (m] attendant sub [+occ./abl.] under
grave serious theologus-i [m] theologion
iIIic over there tul,l$-o-um your
iussit Is/he) Iold, ordered ut as
leve unimporlant vacuo cratere with on empty bowl
Martialis-js Martial vale dicit Is/he} soys goodbye
minus leu vel or
apulentus-a-um viator-is 1m] traveller
pecunio-oe [ij manay vigilare 10 lie awoke
perfkere 10 lini$h vis you wan'
pervigilare '0 lie owake 011 nigh'
Under the emperors the facade of republican government
continued with elections, consulships and meetings of the
senate, but a revolution of power had occurred, from oligarchy
of nobles to an absolute ruler influenced by counsellors and
favourites. Political rivalries within the republic had seldom
been resolved without bloodshed, and although the absolute
power of an emperor may not have pleased what was left of the
old republican nobility, many less influential people will have
welcomed the security and safety which a single authority
brought.
Even the murder of Nero's step-brother, Britannicus, failed to
ex.cite much reaction beyond the walls of the dining-room
where he was poisoned:
(Nero) ut erat reclinis et nescio similis solitum ita ait per
comitialem morbum quo prima ab infantia adflictaretur
Britannicus, et redituros paulatim visus sensusque. Ita post
breve silentium repetita convivii laetitia. Nox eadem necem
Britannici et rogum coniunxit, proviso ante funebri paratu,
qui modicus fuit. In campo tamen Martis sepultus est adeo
turbidis imbribus, ut vulgus iram deum portendi crediderit
adversus facinus cui plerique etiam hominum ignoscebant,
antiquas fratrum discordias et insociabile regnum
aestimantes.
Nero just lay there feigning ignorance, and remarked that
Britmmicus had suffered from epilepsy since childhood alld
this was one of the symptoms; little by little, he told them,
Britannicus would recover his sight and senses, And so, after a
brief silence, the jollity of dinner was resumed. Britallflicus
meallwhile was buried the same llight, since arrangements for
the juneral- a rather modest one - had been taken care of He
was buried in the Field of Mars amid sitch a violent rai'lstonn
tllat ordinary folk believed it to be a sign of ,he gods' anger.
Most people COlldoned the murder, putting it down to age-old
feuds of brothers and a power which could n01 be shared.
(Tacitus, Annals xiii, 16-17)
" Living Latin
Brotherly love
1 The 'republic' of ancient Rome was an oligarchy of aristocrats
tempered by public elections of questionable influence. From
time to time ambitious individuals upset the balance of this
oligarchy, only for it to be restored by a concession or
something underhand. However, in the first century BC, Julius
Caesar and Octavian each gained supreme power having
survived the efforts of Pompey to oppose one, and Mark
Antony the other. Octavian defeated Antony (and Cleopatra) al
the. battle of Actium in 32 BC, and consolidated his authority,
taking the name' Augustus'. He was succeeded by Tiberius,
Tiberius by Caligula, Caligula by Claudius, and Claudius by
Nero, and so a dynasty of emperors was created.
!
.
j
I
UNIT VIII
81

2 Change the underlined verbs into the present tense and translate:
(0) 0 Domina, cur dolebis?
(b) Pbilosophiam te 0 Paule.
(c) Labores in agris non tolerabimus.
(d) Nonne, I) Virgo, Augustinum
CASE
munus (n1 labor 1m]
deus (m1
muneris lobor1s ollegorioe dei
gift
toil 0/"""'"
god
SINGULAR
Nominative
lobor all oria deu.
Accul.Otive
deum
Genitive
loboris
Dative
all orioe
Ablative
munere
PLURAL
Nominative
ollegorioe dei di
Accu$Otive munera
Genitive
loborum
Dative
Ablative
3 Fill the gaps:
(a) The abbess will prepare a large
(b) Are the students still working in the hbrary?
(c) What are you whispering, Lucia?
(d) They will grieve in the church.
S Check you know these words:
83
paroare
canto-are
habeo-ere
timeo-ere
nisi
ergo
fabula-ae
pecunia-ae
curo-are
oro-are
debeo-ere
video-ere
s;
sicut
deinde
studium-i
susurro-are
recito-are
do-dare
doceo-ere
rideo-ere
ut
olim
labor-is
minus
UNrrVIII 82 BEGINNER'S LATIN
2 Worldy politics seem very distant to the poet Martial, who lived
during Nero's reign. His problems start with his neighbour - a
teacher:
Vicini somnum nOD tota node rogamus:
Dam vigilare leve est, pervigiJare grave est.
Discipu]os dimilte tuos. Vis, garru]e, quantum
accipis ut clames, accipere ut taceas?
(Martial, Epigrams ix, 68, 9-12)
We neighbours do not ask for sleep all night long: some loss of
sleep is neither here nor there, bid to lie awake the whole flight
is no joke. Dismiss your studems. Tell me, you chatterbox, do
yOIl wam to earn as milch as yOIl are paid to make your din -
just to keep quiet?
3 Virgil, Horace and other poets were considered 'classics'
almost while they were still alive. The "dead poets' society" is
something Martial is not quite ready to join:
Miraris veteres, Vacerra, solos
nee laudas nisi mortuos poetas.
Ignoscas petimus, Vacerra: tanti
non est, ut placeam tibi, perire.
(Martial, Epigrams viii, 69)
YOII like only rhe ancient poets, Vacerra, and give no acclaim
unless they are dead. Pray forgive me, Vacerra, but I don't wish
to die jllst to keep you happy.

1 Change the underlined verbs into the future tense aDd translate:
(a) Equi in caelo volitant.
(b) In ecclesia wk2.
(c) Discipulos somnulentos casligant.
(d) Lucia mihi in ecclesia susurrat.

UNIT IX
85
(e) a disgraceful superstition
(j) a soft tunic
(g) for the brave soldiers
(h) a sweet mistress
Ca) (with) all the students
(b) a brief song
(c) difficult tasks
(d) of humble monks
brevis
disgraceful
brie' cruclells -,
sweet
faelIIs
..-
dlfflcilis
fortIs
gracilis
' " ' ~
gravis
soft
mirabllls
t e r r i ~
humllls
easy
terribllis
sad
levis
hu_
tristls
useful
maills trivial
utllls marvellous
nobilia
brave
dulcis
diffiCUlt
lurpls nobte fidells
faithful
" Regula monachorum
Augustinus de Lucia adhuc cogitat: ''IUa arnica monasterium
reliquit, et ex oculis evanuit,' Paulo inquit Augustinus.
'lila non arnica est mea.'
'Non tua vero? Bene. Ego virginem salutabo. Quis seit?
Fortes Fortuna adiuvat, ut dieunt poetae.'
'0 satis poetarum, Augustine; opus perfieere debes.'
'Dulcis arnica, tu es mirabilis, et me Cupido inflammat
amore. Carmina tibi, Lucia, dedicabo .. vel hoc Propertii: Dum
nos/ala sinunt oculos satiemus amort. Vel hoc Catulli: Vivamus
mea Lucio. atque amemus.'
'Salis carminum, amiee! Nunc exscribendum, si tibi placet,
silentio.'
'Ignoscas si tibi sum molestus,' inquit Augustinus, et librum
spectal. Omnes paginae sunt abbatum monachorumque regulis
plenae. Stephaous disci pulos duos monachorum regulas
II Practice (i)
1 Match the Latin and English adjectives:
<aJ (b)
omnis oJt every
CASE MASC./FEM. NEUTER
SINGUlAR
Nominative +yoc. omn-is omn-e
"
-
-
Ablative omn-i
PlURAl
Nominative omn15 omn-Ki
Accu$OtiYe omn.... omn-ia
;' omn-ium
Do'
omn-ibus
-
omn-ibus
UNIT IX
Third declension adjectives
Adjectives ending -odus, -Dda, -ndum (gerundives)
Living Latin: Speculator amicae
~ Third declension adjectives
Adjectives like sanctus have endings identical to the nouns mulus,
silva and vinum, and agree with the noun they qualify. A noun and
adjective in agreement may have matching endings, e.g. mul.us.
bonl!S a good mule. but not always so, e.g. virgQ laetB a cheerful
maiden, or magnJilll op.us. a great work.
There are some adjectives which do not have endings like sanclus,
but are similar to third declension nouns. The ablative usually ends
.i, and the nculer singular -C
t
otherwise they are identical to the
third declension. There is no difference between masculine and
feminine forms:

86
BEGINNER'S LATIN UNIT IX 87
exscribere iusserat omnes. 'Num totum librum exscribere
debeo?' rogavit Augustinus.
'Ita vero,' respondit Paulus, et Augustinus tandem scribere
incipit: 1.. .. Dominum Deum diligere. II... Non occidere.lII. ... Non
adulterare. IV, ... Non faure furtum. v. ... Mortuum sepelire. VI....
Iniuriam non jacere. VIl.. .. Inimicos diligere. VIIl. ... Non falsum
testimonium dicere. IX... Nudum vestire. X.... Infinnum visitare.
XL.. Non esse superbum. XlI.... lnvidiam non exercere. XlIl. ...
Castitalem amare. XIV,... NOll esse vina/entum.... '10 Benedicte!'
et cantat: 'Bibat ille, bibat ilia, bihat servus et ancilla. '
gender. It is called a 'gerundive', and usually carries a sense of
obligation ('should', 'ought', 'must'):
Virgo amanda est. The girl is to be loved
(ought to be loved).
Stephanus monendus est. Stephen is to be warned
(should be warned).
A gerundive is always passive. This means the subject is 'done to',
not the 'doer' (i.e. in the examples above, virgo is loved, not doing
the loving, and Stephanus is to be warned, not doing the warning).
~ Adjectives ending -ndus, -nda. -ndum
The girl's name 'Amanda' comes from the Latin for 'to-be-Ioved':
Virgo amanda a girl to be loved
Amandus-a-um is an adjective with the same endings as sanctus-
a-urn. It is formed from a verb (amo, amare) but behaves exaclly
like an adjective, agreeing with its noun in number, case and
pj adiuvat (s/he) helps
amemU$ leI us love
bibat let [him/her} drink
C:Qstitas-tatis [ij chostity
Catullus-j Colvl/us
cogito-are think
Cupido-inis Cupid
diligere 10 Jove
dum while, as long as
evanuit {s/he} has vonjshed
fatum-i (n] fole
furtum-i [n] theft
hoc Ihis
incipit Is/he) begins
infjrmus-a-um sick
inflammo-are inflame
inimicus-i [m] enemy
iniuria-ae [ ~ harm
invidia-ae [ ~ grudge, jealousy
iusserat Is/he} had ordered
meus-a-um my
molestus-a-um Iroublesome
occidere 10 kill
oculus-i [m] eye
pagino-oe { ~ page
placeo-ere please
Propertius-i Propenjus
reliquit Is/he} has left
rogavit Is/he) asked
satiemus lei us fill
sotis enough
scit (s/he) knows
sepelire 10 bury
silentium-i In] silence
sinunt {Ihey} allow
superbus-a-um proud
tandem ol/osl
tu [nom_] you
tuus-o-um your
vestire 10 clothe
vinolentus-o-um fond of booz.e
vivamus lei us live
The first conjugation (-are verbs) end -andus, all the remainder
-endus:
amandus-a-um
monendus-a-um
agendus-a-um, etc.
~ Practice (ii)
1 Match the Latin phrases to their English meanings:
a monk 10 be praised; 0 maid 10 be admired; on abbess 10 be revered; on abbal
10 be revered; gifts 10 be djs/ribuled; a rong nol Ia be heard; lasks Ia be done;
words 10 be added
carmen non oudiendum
abbatissa reverendo
opera ogendo
monoehus laudandus
munera dividendo
verba addenda
obbas reverendus
oneillo miranda
2 Identify the correct fonn of the gerundive, and translate:
e.g. Ancilla (laudo, laudare, laudandus-a-um) est.
Ancilla laudanda est. The maid should be praised.

'Regula? Immo, 0 Domine, Don dormio.'
'Nunc regula est perficienda!'
'Ita vero Pater Stephane. Cogitabam de regulis.'
'Cogitabas an dormiebas?'
'Ignoscas, Domine. Ego fessus sum.' Subito Stephanus et
Augustinus horreodum clamorem audiunt. Unus ex mooachis
io mooasterio magoa voce ululare incipit.
'Quis est ilIe? Audivisti-ne?' Stephaous ad fenestram
festinavit. 'Dlic Tbeodorus e silva currit. Cur Theodorus
territus est?' et Stepbanus celeriter bibliothecam reliquit.
aa
(b) Milites non (arno, amare,
amandus-a-um) sunt.
BfGINNEIl:'S lATlN
(0) Abbas (audio, audire
audiendus-a-um) est.
(e) Opus (perficio, perficere,
perficiendus-a-um) est.
UNIT IX
III abiit {s/heJ wen' away
audivisti yw heard
dama.--is [m] shoot, cry
(ogitabam, (ogitabas I was
thinking, you _
cantentia-nis [ ~ dispute,
competition
(ar-dis [n] hearl
(urrit (s/he) runs
d. {+abl.] about
dalus-i [m] deceit
darmiebas you were sleeping
darmia, darmis I, you sleep
ex(ita-are wake, arouse
hanaro-are honour
harrendus-a-um fearful, to be
leo""
iam now, already
imma no, on the contrary
iudicium-i [n) trio/, judgment
libellus-i 1m] lime book
murmuro-are murmur
nee mufta past not long
afterwords
obdai'mit (s/hei his asleep
ahe woo
aper. perfecta with the tosk
completed
as, aris [n] mouth
praepaner. to prefer
proferre /0 put Forward
s(ribit Is/he) writes
samnus-j 1m] sleep
ulula-are howl
v.ritas-tatis [ ~ truth
vax, vac:is [ ~ voice
a.
" Ohe, libeller
Nunc Paulus opere perfecto abiit, sed Augustinus adhuc
scribit:
..... XXVll. .. diem iudicii timere. XXVIII... veritatem ex corde
et ore proferre. XXIX.. nihil omori Christi praeponere. XXX...
honorare omnes homines. XXXI... dolum in corde non tenere.
XXXll... contentionem non amort... ' ...scribere est difficiJe,'
inquit, et carmen Martialis munnurat: 'Oke, iam salis est, ohe,
libelle,' nec multo post obdormit.
lEbo! Ubi est regula?' clamal Stephanus, 'Dormis-ne,
Augustine?' et e somno Augustinum excitat.
Living Latin
Speculator amicae
The earliest erotic poetry which has survived is the work of
CatuUus, whose ill-starred passion for Lesbia fills his lyrics with
hungry love mixed with bitter reproaches. Then we have the
impassioned seriousness of Propertius. whose rough and tumble
with Cynthia delighted the men and women of ancient Rome; so
too the elegies of his contemporary TIbullus, whose yearning
submission to his mistress makes him as loving as any of the poets.

90
BEGINNER'S lATIN UNIT IX
.,
couple s frolicsome contortions. See for yourself: my body is quite
calm without the adulterer s breathless panting jIagrame delicto. '
With that, she waved away my lunging kisses, slipped into loose
sandals and was gone. Thus am I, the guardian of so heavenly a
love, rejected: since then I've not had a single happy night.
(Poems Lx.x.)
3 The piece below is part of a letter wriuen in the twelfth century
by Heloise to her former tutor, lover, and husband, Abelard. Her
uncle had taken violent and cruel exception to their match (Abelard
was castrated), and Heloise lived the remainder of her life in a
nunnery.
Missam ad amicum pro consolatione epistolam, dilectissime,
vestram ad me forte quidam nuper altulit. Quam ex ipsa statim
tituli fronte vestram esse consideraos, tanto ardentius earn
coepi legere, quanto scriptorem ipsum charius amplector, ut
cuius rem perdidi, verbis saltern tanquam eius quadam
imagine recreer.
(*From Mediaeval Latin, ed. K.P. Harrington)
Dearest, a letter you sent to a friend pouring out your feelings
happened recently to fall into my hands. I knew it was yours the
moment I saw your writing on the envelope, and a desire to read it
seized me, much as I desire to have its aurhor in my anns. I may
not have him in person, but at least his words give some sort of
picture 10 refresh me.
2 CatuUus reflects on his girl's faithlessness:
Nulli se dicit mulier mea nubere malle
quam mihi, non si se Iuppiter ipse petat.
Dicit: sed mulier cupido quod dicit amanti,
in vento et rapida scribere oportet aqua.
My girl says she wants to marry no one other than me. Not even if
Jupiter himself should ask. Thats what she says. But what a girl
says to an eager lad is best inscribed in the breeze and swift
flowing streams.
(Elegies ii, 29B)
It was early, and I desired to see her, to see if she slept alone: but
there was Cynthia by herself in bed. I was taken aback: never has
she looked more stunning, not even when she went in her purple
gear to chaste Vesta to report her dreams, in case they might bring
hann to her or me: this is how she lookedjreshly arisen from sleep.
What power such natural beauty holds!
'Oh?' she says, 'do you lark ahow spying on your mistress? Do
you judge me by your standards? I'm lIot so free and easy: one
lover is plenty, yourselfmaybe, or another iftheres one more tme.
You 'ff find no trace of rough and tumble in this bed, no sign of a
Last. and possibly most popular of all, comes Ovid: his sometimes
frivolous and leering wit disguises a poet who was, he tells us,
happily married and unpromiscuous.
1 Propertius spies on his mistress:
Mane erat, et volui, si sola quiesceret illa,
visere: at in lecto Cynthia sola fWI.
Obstipui: Don ilIa ntihi formosior umquam
visa, neque ostrina cum fuit in tunica,
ibat et hiDe castae narratum somnia Vestae,
neo sibi neve mihi quae nocitura forenl:
talis visa mihi samna dimissa recenti.
Heo quantum per se candida forma valet!
'Quid? to matutinus,' ait, 'speculator amicae?
Me similem vestris moribus esse putas?
Non ego t3m racHis: sat erit mihi cognitus onus,
vel tu vel si quis verior esse potest.
Apparent non ulla taro vestigia presso,
signa volutantis nee iacuisse duos.
Aspice ut in toto Dullus mihi corpore surgat
spiritus admisso notus adulterio.'
Dixit, et opposita propelJens savia dextra
prosilit in laxa nixa pedem solea.
Sic ego tam sandi custos retrudor amoris:
ex iIIo felix nox mihi nulla fuit.

92 8EGINNER'S LATIN
I'J Revision
the new version.
(a) Magna cena in culina paranda est.
(b) Dulces dominae semper audiendae sunt.
(c) Thrpis discipulus excitandus est.
(d) Humiles servi etiam laudandi sunt.
(e) Cur abbates reverendi sunt?
facHis
mirabilis
oculus-i
3
(a) We will dedicate the song to the brave soldiers and the
humble maid.
(b) 1 grieve, because Lucia will inflame me with love but will
not love me.
(c) Now the girl will sing a sweet song, and the boys will
relate the history of the monastery.
Write out all the endings, singular and plural, masculine,
feminine and neuter of a) dulcis b) agendus.
omnis brevis
gravis turpis
tristis dulcis
somnUS-l tandem

UNIT X
Present tense: third, fourth and nm:cd conjugations
Future tense: third, fourth and mixed conjugations
Accusative of duration
Irregular verbs: sum, esse; possum, posse; volo, velie
How to recognise a conjugation
living Latin: Miserabile corpus
~ Present tense: third. fourth and mixed conjugations
The third and fourth conjugations are quite similar. A 'mixed'
conjugation which shares endings with bolh the third and fourth
conjugations only has a few verbs, though these are frequently used
(e.g. capio, capere and compounds, recipio, accipio, etc.; and
facio, facere and compounds. perficio, etc.).
third fourtb mixed
mitt'-ere 10 send aud-ire 10 hear cap-ere 10 /o:e, copltKe
I
you (s.}
s/he, it
w.
you (pi.}
th.y
mitt-o
mitt-is
mitt-it
mitt-imus
mitt-itis
mitt-unt
audio
aud-is
aud-it
audimus
auditis
aud-junt
cop-io
cap-is
cap-it
cap-imus
capitis
capjunt

Practice (i)
(a) She a gift.
(b) We capture the soldier.
(e) They hear a song.
(d) I lhe beast.
(e) They send a book.
if) You are hearing the abbot, students.
(g) We send money.
(h) Do you hear Paul, Augustine?
2 Match each verb to its English meaning (look them up if
necessary):
9.
(a) (b)
BEGINNER'S LATIN UNIT X
(c) The abbot writes all the rules.
(d) We are beginning to live!
(e) Are they burying a monk?
(j) Why are they fleeing from the monastery?
(g) Are you drinking wine in the kitchen, maids?
(h) Who is coming?
(i) They do not hear the abbess.
" Miserabile corpus
D Shared endings key
is si....is. mulis. vinis: dol. pl. 0( obi. pl. -0 mulo: dot. 0( obi.
3rd declension: genitive all verbs: 'I'
'you.'
95
third conjugation: third conjugation:
curro-ere
'ea",
ascendo-ere
'''' write
climb
dlco-ere credo-ere
belieVe
duco-ere
lead ",y blbo-ere
lego-ere cado-ere
drink
fall
rego-ere
rule
read
emo-ere
relinquo-ere ago-ere boY
scrlbo-ere
run
vivo-ere do
(e) Cd)
fourth conjugation: mixed conjugation:
venlo-ire 'now facio-ere
/lee
donnlo-Ire
bu'Y
fugio-ere
"",.
selo-ire 0<"" lnclplo-ere
oompIel.
sentlo-ire
"'*'"
perficlo-ere
regainlaa::ept
sepello-Ire
""""
reclpio-ere
begm
apeno-ire
feel
(a) I am reading Augustine's book.
(b) Are they running into the church?
Post Theodori mortem - fortuitam, ut dicit abbas, sed quis
potest scire? - multae erant lacrimae. Theodorus enim fuerat
monachus pius et omnibus amicus. Timor autem per
monasterium agrosque vulgatus est. Monachi multos dies erant
pavidi tacitique.
Nunc in schola disci pulis pauca verba de Theodori morte
Stephanus dicit Postea magister tristis e Vulgato legit:
IHoc autem dico,fratres, quonillm caro et sanguis regnum Dei
possU/ere non possunt '
Paulus per fenestram spectat el mortem Theodori
contemplat. Quis eum occidere voluisset? Fuerat amicus
omnibus, vir pius et humilis. Erat rumor. Dani? Num Dani
Theodorum trucidaverunt? Dani in regiooe iam viginti annos
oon visi erant
....Ubi est, mors, victoria tua? Ubi est, mors, stimulus fuus?'
Stephanus campanam per monasterium resonantem audit et
legere desinit. 'Nunc corpus Theodori sepeliemus, 0 pueri,'
inquit, "et vos unam horam sine me laborabitis et opera
perficietis,' et per genas lacrimas fUDdens bibliothecam
relinquit.

Accusative of duration
The accusative case is used 10 express a length of time. Thus above
we have multos diesfor many days, viginti annqsfor twenty years
and UDam horamfor one hour. Most numbers have fixed endings,
like viginti; a few have endings which change (e.g. unus, una,
unum; duo, duae; tres, tria).
UNIT X
.1
Irregular verbs: sum. possum. vola
It is one of the laws of language that rules and regular forms have
exceptions. Irregular verbs are amongst the most commonly used:
capi-am
(api-es
copi-et
(api-emus
capi-etis
(api-ent
oudi-om
oudi-es
oudi-et
oudi-emus
oudi-etis
oudi-ent
mitt-ere to send oud-ire 10 hear (op-ere to coplure
mitt-om
mitt-es
mitt-et
mitt-emus
mitt-etis
mitt-ent
e'H
lobe po'H
to be oble velie 10 won'
PRESENT
I .um
possum
volo
you {s.] e. pole'
vis
vult
5/he, if e.1
potest
volumus
-
sumus
possumus
you (pl.} estis
potestis
vultis
/hey sunt
possunt
volunt
fUTURE
I em
po/em
volam
you (s.) eris
pateris
voles
s/he, if em
poterit
volet
erimus
poterimus
voLemus
-
voletis
you (pl.} eritis
poteritis
volent
/hey
erunt
poterunt
I
you (s.)
s/he, il
- you (pl.)
/hey
BEGINNER'S lATIN
regia-nis lij region
regnum-j [n] kingdom
resonantem resounding
1m] flImotIr, goSJ;p
songuis-inis 1m) blood
sine (+01,1.) without
stimulusj 1m] sting
tacitus-a-um silent, qviet
timor-is 1m] feor
h'ucidaverunt (they) murdered
tuus-<I-um your
unus-o-um ooe
verbum-j In] word
victoria-oe In victory
viginti twenty
vi,..i [m] mon
visi erant (they) had been seen
yoluinet hod wonled
Vulgatum-i In) the Vulgate
vulgotus est wos spread abroad
...,
annus-j 1m] year
(ompano-oe bell
coro, (ornis [ij Resh
Danusj 1m] Done, V,ling
desino-ere Ieove 0", ooondoo
dies [nom./ace.) dC1)l$
fortuitus-a-um accidental
frater-tris [m) brother
fuerat Is/he} hod been
fundens pouring
genae-arum (ij cheeb
hare-ae lij hour
locrima-ae In Ieor
mars, mortis [ij death
poucus-o-um few
pavidus-a-um fearful
possideo-ere occupy
post [+occ.] after
postea ohenvards
quoniam sinal
Future tense: third. fourth and mixed conjugations
The future of the first two conjugations have the endings -00, -bis,
-bit, etc. The third, fourth and mixed are different, all sharing the
letter e in the ending:
The compound forms of esse (abesse. adesse) share the same
irregular endings.
II Practice (ii)
(0) She wjJ1 send a gift.
(b) We shall capture the beasts.
(c) They will hear a song.
(d) She is sitting in the church.
(e) Win you hear the abbot, students?

98 BEGINNER'S lATIN UNIT X
99
~ How to recognise a conjugation
(j) They wjll be able tQ see us.
(g) Do you want tQ come. Paul?
(h) We shaH be present in the monastery today.
HIC IACETTHEOOORUS
MONASTERlI HUIUS
MONACHUS QUI IN ANNO
VICESIMO ET QUINTO
MORTIJUS NUNC CUM
DEO IN PACE REQUIESCIT
Con(ugotiorl ~ n t person
first am-o
secood mon-eo
third mift.o
Fourth audio
mi)(ed cop-io
infinitive How to recognise the conjugation
am-Gre the infinitive ending -ore
mon-ere the infinitive -ere, and /he e in
the presenl
mitt-ere $Orne infinitive as monere bu' no e
in the present
(Iud-ire the ; in the present, with infinitive -ire
cop-ere the; in the present, with infinitive -ere
'Abbas proxima nocte eum vidit,' ,...---------,
inquit Paulus. 'Fortasse Stephano
dicet.'
'Soles occidere et redire possunt.
Nobis cum semel occidit brevis lux.
Nox est perpetua una dormienda,'
murmurat Augustinus, e CatuUi
libeUo recitans.
'0 nmerum Theodorum!' inquit
Paulus. Ecce, nunc corpus in terram
demittunt_' Nunc aliquis flere
incipit.
Mox abbas et monachi in ecclesiam reveniunt praeter
Stephanum qui prope sepuJcrum orat_ Adhuc pluit; mox vocem
Stephani iterum iterumque gementem audiunt.
~ Practice (iii)
To which conjugation do the following verbs belong:
'Miserum Theodorum,' inquit Paulus, per fenestram exsequias
Theodori spectans. Pluitj mODachi miserabile corpus Theodori
ex ecclesia portant et abbas exiguam pompam ducit.
Discipuli libros relinquunl et per fenestram pompam
spectant. 'Ecce, Theodorum sepelient sub arborem ubi nobis
fabuJas narrabat,' inquit unus. 'Cur omnes monachi non
adsunt? Cur eum tam dto sepeliunt?' rogavit alter. 'Quis
Thoodorum occidit?' rogavit tertius.
'Quis scit?' respondit Paulus.
'Quando sclemus?' rogavit Augustinus.
Living Latin
Miserabile corpus
1 The Aeneid of Vrrgil is regarded by many as me Lalin poem
with me most breadth and range, reaching all comers of the soul
with moments of love, friendship, loyalty. suffering, fulfilment and
Ca) aperio-ire
(b) oro-are
(e) incipio-ere
(d) dico-ere
(e) saLio-are
if) retineo-ere
" Hie iacet Theodorus
(g) bibo-ere
(h) scio-ire
(i) pcrficio-ere
(j) video-ere
(k) laudo-are
(1) vivo-ere
oliquis someone
alter another
cum semel as 500ll 05
demitto-ere /ower
eum him
exiguus-o-um slender, sconl
exsequioe-orum funeral
f1eo-ere weep
gementem groanmg
huius of 'his
iterum again
libellus-i [m] book
lux-cis [ij light, life
miserobilis-e pitiable
murmuro-ore murmur
nox, nodis [ij nighl
oc:cido-ere foil
oc:cfdo-ere kill
oc:cidit {s/he} killed
perpetuus-o-um unending
pluit i, ;s raining
pompo-oe [ij procession
proeter [+a<:<:.J ex<:epl, oo5ides
proximus-o-um neoful, previous
quondo when
redeo-ire [irreg,J return
rogavit (5Ihe) a5ked
sepulcrum-i [nJ grove
sol-is [m] 5un, day
spedons watching
tam cito so qui<:kly
tertius-a-um third
vicesimo et quinto in the
lwenty-lifth

100
BEGINNER'S LAllN
UNIT X
101
Come my Lesbia, let's live, let's 10l'e, and ne\'er mind the ehaller
0/ oldfrowning bores - they're not worth tuppenee. The sun may
go dOll'n and return, but for us when our brief peep of light goes
out, an endless night awaits of unbroken sleep. So gire me a
thousand kisses, then a hundred, then J'lltake another thousand,
and another hundred. and then yet another thousand. and one
more hundred.
II Revision
I Change the underlined verbs to the future tense, and translate:
(a) Monachus mulum in silvam ducit.
(b) Hodie discipuli labores oerficiunt.
(e) Monasterium-ne relinguimus?
(d) Augustinum audire non possum.
2 Change the underlined verbs to the present tense, and translate:
(a) In superstitiones non credam.
(b) Me arnica inflammabit amore.
(e) Carmina-ne Augustini audies?
(d) Discipuli e Vulgato legent.
(a) The maids always want to hear Augustine's songs!
(b) Lucia is already able to read, sing and work in the fields.
(c) We shall care for the souls of both humble serfs and
great kings,
(d) Why are the monks fleeing out of the wood?
4 Write out these nouns, all cases, singular and plural: opus,
operis; nox, noctis (gen.pl.: noctium); rabula, fabulae;
sepulcrum, sepulcrij annus, aoni.
S Check you know these words:
despair. this scene below, the Trojans bring the corpse of Pallus
back to his father, Evander:
At Don Evandrum potis est vis ulla tenere,
sed in medios. Feretro Pallanta reposto
super atque haeret lacrimansque gemensque,
et Via VlX tandem vocis Jaxata dolore est:
'Non haec, 0 Palla, dederas promissa parenti
cautius ut saevo veUes te credere Marti. '
Haud ignarus eram quantum nova gloria in annis
et praeduJce deeDs primo certamlne posset.
Primitiae iuvenis ntiserae bellique propinqui
dura rudimenta, et Dulli exaudita deorum
vota precesque meae!'
(Virgil, Aeneid xi, 148-158)
Nothing could restrain Evander who came ouf into the middle of
the throng: The bier was pUI down and he knelt over Pallas. He
clung to hIm, and wept and groaned, and hoarse with grief could
barely speak:
'0 Pallas. are the promises you gave your father, that yOIl
take care ofyourself 11l the savage fighting? I was all too aware oj
the lure of honour in a man first battle, and the first sweet taste
oj glory in untried combat. What a wretched coming-oj-age, what
a cruel start to a war so close to home. Not one of the gods listened
to my prayers or vows!'
2 Life is short, so let's make it sweet, says Catullus:
Vivamus, mea Lesbia, atque amemus,
rumoresque senum severiorum
omnes uDius aestimemus assis.
Soles occidere et redire possunt:
nobis cum semel occidit brevis lux
,
nox est perpetua una dormienda.
Da mi basia miUe, deinde centum
mille altera, dein secunda
demde usque altera mille, deinde centum.
(Poems v, 1-9)
dicoere
scribo-ere
ago-ere
bibo-ere
regnum-i
facio-ere
duco-ere
vivo-ere
mors-tis
iterum
scio-ire
credo-ere
incipio-ere
verbum-i

UNIT XI 103
UMTXI
The endings of this tense are common to all verbs:
DiscipuJi ante ceoam in
ecclesia cantabant sed
Augustinus carmina

Exceptions are sum, esse (and compounds: adsum, absum,
possum):
-
-
....... ......
.......
.... warn, ocJ.Me
"""
"'"
.... -
I ............ ihGi.b Ii m........
,
b .. CC, ! be ..
>ou [sl
......... ........... ........ .........
.........
00. ,
""""""
........... ......... .........
.-...
....0 bca'WJ$ ...01 b ,WJ$
nli"' b
,WJ$
5
b ..us bu,WJ$
"",iii
......... IhOi beliso ",in beliso
,
beliso beliso
..,.
.........
" .... bca ..
",in b

,
b
poteram
poteras

poteramus
poteratis
paterant
I was able/could
you (s./ were able/could
S/M, it was abl&/could
we were abl&/could
you [pl.1 were abl&/could
they were abl&/coold
eram
eras
..at
eramus
eratis
erant
I was
you (5.1 were
s/he, it was
-_.
you (pl.) were
""y-
Nec muHo post Theodori exsequias, multi in ecclesia aderant.
Ecclesia candelis incensique fragrnntia plena erat. Abbas ipse
cum monachis missam celebrabat. Lucia iuxta matrem in
primis subselliis inter magnas familias sedebat. Post nobiles
erant peregrini et agricolae et pueri et ancillae et servi. Abbas
ad aram in veste purpurea splendens stabat et monachi
discipulique post aram in choro cantabant.
'Pater noster, qui es in caelis... ' cantare abbas incipiebat.
Oomes discipuli cantabant praeter Augustinum, qui dormiebat
quod Stephanus eum per totam noctem epistulas sancti Pauli
ad Corinthios exscribere iusserat. Augustinus poeDas dabat
quod in schola carmina Catulli, non epistolas sancti Pauli,
legebat.
'Et ne nos inducas in tentationem, sed libera nos a malo,'
abbas cantabat.
" In ecclesia
Past tense: imperfect
Adjectives ending -ens
Present participles
Adjectives as nouns
living Latin: 'Yaysoos in chaylo'
Before dinner the students HHd
to finglwere singini' in the
church, but Augustine w.mill!.
read/was readi"r his poetry.
to express this tense in English: 'used to
smg, were smglng 'was reading' and 'would read' may all be
to represent the Imperfect. Asimple past might do as well as
m Every day the students in lhe church'. '
mPast tense: imperfect
The present. tense describes this moment or current period, the
future tense IS a future event, and all the remaining tenses are
ones. The Imperfect describes a past event which was
habitual, or lastmg for a while. The name 'imperfect'
means unfirushed:

Practice (i)
2 Put the underlined verbs into the imperfect and translate:
(a) Pluit. (pluit. pluere)
(b) Miserabile corpus in (iaceo-ere)
(c) Carotina CatuJli legimus.
(d) Monachum prope ecclesiam sepeliunt. (sepelio-ire)
(e) Virgo Ikl. (flco-ere)
1 Translate lhe underlined verbs into Latin (all verbs should be in
the imperfect):
(a) She used to love the student.
(b) They were Ijslening to their mother.
(e) We would send food to the slaves.
(d) Where were YOU. Paul?
(e) I could see all the students in the church.
(j) She always us.
(g) All the poems of Catullus in the book.
lOS UNIT XI
nrvdens wise
CASE Masc./fem. Neuter
SINGUtAR
Nomiflotive rvd-ens
,"
..n.
Accusative rvd-entem d-ens
Genitive -entis
Dative
-"
Ablative -enti
PlURAl
Nomiootive -,.. -entia
AccusotiYe ...... .......
Genitive ..ntium
Dative N -entibus
Ablotive prvd-entibus
Present participles
A participle is a cross between an adjective and a verb. It has the
function of an adjective but is formed from a verb:
Augustinus viatores Augustine saw the travellers
monasterium km!iEg the monastery.
relinguentes vidiL
Relinquentes agrees with viatores. Unlike an ordinary adjective, a
participle can have an object of its own, here monasterium:
A present participle can be translated in different ways:
Augustine saw the travellers who were/ar they were leaving
the monastery.
These participles all share the endings of Participles of
verbs from the first conjugation, like amare, have an a in place of
the e in the ending:
m:t Adjectives ending -ens
You have already met adjectives like sanctus and omnis. You will
also come across adjectives like omnipotens or prudens. These
are third declension adjectives. similar to omnis. Most of the cases
have a 't' and extra syllable:
8EGlNNER'S LATIN
104
-1,--:---;--;-:-:--- ----
ogric:oIa-oe 1m] Former libera free, cleIiver
ara-oe alto, miua-ae [ij moJ.$
candelCl-oe (ij condie n.. inducas do noIleod 1,1$ into
celebro-ore celebfote noster our
chorus-i [m) choir peregrinus-j 1m] Foreigner.
Corinthi-orum COl'infflions pilgrim
epistula-ae [ij leiter poenas do-ore to poy the
eurn him penalty, be punished
exscribo-ere write oul primus-a-um firsl
familia-a. lij family purpureus-a-um pvrpJe
frograntia-oe lij odour qui who
incensum-j [n) incen$e splendeo--ere be bright,
inter (+occ.1 omong respl&ndent
ipse himself subsellium-j (nJ pew, bMK:h
ius5ef'Clt Is/he) hod ordered tentafio.nis If) JemplofiOf'j
iuxta (+ace.] nex1 flo veltis-is If) clothing

.06
BEGINNER'S LATIN
UNIT XI '07
" lnsolentes monachi
/
III
nil (nihil) nothing
ora pro nobis peccatoribus
pt'oy few- UJ J;nnen
palmaoe [ij palm
quis who, which
...spondit ($/hel replied
se her(himllhem}$elf
sterto-e... $f!ORI
te [occ.j you
tencfo.ere Jlretch
valeo--e... to be well
volebot (s/he) wanted
desiit ubi Benedictum se ipsam spectantem conspexit.
']nsolentissimos monachos!' susurravit Egberta, et Karolus,
coniunx, earn audiens rogavit: 'Mea carissima, vales-ne?'
]nterea Stephanus Augustinum dormientem adhuc
stertentemque spectabat. Paulus Stephanum speclabat et
'Cave, Augustine!' sllSurravit, 'nunc est cantaodum.'
'Abi!' respondit magna voce Augustious. 'Volo dormire.'
Omnes in ecclesia vocem eillS audice poteraot.
'Ora pro nobis peccatoribus,' cantabat abbas, palmas ad
caelum tendens.
~ Practice (ii)
1 Choose the correct form for each gap from: praedicans, prae-
dicanlem, praedicantes, dorntiens, dormieotem, dormientes:
(a) Discipuli abbatem in ecclesia
................... audiebant.
(b) Omnes monachi discipulos
................... videre poterant.
rI ilium [occ.] /hot ()(Ie, him
proximus--Gum ne.xJ, neare$/
abi go awayl
carissimus--Gum deare$t
cave IooIr. out
coniunxgis [m/ij husband/wife
conspexit (J/he) caught $ight of
desiit (J/he) slopped
eam her
eius his/her
furtim secretly
ipsam h e r ( s e l ~
loving
advising, warning
sending
listening {to}, hecring
laking, capturing
am-an,
man-ens
mitt-ens
oudi-ens
capi-ens
lIIe qui proximus dormienti
stat.
omO<lre
moneo-ere
mitto-ere
audio-ire
copio-ere
Latin adjectives (and participles) also act as nouns:
~ in ecclesia sedent. The lJ.O..!2kJ. are siuing in 'he
church.
He who is standing next to
the otle-who-slum.
]n ecclesia Lucia Paulum et Augustinum, qui adhuc dormiebat,
conspexit. lam Augustinus stertere incipiebat. Paulus
Augustinum excilare volebat quod StephaDum eum
spectantem videce poterat.
]n primis subselliis Egberta filiam furtim spectantem unum
ex disci pulis qui in choro cantabant coospexit.
'Lucia, quid spectas?' susurravit Egberta.
'Nil, praeter ilIum, qui dormit, discipuJum,' Lucia respondit.
lam Paulus etiam Luciam spectabat.
'Quis est iIle puer qui te spectat?' rogavit mater.
'Quis puer?'
'Puer iUe qui proximus dormienti stat,' inquit Egberta
ridens. 'Eho, nunc abbas praedicabit.' Egberta tamen ridere
~ Adjectives as nouns
The traditional 'parts of speech' (i.e. nOUDS, verbs, adjectives. etc.)
from time to time adopt each olber's roles.lfthe explanation above
about adjectives and verbs remains a mystery. then turn to the
glossary al the beginning of the book.
It is not uncommon for journalists and others to use nouns as
adjectives in English (e.g. 'Government sex scandal cover up').
Conversely we use adjectives as nouns: 'The good, lhe bad. and the
ugly',

108
BEGINNER'S LATIN UNIT XI 109
" Living Latin
'aysoos in chaylo'
was finally dropped from Catholic liturgy in the 19605,
endmg an of Latin from the Church's earliest days.
The pronunciation will have varied from country to country and
priest to priest. Some of the clergy may have harboured a love for
Latin, bUI the primary use of the language was to get the
ChristIan message across to their local brethren. Each region of the
Christian domain will have had its own mix of Latin and local
speech habits, evolving many centuries. In 1912 Pope Pius X,
who wanted to create a unifonn pronunciation of Latin, encouraged
the clergy everywhere to adopt what was then the Italian
pronunciation. Hence 'Yaysoos', 'bone-us' and 'chaylum' for
Jesus, bonus caeluffi. pronunciation of the Latin used by
the Church dunng the twentieth century has no foundation earlier
than this point.
1 The Vulgate was the first full Latin version of the bible
translated by St Jerome at the end of the fourth century. '
Hoc .autem dico, (ratres, quoniam caro et sanguis regnum Dei
nOD possunt: neque corruptio incorruptelam
possJdeblt. In momento, in ietu oculi, iD Dovissima tuba: canet
enim, et mortui resurgent iocorrupti, et nos inmutabimur.
Oportet eDim corruptibile hoc induere iDcorruptelam: et
hoc induere inmortaiitatem, tunc fiet sermo qui
SCflptuS est: Absorta est mors in victoria. Ubi est mors
victoria tua? ubi est, mors, stimuJus tuus? "
2 Change the underlined word 10 the plural if singular. or singular
if plural, and translate:
(a) Egberta ova e sarcina cadentia videt.
(b) Lucia monachos in ecclesia cantantes audiebat.
(e) Paulus cum discipulo stertenli sedebat.
(d) Abbatissa cibum monachis dorntientibus non dabit.
(e) Benedictus anci1lam in culina susurrantem audiebat.
(f) Femina Theodorum in silva currentem videre poterat.
This I tell )'ou, brothers, that flesh and blood cannot inherit the
kingdom of God: neither will the perishable possess immortality. In
a moment, illthe twinkling ofan eye, at the last call of the trumpet:
for it will sound, and the bodiless dead will rise, and we shall be
changed; for this matter must lose its perishability, and this
mortality become immortal; then the saying which is written will
come to pass: 'Death is swallowed up in victory. Where, dearh, is
your victory? Where, death, is your sting?'
(*5t Paul, Corinthians i, 15; 50. 52-55)
2 5t Benedict was a contemporary of Jerome. His order has
survived centuries of religious conflict. and there are now
monasteries all over Europe.
Cellerarius monasterii eligatur de congregatioDe sapieDs,
maturos moribus, sobrius, non muJtum edax, nOD elatus, DOD
turbulentus, Don iniuriosus, Don tardus, DOD prodigus, sed
timeos Deum, qui omni cODgregationi sit sicut pater.
A procurator for the monastery should be picked from the
community, a prudent fellow of mature character, sober; without a
great appetite, with no pretemions, not a trouble-maker; not one
who causes harm, punctual, parsimonious, andfearing rhe Lord; a
man who may be a father to the community.
(* Regula sancti Benedicti, xxxi)
3 Many monks of the middle ages were not too immersed in pious
abstinence and godly spirituality to overlook the pleasures of life.
Refuge from the rigours of monasticism was found in the bonle.
with girlfriends, and with the pen. Many anonymous verses have
survived, some of which were parodies of fonnal, ecclesiastical
Latin:
Bibat ille, bibat ilia,
bibat servus et ancilla,
bibat bera, bibat beros:
ad bibeDdum Demo senlS.
Let him drink and her drink, and the serf have one, the maid too,
and rlre mistress, and tire master - no one stoo late for a jugfili. *

110 BEGINNER'S LATIN
I"liI Revision
1 Write a sentence with:
(a) the present participle of devoro-are;
(b) the present participle of ulllio-are;
(c) the present participle of
(d) the gerundive of audio-ire.
(a) Augustine was sleeping for twelve hours.
(b) Wise tcachers always used to drink with students.
(c) Lucia, could you hear the mule drinking in the field?
(d) The students were watching the abbot leading a procession
out of the church.
3 Fill each gap with the corresponding form in the correct tense:
INFINITIVE PRESENT FUTURE IMPERFECT
amare amomus

amabamus
'0'
au
"e
au
,.
au let au ..

wo' a a ra Itis a ro tis
'"
mitto mitte m
vems vemes venle a,
write sen
n'
tok, <a
;,
timere time
"
ive
a'
0
"
a rio
YO
en'
au amus
0 cere tie
toe,h doc:etis
agricoJa-ae epistula-ae
post praeter
n(ih)il quis
peregrinusi
iubeoere
primus-a-um

UNIT XII
Past tense: perfect
Personal pronouns: ego, to, nos, vos
My, your, our
Living Latin: The murder in a cathedral
~ Past tense: perfect
The perfect ('finished', 'perfected') is a past tense describing an
action which is more momentary or instantaneous than that of the
imperfect. In general the imperfect points us to the action itself,
the perfect to lhe completion of the action (and therefore what
comes next). In the two examples below, the same English verbal
phrase is used to translate both tenses. Bul in one, the 'hurrying'
is a singular, momentary, completed event, and in the other a
recumng onc.
Perfect
Stephanus ad feoestram
festinavit.
Imperfect
Stepbanus ad fenestram
saepe festinabat.
Stephen hurried to the window.
Stephen often hurried (used to
hurry) to the window.

In the perfect tense the endings of the verbs are not the only parts
to change. Some verbs have a different form - try to remember it
when you look the verb up.
2 Change the underlined verbs to the corresponding perfect form,
and translate:
(0) Monachus servo .d.k.i!-
(b) AnciJIas in cuJina laudamus.
(c) Dani-De omnia monasteria capiunt?
(d) Epistulam episcopo scribis?
ombulo ambulore ombulavi I (have) wolked
loudo loudore laudovi I (hove) praised
hobeo habere habui I (hove) hod
video videre vidi I sow, hove seen
scribo scribera 5cripsi I wrare, hove wriffen
dico dicere dixi I (have) soid
venia venire veni I come, have come
facio focere fec:i I (have) mode, did, hove done
"m
"..
fui I hove been, wos
113
ovisis [ij sheep
placet it pleases
quaero-ere $OOk
quidem indeed
quod. iIIud Ihal which.... thaI..
quosdam cerloin, unspeciFied
refero, referre report
relinquatis you may leave
requieseo-ere rest
res [ij things, possessions
saltem 01 least
securitastatis [ij peace of mind
securus-a'um sure, secure
slo-are, steti slond
tectumi In] ceiling
tutuS'a'um safe
vester-tratrum your
vos, vobis [dOl.] you (pI.1
UNIT XII
iii aedifieatus'a-um buill
alienusi [m] stranger
angelus-i [m] angel
bos-vis [m/ij ax
cavete 'ake care
centum hundred
circumspicite look around
eonfinnatusa-um confirmed
eras Iomorrow
custodioire gvorcl, watch aver
haec [n.pl.j ffJese things
hie here
lopisidis [m] slone
Iicet it is permitted
movultis you prefer
ml1le thousand
munimentumi [n) prote<:tion
murusj [m] well
non sofum sed etiom
not only... but also
" Si munimentum quaeris, circumspice
Adhue abbas in ecclesia praedicabat: ... Hie, in ecclesia, ubi
sedemus, ubi oramus, ubi Deum laudamus, est vestra seeuritas.
Si igitur munimentum quaeritis, circumspicite. Ecce tectum!
Ecce magni mun! Hie in ecclesia vos euravimus, nunc vos
euramus, et post mortem animas vestras semper curabimus.
Aedificatum lapidibus monastenum centum anDOS hie stellt et
hie stabit annos mille! Hie sunt omnia tuta. Quod vestr3S
animas iIlud vestras res custodire potest. Iterum vobis dieo: in
ecclesia non solum animae sed etiam res sunt tutae. Scitis-ne
cur haec dicam? Rumores quosdam audivimus, Don quidem
cODfirmatos, sed tameD refereDdos. Nihil nos vidimus. Alieni-De
in silvis adfuerunt? V i d i t ~ n e alieDos in silva Theodorus? Quis
nunc dicere potest? Theodorurn miserum! Theodorus saltern in
caelo cum angelis requiescit. Cras, ergo, si vultis esse seeuri,
boyes oves equi mulique in monasterii agros adducendi sunt. Si
vobis placet, etiam res vestras in monasterio relinquatis. Vel
autem, si mavultis, res vestras retinere licet, sed cavete.'
--
..., ......
-'
-
.....
..".....
--
.........
BEGINNER'S lATIN
......
"""
....w;
..........
........
..........
...........
"'""""""
I .....,.; ......,.; ".;,.;
,." ~ I
...,.,.,.;,,; .....,;,,;
rris-isti
",,",'
"'""""
.....,;r ......
-
............ ............ .........
,." "1
(Aile sis ......- ~
ley ............
--
........
112
Perfect endings
~ Practice (i)
1 Translate into Latin (in the perfect tense):
Ca) He has walked. (e) You (5.) have warned.
(b) They saw. if) He heard.
(e) We have come. (g) We have sent.
(d) I have laken. (h) She advised.

" Da mi basia mille ..
0 amici, est optandum,' abbas adhuc
monacbi, qui in monasterio babitamus, sClentlae.
'tarum aoimarum sumus custodes. Deo volente, nos VIgilantes
;apita bonaque vestra bene curabimus. Nunc, igitur, si
sine cura vultis, bodie in monasteriurn bona
adducenda sunt.' Abbatis vox e somno Augustmum excltavlt.
'Donnire?' inquit Augustinus. 'Ego certe donnire sine cura
volo.' . . . ,
'St.' susurravit Paulus. 'Dam prope monastenum VlSI sunt.
'Non credo!' inquit Augustinus. 'Cuius est Cama?'
'Stepbani.' .
'Stephani? Si elephantus iuxta Stephanum sedeat, magister
noster eum non agnoscat.'
'lmmo. Theodorus ante mortem Danos in silvis ipse vidit et
Stepbano dixit.' Augustious Paulum non audivit sed Luciam
primo subsellio spectabat: 'Da mi basia,' murmuravIt
Augustinus.
'QUid?'
'Da mi basia mille'.
'St. Taceas.'
'Deinde usque altera mille.'
'Equidem tibi nulla basia dabo,' ridebat Paulus.
'Ebeu!' gemuit Augustinus, 'tUa te solum spectat, te s?lum
amat.llle mi par esse deo videtur, iIle, si fas est, superare dlvos.'
'Quis est iIle?' rogavit Paulus.
'1\1.'
'Ego?'
'Ita vero.' inquit Augustious. 'Cupido est saevus. Me
miserum. Certas habuit puer iIle sagittas. '
'10 satis carminum!' exclamavit Paulus.
'Rosa veris, quae videris c1orior quam murmuravit
Augustinus. Subito Pater Stephanus apparUlt:
'Augustine et Paule, hodie ambo vos mecum ad
Ricardum venietis,' inquit magister. 'llIe vos sevensSlme
verberabit_'
'Nos? Cur?' rogavit Augustinus.
-
11. BEGINNER'S LATIN
Personal pronouns: ego, tu. nos, vas
They are only used in the Dominative case for emphasis, because
subject pronouns are implied in the ending of a verb (if there is no
subject noun):
Danos Don vidimus. We did "OT see the Danes.
N2s. nihil vidimus. We saw nothing.
Pronouns are words used in place of nouns (pro is the Latin word
for in place of):
)'OU (s.) we/us ,.,. (pl.)
Nominative ego ..
"'"
...
"""""'"
Ie
"'"
...
Genitive
"""
..; I'105m/nostrum vestri/vestnJm
""'""
mihi/mi ,;bi naI>U vobU
"""""
Ie naI>U vobU
The preposition cum wilh often follows ralher than precedes a
pronoun, and is attached 10 it nobiscum with us, mecum with me.
My, your, our
The possessive adjectives meus, mea, meum my, tuus. tua, tuum
your (5.) have endings like sanctus-a-um, as do the plural
equivalents Doster, nostra, nostrum our and vester, vestra.
vestrum your (pl.) with the exception of the nominative masculine
singular (-er):
my meus-a-um, etc.
your (sing.} tuus-a-um, etc.
noster, -fro, -trum, etc.
your {pI.1 vester, -ffa, -trum, etc.
UNIT XII
115

116 BEGINNER'S LATIN UNIT XII
117
'Semper in ecclesia estis garnili. Vos antea admoDui. NUDC
poeDas dabitis.'
'Ignoscas nobis. Te oro, Magister, De nos ducas ad Ricardum.
Si tibi placet, rursum regulam monachorum exscribam.'
'0 Sanda Maria!'
'Te oramus.'
'0 molesti pueri .... esto. Sed si vos iterum susurrantes in
ecclesia videbo, ambo verberandi eritis. Totus liber est
exscribendus - hodie.'
'Ut vis, Magister.'
'St. Nunc cum ceteris discipulis cantandum est.'
Tandem abbas praedicare desiit. Omnes 'Deo gratias,'
respondenmt et cantare inceperunt.
rJ Practice (ii). .. .
Rewrite the words In brackets In theIr correct fanns.
(b) Ubi est (meus-a-um)
vinum? Ancillaene
vinum (vos) dederunt?
(d) Gratias (tu),
multas gratias.
CJ
0
C
c
0
(c) (Meus-a-um) carmina
(tu) dare volo.
(0) In ecclesia (nos) rnonachi
(vester) pecuDiam
custodiemus.
ipse he himself
lilium-i [n] lily
moIestus-a-um troobleKlffle
ne ducas do not Icke
"""""
par equal
quae videris }'O<I who seem
quam than
quid whal
rosa-ae (ij rose
rursum again
5Ggitta-ae arrow
Kientia-ae knowledge
sedeat were 10 sil
severissime very severely
supero-are surpa5$
usque and 00 to
ver-is (n] spring
verbero-are beat
videtur (s/heJ seems
vigilans wolr;hful
visi sunt were seen
vita-ae [ij liM
agnoscat would recogni$6
altera onothflr
onte(a) before/hond)
apporeo-ere-ui appear
ars-tis (ij art, slc.m
basium-j In] iiu
caput, capitis In] head, capitol
cerfus-o-um $U'f', unerring
c1anor more lovely
(uiuJ whose
cura_ (ij oru:ie!y. sire"
custos-dis (m/ij goordion
da givel
deinde then, next
deo volente with God willing
divus-j [m] god
equidem indeed, to be sure
esto so be it
famo-ae s/ory, report
105 not blasphernotJs
gorrulus-a-um tolkalive
gemo-ere-ui groan
immo no
io hey

118
BEGINNER'S lAnN
UNIT XII
119
" Living Latin
The murder in a cathedral
The sacrosanctity of a church in the middle ages was taken for
granted. Refugees from the bloodiest conflicts might seek
sanctuary in a church and even lhe least godfearing of soldiers
would think twice before breaking it. The majority of people lived
very parochial lives. The local church was one of the few stone
buildings some might ever see. Here was a solid fortress for their
protection, and a symbol of permanence and life everlasting. A
church was, in both senses, a building you could have faith in.
Cathedrals were even more imposing, and some still stand out in
today's urban skylines. How much more impressive when all
around them lay wooden houses and thatched hUls. Canterbury
Cathedral was the scene of Thomas Becket's murder in the twelfth
century, a shocking episode because an archbishop was hacked to
death - in a cathedral.
This is an abbreviated version of the account by an eyewitness to
Thomas's murder, William FitzStcphen:
1 The monks persuade Thomas to come into the church.
Quid nisi timor et tremor venerunt super nos monachos,
clericos et socios archiepiscopi? Sed bonus iIle Thomas
contemptor mortis erato
Nothing but fear and trembling came over us monks, clerics, and
companions of the archbishop. But the good Thomas was
disdainful of death.
2 The assassins arrive.
Iturus ad aram superiorem, iam quattuor gradus ascenderat,
cum ecce ad ostium claustri, quo venerarnus, primus adest
Reginaldus Ursonis loricatus, euse evaginato. et vociferans,
'Nunc hue ad me, homines regis!' Nee multo post adduntur ei
tres socii eius, similiter loricis contecti corpora et capita
praeter oculos solos, ensibus nudatis.
He was about to go up to the upper altar and IuuJ already gone up
fOllr steps, when Ihere by the door 10 Ihe cloister, where we had
entered, stood Ihefirst of them, ReginaldllS Ursonis, infull amwur,
sword drawn, shouting, 'Now follow me, men of Ihe king!' A
moment laler his three accomplices joined him, Iheir bodies and
heads covered with armour excepl for their eyes alone, and their
swords drawn.
3 'Where is the traitor?'
Clamavit aliquis, 'Ubi est proditor?' DIe: 'Ecce ego, non
proditor, sed presbyter Dei; et miror, quod in tali habitu
ecclesiam Dei ingressi estis. Quid placet vobis?' Unus sicarius,
'UI moriaris.' At ilIe: 'Et ego in nomine Domini mortem
suscipio, et animam meam et ecclesiae causam Deo et b e ~ t a e
Mariae et sanctis huius ecclesiae patronis commendo. Abslt ut
propter gladios vestros fugiam.'
One of them shouted: 'Where is rhe rraitor?' He replied: 'Here f
am, no traitor, bur a priest of God; and J am surprised that you
have emered the house of God in such attire. What is your
business?' One of the murderers said: 'To kill you.' He replied: 'f
embrace death in the name of the Lord, and I commend my soul
and the cause of the church to God, to Blessed Mary and to the
patron saims of this church. Don't think rhat f will nm from your
swords. '
4 His death.
Quidam eum plano euse caedebat inter scapulas, dicens, 'Fugej
mortuus es.' IIIe immotus perstitit, et cervicem praebens, se
Domino commendabat. 'In manus tuas, Domine, commendo
spiritum meum.' Datur in caput eius ictus secundus. Super
dextram cecidit, ad dextram Dei iturus. *
One of them whipped him across his shoulders wirh a flat blade,
saying, 'Run; yOIl are a dead man. ' He did,,'t budge but stood his
grolllld, and offering his neck he entrusted himself to the Lord.
'Imo Jour hanth, 0 Lord, I commend my spirit. ' A second blow
struck his head. He fell to the right, on his way to the right hand
oJGDd.

annus-j
vita-ae
subito
Revision
1 Fill each gap with the corresponding fonn in the correct tense:
lNFlNITlVE PRfSENT FlJlURf IMPERFECT PRfEO
~ . a m b u l a ~ ombulat
"""'""""'
-
venire venimu5 verumus
..
Ioudovistis
""'" i;,-
docui
e
....
.
widete .. ;debunt
be orit
...
2 Rewrite these sentences making underlined words plural (if
singular) and singular (if plural), and translate:
(a) 0 Augustine, mihi dulce canneD tuum leges?
(b) Miser Stephanus cum discipul.2 in bibliotheca semper
laborabat.
(e) Lucia-De oeregrinos in silva audivit?
(d) Ancilla DOS monuit.
3 Translate into Latin (use the perfect for all past tenses):
(a) Students. did Theodorus walk with you in the wood?
(b) Augustine, did you hear the abbot preaching?
(e) I saw the abbess whispering to the cook.
(d) Paul, did you write a letter to Lucia?
centum mille
cura-ae scientia-ae
deinde rursum
quidem

REVISION II
(UNITS 7-12)
1 Fill the gaps with the correct fonn (tense and person) of one of:
canto-are-avi devoro-are-avi dormio-rre-ivi
scribo-ere, scripsi video-ere, vim
(a) Abbatissa Dobis
(b) Monachi .
quod multum cibum
VlDUDlque

REVISION I1IUNITS 7 121
123
dish
host
caput, capitis
predicate
hotel
disco
discus-i
fantaSY
dignitas, dignitatis
hospital
cofOQu\et
cattle
pbantasia-ae secure
disk
fancy
praedico-are
hOspice
count
capi.tal
chapter
blasphemo-are
chattel
discus
securus-a-um blaspheme
blame
dignity
computo-are
hostel preach
8 A popina is (a) an illegitimate daughter of a pope.; (b) a small
flower found in Rumania, which produces opIUm; (e) an
ancient inn or take-away - a place to pop in for a quick snack?
(a) Did you hear the maiden's song, Father Stephen?
(b) The bishop was preaching to all the monks.
(e) Soon we shall bury the monk's pitiable corpse.
(d) The cook was drinking wine with the sad student all night
long.
7 Group the English words with their Latin ancestor:
ho,pes, ho,pitis dainty
sure
(e) Multos Danos in
siJva !
MuItos Danos in
(d) Paulus epistulam
Luciae .
2 Identify the future, imperfect and perfect forms of the
underlined verbs:
(a) In bibliotheca discipulus carOlina recital.
(b) Discipuli Jid..mt.
(e) 0 ancillae, Danos auditis?
(d) Epistulam Luciae scribo.
3 Choose the correct form of the gerundive:
(a) Peregrini multas Iinguas (doceoere) sunt.
(b) Nunc corpus miserabile est (sepelio-ire).
(e) Discipuli mali non (laudo-are) sunt.
(d) Epistula non in ecclesia sed in bibliotheca est (scribo-ere).
4 Choose the correct form of the present participle:
(a) Monacbus in terram cecidit e silva (fugio-ere).
(b) Abbatem ex ntonasterio pompam (clueo-ere) spectavi.
(e) Arnicos nostros in ecclesia (sedeo-ere) vidimus.
(d) Discipulus virgines in horto (canto-are) audivit.
5 Write out the foUowing nouns in all five cases, singular and plural:
annus-i, vita-ae, oppidum-i, potio-nis, clamor-is,
tempus-oris

UNIT XIII
UNIT XIII
Paulus virgini desideratae
dicere volebat.
125
Paul wanted to speak to the
girl he longed for (lit. the
longed-for girl).
A maid carried the longed-jor
wine into the kitchen.
Past participles: desiderata
Past participles with esse
Past participles without esse
Participles: subject phrases and object phrases
Ablative absolute
Irregular verb eo, ire, ii (ivi), itum (to go)
Living Lati,,: A winter's night
Past participles: desiderata
So far you have met three core forms of a verb:
desidero I desire, long for
desiderare to desire, long for
desideravi I (have) desired, longedjor
There is a fourth and final form worth a look, the past participle:
cibus desideratus the desired food
unguenta desiderata the desired perfumes
libri desiderati the desired books
The past participle is like the present one (see Unit Xl) in so far as
it is an adjective fonned from a verb. The endings, however, arc not
the same. The past participle has endings like sanctus-a-um
(muJus, silvi!, vin.!!ffi.):
AnciUa in cuJinam vinurn
desideratum portavit.
I'J Practice (i) ..
Complete the table of the four main paft:S (or pnnclP?1 parts) of
a verb. A fifth column is added for Enghsh words which have a
similar Conn to the past participle.
Present Infinilive Perfect Pa,' participle Derivalive
(L.) (to.. .') ('I have.. ') (neuter)
orore oravi oralum oration
00"0 narTore norrovi norrotum norrative
oe,nmo oe,timore oe!Jimalum estimation
",
'lore
...,
"""'m
'oluta solutore solutavi solulotian
recito recitavi recitalum recitation
vocore vocavj vocation
domno domnare domnovi domnalum

mon!.i monsum
'000
ri'i risum de r"ion
oedoo sedere oed; session
teneo tenere tenui ot tention
video videre
,; ; visum
""""'"
monui ad monition
d"" icere dixi diction
duxi in dudion
relin reli
,;
relidum de reliction
Kribo Kribere Kri
,;
deKri
'00
C1Kendo oKendere oKendi oKsl1sion
0
.,. ;
odioo
oudio audire audivi audition
-"
venire -; in vention
rficio M.
;
recipio recipers recepi reception
The past participle is usually passive.
whereas the present participle is aCUve:
molus desideratus the longed{or mule (passive)
mulus desiderans the mule, longing/or. .. (active)

126
BEGINNER'S LATIN
UNIT XIII '27
So far you have met mostly active expressions, with the subje<:t as
the. 'doer' and the object 'done 10'. For examples of the passive, see
UmlIX, XV.
The past participle reiecti describes an action which is completed
before that of the main verb inveniunt. Hence it is a 'past'
participle.
" Natalis Christi dies
Menses lente transibant. Hiems erat sevensSlma et frigus
monasterium invadit. Paulus Luciam videre solam non poterat,
quod virgo semper cum matre ambulabat aut in ecclesia
orabat. Infelix per longas gelidasque noctes per Cenestram
stellas spectans in ceUa iacebat.
Mox natalis Christi dies a monachis celebratus est. Karolus
et Egberta et Lucia ad missas audiendas advenerunt et postea
domum cum episcopo abbatissaque discesserunt. 10
monasterio Augustinus ceterique discipuli fabulam agebant:
Josephus et Maria a tabernis reiecti stabulum inveniunt.
Omnes monachi ab Augustini fabula sunt exhilarati praeter
abbatem qui earn iocosiorern vocabat. Multae vini amphorae
exhaustae, multi anseres devorati sunt. Sic paucos dies OIDDes
curae sublatae sunt.
Per multos menses monachi anxii fueranl, populus incertus.
Media in hieme plurimi Danos propter frigus atque mare
turbulentum non exspectabant; itaque res suas apud se
IlJ Practice (iii)
Pair a noun with a past participle, and translate:
carmen... mulus... ceoam... discipuli..
e.g. Carmen auditum ancillae omnes amaveruot.
All the maids loved the poem havingbeen-heard (after they
had heard it).
(a) in silvam (ductus-a-um) umbras timet.
(b) a Stepbano (doctus-a-um) obdonni'erunL
(e) ab ancillis (paratus-a-um) Benedictus devoravit.
(d) _ _. (auditus-a-um) ancillae omnes amavenmt.
The peifumes !!:Uf. desired by
the cook, but were carried by
the mule.
not as the main verb. but in
Joseph and Mary, fhavj"g been!
~ by the i""s, find a
stable.
A past participle is often used,
conjunction with it:
Josephus et Maria a tabernis
reiecti stabulum inveniunt.
~ Past participles with esse
With lhe appropriate part of sum, esse, the past participle becomes
part of the verb itself, in the perfect passive:
Paulus ad oppidum missus est. Paul was se1lt 10 the lOwn.
Ancillae numquarn laudatae The maids were never praised.
sunt.
~ o t e thai when the p ~ i c i p l e is used with est or sunt, the meaning
IS p ~ t ~ sent. not IS sem; and were never praised. nOl are never
prOlsed).
~ Past participles without esse
~ e verb 'to be' is sometimes left out (if a sentence appears to be
Without a verb. try est or sunt, as these are often left implied, or
understood):
Unguenta a coquo desiderata,
sed a mulo portata sunt.
II Practice (ii)
Complete each sentence with the past participle in its correct form.
and translate:
(a) Theodorus in agro (sepelio-ire-ivi, sepultum) est.
(b) Peregrini in silva (video-ere, vidi, visum) sunt.
(e) Mulos ab umbris (tereeo-ere, terrui, territum) est.
(d) Virgo a patre (Iaudo-are-avi, laudatum) est.

128 BEGINNER'S LATIN UNITXlll
12.
tenehant. Vere tameD veniente res bovesQue in monasterium
adductae sunt. Primo thesaurus in ecclesia modicus erat quod
exiguae pauperibus servisque res. Sed post paucos dies fictilia,
fibulae, scuta, linlea et cetera in ecclesiam tradita sunt;
thesaurus igitur gradatim crescehat.
TI,e monks. with Theo4onlS
hav;IIg been buried came back
into (he (71le monks,
after burying Theodorns, ....)
Pallllllmed the mule towards a
IlQJl1 Iwving-been-reen.
He watched many (people)
workjng in the fields.
Vere veniente monachi
in agros redierunt.
Visis mulis aliis mulus
Pauli rudere incepit.
With otller mules havingbeen
Paul's mule began to bray.
(Upon seeing other mules .... )
With spring coming the monks
returned to the fields. (At the
arrival of spring.... )
(The ablative of the present participle ends not -eoti, when
it is used in an ablative absolute. Otherwise the endings of the
present participle are the same as those of prudens - see Tables).
o
o
o
(a) PaulUS, Augustino TibuUi
cannina (legentellegentia),
reguJam monasterii
exscribebat.
Object:
M.Yl.t2.s in agris laborantes
spectabat.
Indirect object:
Paulus mmn ad stagnum
mulum flectebat.
II Practice (iv)
Choose the correct word and translate:
Ablative absolute
You will find many noun-and-participle phrases in the ablative.
These expressions are almosl detachable from the core of the
sentence. They work as extra clauses, and are neither subject nor
object of the main verb:
Monachi Theodoro seoulto
in monasterium revenenmt.
Joseph alld Mary. (having been)
reiecled by the inliS, find a
stable.
hiems, hiemis [ij winter
iacosiorem kx:I Ripponl
linteum-i Inl linen doth
mare-is [n) sea
mediUS-<l-um mid-, middle 01
mensis-is (m] men'"
modicus-<l-um mor::IesJ, $IFlO1I
natalis dies [m] birthday
pauper-is 1m] paupet"
plurimi mosI people
postea oflerwards
reicio-ere-eci-eetum rftied,
sc:utum-i [n) shield
severissimus-<lum very
ham
stabulum-i [nl stobie
stella-ae [ij stof
sublotae sunt were raised, lifted
suus-aum their/his/her own
'obema-ae [ij inn
thesaurus-j [m] store
trado-ere-didi-ditum hand over
transeo-ire pass, go by
ver-is [n} spring
Participles: subject phrases and object phrases
A participle agrees with its noun. as any adjective docs, and that
noun may be the subject, object or indirect object of the main verb:
Subject:
Josephus et Maria a tabernis
tti.ttti stabulum inveniunt.
,. bring
amphora-oe jug
Gnsef'-js [mJ goose
opud se 01 their homes
Clspic:io-ere 01
otque and
aut
celebfo-are-avi-atum celebrole
cella-oe cell, room
Christusj ChriM
creKO'ere grow
diKedo-ere.-essi depor1
domum homewards
earn her, it
exhourio-ire-ivi, exhgustum
drain, empty
exhilaro-are-ovi-otum cheer
exiguus-o-um sconl, bore
fibula-a. brooch
fietiliaium [n] e(lfthenwore
mgus-oris In] chill, cold
fueront {they} hod been
gelidus-o-um cold
gradcrtim groduolly

130
BEGINNER'S LATIN
UNIT XIII 131
" Castel/um Comitis Karoli
(b) Theodorus alienos in silva (e) Multo cibo (devoratusl
(swurrantilsusurrantes) vidit devorato) Benedictus obdormivit.
1I Practice (v)
Translate:
(a) We depart.
(b) They will return.
(c) We were approaching.
(d) They have departed.
(e) She goes out.
(/) They go out.
mI Irregular verb: eo, ire, ii (ivi), itum (to go)
No language course would be complete without some space
devoted to irregular verbs. They are 'irregular' because they do not
confonn to the patterns of the main conjugations, adopting their
abnonnal shape partly from breadth of use (words which are
confined to grammarians, lexicographers and crossword buffs may
keep their shape for generations, but those which enjoy widespread
use can be affected by any number of things); and partly from
evolving as a fusion of different rooLo;;. Consider for example OUI
verb 'to go' and its different fonns: 'go', 'going', 'gone', 'went',
'been'. The French for 'to go' also has radically different forms: the
Latin words ambuJo, ambulare, vado, vadere, and eo, ire are all
roots of aller (je vais, j'irai).
ire to go PRESENT FUTURE IMPERFECT PERFECT
I
-
lbo ibam ii
you (s.)
"
ibis ibas istj
s/he, it
"
ibit ibat iit
w. imus ibimus ibamus iimus
you (pl.) itjs ibitjs ibatjs isfis
eunt ibunt ibant ierunt
Compound forms: to depan, redeo-ire to return, adeo-ire
to approach/go to, exeo-ire to go out.
Paulus, aestate adveniente, ad oppidum rediit. Die aestuoso sub
arbores frondescentes cum muJo per iter insolitum ambulabat;
nam Luciae villam spectare volebat. Post tria milia e silvis
venerunt et Paulus videre poterat magnum castellum in quo
Lucia cum matre Egberta et patre Karolo, viro nobili et
ditissimo, habitabat. Comes Karolus regionem totam regebat.
Abbas Laurentius et Comes Karolus erant duo in regione
potentissimi.
Paulus multos in agris prope castellum laborantes spectabat.
Alii herbam metebant, alii faenum in praedium portabant.
Subito visis muIis aIiis mulus rudere incepit. 'Eheu, tace!'
clamavit Paulus habenas quatiens et celeriter mulum in silvam
duxit. Prope silvam Paulus visum ad stagnum adiit ubi multam
aquam mulus sitiens bibit. Deinde, mulo arbori in silva ligato,
Paulus ad stagnum revenit et veste deposita in aquam frigidam
se immersit: sub aquam natavit et rediens ad aequor exhalavit.
'Utinam hie maneam per totum diem,' suspiravit Paulus, et
otiosus in aequore innavit caelum contemplans. Haud multo
post mulum rudentem audivit. 'Quid est tibi, mule? Tace,
improba bestia!'

ia aequar-is [n] surface haud multo post nOllong
aestas-tatis lij summer afterwards
aestuosus-a-um hot herbaoe [ij grass
depono-ere-sui-situm pul down improbus-a-um troublerome
ditissimus-a-um very rich inno-are-avi swim, float
faenum-i [nl hay insolitus'a-um unusual, unfamiliar
frondes(o-ere put forth leoves iter-ineris [n) way, route
habena-ae [ij rein ligo-are-avi-atum tie, bind

132 BEGINNER'S lATIN UNIT XIII
133
" Living Latin
A winter's night
1 No room in the inn:
Exiit edictum a Caesare Augusto, ut describeretur
universus orbis. Haec descriptio prima facta est praeside
Syriae Quirino: et ibant omnes ut profitereotur singuli in
suam civitatem. Ascendit autem et Joseph a Galilaea de
civitate Nazareth, in Iudaeam civitatem David, quae
vocatur Bethleem: eo quod esset de domo et familia David,
ut profiteretur cum Maria desponsata sibi uxore praegnate.
Factum est autem cum essent ibi, impleti sunt dies ut
pareret. Et peperit filium suum primogenitum, et pannis
eum involvit: el reclinavit eum in praesepio, quia non erat
eis locus in diversorio.
A formal command was issued by Caesar Augustus that there
should be a census of the whole world. This census first took
place when Quirinus was governor of Syria: each and every
person went to his own town to be registered. And Joseph went
upfrom Galilee, from the town ofNazareth, into Judaea, to the
town of David which is called Bethlehem: he went there, since
he belonged to the house and line ofDavid, to register with his
wife. Mary, who was heavy with child. Andduring the time they
were there, the day arrived when she gave birth. And she bore
a son, her firstborn, and wrapped him in swaddling clothes,
and laid him in a manger as there was no roomfor tllem in the
inn. (5t Luke ii, 1-7*)
mef'o.ere 90th., reop, mow
ncrto-ore--avi swim
otiosus-o-um lazy
potentissimus"O-um m<t
"....luI
praedium-j (nl s/ol"er, born
quatio-ere shake
quid est tibi? whot's the molter
with you?
,mens thirsty
stagnumj In] pond, lale
suspiro-are-avi sigh
tria milia Ihree miles
urinom moneam if only I mighl
""Y
2 Refusal of entry is a stock convention of ancient comedy and
love poetry. Languishing outside his mistress's house, a lover
may have to contend with the door, doorkeeper, dog, husband
and bad weather.
Nam posita est nostrae custodia saeva puelJae,
clauditur et dura ianua firma sera.
lanua difficilis domini te verberet imber,
te lovis imperio Culmina ruissa petant.
lanua, iam pateas uni mihi vida querellis,
neu furtiru verso cardine aperta sones.
Et mala si qua tibi dixit dementia nostra,
ignoscas; capiti sint precor ilia meo.
Te meminisse decet quae plurirna voce peregi
supplice cum posti Oorida serta darem.
1\1 quoque ne tirnide custodes, Delia, falle.
Audendum est: fortes adiuvat ipsa Venus.
(Tibullus, Elegies i, 2, 5-16)
A tight security has been put on my girl, and the thick door is
closed with an uncaring bolt. You, door, belong to an unfeeling
master, and I pray the rain lash you, I pray Jupiter aim his
lightning down upon you. Now look here door, won't you be
won over by my pleas and open up just for me? Quietly tum
your hinges and don't make a sound as you open. Forgive me if
I ever spoke ill of you - I was unhinged. May my curses
rebound on my own head. Better you recall my many moments
of suppliant pleading when I laid flowery wreaths about your
post. And )'outoo, Delia, befearless and evade your guards. Be
bold: Venus herself looks well on the brave.
~ R e v i s i o n
1 Translate into Latin and include a ~ participle in each
sentence:
(a) Theodorus, fearing the pilgrims, went out of the wood.
(b) For a long time the cook was watching the maidservants
working in the garden.

13.
BEGINNER'S LATIN
(e) Father Stephen sat in the church. grieving.
(d) While Paul was swimming in the pond, the pilgrims were
approaching the wood.
2 Translate into Latin and include a past participle in each
sentence. Remember that they are passive (e.g. (a) 'The Danes
having-been-heard, .. .')
(a) Upon hearing the Danes. Lucia returned to the monastery.
(b) The meal was prepared by the maids and devoured by the
monks.
(e) The letter was written by the monk and handed over to the
count.
(d) After the horse had been tied to a tree, the student swam in
the pond.
3 Complete lhe table, which includes a column for derivatives
similar to the presentlinfmitive forms:
4 How would you account for the endmg of desiderata?
PRESENT INFINITIVE DERNATIVE
('L.'/ ('to.. .')
efficio eFficere efficient
relinquo relinquere relinquish
delinquo delinquere
rideo [de)ride
doco (pro]duce
scril:lO r.crioere
re<:lplO recipere
.

UNIT XIV
Nouns: fourth declension
Prepositions with the ablative
Pluperfect tense
Nouns: fifth declension
Compound verbs
Living Latin: A hunting moral
~ Nouns: fourth declension
These are similar to nouns of the second declension, although the
ending -us is not limited to the nominative singular: -us could also
indicate a genitive singular, nominalive plural or accusative
plural:
Nominative
kcusative
Genitive
Oat...
AbIotive
arcus (m) bow, arch
SINGULAR
arc-us
arc-um
arc:-us
Orc-UI
or<-u
P1.URAl
arc-us
arc-us
orc-uum
orc-ibus
arc-ibus

Prepositions with the ablative
in (in), ex (out of, from), ab (by, from), and cum
(with, In the company oj) are all used with the ablative. The
ablative also used without a preposition, for example explaining
how or wIth what something is done:
Gemitu He spoke with a groan.
Metu paVldus... Quaking with fear. ..
I!i Pluperfect tense
The is past tense, whose English equivalent uses
the aUXlhary had. It IS a further step into the past:
Numquam abbatem We had never heard the abbot
audiveramus. .
Peregrini nos viderant. The pilgrims had seen us.
The stem of the pluperfect is the same as that of the perfect the
endings are those of esse in the imperfect: '
(e) of the holy spirit
(f) with a groan
(g) the count's armies
(h) the maiden's bowand arrows
13.
137
oudiv-eram
oudiv-eras
oudiv-erat
oudiv.-eramus
oudiv-eratis
oudiverant
P1.UPERFECT
vid.-erom
vid-eros
vid-erat
vid.-eromus
vid.-eratis
viderant
us mulU5 : nom.
arcus: nom., gen., nom. pl., ace. pl.
,hod...
you hod... [5.1
>/l>o hod..
we hod...
Y"" hod.
..
lnterea Lucia venatu, qui fuerat longus et sine praemio, fessa
erato Equus eius quoque erat calidus fessusque. IDa igitur in
stagno natare eoostituerat et nunc per silvam ad stagnum
adibat. Gemitu tameD muli audito 'Heus, ecquis hie est?'
diceos circumspexit. Nullo ergo respondente, sagitta e pharetra
erepta, equum lente ad sonitum duxit. In silva mulum atque
relictam Pauli vestem agnoscens, ex equo descendit et arcum
sagittamque manu tenens furtim ad stagnum adibat.
Paulus, qui mulum audiverat, adhuc caelum contemplabat.
Subito vocem 'Tolle manus tuas!' audivit. 'Qu.. qu... qu... quis
es?' metu balbus rogavi4 'Quid vis?'
'Th-ne anas?' iDquit Lucia rideos, simul et arcum
sagittamque tenens ex arboribus venit.
'Lucia! Ego Paulus. Noone me agnoscis?'
'Paulus?'
'Ita vero. Salve, salve! Eheu, tumultu perterritus sum! VIS-De
natare? Age, libi arcum deponere licet.'
'Cur in hoc loco ades?'
'Natare volui. Si tibi place4 arcum deponere licet.'
'Semper arcum teneo,' respondit ilia.
'Th es sagittaria?' rogavit HIe.
'Ita certe sum. Pater me tela conicere docuit. Et tu, quo
vadis?'
UNIT XN
" Luciae venatus
Shared endings key
hun'
BEGINNER'S LATl-!::!'"

face/expression
groan
gemltus
tumultus
vullus
exercltus
manus
venatus
metus
spirit
Impetus chance
casus verse
gradus
fear
spiritus
Sfep
versus attack
(a) with a sad expression
(b) by chance
(e) pleasing verses
(d) by hand
g Practice (i)
1 Match each noun to its meaning:
(a) (b)
-

138
-
8EGlNNER'S lATIN UNIT XIV
13.
'Ad oppidum. 19ooscas mihi si nOD lieet natare in hoc
stagno.'
'Manere tibi liceL'
'Gratias tibi. In quid arcum intendis?'
'10 arborem ilIam,' inquit Lucia arborem in ulteriore ripa
demonstrans.
'Numquam ilIam percuties!' Paulus risit. Luciae tameD
teluID per auras stridens eundem in arborem adhaesit. Paulus
balbus 'lncredibile ... mirabile,' inquit. 'Tu vera es venatrix.
Animalia saepe interficis?'
'NOD numquam,' inquit Lucia ridens et stagnum ad sagittam
recuperandam circumvenit. 'Hodie tamen nihil cepimus.'
'Nisi me!' risit Paulus.
'Nisi teo Sed bestias multo saeviores quam te vidi.'
'Ego bestias OffiOes amo nec umquam interficio. Sub eaelo
omnes vivimus, animalia hominesque.....
'Hssh, taeeas, quis est iIle?' inquit Lucia.
'Quem dicis?'
'Voces audire possum. Ecce quidam ad stagnum adeunt.'
res (f.) thing, motfet"
SINGUlAR Pl.URAl
II Practice (ii)
Match each noun to its meaning:
dies
facIes
faith
<fay
fIdes hope
.pe.
face
Nomiootive
Accusative
Genitive
Dative
Abla"""
m1 Compound verbs
These are verbs such as venire, facere, capere with prefixes which
add to the essential meaning. See p.25 for the changes to the root
syllable of compound verbs (e.g. filcere. reficere), and p.59 for
English derivatives_
IS1 Nouns: fifth declension
This is the last of the declensions, and there are not many nouns
belonging to this one_ They are very similar to the third declension,
with the exception of the genitive singular:
nullus not any, no one
per ouras through the air
percutio-ere strike, hil
perterritus-a-um Ihoroughly
scored
phoretra-ae qUIVer
praemium-i [n] reward
quam than
quem whom
quidam {nom.1 some (men)
quo where {to}
quoque also
recuper'O'"Ore recover
ripa-oe bank
sogittaria-ae archeress
simul 01 the some lime
strideo-ere hum, whislle
telum-i Inl missile
toile! raise, lift!
uherior lor
umquom ever
vado-ere go
vencrtrix-icis hunlTess
,. adhaereo-eresi stick
agnosco'ere recogni$e
anas-otis duck
animal-is In] animal
balbus-a-um stammering
calidus-a-um worm
comclo-ere throw
canstituo-ere-ui decide
depono-ere put down
ecquis? who?
eius her, his
eripio-ere-ripui-reptum toke
out, snatch
eundem [occ.] some
heus heyl
iIIo(ml that (fem.l
intendo--ere aim
kill
licet il is pennilled
Ioc:us-i 1m) pJou
multo soeviores mvch more
""""'"
non numquom sometimes

142 BEGINNER'S lATIN UNIT XIV 143
" Living Latin
A hunting moral
In his Metamorphoses Ovid recounts many lales from Greek
mythology, each onc included by virtue of a 'mcramorphosis. a
change of form. There are characters who tum into trees, into
stone, into animals.
The story of Aclaeon and Diana is an example of the kind of divine
justice dished out by the ancient gods. It was not so much a set of
universal moral values which you might conform to or transgress,
but rather a personal affair between worshipper and god. Offend
the deity and you were in a spot of bother....
1 Diana bathes in a forest pool, attended by her nymphs.
Meanwhile Actaeon and his hunting friends have decided to rest a
while before renewing their sport. He takes a walk through the
forest and chances upon the pool.
Ecce nepos Cadmi dilala parte laborum
per nemus ignotum non certis passibus errans
pervenit in lucum: sic ilium fata ferebant.
Qui simul intravit rorantia fontibus antra,
sicut erant, nudae visa sua pectora nymphae
percussere viro subitisque ululatibus omne
implevere nemus circumfusaeque Dianam
corporibus texere suis; tamen altior ilIis
ipsa dea est colloque tenus supereminet omnis.
Vh oh! Cadmus' grandson, enjoying a break from hunting makes
his way through the unfamiliar wood, ullcertain of his course, and
reaches the grove: tlms the fares guided him. As soon as he stepped
into the grotto bedewed with fountain spray, the nymphs saw him
and just as they were, naked, beat their breasts, and filling the
whole wood with their sudden cries thronged around Diana and
obscured her with their bodies; the goddess herself, however, was
taller than they, and stood out head and shoulders above them all.
2 Diana turns the luckless intruder into a stag. He escapes, but
sees his reflection in some water.
"Me miserum!" dicturus erat: vox nulla secuta est!
lngemuit: vox ilia fuit, lacrimaeque per ora
non sua lluxerunt; mens tantum pristina mansiL
Quid faciat? Repetat-ne domum et regalia tecta
an latcat silvis? Pudor boc, timor impedit ilIud.
Dum dubitat, videre canes, primique Melampus
Icbnobatesque sagax Iatratu signa dedere.
"I'm done for ..... he tried to say, but no words followed! He
groaned - the limit of his speech - and tears flowed down his
strangeface; only his mind remainedfrom before. What should he
do? Make his way back home to the royal palace, or hide in the
woods? He is afraid to try one. and ashamed of the other. While
he dithered his hounds caught sight of him: Melampus and keen-
scented Ichnobates were first to give the signal with their cry.
3 Actaeon's hounds surround him, eager to finish him off.
Heu! Famulos fugit ipse suos. Clamare Iibebat:
"Actaeon ego sum: dominum cognoscite vestrum!"
Verba animo desunt; resonat latratibus aether.
Oh flO! He flees his own retainers. He watlted to shout: "I am
Actaeon: recognise your own master!" But words jail his will; and
the air resollnds with their baying.
(Metamorphoses iii. 174-82,201-5,229-31)
II Revision
1 Write out all the endings. singular and plural, in all cases:
(a) gradus. gradus; corpus. corporis; monacbus. monachi;
(b) dies, diei; miles. militis; sagitta, sagittae
(a) The maiden had never swum in the pond.
(b) After much food had been devoured (use an ablative
absolute), the pilgrims left the monastery.
(c) We had found neither food nor water, but we never lost hope.
(d) The students sitting on the steps of the church were
listening to the verses of Augustine.
(e) The monks had wrinen all the books by hand.

UNIT xv 14S
UNIT XV
(c) IlIi in monasterio habitant.
(d) id ab abbate desideratum est.
See the Tables for all the different cases of these pronouns.
In classical Latin, is is a less emphatic pronoun than ille 'that
person' or hie 'this person'. This distinction grows weaker in post-
classical Latin, when all three pronouns are almost
interchangeable.
Third person pronouns: hie, me and is
hie, ille and is as adjectives
se and ipse (himself, herself, themselves)
Passive forms
Living Latin: All's fair in philosophy, love and war
~ Third person pronouns: We. hie and is
Latin has several equivalents of the third person pronoun (he, she,
it, they, him, her, them):
ITALIAN
lei, lui
il,lo
this mule
that wood
SPANISH
ello, el
el,lo
FRENCH
elle, il
Ie, 10
Replace each underlined word with the correct fonn of the
pronoun in brackets, and translate:
(a) Filia Comitis Karoli in castello habitat. (iIle)
(b) Abbatissa in ecclesia cum Lucia orabat. (hie)
(c) Paulus semper cibum mula dabat. (is)
(d) Peregrini in silva cum monachis visi sunt. (ille I hie)
s/he
the ( m / ~
2
Hie can also mean 'here':
hie vivo, hie moriar here [live, here may I die
Adevelopment in later Latin is the use of iIIe as a definite article
(the):
bonus ille Thomas the good Thomas
IIIe is the ancestor of the words for both slhe and the in the
Romance languages:
~ Hie, ille and is as adjectives
Hie, ille and is as described above are pronouns, words used in
place of nouns. If, however, one is used with a noun, not in place
of it, it is an adjective:
hie mulus
ilia silva
(/his one here)
(thOI one rhere)
,h,
h o ~
ilia
'0
h,
hie
iIIe
i.
I'J Practice (i)
1 Choose a noun to replace a pronoun, and translate:
vinum, ancillarum, Luciae, monachi
(a) Vultus eius tristis erato
(b) Cibus harum a Benedicto devoratus est.
II Practice (ii)
1 Translate using hie, haec, hoc, etc.:
(a) this wood
(b) these perfumes
(c) of these students

146 BEGINNER'S lATIN UNIT 'IN 147
2 Translate using ilIe, illa, illud, etc.:
(0) that mistress
(b) those songs
(c) I see that mule
3 Translate using is, ea, id, elc.:
(a) that letter
(b) with those monks
(c) that is
~ se and ipse: (himself, herself, themselves)
One kind of the selfpronouns is reflexive, i.e. it refers back to the
subject (Latin: se):
Lucia se eelat. Lucia hides herself.
Captivi se liberant. The captives free themselves.
There are only fOUf cases: se (accusative or ablative), sui (genitive)
and sibi (dative). There is no separate plural fonn as se can be
either singular or plural (or masculine or feminine) - it depends on
the verb's subject.
The other kind of -self pronoun is used for emphasis (Latin ipse):
Abbas ipse Ricardum vidit. The abbot himself saw Richard.
Luciam ipsam sed non I love Lucia herself, but not
patrem amo. her father.
Occasionally ipse is used similarly to is, ea, id, i.e. as an ordinary
third person pronoun (s/he. him, her, etc.) - see the Tables for all
the fonns.
PIlI Practice (iii)
FiU each gap with the correct
fonn of se or ipse:
(a) Mulus in stagno
............. vidit
et attonitus est.
(b) Abbatissa .
sarcinas portabat.
" In dumis se celant
Peregrini per silvam ad monasterium iter faciebant,
sequentibus furtim Lucia et Paulo. Mox peregrini prope
monasterium constiterunt, et aliis Ricardus ecclesiam
monstravit. Itaque Lucia et Paulus ad eos audiendos se in
dumis celaverunt.
'Ecce ecclesia,' vocem Ricardi audire potuerunt, 'Nunc abite
quod in hoc loco estis non conspiciendi. Valete.'
'Ille est proditor,' murmuravit Paulus, 'Pater Rieardus est
proditor. Malus, turpis, ignavus, saevus, crudelis, scelestus ... '
'Sst,' iterum ilia ad os eius manum posuit, iterum earn Paulus
basiavit.
'Desine! Cave ne peregrini nos audiant.'
'Quid est agendum?' rogavit Paulus.
'Pete fideles amicos quibus omnia referas. Cui monachorum
eredis?'
'Magistro Stephano, qui est aliquando austerus sed vero
benignus.'
'Huie ergo refer; i, in monasterium festina! Eho, siste! Mulus
ducendus.' His dietis Lucia in equum ascendit.
'Et tu,' respondit ilIe, 'Quid in animo habes?'
'Ego Rieardurn observabo. Nunc abeundum!' Lucia eum
Cum mulo ad monasterium lente euntem spectavit; deinde ipsa,
equo citato, abilt.

Passive forms
So far almost all the verbs you have met have been e.g.:
Mulus silvam spectat. The mule watches the wood.
Silva mulum spectat. The wood watches the mufe.
In the passive voice, the verb is not a 'doing' word but 'done-lo'.
If you want to make a verb passive and keep the same meaning, the
object of the active verb becomes the subject of the passive one:
Silva a mulo spectatur. The wood is watched by
the mule.
Mulus a silva speclatur. The mule is watched by
the wood.
The subject of the active verb has become an 'agent' in the
ablative, while the previous object is now the subject. When a verb
is passive, it is the subject, not me object, which is on me receiving
end. If a verb is active, it's in the active 'voice', if passive, then
passive voice.
The passive form of the third person, singular or plural, has -ur
added to the active ending, whether present, future or imperfect.
II Practice (v)
1 Fill the gaps with the corresponding active or passive Conns:
ACTIVE PASSIVE
she Utnl misit misso est she wos senl
/hey Iod ducti sunt
he heard he wos heard
wp/u< wos captured
he wos
ACTIVE PASSIVE
s/he wetche, I.oe<tat
.pe"''''"
,/he ;s wolched
they were wolching spe<tabant spe<tabantur /hey were being wolched
sf, e wi e oma it ,; w;
/hey will see videbuntur they will be seen
,/Ile wes heoritIQ oudiebotur
copietur ,/Ile will be captured
14.
You have already encountered the passive in both gerundives (e.g.
ageodus to be done) and the past participle (e.g. actus having been
done). You have also met the perfect passive with esse:
duxit slhe led
ductus est he was led
amavit slhe loved
amala est she was loved
2 Rewrite each sentence making the verb passive. and translate
(and look out for singular subjects being replaced by plural
ones, and vice versa):
e.g. Discipuli librum legunt (the students are reading the book)
Liber a discipulis (the book is being read by the
stiu/ents)
UNIT XV
!iI Practice (iv)
Fill in the gaps:
in animo habeo-_ hove in
mind, inlend
iter foc:io-ere make one's way
observo-are walch
peto-ere seek
pono-ere-sui-situm ploce, put
proditor-is [m! troilor
quibuJ to whom
refer lei, repatI
referas yoo moy report
"elestus-o-urn wicked
sequens following
siste slop!
BEGINNER'S LATIN
'4'
..,
obite deport, go away'
oliquondo wmefimes
audiant (/hey, may heor
benignusQum kind
cave ne... be careful Iesl...
cito-ore-ovi-otum rouse I stir
slop
credo-ere [+dot.) believe, trusl
cui [dot.] whom
dumus-j 1m] rhidel
euntem him as _nf
fidelis loyal
il gal

150 BEGINNER.'S LATIN
UNIT YY
151
'Paulus? Num Paulus iam adest?' inquit Stephanus ad
fenestram festinans. 'Eheu, ecce coquus est iratus. Paulus nihil
emisse videtur.'
Mox Paulus e culina fugiens in scholam irruit et Stephano
'Pater, Pater!' clamavit, 'Pater Stephane..... Pater Ricardus ...
Pater Ricardus...' inquit Paulus balbus.
'Pater Ricardus non adest. Quid tibi cum Patre Ricardo est?
Die mihi.'
" Living Latin
All's fair in philosophy, love and war
1 Cicero was inspired by the philosophy of Socrates and other
Greeks:
o vitae philosophia dux, 0 virtutis indagatrix expuitrixque
vitiorum!
o Philosophy, guide of life, you bring us to right and rid us of
wrongs.
(Tusculan Disputations v, 5)
2 Propertius' philosophy was guided by hedonism. A good life
meant a good time:
Qualem si cuncti cuperent decurrere vitam
et pressi multo membra iacere mero,
non ferrum crudele neque esset bellica navis,
(a) Pater Ricardus disci pulos in schola castigat.
(b) Mulus ex oppido orones sarcinas portabat.
(c) Augustinus arnicis carmen Catulli recitavit.
(d) Paulus virginem matri dicentem vidit.
3 Rewrite each sentence making the verb active, and translate:
(a) Cibus a Benedicto devoratus est.
(b) Virgo in silva a Paulo est visa.
(e) Historia monasterii a monachis narrabitur.
(d) Corpus in horto a Danis sepultum est.
" Credere est intellegere
Discipuli in schola theologiam a Stephano docebantur.
"0 discipuli, non quaero inteUegere ut credam, sed credo ut
intellegam. Praeterea,' inquit Stephanus, 'philosophiarn per
dialecticam scimus sed veritatem agnoscimus gratia Dei.
Nunc est scribendum.'
'Veritatem.ne autem agnoscere possumus ipsam per
dialecticam?' rogavit Augustinus.
'Minime; respondit magister. 'Cur tu semper contradicis,
Augustine? Maioribus numquam credis?'
'Nonne autem, ut dixit Socrates, homo veritatem per
dialecticam agnoscere potest?'
'Cave ne blasphemes,' admonuit Stephanus, 'Graeci quidem
sapientes erant, sed nos sapientiores sumus quod Dei
sapientiam ilIorum eruditioni additam habemus. Veritatem
iam habemus. Per veritatem opus Dei in terra revelatur. Nunc
est scribendum: credere est scire, scire est intellegere,
intellegere est credere....'
'Videre est spectare beUissimam!' exclamavit Augustinus.
'Quid dixisti?' rogavit Stephanus.
'mic est arnica Pauli,' exclamavit Augustinus per fenestram
spectans.
'0 Augustine, nisi tacebis, Pater Ricardus ad vos docendos
reveniet.'
'Ibi quoque est Paulus! ducens mulum in monasterium,'
inquit Augustinus.
oddo-ere-idi-itum add
belliuimusoum most beautiful
eontrodieo-ere contradict
dialectico-oe discussion,
argument
die tell, roy
emiue to have bought
eruditionis learning
grotia-oe favour, grace
ibi there
intellego-ere understand
moiores-um betters, ancestors
proetereo besides
quoeroere seek
quid tibi . est what is your
problem..
sopientio-oe wisdom
sopientiores wiser
ut eredom that I may believe
veritcls-totis truth
videtur is seen, seems

152 BEGINNER'S LATIN UNIT 'IN 153
nec Dostra Actiacum verteret ossa mare,
nec totiens propriis circum oppugnata triumphis
lassa foret crines solvere Roma suos.
Haec eerte mento poterunt laudare minores:
laeserunt nullos proelia nostra deos.
(Elegies ii, 15,41-48)
I wish everyone desired 10 lead this life and relax their limbs heavy
with draughts a/wine, then there'd be no cruel steel. no warship,
and the bones ofour people would not be chumed about on the sea
of Actium, and Rome would not be ovenvhe/med with so many
victories over her own subjects and be weary of loosening her hair
in grief Truly wi// this deserve posterity's praise: our skirmishes
have not injured any gods.
3 Ovid saw common ground between lover and soldier. Born may
suffer from battle-fatigue:
Quis nisi vel miles vel amans et frigora noctis
et denso midas perferet imbre Rives?
Mittitur infestos alter speculator in hostes:
in rivale oculos alter, ut hoste, tenet.
IIle graves urhes, hie durae limen amicae
obsidet. Hie portas frangit, at ille fores.
(Amores i, 9, 15-20)
Who but a soldier or lover will endure the chill of night and snow
and driving rain? As one is sent to spy on the dangerous enemy, the
other keeps an eye on his rival, as he would on an enemy. The
soldier camps outside hostile cities, the lover outside the door ofan
unfeeling girlfriend. The fonner breaks down gates, the latter the
door.
4 The heat of battle brings a case of passion-fatigue for Tibullus:
Hie mihi servitium video dominamque paratam:
iam mihi, libertas ilia paterna, vale.
Servitium sed triste datur, teneorque catenis,
et numquam misero vinc1a rernittit Amor,
et seu quid merui seu nil peccavimus, urit.
Uror, io, remove saeva puella faces.
(Elegies ii. 4, 1--6)
Here I see enslavement and mistress ready for me. Now farewell,
freedom, which was my family's right, farewell. Bleak slavery lies
ahead. and I am held in chains. Love is never one to loosen a
wretched prisoner's knots. He burns me whether I've deserved it or
done no wrong. I'm on fire! Oh! You cmel girl, take away those
brands.
pjRevision
1 Identify me past participles of mese verbs, add me right
endings, and translate:
(a) Multae epistulae Luciae ab Augustino (scribo-ere) sunt.
(b) Monasterium a peregrinis (relinquo--ere) est.
(c) Corpus monachi (sepelio-ire) est.
(d) Libri in bibliotheca (pono-ere) sunt.
(a) Soon the students will free themselves.
(b) Do the monks themselves teach? Are they taught to teach?
(c) Paul and Lucia were seen walking out of the wood (if there
is a 'mixed gender plural' the masculine tends to prevail).
(d) Paul hid himself in the pond as the pilgrims approached
('as... approached': the present participle of adeoire is
irregular: adieus, then adeunt-).
(e) Many beasts were captured by the maiden herself.
(j) The oxen were being guarded by an army of Danes.

UNIT XVI
ISS
UMTXVI
The second, third, fourth and fifth columns all have the same
endings, but verbs in the first column (-are) have an 'e' in place of
the 'a',
I !ill Practice (i)
Fill the gaps:
Orders and encouragement (imperative)
The most direct way to tell someone what to do is to use the
imperative:
PRESENT INDICATIVE
PRESENT
_ ;ve
YIVImU5
vrvcamus _ rve
it .sto
.ta. s ;1 slo
-
camemus
-
nascas rno
,
;s core

,

-,.
. 'ce
mu.
au mu.
,
toces may yOtJ be quiet
May you hear me, friends.
May you be seated.
monel mittel oudi cape
monetel mittitel cauditel capitel
gmal
amatel
(to one personl
(to more thon onel
Audite me, 0 molesti discipuli! Lisren to me, you lazy students!
Sede! Sir!
The imperative is the most direct, urgent and potentially offensive
form of encouragement. In ancient times no doubt it was the
slandard idiom for addressing menials, dependants and children,
but perhaps unwise for anyone old enough, big enough - and not
hampered by the bonds of servitude - to clock you one. The
subjunctive was a more polite idiom of encouragement, expressing
a wish rather than an order:
Audiatis me, 0 amici
Sedeas.
AMARE MONERE MlTTERE CAPERE AUDIRE
mone-am mitklm capi-am aucft-am
mone-a. m...... capi-as
.......
--
m......
..-at aua....
_u.
nlone ca.nus mitklmus capi-amu5 oudi-amus
arn-;s nlOl16 otis mitt-al'is
-
audHmo
....- mone-ant ......... <apHont .........
-
More about verbs: the subjunctive (present)
Orders and encouragement (imperative)
ut and ne
Imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive
cum
Living Latin: Friends. Romans ... and family
More about verbs: the subjunctive (present)
Verbs can be categorised in several different ways. There's the
tense, (present, future, etc.), the person (who's doing it, '1', 'you',
'he', etc.), the voice (i.e. active or passive), and now finally what
linguists call the mood.
So far we have been dealing with the indicative mood, that is to say
dealing with actual actions, things which happen (or have
happened or are about to happen).
The subjunctive mood deals with potential, with hope, with what
might happen (or might have happened). There are four tenses,
active and passive. The endings are common across all five
conjugations with the exception of the present subjunctive:

~ Lucia in trabibus celata
sa Shared endings key
-e{n}t pre$E!fll: mone(n)llsec::ond coniugction}
Mure : mille{n)I, oudie{n)t, cepie(nlt [!bird, fourth and mixed conjugations!
present subjunctive: ame(n)t (first conjugcrt;on)
-a(n}t presool : amaIn)! [ ~ r s l conjugotion}
imperfect: -balo)! (aU verbs)
plupeffect : --eralolt (all verbs)
pres. subj. : monea(n}t, mitta{n)t, audia(n)t, capialn)t (second,
third, fourth and mixed conjugations)
157 UNIT XVI
Interea Lucia, Ricardum in monasterium euntem observans, in
claustri tedurn ascenderat ubi in pueritia saepe se celabat;
Comes Karolus enim earn matremque ad monasterium
adducere solebat. Despiciens igitur Lucia de trabibus
Ricardum solum sedentem videre poterat. Tandem aliquis ad
Ricardum adiit.
'Ubi suot nostri hospites?' inquit advena. 'Salvi-De?'
'Salvi sunt,' respondit alter.
'Omnia-ne parata sunt?'
'Ita vero, Domine Abba.'
Lucia est obstupefacta. Abbas! Omnia verba eorum audire non
poterat quod duo monachi susurrabant. 'Tace!' dicebat abbas.
'Advenit aliquis, ergo in ecclesiam abi... ' et Ricardus abiit. 'Ah
Pater Stephane, salve.'
'Te saluto, Domine Abba,' respondit Stephanus, 'Ignoscas
mi, sed tibi nunlios graves refero, mirabiles quidem, sed veros.'
'Quos nuntios dicis? Die mihi, Stephane.'
'Unus ex discipulis meis, puer sapiens, honestus, fidelis .... '
'Quis ex tuis discipulis?'
'Paulus. Bodie cum ad oppidum ambularet, conspiraDtes in
silva Danos conspexit ex quibus unum agnovit. Pater Ricardus
in silva cum Danis!'
'Pater Ricardus in silva? Bodie? Sed Ricardus non est
Danus. DIe puer e1ephantnm ex musea faeit.'
'rue autem cum Danis erat.'
'Discipulo erranti credis, Pater?' inquit abbas. 'Nonne
autem Paulus erat lie discipulus qui frostra flIiam Comitis
BEGINNER'S LATIN
(tf) 0 Abbatissa,
(taceltaceas).
(b) Si vobis placet, in ecclesiam
(festinatelfestinetis).
o milites.
(e) 0 discipuli,
(laceteltaceatis).
156
g Practice (ii)
Choose the appropriate ronn:
(a) (FestinateIFestinetis),
o miseri servi!

158 BEGINNER'S lATIN UNIT XVI
15.
Karoli amahat? Ignoscas mihi sed puer rervidus amore est,'
risit abbas. 'Dle Veneris discipulus nOD Christi esse videtor -
eho Magister? Nos De fabulas eius audiamus, sed to eum
saepius verberes. Percule puerum tuum virga, ut dixit sanetus
Benedictus. et liberabis animam eius a morte. Regula xxvm.
jUt vis, Domine, ut vis. Rumorem tameD ad te referendum
esse putavi.'
'Sane, Pater. Ecce, nunc Ricardus adit: eum ipsum
interrogemus ... Pater Ricarde, adsis. '
'Semper tibi pareo libens, 0 Domine....
Lucia adhuc in trabibus immota omnia, quae homioes infra
dicebaot, aodire non poterat. Mox dicere desieruDt et
Stephanus Ricardusque abierunt.
Taceas!
In dumis se celant De a
Danis videantur.
Credo ut intellegam.
Ne silvam timeas.
II Practice . ".
Pair the Latm sentences With the correspondmg English ones.
Cave De audiaoL May you be quiet!
If only you'd be quiet!
If only he'd believe us!
Do not be afraid of the wood.
Carefullest they hear.
Ut nobis credat!
I believe so that I may understand.
Vt taceas!
The words which ut and ne introduce are often part of a larger
sentence. The customary English equivalents are that, so that, or in
order that:
MooeDt eum .Y! Dobis credat. 17ley advise him to believe us
(l!1m he should believe us).
MODent eum n.e. abbati credat. They advise him not to believe
the abbot (thm. he should !1Q1.
believe the abbor).
They hide themselves in the
thickets ffi.1!1ill they may !1Q1.
be seen by the Dalles.
Sometimes ut + subjunctive introduces a result or consequence:
Tam celeriter currebant !!t 17ley used to run so fast that
ad ecclesiam ante noctem they would reach the church
pervenirent. before nightfall.
immotus-a-um 5Iotionory
infra below
libens gladly
mus<o-ae [f] fly
nuntii-orum [m] news
obstupefactus'aoum g,;pelied
parea-ere [+dat.] be obedient 10
percutio'ere strike, beat
pueritia'ae [ij childhood
saepius more ohen
satve hello
satvus-a'um safe
sane cerloinly
trabsbis [ij beam
virgo-ae [f] rod
obil go away!
odveno-oe [ij newcomer
onima-oe sool
c1oushvm-i In) dois/er
conspiro-are conspire
credo-ere [+001.1 believe, /rust
cum .. ambularet when he was
walking
despicio-ere look down
die tell
euntem liens. euntis) going
fervidus-aum burning, impeluous
frustra in vein, 10 no avoil
honestus-aum decent,
honourable
!l1i Vt and ne
Ut with the indicative usually means as, or when. With the
subjunctive ut is often used to express a wish or intention (negative
De).
Imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive
The three most used tenses are: the present, the imperfect, and the
pluperfect.
The imperfect subjunctive is easy to recognise the stem is
the verb's infinitive. The pluperfect has the ordmary stem of the
perfect with 'iss... ' as part of the ending:

IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE Pl.UPERFEG SUBJUNCTIVE
cmore ~ amarem
0_
-iem amavissem
~ .
.,
moneres
~ ' "
-isses rnonuisses
millere
,
mttteret mi$-i
'''''
misisset
oOO're
~ " '
audiremu5 oudiv-i -issemus audiviuemus
copere
~ ,
caperelis
<ej>'
-isselis cepissetis
. ~
~ " '
essent hH -ient fuissent
It helps to be able to recognise a subjunctive; for instance the
meaning of ut varies according to whether it's used with lhe
indicative or subjunctive:
...ut credimus as we believe
...ut credamus so that we may believe
For alJ the fanns of the subjunctive. including those of sum, esse,
see the Tables.
!It Practice (iv)
Choose the correct fonn and translale:
(a) Bibo ut (inteJlegamlintellego).
UNITXVl 161
(e) Discipuli, ut Stephanus
(dicit/dieat), theologiam
docentur ut opus
Dei (intellegunt/inteUegant).
I I I
(d) Augustinus nos monuit ut
carmina sua
(audiremus/audiemus).
~ C u m
The preposition cum (with) is followed by a noun in the ablative.
Cum is also used as a conjunction, meaning when (sometimes
since and occasionally although). It is usually followed by a verb
in the subjunctive:
Paulus, cum in silva ambularet. When Paul was walking in the
monachorum voces audivit. wood he heard the voices of
the monks.
Lucia, cum abbatem in c1amtro When Lucia had seen the abbot
vidisset. attomta erat. ;n the cloister she was
astonished.
(b) Lucia in stagnum se immersit
ut se (celaretlcelabit).
~ Mulus et plaustrum
Interea Paulus, cum Stephanus ut abbatem quaereret scholam
reliquisset, ipse abut ut Luciam invemret. Paulus Augustinum
et ceteros subvemre volentes ut manerent in schola monuit, ne
a Ricardo aut consociis viderentur. Nee multo post Paulus, cum
per monasterium solus ambularet, campanas ad monachos in

,.2
BEGINNER'S LATIN
UNIT XVI
163
ecclesiam convocandos resonantes audivit. Itaque, cum ipse
adesse in ecclesia deberet, furtim e c1austro in hortum ibat, ubi
mulum plaustro vinctum vidit. '10 mule, quo nunc vadis? Quo
hoc plaustrum trahis? Quid hie habemus?' Deinde Paulus cum
in plaustro omnes res quae in ecclesia eranl custodiendae
conspexisset vaJde attonitus erat 'Mehercule! Cur haec in
plaustro?' munnuravit.
Propc plnustrum erat magna sarcina. 'Ebeu!' gemuit ilIe,
'Yael Vae! Miserrimum Stephanum!' corpore magistri caesi in
sarcina invento. 'Propter me, 0 Magister, trucidatus e5. Vt in
sebola remansisses!' flebat iuvenis. 'Statim abbati ut omnia
referam ibo,' et gemitu in monasterium effugit.
" Living Latin
Friends, Romans... and family
Of lhe Roman historians, Tacitus is perhaps the most compelling.
His contemporaries tell us he was a lawyer, and a good one (unlike
Virgil who could not cope wilh the forum and retreated to a quieter
life of reading and writing). His work is full of rhetorical
cleverness, of withering irony interspersed with mischievous
asides and occasional blasts of front-on invective.
1 After poisoning his stepbrolher, Britannicus, Nero decided it
was his mother's tum to die. Agrippina had been instrumental in
helping Nero to power, and was almost as ruthless; but she later
lost influence over him. First there was a botched job with a
collapsing boat, from which she escaped to her villa. Then, after
she sent Agerinus to Nero to tell him she had survived an attempt
on her life, Nero confmned her worst suspicions by sending
assassins to finish her off.
,. coedo-ere, cecidi, coesum iiU,

campana-ae If) ben
con5OC:iusj 1m) ouociale
fumm secretly
miserrimus-a-um most wretdted
plauslTum-j In] cart, wogon
remCirteO'"er'e"'si'sum remain
troho-ere puU, drag
tn.Icido-ore-avi-atum sIovghler
vae olos, woe
valdo very much
Cubiculo modicum lumen inerat et ancillarum una, magis ac
magis anxia Agrippina quod nemo a filio ac De Agerinus
quidem: aliam fore laetae rei faciem; nunc solitudinem ac
repentinos strepitus et extremi mali indicia. Abeunte dehinc
ancilla 'tu quoque me deseris' prolocuta respicit Anicetum
trierarcho Herculeio et Obarito centurione classiario
comitatum: ac, si visendum venisset, refotam renuntiaret, sin
facinus patratuTUS, nih1l se de 0110 credere; Dun imveratuHI
parricidium. Circumsistunt lectum percussores et prior
trierarchus fusti caput eius adflixit. lam in mortem centurioni
ferrum destringenti protendens uterum 'ventrem feri'
excJamavit multisque vulneribus confecta est.
(Annals xiv. 8)
Tile room was dimly lit with only one maidfor company. Agrippina
became more and morefretful- no news from her son, no sign el'en
ofAgerinus. Ifall were well things would look otllenvise; now there
was loneliness and a sudden din, whkh pointed towards extreme
danger. Her maid got up to go and she started to speak 'You're
leaving me too... ' when she saw Anicems and rhe commander
Herculeius and warrall! officer Obaritus. 'If)'ou have come to visit
me,' she said, 'you ma), reporrrhat I am recovering. But if)'ou are
here to kill me, I believe my son hw; /lothing to do with it he would
not order his mothers death!' The stood round her couch.
First the caprai" hit her on the head with a staff. Then as the
lieutenant drew his sword to finish her off, she pointed to her womb
and showed 'Strike here!' After several blows she died.
2 Tacitus' picture of humanity is a desolate grey purpled by lhe
lust of ambition, weakness or cruelty. The story of Octavia is an
oasis of human innocence and virtue, and her murder shows to
what lengths a cruel tyrant will go. Historians might have given
their attention to less melodramatic material. such as the rise or fall
in interest rates, achievements of engineering, or social statistics
garnered from different comers of the empire - but this never
occurred to the writers, or their readers.
Octavia was the sister of Britannicus, and the daughter of the
emperor Claudius. She was also Nero's wife. She was murdered in
her twentieth year to make way for Nero's mistress, Poppaea.

Restringitur vinclis Yenaeque eius per omnis artus exolvuntur;
et quia pressus pavore sanguis tardius labebatur, praefervidi
balnei vapore enecatur. Additurque atrocior saevitia quod
caput arnputatum latumque in urbern Poppaea vidit.
She was bound and veins in all her limbs were cut; and then
because the flow of blood was checked by her panic, she was put in
a very hot bath andfinished off by its stifling heat. More appalling
cruelty was to follow: her severed head was taken to Rome for
Poppaea to see.
(Annals xiv, 64)
I'J Revision
1 Change the underlined clauses into ablative absolutes without
significantly changing the meaning:
e.g. Augustinus WID virginem cQnspexisset diu per
feoestram spectabat.
Answer: Augustinus vire;ine conspecta diu per fenestram
spectabat.
(0) Mulus cum sarcinas oronts vidisset gemuit.
(b) Paulus cum Ricardum audivisset in monasterium
festinavit.
(c) Stephanus cum corpus amici seoelivisset in ecclesiam
abut.
(d) Coquus cum cibum devoravisset. in silvam ambulavit.
(a) May they capture all the Danes!
(b) May the abbot not see your book of poems, Augustine!
(c) Drink the wine, friends! May everyone drink the wine!
(d) The abbot advised him to leave the monastery (that he
should leave - ut + imperfect subjunctive).
3 Write out the:
(a) present tense of gaudeo-ere;
(b) future tense of scribo-ere;
(c) present subjunctive of laudo-are.

UNIT XVII
More passive forms
Deponent verbs (passive verbs with active meanings)
Comparative adjectives: more
Superlative adjectives: most
Living Latin: The Consolation of Philosophy
~ More passive forms
The third persons of the present, future and imperfect passive have
our added to the active ending. Look at the other passive forms in
the Tables.
II Practice (i)
identify the corresponding passive fonn of the bracketed verb and
translate:
(a) Me felicem!
a mea domina (Iaudo).
g
Cl

'66
8EGlNNER'S LATlN UNIT XVII
167
(b) Omnes homines mea
carmina (miror, mirari,
miratus sum).
future
Their passive form but active meaning extends to past participles:
secutus-a-um having followed DQ! having been followed
miratus-a-um having admired !lQ1 having been admired
But gerundives of deponent verbs remain passive, like other verbs:
sequendus-a-um to-be-followed

(a) Lucia Ricardum in
monasteriurn (sequor,
sequi, secutus sum).
perfect
(e) 0 sceleste puer, a magistro
1 ! I (castigabis).
(b) Avirgine in
lrabibus sedente (audimus).
mJ Deponent verbs: passive verbs with active meanings
There are quite a large number of verbs which have passive
endings, but are active in meaning. These are called 'deponent'
verbs. In this list of some of the more common deponent verbs,
note the three principal parts, not four, as the past participle is part
of the perfect Conn:
Shared endings key
INFINIlM
sequi fo bI:lw
Io>qo; b ""'"
"""""" b """"'" rrWc-i b Olinire
PERfECT
sewtus"CI sum Jf/OlIIJj
Jowtus..a sum ,
p cy 51 IS"'CI sum I ocl.onced
sum
Gravis in discipulo stupor
These verbs should be translated like active ones, despite their

passive endings.
-or third declension nominotive : !Jupor, omor, etc.
passrve first person ('I.')
PIlI Practice (ii)
Identify the correct Conn of the verb in the tense as directed, and
translate:
Paulus igitur, Lucia in trabibus adhuc celata, in claustrum
inops animi irruit ut abbatem quaereret, 'Pater, Pater,'
exanimatus c1amans, 'Pater Abba!' Lucia vocem eius audire
poterat et anxia erato
'Quid est tibi, puer?' rogavit abbas.
'Stephanus est mortuus.'
'Deliras.'
'Sincerus vero loquor!'

,..
BEGINNER'S LATIN UNIT XVII
,..
'0 stuJte puer! Cur semper vanis de somniis loqueris? Sed
tibi jam pro certo meo: Pater Stephanus Duper abilt et in
ecclesiam ingressus est. Patrern Ricardum ceterosque in
eccles-iam ad vesperas parandas sequebatur.
'Ricardum?'
'Ita vero.'
'Pater, si tibi placet, e Ceoestro specta ut sarcinam videas
quae corpus Stephani continet - in pace requiescat.'
'Nullam sarcinam videre possum.'
'Sequere me, Pater, ut earn ipse videas.'
Haud multo post duo homines redierunt Paulo dicente,
'Crede mihi, 0 Domine, corpus Stephani illa in sarcina (oerat!'
'lam salis fumorum. Hoc tempore nos in ecclesia, ut
vesperas dicamus, adesse debemus. Th, 0 puer, amore es captus.
Ah, ecce, Pater Ricarde,' inquit abbas adeunte Ricardo. 'Pater
Ricarde, gravis in hoc discipuJo stupor esse videtur; itaque ad
medicum statim est ducendus.'
'Libenter eum ducam, mi Domine,' respondit Ricardus.
'lmmo! vera dieo,' clamavit Paulus.
'Puer sane est inops ammi.'
Subito saeviens, furiosissima, exanimataque, irruit Lucia.
Practice (iii)
Match legends to pictures and translate:
(0) Ancilla furiosior quam (c) Abbatissa saDctior
monachus est. quam milites est.
(b) Discipuli igDaviores (d) Equus celerior quam
quam ancilla sunt. mulus est.
Comparative adjectives: more ...
An adjective qualifies a noun. Sometimes an adjective is used to
make a comparison between two nouns: 'the dog is than the
cat'. This fonn of an adjective is called the comparative, and the
English adjective either ends '-er' (bigg) or is preceded by 'more'
- 'Latin is more exciting than space travel'. The Latin equivalent
of the comparative fonn has thc syllable -ior in its ending. The
Latin for 'than' is quam.
2 Sometimes the ablative is used for the second element.
without quam: e.g. Ancilla furiosior monacho est. Rewrite
(b), (c) and (d) above, using the ablative and without using
quam.
nuper recently
pro certo lor cef1o;n
SOII"IicHre roge
sequere kIIowl
sonYIium-i [nJ c*eom, boosy
stuttus-...m looIish
5tupor'-is 1m] senseIes.sness
vanu5-.Jm empty, false
,. emneo-ere oonfg;n, hoJd
deliro-ore-cM be irnone
brec:nhJes.s
houd oot
i. '91 r " mgreu.us sum eoler
inops onirni out 01 his mind
- gb&y
anedcus-i (m] dx10r

" Puer turpissimus!
Shared endings key
-or third declension nominative: pudor, omor, etc.
passive First p e r ~ ('1.... .'1
Comparative form of an adjective: sanctior
I.'EANING ADJECTlYE CONoPARAlM SUPERlAllVE IlfRNAlM
good melior optimu5-a-um
molus peior peuimist
great. large moiOf" maximum
small parvus minor minimum
UNIT XVII 171
;Domina Lucia? Quid tibi est in hoc loco?' rogavit abbas e solio
surgeos.
'DIe est peior quam diabolus!' exclamavit illa, gestu in
Paulum attonitum furiosissimo.
'Si vis, 0 virgo, placidior sis,' inquit abbas.
'Semper mihi versus lascivos mittil Tacere volui sed me
pudor vetal'
'Versus? Cuius versus?'
'Catulli carmioa amatoria.'
'Catulli? ]n hac ecclesia? Quid dicis, puer?'
'Immo, numquam huic virgini versus Catulli misi,' inquit
Paulus iam ipse anxius.
'Ecce liber,' ioquit virgo, simul et abbati librurn quem ex
Augustino petiverat tradens. 1\un ore Pauli manu percusso,
'lIIe,' inquit Lucia, 'est scelestus et turpissimus!'
'Mea carissima, desiste,' ioquit abbas, rnollire earn conaos.
'lgnoscas mi, Pater Abba!' et illa flere incepit.
'Crimina, 0 puer, audivisti. Quid dices?' lam plurimi
monachi aderant.
'Nescio, Domine, nescio.'
'1\1 ergo poenas valde dabis, miserrimeP et Paulo secundum
ictum dedit.
'Desiste, Pater Abba!' exclamavit Lucia.
'Rogas ut desistam? Ille tamen castigari debet!'
'Certe poenas dabit, sed Comes Karolus ipse iudicare vult.
Reus ad castellum statim in vinclis ducendus.'
'lUum videre volet Comes Karolus?'
'Certe. Ille filiam suam curaL'
'Esto,' inquit abbas, 'Peregrini quidam hodie monast.erium
relioquent qui vos ad castellum comitentur,' sic locutus librum
Augustini io ignem iniecit. Deinde cum monachi reum
deduxissent, omnibus praeter se ipsum atque Ricardum
digressis, 'Impera ut puerum virginemque trucident,'
susurravit abbas.
BEGINNER'S LAnN
SUPERLATM P: THREE O!. foItORE)
furios..Wimus
most/""YFurious
170
~ Superlative adjectives: most ...
The comparative fonn of Latin adjectives means 'more...' Or
occasionally 'quite.. :. 'rather.. .'. The comparative deals with a
comparison between ~ things: 'My dog is bigger than yours'.
The superlative is for three or more: 'My dog is the biggest in the
street'. The English adjective either ends '-est', or is preceded by
'most': 'That film was the most exciting I have ever seen.' The
Latin equivalent is easily detected, for most superlative forms have
the ending -issimusaum attached to the simple adjective:
II Practice (iv)
1 Identify the correct forms of the superlative of each of the
adjectives and translate:
(a) AbbaS-De (sanctusa-um) ex omnibus monachis est?
(b) Benedicti unguenta (suavis-e) sunt.
(e) Filia Karoli in terra (bellos-a-um) est.
2 Here are some irregular ones. See how many gaps you ean fill:

" Living Latin
The Consolation of Philosophy
Boethius (c.48Q-S24) has been described as the last of the Roman
philosophers and the firsl of the scholastic lheologians. In more
senses than one his life represents something of a gateway. a
passing point between the two worlds of ancient Rome and
medieval Europe, between philosophical fatalism and Christian
promise, between Roman pluralism and the one God. He was
among the last of the Stoics and first of the martyrs.
A statesman and philosopher under the emperor Theodoric,
Boethius fell from favour, was wrongly condemned and
imprisoned in Pavia, where he wrote The Consolation of
Philosophy. The central figure of the Consolation is the 'Lady
Philosophy', a pagan presence in a Christian world. She visits his
cell and encourages him to look beyond his immediate suffering
and 10 recognise the manipulations of Fortuna, for whose fair-
weather charms she urges caution.
The Stoics shared with Christians an inclination 10 confront life's
hardships without demur, bUI viewed the causes of their suffering
differenlly. Fortuna was a hazard of life, who had to be tolerated;
she was the most worshipped deity in the ancient world. Christians,
on the other hand, were inspired by an omniscient and benign God,
and Boethius - a born Christian but with the education of a Stoic -
wrestles with the reconciliation of human suffering and divine
goodness. His Consolation was one of the most prized and
influential books of the middle ages, and was translated into
English by Alfred the Great some three hundred years later.
Boethius died under torture in prison.
1 Philosophy reaches Boethius's cell to find him writing poetry
under the influence of the Muses, whom she immediately dismisses:
Quis has seenicas meretrieulas ad bune aegrum permisit
aeeedere quae dolores eius non modo nullls remediis roverent,
verum dulcibus insuper alerent venenis?
Who let these thespian tarts visit this sick fellow? They have no
treatment for his condition - only sweet poisons to make it worse.
2 She asks the nature of his complaint:
Si operam medicantis exspectas, oportet vulnus detegas.
If you wish to have the attention ofa doctor, then you must lay bare
yOllr wOllnd.
3 Boethius says he has been a good philosopher-politician.
Haecine praemia referimus tibi obsequentes? Atqui tu hane
sententiam Platonis ore sanxisti: beatas fore res pubJieas, si eas
vel studiosi sapientiae regerent vel earum rectores studere
sapientiae eontigisset. Th eiusdem viri ore hane sapientibus
capessendae rei publicae necessariam causam esse mODuisti, ne
improbis Oagitiosisque civibus urbium relicta gubernacula
pestem bonis ac perniciem ferrent.
Are these the rewards we earn for our loyalty to you? After all it
was your idea you put into the mouth of Plato: that those political
states which were ruled by philosophers - or by kings who had
experience of studying philosophy - would be happy. Through the
same man )'ou said there was an inevitable case for a republic to
be guided by philosophers. to prevent the business of governmem
falling into the hands of unprincipled and wicked characters which
would bring rllin and destruction upon good people.
172
....,
iJIII costigari to be punished
comitor-ari occompony
conor-ori-atus sum try, attempt
crimen-inis [n] charge, crime
cuius whose
digredior-i, digres5U5 sum
doparl
esfo so be it
goSNS-US 1m] gesJure
ictusus 1m) blow
ignis-is 1m] Fire
impero-are ordet-, insJrvd
inido-ere, inieci, iniectum Jhrow in
iudico-are ty, adjudicate
BEGINNER'S LATIN
Iascrvus"'(I-um "'Onion
miserrimU5'"O-um Y6f)' wretched
mollie-ire soften, colm
plocidus-a-um calm
p1urimi several
pudor-is [m] shame
quem which
reusj 1m] defendant
5e<undus"'CI-um sec::ond
5OIium-i [nJ 5eOI
5Urgo-ere rise
suus-a'um own
veto-are fotbid
vindum-i In] chain
UN1T XVII 173

4 Boethius cannot understand how evil can succeed.
Non ita sensus nostros maeror hebetavit ut impios scelerata
contra virtutem querar molitos. sed quae speraverint effecisse
vehementer admiror. Nam deteriora velie nostri ruerit fortasse
defectus, posse contra innocentiam, quae sceJeratus quisque
conceperit inspectante deo, monstri simile est.
My grief has not so blunted my senses that I should complain about
those no-good sorts who try to topple virtue with their wicked
schemes, but that they should have succeeded in their ambitions is
frankly a siwek. For we all have it in us to be less than peJject, bur in
full view of God, the wicked overcoming innocence? - it sappalling.
(* i, 1-4)
5 Philosophy says Boelhius has mistakenly courted Fortuna:
Fortunae te regendum dedisti; dominae moribus oportet
obtemperes. Th vero volventis rotae impetum retinere conaris?
(*ii, I)
You allowed yourself to be ruled by Fortuna; so your mistress s
ways must be accommodated. Are you really going to try to stop the
momentum of her turning wheel?
I'J Revision
1 Change each underlined verb into the perfect tense, and lranslate:
(a) Discipuli Danos in silvam sequuntur.
(b) Lucia in ecclesiam progreditur.
(c) In silva loquimur.
(d) Augustinus fJliam comitis miratur.
2 Change each underlined verb inlo the present tense, and translate:
(a) Lucia peregrinos in monasterium secuta est.
(b) De gravissimis rebus locutus sum.
(c) Peregrini in silva conspirantes visi sunt.
(d) Augustini-ne carmen miratus es?
(a) Are horses lazier than mules?
(b) Is Augustine the best student?
(c) Paul, have you ever seen a holier abbess?
(d) Richard was more cruel than the Danes themselves.

IjStephen were alive (now), he
would be helping us.
/fyou were to walk to Spain,
you'd be afool.
If you had seen Benedict, you
would have laughed.
UNIT XVIII
'If' clauses
Direct and reported speech
Living Latin: Love in the rain
~ 'If clauses
The Latin for 'if' is si ('iL.not': nisi). For something which could
happen (or have happened) as easily as not, the verb is in the
indicative:
Si e mon3sterio effugiemus, Ifwe escape from the fmmastery,
ad castellum ibimus. we will go TO the castle.
Si haec putas, stultus eSt If you think this, you are foolish.
Si haec putavisti, stultus If you thought this, you were
fuisti. foolish.
For a more remote possibility, or for musing on whatmight-have-
been, the subjunctive is used:
Stephanus, si viveret, nobis
subveniret.
Si in Hispaniam ambules,
stuJtus sis.
Si Benedictum vidisses,
risisses.

PJ Practice (i)
Match pictures to sentences, and translate:
(a) Si mulus opulentus (c) Si magister in sebola
esset, plauslra non mansisset, nunc
traheret. viveret.
(b) Si effugere conabitur, (d) Si heUus esses
eum occide! Ie amarem. '
177 UNIT XVIII
" Vale Augustine!
Augustinus ad cellam in qua Paulus erat vinelus furtim adiit.
'Psst, Paule,' susurravit amicus, 'adsurn ego. Si fortuna tibi
favebit mox eris liber!'
'Augustine!'
'Sst; De custodes excites. Tandem Lucia librum meum
accepit. MeDe quoque amat? Quid putas? Si antea
cognovissem, iam rivalis tUllS essem. Donum, quod Luciae dedi,
erat solum exemplar Catulli.'
'Eheu, malos tibi nuolios refero,' susurravit Paulus.
'Quid dids?'
'Liber ille est combustus.'
'Catulli Iiber?'
'Ita vera.'
'Cornbustus? A quo? Num Lucia versus Catulli delevit?'
'Abbas Iibrum in ignem iniecit.'
'NOD ita.'
'Vero.'
'Vae! Vae! Me miserrimum!' magna voce gemuitAugustinus.
'Taceas, ne custodes veniant.'
'IlIi erant soli Catulli versus in bibliotheca, in monasterio, in
terra! Quid agam?'
'Si poles omnes versus eius revocare, alium librum exscribas.
Nunc mi ignoscas, amice, sed ego maiore in periculo sum quam
to.'
'Quid? Vero. Dico tibi, Paule: tu es fortunatus.'
'Vero? Num felix in vinclis?'
'Ecce, accipe hunc librum.'
'Alium librum?'
'De Philosophiae Consolatione.'
'0 Augustine, quid agis? Boethius, cum Consolationem
scripsisset, in vinclis trucidatus est. Ego non consolationem sed
auxiliwn desidero!'
'Si librum leges,' respondit Augustinus, 'et consolationem et
auxilium invenies. Lucia consilium cepit. Mox te iuvabit in
teneris dominae iacere lacertis. Vale Paule,' inquit Augustinus
librum, in quo Lucia epistulam scripserat, tradens.
'Vale amice.'
BEGINNER'S LATIN
176

179
UNIT XVIII
If the reported words are a command or piece of advice, then ut is
used with the subjunctive (negative De):
Abbas nobis imperavit ne The abbot ordered us not to
scholam re1inqueremus. leave the school.
Paulus virginem monuit ut Paul advised tile maiden to
in stagno se celaret. hide in the pond.
\f In antra
Eodem igitur die ad castellum septem Dam et Lucia et Paulus
et mutus qui plaustrum trahebat, e monasterio profecti sunt.
Mox omnes obscuram per silvam iter facerent, Paulus
vinc:us plaustrum sequens ']0 mule, lente, lente!' susurrare
incepit. Unus Danorum anxius 'Sst, puer:'
inquit arbores umbrasque circumsplclens. Sublto exclamavlt
, "d" t" ?'
Lucia 'Ecce aliquis in arboribus! lIlum-ne VI IS IS.
'Ubi?' respondit unus ex Danis.
g Practice (ii)
1 Write down the actual words or thoughts:
e.g. Dixit Paulum vivere.
"Paulus vivit"
(0) PaulUS credidit Stepbanum pium esse.
(b) Augustinus dixit abbatem esse. .
(c) Stephanus discipulis imperavit ut m monastenum
festinarent.
(d) Virgo rogat ubi peregrini sint.
2 Complete the sentences reporting what was said:
(0) 'Scelestus puer paenas dare debet.'
Abbas dixit .
(b) 'Corpus magistri in sarcina est.'
Paulus abbati dicit .
(c) 'Ubi sunt versus Catulli?'
Augustinus rogat ubi .
The maiden asked why I was
swimming in the pond.
I do not know what love is.
BEGINNER'S lATIN
exemplor-is InJ copy
faveo-ere (+001.] Iovoor
felix fortunate, happy
iuvabit it will please, delight
locertus-j [m] arm
liber-o-um free
periculum-i [nJ danger
revoc:o'ore recall
rivalis-is 1m] rival, competitor
tener-o'um tender
Direct and reported speech
An author can use direct speech ("...") to show what his characters
say. However, it is far more common in Latin for the words of a
character to be expressed indirectly, with the help of a construction
called the 'accusative and infinitive'. This gives us not the exact
words spoken, but a report of what was said:
Dixit Paulum vivere. 'he said Paulro be alive (that
Paul was.. .).
The accusative (Paulum) is the subject, and the infinitive (vivere)
the verb, of the original statement: "Paulus vivit", what she or he
actually said.
The accusative and infinitive is used for reported thoughts as well
as spoken words:
Paulus credidit Stephanum Paul believed Stephen to be
pium sed abbatem scelestum pious but the abbot wicked
esse. (that Stephen was... ).
You will meet this construction all the time in Latin texts. If,
however, the reported. words are a question rather than statement,
then a question word (e.g. quid, cur) is used with a verb in the
subjunctive:
Virgo rogavit cur in stagna
natarem.
Nescio quid sit amor.
178
-
[:II a quo by whom
antea beforehand
aUlililiumj (n] help
cognosc:o-ere-ovi diKover
combustus-o-um incineroJed
consilium-j [oj pion
consolatio-nis [ij consolotion
deleo-ere-evi-etum destroy
donum-j [n] gift
excitoare woke, arouse

'8.
BEGINNER'S LATIN UNIT XV111
18'
Living Latin
Love in the rain
1 The story of Aeneas and Dido is one of the most celebrated i.n
literature. He lands in north Africa, a fugitive from Troy and IS
looked after by the queen of Carthage, Dido, wh? faits in love wil.h
him. She and her fellow Carthaginians entertam Aeneas and hiS
Trojans to a hunt in the forest.
Tandem progreditur magna stipante catena
Sidoniam picto chlamydem circumdata limbo;
cui pharetra ex auro, crines nodantur in aurum,
aurea purpuream subnectit fibula "estern.
Nee non et Phrygii comites et laetus lulus
incedunt. Ipse ante alios pulcherrimus omnis
infert se socium Aeneas atque agmina iungit.
Now at last Dido steps out. a great throng all around her. She
wears a Sidonian habit with a colourful hem, and a quiver of gold
and her hair tied back in a golden pin. and gold is the brooch
which fasteflS her purple cloak. There tOO come tile and
cheerjullufus. Aeneas himself, the most handsome of all. ndes up
to her side and brings the rwo panies together.
'Credo alios pravos in animo habere ilium liberare,' inquit
virgo, cui alios se videre nihil posse rt"Spondit. Tertius socios
rogavit ut festinarent diceos 'Silvam hane non amo'.
'Vos hie remanete dum iUos quaero,' inquit virgo.
'Immo vero! Absit ut nos relinquas.' Omnes Luciam
obsecrabant ut maneret; quae tameD, equo citato, mediam in
silvam evanuit.. Ceteris diu moratis, stridens ex arboribus per
auras sagitta plaustro adhaesiL Dani, cum se opprimi vidissent,
attoniti paulisper ex equis desceodenmt et se in dumis
celaverunt. Deinde iUum, qui Paulum custodiebat, gladio
stricto ut captivum trucidaret, alia sagitta per auras stridens
transfixit. lode Paulus gladio Dani vulnerati rapto se liberavit
et 'Io! lo!' magna voce equos Danorum adeo tereuit ut DOD
solum illi sed etiam mulus ipse quam celerrime densas in
arbores effugerint.
'Yael Plaustrum, plaustrum!' gemuit quidam et e lalebra
desiluit ut mulurn sisteret; frustra. Mulus iam mediam in
silvam abierat se<:um plaustrum atque praedam Danorum
trabens. 'Et ubi est noster captivus?' rogavit alius. Dani tamen
animis colle<:tis Paulum nusquam invenire poterant.
Interea Lucia et Paulus mediam per silvam iter faciebant, et
tandem defessa pluviaque madida 'Ohe caballe, ohe caballeP
inquit Lucia. 'Ecce antrumP
'Hoc antea numquam vidi,' inquit Paulus ex equo
descendens. In antro Paulus aquam e facie virginis tergens '1\1
es mirabilis,' susurravit, 'Bellissima Lucia, te amo.'
'Ergo da mi basia.'
'Quidquid imperas, labor est suavis.'
'Impero ut taceas.'
Nee multo post tumultu excitati e spelunca furtim exierunt
ut quis adesset cognoscerent. Primo nihil viderunt; deinde
conspexerunt Lucia atque Paulus plaustrum et res omnes, quas
Dani ex ecclesia rapuerant, et placidum sub arboribus
pascentem mulurn.
absit ut [medievaij for be il Ihat
antea before
antTUmj [01 aM!
captivus-i (m) priSCXlef"
colliga-ere-egi-ectum reo:oYe'"
cui 10 whom
desilio-ire-ui leap out
dum while
ellugenn' (pod. """.1 ("'"rl
lled
eodem lobi.) some
evanesco-ere. evanui disappear
gladiusi Im1 swonJ
Iotebra-oe lij hiding-ploce
madidus-aum soaked
rnoror-ari-atus cJeIoy, wait
nusquom oowhere
obsec:ro-are implore
ohe WOO
opprimi [por.sive iofio.] 10 be otbd.ed
pascori grou, eat
paulispet' 0 lit1le while
pluvia-oe (ij rain
pmeda.... [q loot
pnrvus-aum widced
proficiscori. profectus set out
quam ce&errime OJ quickly 0'
_hie
quas (oed. pl.] which
quKlquid who/eYef"
..".... ,.,..,
$lop
spelunca-ae lij aM!
strin90 ere nxi"'Ctum drow
(sword)
tergo-ere wipe
terreo-ere-uiitum frightell
tertius'a-um Ihird
vulnero-ore-avi-atum wound

2 A thunderstorm brings Dido and Aeneas alone together.
Interea magno misceri murmure caelum
incipit. insequitur commixta grandine nimbus.
Et Tyrii comites passim et Troiana inventus
Dardaniusque nepos Veneris diversa per agros
tecta metD petierej ruunt de montibus amnes.
Speluncam Dido dux et Troianus eandem
deveniunt. Prima et Tellus et pronuba IUDO
dant signum; fulsere ignes et conscius aether
conubiis, summoque ulnlarunt vertice Nymphae.
Before long there was a loud rumbling in the sky, and there
followed a downpour of rain with hailstones. The young men of
Troy and their Carthaginian friends and he of Dardan's line,
grandson of Venus, all scattered helter-skelter across the fields in
fright, looking for cover, while torrents of water sweep down from
the hill-tops. Dido and Aeneas, the prince of Troy, happen upon the
same cave. Mother Earth - she's first - and Juno in nuptial
attendance give the signal; lightning flickers, heaven witnesses
their coupling, and on peak-tops the Nymphs wail in ecstasy.
(Aeneid iv, 136-42. 160-8)
I'J Revision
1 Rewrite these sentences making the underlined words plural.
and translate:
(a) Si ilIe discipulus Danos non timeret, stuUus esset.
(b) Stephanus mihi dixit cucullum monaehum non faeere.
(c) Qui ab amico amatur est felix.
(d) Monaehus, si avaritia non movetur, laudandus est.
2 Translate:
(a) I believe that Augustine is a good friend to Paul.
(b) Stephen. if you find (use thefuture) Richard, ask (imperative)
him to come (pres. subj.) to the cloister.
(c) The students say that Lucia is the most beautiful of all the
maidens.
(d) Surely we do not believe that the daughter of the count
loves the humble student?
ITABLES
NOUNS: five declensions
tempus [nJ
..........
IrempOlu
tenlpOri
_,iii ...... ,.,
Wima. In]
Wind,
Wi ...ina lei"" a
cannina let a
canninum lenIpOl'UIn
carminbJs ten ibus
Wi I, oillilu5 len ibus
SECOND
.- boy
SNGUAR
n.. 'ii la puer
""""""'" """"'"'
"""""" pueri
"""'"'"' ..-
l.tagist.O pu80
""""
magistri pueri Vll'lG
magistros puet'05 vina
?(II"'" p..eaumvinorwn
liteS"'" is pueris vAs
magistris pueris vAs
..... gi..es
.wgilaes
v;rginum
vWginibus
.... 9" li.>l.I5
obbales
abbatum
ubbalibus
ubbuIibus
ubbales
mui
mulo>
...........
.....
.....
WOO
maid.n
SNGUAR
Wga
ubb"'dem 'Til g,,,,,,,,,
obbotis virginis
abbati virgini
.......e
""""
palles
pul'E!iil
""'"'
patri
....
pelle
""'"'"'
pohibus
pahibus
FIRST
""""
SNGUAR
....
.......
.....
......
....
""""
.....
.....
......,."
....
....

=
".,.
dd.
"".
=
=
".,
dd.
"".
FClU<1H
FFTH
bow hand
!fling
"NGUAR
"lGl!LAA
=

".,. amos
dot.
0"'"
...
,..;
"".
"""
manu
..
""""
""""
=

".,

-
dd.
.......
manibu
......
""
....... mauibus
......

ADJECTIVES
himself,
herself,

themselves
-
.......
=.

sui
S"".
....
dot. ......
sibi
0 .
"'"""
..
.8.
PRONOUNS
you (s.) we/us y"" 1pl.1
ego tv no. vo.
m. to no. vo.
gen. mei tv; nostril vestri/
nostrum ves.rum
dol. mihi tibi nobis vobis
obi. me to nobis vobis
BEGINNER'S lATIN
TABLES
185
saMNs-a-um: blessed, sainlly
mm. nevt. maK. rem. neut.
SINGlJI.AR PlURAl.
sone:ta sanctum 50ndi sandoe sone:ta
sandam sanctum $Ondos $OnCkIS -.eta
50nctae IClnm IQI'lt'tonIm sanctorvm 5Onctorvrn
50ndae sondo IClnms $OfKfis IClnctiS
sancto 5Oncto sondis $OfKfis $OMtis
SINGUlAR PlURAL
moscvline feminine

masculine feminine

this, he, JJe, it these, they, them
hie hoe< ho< h; hoe hoe<
=.
hUM hoM ho< ho. ho. hoe<
.... huius huius huius horom horom horom
dol. huic huic huic his his his
obi. ho< ho< ho< his his his
thai, he, she, it those, they, them
iIIe ilia iIIud iIIi iIIae ina
acc. ilium iIIam iIIud iIIos iIIas iIIo
goo. iIIius illius illius iIIorum iIIarum iIIorum
do', iIIi iIIi illi iIIis iIIis iIIis
obi. iIIo ilia iIIo iIIis iIlis iIIis
that, he, she, it those, they, them
;. eo ;d e; ... eo
=.
eum eom
"'
eo. eo. eo
.... eius eius eius eorom eorom eorom
do'
e; 0; e; 0;. 0;. .is
obi. eo eo eo 0;. 0;. .is
who, which
qui q- quod qui q- quoe
=.
quem quom quod quo. quo. quae
goo cuius cuius cuius quorum quorum quorom
dot. cui cui cui quibus quibus quibus
obi. quo quo quo quibus quibus quibus
he himself, she herself, itself they themselves
nom, ipse ipsa ipsum ipsi ipsae ipso
acc. ipsum ipsam ipsum ipsos ipsas ipsa
goo ipsius ipsius ipsius ipsorum ipsorum ipsorum
dol. ipsi ipsi ipsi ipsis ipsis ipsis
obi. ipso ipsa ipso ipsis ipsis ipsis
omnis: cj, fif'I'y
prudeN: wise moior: grvaIer
masc./Mm, tIIIIUt.
masc./Mm. tW.
mascfiem, tW.
....... emne ......... .........

""'""
...... _.
emnem emne ......-.........
.......... ......
=
.......
-
........
S"".
""""" '*".
...... .........
'".
...... .........
........
PlCOAl
......, ,........,
........ .......

:::::::: ,........,
_....
........
=
....

.........um
",,",",m
S"".
omnibus
............
..........
dot.
..........
'".
...... ............

Wl'ERfECT
.........
"""""'"
.........
..........
.........
ca. I
il.... I
"i!
,
I
I
m
5
,
"""""""
...-. ...........
............
...........
ca,
"...
..... I ,'''
...ill I ....
I
r
'IUI'
m
5
I .....
ca,
..... I
liiill I i
I
r
i.'
m
5
I ,..
ca. lIur .....
r
.Iur iliill I ....
i
r
..... m
5
I .....
...SENT
-
....... .......
"""'"
omori< ..- milteri<
"""'"'
""'""'
........
--
........
.."....
........
- -
"'"""-
-
.........
........... Ii ..... ..,. rrithrini c:apnn mDriri
.....-
---
........... ...........
....u-
FUTUlE
.........
"""""'"
........
.......
"""'"
....,.,.",;, mOl I
milteri<
""'"'"'
"""'"'
"""""'"'
.-- ......... ........
......
.............. .. lUi KJbii ..... milIem..- ...........
"""""-
ca.......... Ii .... ..,.:." miItenWJi copiemr.i m
5
I.'
'"""'""- ""'""""-
.........
-
..........
TABLES
Regular verbs: indicative passive
187
.......
.......-
.......-
......
ouc5ti eraIis
............
.......
.........
..........
.....-
ca.dtiestis
..........

--
--
....
oapti emlis
..........

_..
_...

capi esai5
........
I'B<fECf

_..
_...
missi ,....,-.,s
rnissi estis
missi Ad
""'"""
""'"""..
""'"""...
moniti sumus
rnoniIi esfis;
moniti sunt

arnatus eram ..ntus eram missus eram
amatus ems ..ntus eros missus_
amafU5 erat rnonitus erot mis.Ius erat
amati emmus moniti eromus missi eromus
amati erutis moniti erotis mis.si eraris
cmati eront moniti .-en miui en:ri
.......
.........
..........
"""'"
andi esti5
"""'" ....
"""I
'86 BEGINNER'S lATIN
Regular verbs:
indicative
active
..-. ..........
""'-
--
........
,
",,,-
"'-
"'rend
"'-
"'hea
"
PRESENT
amo
--
..- a>pio .....
""""
...... ......
""'"
.......
amat -.. mittit
<aPt
'"""
amamus _u. mittimus
copimus
\
"""'"'
........ mittitU
""""'
audiM
...- ....- .......
......,.
""""'"
I
FUIUR'
omabo monebo mittam a>piom
.....m
"""""'
........... m_
--.
.......
........ ........ m....
...... ......
""""'"""'
......w::bOi ,\iUS
............
-""'"'
............
.........
-. mittefis capietis
-.
amobum
manebum mittent
a>piom audient
r
IMPERfKT
ca, II
"....
r
.. rninebam
I
. I
Ii
N
5 ,
amalxu monebo.
Ii
m........
.......... au<5eb<u
amal>at
manebat mittebat
""'""""
au&ebat
amabamus
rnonebamu5 mittebomus
,-
audiebarnus
amabatU iilo.....balis mittebaM
........... m 5 ' lis
CIl, I II i110i I II nWlltbca,1
I
. I ,
m 5 '
m
PERFECT
a"""; manu;
misi
<ep; oudivi
I
-
.......... misisri
......
"""'"'" amav>
---
....
..... .......
- ---
..........
--
audivWnu
.....,.;,,;,
monuistis misisris
cepistis aucivistis
amaverum _m miserunt
"'pe",m ...........
I'UJf<RfECT
OlllO.U....
""'""""'"'
"""'"'"'
<epenom
audiveram
"""'"""'"
monuenu miseras
aud'",,,,,,
a_
"""""'""
miserat
"'p.-at
"""""""
OIl II.... Oi unlU5
-.
miseramus <epenomu.
audi.aaoTlU5
Glil.huulis
-
...........
-.
............,.,
CA'c.aea" ...............
"""'"'"'
-
"""""'-
.....,;

'"
BEG!NNER'S LATIN TABLES
"9
VERBS: subjunctive (active) Irregular verbs
PRESENT
moneem minam (apiam C1udiam sim (esse)
. mitta capias auenal sis
.....
_.
m.... c:opiat audiot
arnemul rnoneomus mittamu. (apiamu. audiomu. simus

ameli. moneeti. mittati. c:apiatis audiotis litiS
amen' moneant mittont copic,"' C1udiont sint
PLUPERFECT
omaviuern misissem cepGMm
omcr.oiues "-lUis.ses mGisses cepiues
comavisMt monuisset InINSSet c.-piuet
misinem,... cepi$s.emus
omaviuetis monuis5eris ITlisissetis cepissetis
mi$isMlnt cepWent
coperem oud;rem
capere. audi....
caperet audiret
(openmul C1udiremu.
coperet;s oucliretis
coperent oudirent
ene
veil.

lobo
10 be able 10 wish to corry logo
PRESENT
.am
possum volo
eo
pote.
vi. Ie"
;.
... potu.. vult
f."
;.
sumul possumus volumus ferim"'l
imul
estis
potestis vultis lam.
itt.
sunt
possunt volunt ....n. eun'
FUTURE

volam

;bo
eris
poterit vole.

ibis
.nt
potunt
vol..
Ie... ibit
erimus
poterimus volemus feremus ibimus
eritis
poteritis voletis feretis ibitis
erunt
poterunt volent ferent ibunt
IMPERFECT
....m
volebam ferebam ibam

poteras volebas ferebas ibas
.-
potu.... volebat
;bot
eramus poteramus volebomus ferebomus ibamus
eratis
poteratis volebcms ferebotis ibatis
erant
poterant volebont ferebant ibant
PERFEG
fa; paN; volui
tuli
ii
fuisti
potuisti voluisti tulisti isti
fa" paN"
voIuit tulit
iit
fuimus
potuimus voluimus tulimus iimus
fuistis
potuistis voluistis tulistis istis
fae"..'
potuerunt voIuerunt tulerunt ierunt
P\.UPERFEO
fuerom potuerom volueram tulerom ierom
fueros
potueras volueras tuleras ieras
....... poIUe-
voluerot tulerot ierat
fueromus potueramus voIuenJmus tuLeramus ieromus
fuerati, potueratis volueratis tuLeratis ieratis
fuerant potuerant voluerant tulerant ierant
..-
esse.
esset
euemul
essetis
.IMn'
ouciYtem fuWem
<JUCIviues fW.as
auciYtuet fuiuet
o;oudiisMmuli fuiuemu5
cn.odivisseti. Mnens
oudiviuent fuU--.t
lMPfRFECT
mitter.m
mitte....
miHeret
rnitteremul
mitteretis
mittererrt
-
monerel
moneret
moneremus

_.

amore.
arne,..t
omoremul
olnClreti.
omarenf

KEY TO THE EXERCISES
'"
KEY TO THE
EXERCISES
On.
2 (a) discipulus. ambulal; the student
walks into the kitchen. (b) presbyter.
de<;iderat; the priest often desires food
and wine. (c) silvam; the mule always
comes through the wood.
(d) Iibrum; the master longs for a
0001.:, the students long for wine.
3 (a) Equi ncque in silva neque in agIO
laboranL (b) Manachus unguenta in
sarcina portaL (c) Presbyter cum
discipu1is per silvam ad monasterium
ambuIaI (d) D\scipuli non presbyteri sunt.
Four
Practice (i)
1 terram, terrae, terras. terrarum;
mmum. rami. ramo, rami. ramorum.
mmis; folium, folii. folio, folia,
foliorum. foliis. 2 (a) monasterii; Ihe
women work in the kitchen of the
monastery. (b) feminae; the eggs fall
on to the woman's tunic. (c) Benedicti;
the students drink Benedict's wine.
3 (a) nominative. genitive; the
students desire the maid's wine. (b)
nominative. genitive; Stephen is the
master of the school. (c) genitive,
nominalive; Paul is Stephen's student.
(d) genitive; Ihe mule is fearful of
woods. 4 (a) rami. mmonJm; (b) agri.
agrorum (c) ovi, ovorum (d) umbrae.
umbrarum (e) ancillae, ancillarum
Practice (11)
1 (a) Sum Paulus. (b) Sumus Stephani
discipuli. (c) Esl episcopus. (d) Es in
silva. 2 (elC.amples) (a) Ubi est mulus?
(b) Cur Paulus in bibliotheca laborat?
(c) Femina-oe mortua est? (d) Quis esl
Stephanus? (Quis est magisler?)
Revision
1 (examples) (a) Femina est in silva.
(b) Equus umbras non amat. (c)
Magister in bibliotheca laborat.. (d)
Mulus unguenta oleum vinum ovaque
Three
Practice (i)
I agrum. agri, agris; unguento.
unguentis. presbyterum. presbyteri,
presbyteros. 2 (a) presbyteri,
discipuJis, laborant; the priests do nOI
work with the students. (b) vino. oleo,
unguentis, ovis; the bag is heavy with
wine. oil, perfumes and eggs. 3 (a)
monachi, habitant; the monks live in
the monaslery. (b) silvas. agros; the
mule does not like the woods but the
fields. (c) egui, mulis, laborant; the
horses work with the mules in neither
the woods nor the fields. (d) vina,
unguenta: Benedict desires wines and
perfumes.
Practice (ii)
I (a) viam; the monks walk along the
road. (b) agro; the mule is in the field.
(c) monachis; the horse, frightened by
the monks, comes out of the
monastery. (d) equo, lerram; the monk
falls off the hor5e on to the ground
2 (a) in, ex, in; in the wood. the monk
falls from the horse and lies on the
ground. (b) e. in; the eggs fall from the
bag on to the ground. (c) per. ad; the
mule walks through the wood towards
the monaslery.
Revision
1 silva. silva. silvae, silvis; mulus,
mulum. muli, mulos. mulis; puerum,
pueri. pueros; vinum.. virus. libra, 1iOO:
ancillam. ancillas. ancillis.
habitanl; the students live in the
monastery. (d) Mulus umbras non
am3l; the mule does not like shadows.
3 (a) Umbrae in silvis sunt. (b)
Monach.i sarcinas non portaDl. (c)
Mulus saepe in silvis ambulal. (d)
Mulus equos non amat guod cum
mulis non laboranl.
esl. (c) Paulus silvam spectat. (d)
Paulus cum monacho ambulal.
Two
Prdctiee (I)
I equis, egui, mulo; the mule lives in
the field with the horses. but the horses
do not work with the mule.
2 (a) portat; the mule carries the bag.
(b) habitant; the monks live in the
monastery. (c) amant; the mules do nOI
like the horses. (d) laborat; the horse
docs not work in the field.
Practice (ii)
I silvas. silvis. umbrae; the mule does
not like woods because in the woods
are shadows. 2 (a) sunt; the bags are
on the mule. (b) amat; the mule does
not like the shadows in the wood. (c)
portant; the monks do nOI carry the
bags. (d) habilant; the horses do not
live in the wood.
Revision
I (a) mulum, mull. mulis; discipulus.
discipulo. discipulos; umbra, umbram,
umbras; (b) equum, equo. equi, equos.
equis; silvam, silva, silvae, silvis;
sarcina. sarcina. sarcinae. sarcinas,
sarcinis. 2 (a) Paulus saepe in agro
cum monachis laborat; Paul often
wOlb in the field with the monks. (b)
Sarcinae in mulo sunt; the bags are on
the mule. (c) Discipuli in monaslerio
mulo
Paulo
mulum
Paulum
Practice (I)
1 (a) me. her. he. us (b) silvam.
mulus. sarcina. Pallium 2 (a)
sarcinam; the mule carries the bag.
(b) Paulus: Paul carries the mule.
3 (a) amat: the mule does not like the
wood. (b) ambulat; Paul is walking in
the wood. (e) specIal; the mule
watches the wood (d) portal; not Paul
but the mule is carrying the bag.
Practice (ii)
t mulus
Paulus
sarcina sarcinam sardna
silva silvam silva
2 (a) nominative, accusative: Benedict
longs for some food. (b) accusative;
the mule does not like the bag. (e)
ablative; Benedict is nOf in the wood.
(d) nominative; Paul is a monic 3 (a)
Paulus cum mulo in silva ambulal:
Paul walks with the mule in the wood.
(b) in mulo est sarcina; on the mule is
a bag.
Revision
J silvam, monachum, sarcina, cibo
2; (a) Benediclus in silva non ambulal.
(b) Sarcina in mulo est. (c) Mulus non
Paulum sed sarcinam portal. (d) Mulus
silvam non amal.
3 (examples of senlences) (a) Paulus
mulum non portal. (b) Cibus in sarcina

192
BEGINNER'S LATIN KEY TO THE EXERCISES
,.3
BeDedicluS ancillarum avunculus est!
Surely BeDedict is not the maids'
uncle!
3
SINGULAR
/no
_.
.....
-
......
...... ......
--
-
......
-
-
......
-
- - -
<WAC
_.
p.
"""
...- ......
-
"""'"
.....

......m "",_m
magnis mail''' maglll'
-"
m4&n,s
-"
7 (a) a wasp
discipulis furiosis sed ancillae grarus
est. (d) Benediclus gulosus unguenta
abbatissae odorae desideraL 2 (a)
Monachi mums monasterii videre
possunt; the monks can see the walls
of the monastery. (b) Miseme ancillae
in culinis semper laborant; the
wretched maids are always working in
the kitchens. (c) Pueri mulis cibum
dant; the boys give food to the mules.
(d) Cur sunt abbatissae in bibliotheca?
why are the abbesses in the library? (e)
ludos monachus non spectat; the monk
does not walch the games. (f)
Episcopus-ne in monasterio habitat?
does the bisOOp live in the monaslery?
(g) Mooachi feminis aquam dan!; the
monks give water 10 the women. 4 (a)
Discipuli-oe fessi sunt? (b) Malus
monachus in rnonasterio habitare non
poles!. (c) Magister furiosus libros
discipulis miseris dat, (d) Filia
dominae laborare in culina non potesL
Num ambulare cum discipulis debet?
(e) Equi-ne mulum in silva audire
possunt? Cibum equorum ad
monasterium portal.
5
Revision
1 (a) Abbatissa bestiam sanetam
timet. (b) Ova in episcopum ignavum
cadunt. (c) Liber Augustini non
student gives perfume not to the
bishop but to the abbess. 3 (a)
Episcopus historiam monasterii
presbytero monachoque narrat; the
bishop narmtes the story of the
monastery to the priest and the monk.
(b) Discipulus ignavus Luciam spectal;
the idle student watches Lucia. (e)
Miser mulus sarcinam onerosam
semper portat; the poor mule is always
carrying a heavy bag. (d) Cur ancilla
cum monaeho laborare debet? why
should the maid work with the monk?
Revision
I (a) ab initio: (b) anno Domini; (c)
curriculum vitae; (d) et cetera; (e) ad
nauseam; (f) ad infinitum. 2 (a)
Bestiae-ne Christianos in amphitheatro
devorant? Are the beasts devouring the
Christians in the amphitheatre? (b)
Monachi boni ludos saevos non amant;
Good monks do not like the cruel
games. (c) Paulusne coquis cibum
vinumque semper panat? Does Paul
always bring food and wine for the
cooks? (d) Cur discipulo libros
magister dal? Why does the master
give books to the student? 3 paganus,
paganum, pagani. pagano, pagani,
paganos, paganis. paganis; oppidum,
oppidum. oppido. oppido, oppida.
oppidorum, oppidis. oppidis; bestia.
bestiam. bestiac. bestia, bestiae.
bestiarorn, bestiis. bestiis 4 (a) Paulus
multum cibum coquo dat. (b)
Discipulus ambulare non cum aocillis
sed cum monachis debet. (c) Monachi
ludos spectare "olunt sed ira
monasterio laborare debent. (d) Lucia-
ne in culina laborare potest?
SINGULl.R
_.
fra
-
-,.
_.
_om
5IlOClum _om 5IlOClUm
5IlOCl,

>alll'l;
-
-"
woo
''''RAe
_.
fra
-
-
-
- -
-
- -
-
- -
-
-
Sb<
Practice (i)
(a) possunt: !he monks cannot see !he
abbess (b) debet; vult; !he abbess ought
to be Working in the kitchen. but wanlS
to watch the monks in the church.
Practice (ii)
1 ager, agro. agro, agri, agros.
agrorum, agris; coquus, coquum,
coqui. coquo, coqui. coquos.
coquorum, coquis; culina, culinam,
culinae. culina, eulinae, eulinas,
eulinis, culinis; oleum, olei, oleo. olea,
olea, oleis, oleis 2 (a) ancilla.
discipulis; the maid brings food for the
sludenlS. (b) episcopo. abbatissae; the
5 nocturnal. canine. CUlinary. decimaL
domestic. ecclesiastical, filial. fraternal.
maternal, solar. bovine. 6 (a) Num
episcopus gulosus est? (b) Discipuli
fessi in agro saepe sedent. (e) Domina-
ne (femina-ne) furiosa est, Stcphane?
(d) Muli-ne obscura in silva laborant?
Practice (0)
1 (a) Bestiae furiosae Christianos
saoctos fugant. (b) Christianus furiosus
bestias sanetas fugal. (e) Christianum
furiosum besliae sanctae fugan!.
2 (a) Bestiae furiosae sanctum
monachum spectant; the furious beasts
watch the saintly monk. (b) Libri
magni in bibliotheca sunt; there are
great books in the library. (e) Discipuli
ignavi mulas furiosos in agris vident;
the lazy srudents see the furious mules
in !he fields. (d) Monachi somnulenti
in bibliotheca non laborant; the sleepy
monks do not wort in the libnuy.
Revision
1 lucid; wall: mural; animal; bestial:
leaf; foliage; dubious; loquacious;
virile; irate 2 (a) Monachi-ne ignavi
in agris laborant? Do lazy monks work
in the fields? (b) Num discipuli
cognati Luciae sunt? Surely the
students are not kinsmen of Lucia? (c)
Paulus magislri libros in bibliotheca
spectat; Paul is looking at the teacher's
books in the library. (d) Num
Five
Practice (i)
I umbrae, ovi, pucri, magister,
episcopi, Egbena,libri, 2 (a)
ae, sarcina-ae. Lucia-ae, domina-ae.
filia-ae, via-ae. elc. (b) episcopus-i.
Paulus-i. equus-i, etc. (e) ovum-i,
c3Slcllum-i. unguenrum-i. oppidum-i.
monasterium-i. elc.
portaL 2 (a) Sumus-ne in silva? (b)
EqUU5 feminae audire \'cnlum potesl.
(c) Mulus sarcinas monacru jXIItal. (d)
Num discipuli vinum BenediC1i
desiderant? 3 venlUS, Ventuffi, venti.
VCOIOS, venlorum. vcolis; tunicam.
tunicae. tunicae, mnicarum. tunicis;
ovum. ovum. ovi, ova, ova. ovorum.

19.
Seven
Practice (i)
1 (a) abbatibus; (b) arboribus: (e)
virginis: (d) palri; (e) abbate; (f)
arborum (g) patTe; (h) virginibus; (i)
patris; (j) abbalem J (a) Reges in
monaslerio non habirant; kings do IlOI
live in the monastery. (b) Monachus
boves in silva polest videre; the monk
can see oxen in the wood. (e) Viltulem
maU1lrn laudum; they praise the
courage of the mothers. (d) Amici-ne
abbatum grati sunl militibus? are the
friends of the abbots pleasing to me
soldiers?
Practice (ii)
2 (a) nomina abbarum; (b) munera
marris; (e) multo opera (multi labores);
(d) corpora beslinrum; (e) carmina
abbatis; (I) gratis carminibus
Revision
1 corpus, corporis, corpore. corpora.
cOlpOrum. corporibu$, corporibus;
homo, hominis. homini, hornine,
homines. homines, hominibus.
hominibus; polio. potionem, potioni.
potione. potiones. potionum,
potionibus. potionibus 2 (a) Munera
discipuli dominae grata sunt. (b) Num
magister in superstitiones credil? (e)
Augustinus cannioa virginibus recital.
Cd) Monachi pacem, rnilites bellum
desideranl. 3 (a) Quis est dea amoris?
Esl-ne Diana? (b) Abbatissa in silvam
cum Patte Benedicto ambulat. (c)
Carmina-ne virginis grata abbati suot?
(d) Cur Benedictus camem panem
crustaque semper desiderat?
Eight
_(I)
2 (a) exspectant; (b) laudamus; (c)
vacat; (d) laboratis; (e) recito; (I)
susurranl; (g) equitat; (h) paront;
BEGINNER'S lATIN
(i) salutat; (j) volilant; (k) praedicat;
(I) curnt; (m) castigas
Practice (ii)
2 (a) sedemus; (b) liment; (c) monel;
(d) ridetis; (el manemus; (I)
respondent; (g) doces; (h) dolent
Practice (iii)
1 (a) iacet; (b) canlatlcantabit 2 (a)
monebit; (b) amabunt; (c) laudabimus;
(d) sedebitis; (e) cantabis; (I)
iUbebimus; (g) praedicabit; (h) videbis;
(i) manebimus
Revision
1 (a) Equi in caclo volitabunt; hOl'Ses
will fly in the sky. (b) In ecclesia
sedebo; I shall sit in the church. (e)
Discipulos somnulenlOS castigabunt;
they will punish sleepy students. (d)
Lucia mihi in ecclesia SusulTabil; Lucia
will whisper 10 me in the church.
2 (a) 0 Domina, cur doles? mistress,
Why do you weep? (b) Philosophiam Ie
<toceo. 0 Paule; f am teaching you
philosophy, Paul. (c) Labores in agris
non loleramus; we do not endure !he
foils in.the fields. (d) Nonne. 0 virgo,
Augustmum arnas? surely, maiden. you
love Augustinus? 3 munus. munus,
muneris. muneri, munera, munerum,
muneribus, muneribus; laborem, labori.
labore, Iabores, labores. laboribus,
laboribus; a1fegoriam, allegoriac;
allegoria, allegorias, allegoriarum.
allegoriis. allegoriis; dei. deo, deo,
deos. deon.un, deis, deis 4 (a)
Abbatissa magnam cc:nam parabit. (b)
Discipuli-ne in bibliOlheca adhuc
laborant? (c) Quid, 0 Lucia, susurras?
(d) In ecclesia dolebunt.
Nine
Practice (I)
2 (a) omnibus discipulis; (b) breve
carmen; (c) difficilia opera; (d)
humilium monuchorum; (e) turpis
superstitio; (0 mollis lUnica; (g)
fortibus militibus; (b) dulcis arnica
(domina)
Practice (ii)
1 a song not to be heard; an abbess to
be revered; tasks to be done; a monk
to be praised; gifts to be distributed;
words to be added; an abbot: to be
revered; u maid to be admired 2 (a)
audiendus; the abbol has to be heard.
(b) amandi; the soldiers are not to be
loved. (e) perficiendum; !he work is 10
be finished.
Revision
1 (a) Magnae cenae in colina
parandae sunt; large Wnnen have to be
prepared in the kitchen. (b) Dulcis
domina semper audienda est; a sweet
mistress must always be heard. (c)
Turpes discipuli excitandi sunt; the
disgraceful students ought (0 be
woken. (d) Humilis servus etiam
laudandus est; a humble serf should
also be praised. (e) Cur abbas
reverendus est? why muSt an abbot be
revered? 2 (a) Cannen fonibus
militibus ancillaeque humili
dedicabimus. (b) Doleo quod Lucia me
amore innammabit sed non amabit. (c)
Nunc poella cannen dulce cantabit et
pueri historiam monasterii narrabunt
3 dulcis: see omnis, sanctus in Tables.
Ten
P r a c t i ~ (I)
1 (a) mittit; (b) capimus: (c) lludlunt;
(d) capio; (e) millunt; (0 auditis; (g)
mittimus: (h) audis 3 (a) lego; (b)
cununl; (c) scribit; (d) incipimus; (e)
sepeLiunt; (0 fugiunt; (g) bibitis: (h)
venit; (i) audiunt
195
Practice (ii)
(a) mittet; (b) capiemus; (c) audlenl;
(d}.sedel; (e) alJdietis; (0 videre
poterunt; (g) venire vis; (b) aderimus
Practice (ill)
(a) fourth; (b) first; (c) mixed; (d)
third; (e) flI'St; (I) second; (g) third; (h)
founh; (i) mixed; (j) second; (1;.:) flfSt;
(1) thin!
Revision
1 (a) ductt; the monk will lead the
mule into the wood. (b) perficient;
today the students will finish the tasks.
(c) relinquemus; shall we leave the
monastery? (d) potero; I shall not be
able to hear Augustine. 2 (a) credo; I
do not believe in superstitions. (b)
innammat; (my) girlfriend innames me
with love. (c) audis; do you hear
Augustine's poems? (d) legunt; the
students read from the Vulgate. 3 (a)
Ancillae earmina Augustini semper
audire volunt! (b) Lucia iam legere et
cantare et in agris laborare potest. (c)
Animas humilium servorum et regum
magnorum curabimus. (d) Cur
monachi e silva (el)fugiunt? 4 See
Tables of nouns: opus: third
declension; nox: third; rabula: flI'St;
sepulcrum: second; annus: second
Eleven
Practice (i)
1 (a) arnabal: (b) audiebant; (c)
miuebamus; (d) eras; (e) poteram; (0
monebat; (g) erant 2 (a) pluebat; it
was raining. (b) iacebat: the pitiable
body lay on (in) the ground. (c)
legebamus; we were reading lhe poems
or Catullus. (d) sepeliebant; they were
burying !he monk near the church. (e)
"ebat; the maiden was weeping.

PREFIX
SlMPI.f Vf:RB
COMI'ClUND
ad
i,e go
odire go 10, opptoh
U

go
.... go"'"
""

""
.......
"" .....,
ad
.-
""
odo_
,b
millere
omillere send crwoy, lone
ad
cGpere
.,. occipe<e receive, welcome
circom
venire
-
circvmveoire
wrroond, come croond
"m
vocore col! COflVOCOfe coli fOgelh4r
d.
millere
<:!emilfere send down, lower
ad
make
o!fice,e treol, a/fUct
"m
pvtore thin!:
compvtore som up, rec:k(lll
rap8le Joke, J/IOlch ellpele snolch oot
'"

ro'"
;rrue<e rush in
'"
-,ire
-
inveflire come upo<!. lind
"""'. """'.
po<"'"
.....,s,e thorough, h'nish
po<
19.
Praetitt (n)
1 (a) praedicantem: (b) donnientes
2 (a) ovum. .. eadens; Egberta sees the
egg falling from the bag. (b)
monachum... cantantem; Lucia was
listening to the monk singing in the
church. (e) discipulis stcnentibus; Paul
was sitting with the snoring students.
(d) monacho donnienti; the abbess will
nOI give food to the sleeping monk. (e)
ancillas... susurrantes; Benedict was
listening 10 the maids whispering in
the kilchen. (f) feminae.... poterant; the
.....omen could see 1bcodorus running
in the wood.
Revision
I (examples) (a) Coquum doom
devorantem in cutina videre poleram.
(b) Monachos in silva ululantes
audiebamus. (e) Abbatissa discipulum
vinum bibentem SpectaL (d) Nunc
abbas Budiendus est. 2 (a)Auguslinus
duodecim horas dormiebal. (b)
Sapicntcslprudentes magislri cum
discipulis semper bibebant. (e)
Mulum-ne. 0 Lucia. in agro bibentem
audice poleras? (d) Discipuli abbalem
ex ecdesia pompam ducenlem
Speclabant. 3 laboratis, miuere,
mittam, come. venire, scribere.
scribtml, scribebant., capere, capiet.,
capiebal. fear, times, timebas, dare,
dabit, dabat., aperire., aperiam,
aperiebam, see, videt"e, videbunt.,
videbant, praise, laudare, laudabimus,
laudabamus, focit, faciet, docere,
docebitis. docebalis
Twelve
Practice (I)
1 (a) ambulavit; (b) viderom; (e)
venimus; (d) cepi; (e) monuisti; (f)
audivil; (g) ffiisiffiUS; (h) monuil 2 (a)
dixil; the monk (has) spoke(n) 10 !he
serf. (b) laudavimus; we (have) praised
BEGINNER'S lATIN
the maids in the kilchen. (e) ceperont;
have the Danes captured all the
monasteries'? (d) scripsisti; have you
wriuen a letter to the bishop'?
Practice (ii)
(a) nos, vestrnm; (b) meum, vobis; (e)
mea.libi: (d) tibi
Revision
1 ambulabil. ambulabat, veniemus.
veniebamus, praise, laudare, laudatis,
laudabatis, docere, docebo, cIocebam,
say, dicere, dicebas, dixisti, wrile,
scribere, scribllnt., scribent., scripserunt.
capere, capimus, capiebamus, cepimus.
see, videnl, videbant, viderunl. esse,
est., erat
2 (a) dulcia earmina tua; Augustine.
will you read 10 me your sweel poems'?
(b) discipulis; poor Stephen was
always woridng with the students in
the library. (c) peregrinum; did Lucia
hear the stranger/pilgrim in the wood'?
(d) ancillae... monueront; the maids
have warned us. 3 (a) Theodoros-ne
vobiscum in silva ambulabat, 0
discipuli1 (b) Abbatemne
praedicanlem audivisti, 0 Augusline'?
(e) Abbatissam coquo suSUl11Ultem
vidi. (d) Epistulam-oe Luciae scripsisti,
o Paule'?
Revision 7-12
I (a) cantabit; (b) dormiunl.
devora\'eront; (c) vidi; (d) scribit
2 (a) recilabil, recitabal, recitavil (b)
ridebunt, ridebant, riseront (e) audietis,
audiebalis, audivistis (d) scribam,
scribebam, scripsi 3 (a) docendi; (b)
sepeliendum; (e) laudandi; (d)
scribenda 4 (a) fugiens; (b) dueentem;
(e) sedentes; (d) canlantes 5 See
Table of nouns: annus-i: second
declension; vila-ae: first; oppidum-i:
second; polio-nis: third: clamor-is:
KY TO THE EXERCISES
third; tempus-oris: third. 6 (a)
Virginis-ne cannen audivisli, 0 Pater
Stephane'? (b) Episcopus omnibus
monachis praedicabal. (c) Mox corpus
miserabile monachi sepeliemus. (d)
Coquus vinum cum lristi discipulo per
IOtam noctem bibebat.
7 hospcs. hospitis hosl. hospimt hoslCt
hotel. hospice
caput, capitis capital. callie, chatlCl.

discus-i dish. discus. disk. disro
dignilaS. dignitatis dainty. dignity
phanIasia-ac fancy.
prxdico-an: Iftdicatc. pmteh
- """"'-
..............
"'""'-
8 (e) an ancienl inn or taite-away
Thirteen
Practice (i)
aestimavi, station, salutatum, rccitare.
vacalUm. damnation, mansion, ridere,
sessum, lentum. vision. monere,
monilUm, dictum, dueere. duclum,
relinquere, scriptum, ascensuffi, aclUffi,
audilum, ventum. perfeclum, receprum
197
Practice (ii)
(a) sepultus; Theodorus was buried in a
field. (b) visi; the pilgrims were seen in
the wood. (e) territus; the mule was
lerrified by the shadows. (d) laudata;
the maiden was praised by her father.
Practice (Iii)
(a) Mulus in silvam ductus umbras
limet; the mule having been led inlo
the wood fears the shadows. (b)
Discipuli a Stephana docli
obdonniveront; the students having
been taught by Stephen fell asleep. (e)
Cenam ab ancillis panltam Benedielus
devQr.wil; Benedict devoured the meal
which had been prepared by the maids.
(d) see example.
Practice (iv)
(3) legente; while Augustine was
reading the poems of TIbullus. Paul
was copying out the rule of Ihe
monastery. (b) susurranlCS; Theodorus
saw strangers whispering in the wood.
(e) devoralo; after much food had been
devoured (after devouring much food)
Benedict feU asleep.
Practice (v)
(a) abimus (b) redibunt; (e) adibamus;
(d) abierunl; (e) exit: (f) exeunt

19.
R ~ v i s i o D
1 (a) Theodoros, peregrinos timens, e
silva exii!. (b) Coquus ancillas in bono
laborallles diu speclabat. (e) Paler
Stephanus dolens in ecclesia sedebat.
(d) Paulo in stagno nalanle, peregrini
silvam adibanl. 2 (a) Lucia, Danis
auditis. ad monasterium redii\. (b)
Ceoa ab ancillis parata. a monachis
devornla est. (e) Epistula a monacho
scripta, comiti tradila est. (d)
Discipulus. equo arbori ligato. in
stagno natavit (natabat). 3 delinquent;
ridere; ducere; scribe. scribble:
recipient 4 Past participle of desidero-
are. neuter plumJ: the desired things.
Fourteen
Practice (i)
2 (a) vullu Iristi; (b) casu; (e) grati
versus: (d) manu; (e) spiritus sancti; (t)
gernitu; (g) exercitus comitis; (h)
virginis arcus sagittaeque
Practice (iii) See lable on page 197.
Revision
1 See Tables: (a) gradus: founh
declension; corpus: third; monachus:
second (b) dies: fifth; miles: third;
sagitta: first 2 (a) VirgO numquam in
stagno nataverat. (b) Petegrini, cilxl
multo devorato, monasterium
rcliquerunl (c) Neque elburn neque
aquarn invenernmus sed nurnquarn
spem amisimus. (d) Discipuli, in
gradibus ecdesiae sedentes, versus
Augustini audiebant. (e) Monachi
omnes libros manu scripserant.
Fifteen
Practice (i)
I (a) Luciae; Lucia's face was sad. (b)
ancillarum; the maids' food was
devoured by Benedict. (c) Monachi;
REGlNNER'S LATIN
the monks live in the monastery. (d)
vinum; wine was desired by the abbot.
2 (a) illius; his daughter lives in the
castle. (b) hac; the abbess was praying
in the church with her. (c) ei; Paul
always gave food to himlit. (Note:
even an inanimate 'il'maybe
masculine or feminine, depending on
the gender of the noun which lhe
pronoun represents). (d) Uti, his; those
men were seen in the wood with these
men.
Practice (ii)
1 (a) haec silva; (b) haec unguenta; (c)
horum discipulorum 2 (a) ilia domina;
(b) ilia carmina; (c) ilium mulum video
3 (a) ea epistula; (b) cum eis monachis;
(c) id est
Practice (iii)
(a) se; (b) ipsa
Practice (iv)
amabitur. videbunt, audiebat, Slhe
was being heard, Yhe will cap/lIre,
capiet
Practice (v)
I duxenmt. they were led, audivit,
auditus est, cepit, capta est, ml)nuit,
monitus est
2 (a) Discipuli in schola a Patre
Ricardo eastiganlUr; the students are
punished in the school by Father
Richard. (b) Omnes sarcinae ex oppido
a mulo portabantur; all the bags were
being carried out of the town by the
mule. (c) Carmen Calulli abAugustino
amicis recitatum est; the poem of
Catullus was read by Augustine to his
friends. (d) Virgo matri dicens a Paulo
visa est; the maiden, while speaking to
her mother, was seen by Paul. 3 (a)
Benedictus cibum devoravit; Benedict
devoured the food. (b) Paulus virginem
in silva vidit; Paul saw the maiden in
the wood. (e) Monachi historiam
monasterii narrabunt; the nl(mlts will
relate the history of the monastery. (d)
Dani corpus in borto sepelivenlDt; the
Danes buried the body in the garden.
Revision
I (a) scriptae; many letters were
written by Augustine to Lucia. (b)
reliClUm; the monastery was left
(abandoned) by the pilgrims. (c)
sepultum; the body of the monk was
buried. (d) positi; the books were
placed in the library. 2 (a) Mox
discipuli se liberabunt. (b) Monachi-ne
ipsi docent? docere-ne docentur? (c)
Paulus Luciaque e silva ambulantes
visi sun!. (d) Paulus. peregrinis
adeuntibus. in stagna se celavil (e)
Multae bestiae a virgine ipsa captae
sunt. (I) Boves a Danorom exercitu
eustodiebantur.
Sixteen
Practice (i)
PRESENT INDICATIVE
we live vivimul
J'fle lit) stands stot
we kwe omomus
roo forgive ignosciJ
...... is careful covet
we rejoice goudemus
.." ptCJ,se Iaudomus
5'f>e drinh bibft
you CJfe quiel toe.s
MSENT SU8.IUNCTM
vivomuJ may _ /ive
stet may ...... fi1I otooo
omemus may we love
ignoscos may you forgive
coveat may .-he be core/ul
goodeomus may we rejoice
loudemus may we praise
bibot may ~ e drink
taCtKIS may you be quiet
Practice (n)
(a) festinate; (b) festinetis; (c) tacete;
'99
(d) taeeaS
Practice (iii)
May you be quiet! Taceas! If only
you'd be quiet! Vt taeeas! If only he'd
believe us! Vt nobis eredat! Do not be
afraid of the wood. Ne silvam timeas.
Carefullest they hear. Cave ne audianl.
I believe so that I may understand.
Credo UI intellegam.
Practice (iv)
(a) intellegam; I drink so that I may
understand. (b) celaret; Lucia plunged
herself into the (M)nd in order to hide
herself. (e) dicit, inteUegant; Students.
as Stephen says, are taught theology
that they may understand the work of
God. (d) audiremus; Augustine advised
us to listen to his soogstpoems.
Revision
I (a) Mulus, sarcinis omnibus visis,
gemuit. (b) Paulus. Ricardo audito. in
monasterium festinavit. (e) Stephanus,
corpore amici sepulto, in ecclesiam
abiit. (d) Coquus, cibo devorato, in
silvam ambulavit. 2 (a) Danos omnes
capiant! (b) Ne abbas librum canninum
tuum videat. o Augustine! (c) Vinum
bibite, 0 amici! omnes vinum bibant!
(d) Abbas eum monuit ut monasterium
relinqueret 3 See Tables. (a) gaudeo-
ere: second conjugation; scribo-eTe:
thinl; laudo-are: fmit
Seventeen
Practice (i)
(a) laudor; What good fonune! I am
praised by my mistreSs. (b) audimur:
we are being heard by the maiden
sitting in the rafters. (c) castigaberis; 0
wicked boy, you will be punished by
the master.
Practice (ii)
(a) secuta est; Lucia followed Richard

200
into the monastery. (b) mirabuntur, all
men will admire my songslpoems.
Practice (iii)
1 (a) The maid is more furious than
the monk. (b) The studenlS are lazier
than the maid. (e) The abbess is holier
than the soldiers. (d) The horse is
faster than the mule. 2 (b) Discipuli
ignaviores ancilla sunl. (e) Abbatissa
sanclior mililibus est. (d) Equus
celerior mulo est.
Practice (iv)
1 (a) saoctissimus; is the abbol the
holiest of all the monks'? (b)
suavissima; Benedict's perfumes are
the most delighlful. (e) bcllissima;
Charles's daughter is the most
beautiful in the land.
2
BEGINNER'S LATIN
Eighteen
Practice (i)
(a) U the mule were .....ea1lhy, be would
not be pulling cans. (b) If be Dies to
escape, kiU him! (e) If the master had
remained in the school, he would be
alive now. (d) If you were beautiful, I
would love you.
Practice (ii)
1 (a) Stephanus pius est. (b) Abbas
scelestus est. (e) 0 discipuli, in
monaslerium festinate! (d) Ubi sunl
peregrini? 2 (a) Abbas dixit puerum
scelestum poenas dare debere. (b)
Paulus abbati dicit corpus magistri in
sarcina esse. (e) Augustinus rugal ubi
versus CatuUi sint.
MEANING ADJECTIVl: COMPARATIVE SUPERlATIVE DERIVATIVE
good bonus melior optimus-a-um oplimi.t
bod malus peior pessimus-a-um peuimis./
grf'Q/.lorge magnul

maximul-a-um maximum
""'"

minor minimus-a-um minimum

1 (a) sccuti SUDI; the studeolS
followed the Danes inlO the wood. (b)
progressa est; Lucia went forward mlo
the church. (c) locmilae sumus; we
spoke in Ihe wood. (d) miratus eSI;
Augustine admired the daughter of the
coun!. 2 (a) sequitur; Lucia follows
the pilgrims into the monastery. (b)
loquor; I speak aboul mosl serious
mailers. (c) videnlUr, the pilgrims are
seen conspiring in the wood. (d)
miraris; do you admire the songlpoem
of Augustine? 3 (a) Equi-ne
ignaviores Quam muhinulis sunl? (b)
Augustinus-ne optimus discipulus est?
(c) Abbaliuam-ne sanctiorem umquam
vidisti. 0 Paule? (d) Ricardus Qlli!ID.
Danj j[!sj I Danis j[!sjs sacvior ernt.
Revision
1 (a) Si illi discipuli Danos non
timerent, stulti essent; if those stOOenlS
were not afraid of the Danes, they
would be foolish. (b) Stephanus nobis
diltit cucullum monochum non facere;
Stephen told us that a hood does not
make a monk. (c) Qui ab amicis
amatur est felix; he who is loved by his
friends is fortunate. (d) Monachi. si
avaritia non moventur, laudandi sunl; if
the monks are no! moved by greed,
they should be praised. 2 (a) Credo
Augustinum Paulo amicum bonum
esse. (b) Si Ricardum invenies. 0
Stephane, eum roga ut in claustrum
veniat. (c) Discipuli Luciam"-
omnibus vjq:jnibuslomnjum vili;nym
esse bellissimum dicunt. (d) Num
comitis filiam discipulum humilem
amare credimus.

lATIN-ENGLISH
VOCABUlARY
go to, approach
stick
a(b) by, from
abbas-aOs [m) abbor
abbatissaae If] abbess
abeo-inil-Iturn go away
absum-esse be away. absent
accipio-ere-cepi.ceptum receive
ad to, towards
add
adduro-erexi-ductum bring
adeo somuch
adeo-ire-iiitum
adhaereo-ere-si
adhuc still
adiuvo-are help
adsum-esse be here, present
adultero-are be adulterous
advenaae If] newcomer
aed.ifico-are-avi-atum build
aequor.is [n] Waler; sut/ace
aestas-tatis If] summer
aestimo-an-aviatum value
aestuosusaum hot
ager, agri [m] field
agnosco-ere-ovi-otum recognise
ago-ere, egi, actum do, drive,
peifonn
agricola.ae 1m]
alienus-j [ml stranger
aliquando sometimes
aliquis someone
wius-a-urn some. other
allegoria.ae If] allegory
alter-a-urn
ambo both
ambulo-are-avi-atum walk
amicus-! ImJ. arnica-ae If] friend
amitto-ere lose
amo-are-avl-atum like. love
amor-is 1m) love
amphitbeatrum-i In) amphit1u!atre
amphora-ae If] jug
an or
anas.atis If] duck
ancilla-ae Ul moid
angelus-i [m] angel
animaae If] soul
animal-is [n] animal
animus-j [m] mind
annus-i [m)
anser-is [m] goose
ante(a) IMjorr(hmul)
antrum-i [n]
annus-a-urn
aperio-ire-ui-itum open
appareo-ere-ui appear
apud at, in the presence of
aqua-ae If] water
llrBae If] altar
arbor-is If]
arcus-us 1m] bow
argentum.i (n] si/vu
ars-tis (f] an, skill
ascendo-ere.tndi-ensum climb
aspicio-ere look at

pUI down
long for.
202
at
atquc and
attonitusaum
audio.lre--iviitum hear
auraae air
auroraae If] dawn
aurum-j (oj gold
austerus-aum severe, gloomy
aut or
autem holt'l!Vcr
auxiliumj [0] help
avuDculU'i-j 1m) WIele
balbus-a-um slommering
basio-are-avi kiss
basium-i [nJ kiss
bellum-i [n] war
bellus-a-um beautiful
bene fine
benignus-a-um kind
bestiaae If] beast
bibliotheca-ac If] library
drink
blasphemo-are blaspheme. .\Wear
bonUS-8-um good
hos-vis fmlfJ ox
brevis-e short
caballos-j lm] horse
cado-ere. cecidi, C8sum fall
cacdo-ere, ceddi, caesum kill, CUI
caelum-l [n] /reaven, sky
calamus-j 1m] reed
calidusaum lI'omr
campana-ae If] bell
Cllndela-ae If) candle
C8nto-are-avi-atum sing
capio-ere. ccpi, caplum take,
capture
captivus.j 1m] pn'soner
caput, capitis [n] head, capilal
carmen-inis [n] song. pm
caro, cami5 If} flesh. mcat
8EGlNNER'S lATIN
carus-a-UDl dear. sfXcial
casleUum-i In) castle
casligo-arr-avi-atum punish
castitas-ta!is 10 chastity
casus-us [01] chance
Calullus-i CoJullus
be careful
celebro-are-avi-atum celebrate
cderiter quickly
ceUa-ae 10 cell. room
ceUerarius-i [m} procurator
hide
cena-ae [0 dinner
centum hundred
certe cenainly, yes, at least
certus-a-um sure, unerring
ceterus-aum other
chorus-i [01] choir
Christianus-i [01] Christian
Christusi Christ
cibus-i [01] food
cin:um around
cirrumspicio-ere-exi-ectum look
around
cito-are-avi-atum stir up. rouse
c1amo-are-avi shout
clamor-is [m] shout, cry
clacusaum bright
claudo-ere lock
claustrum-i [0] cloister
cogilo-are think
cognatus-i [01] kinsrtUln
oognosco-ere-ovi discover, learn
coWgo-ere-cgi-ectum recover
combustus-a-um incinerated
comesitis [01] count
comitor-ari accompo.ny
commemoror-ari remember, relate
computo-are sum up
confirmatus-a-um confirmed
conicio-ere throw
coniunx-gis [mlf] husbandlwife
lATIN-ENGUSH VOCABUlARY
cooor-ari, cooatus try, attempt
consilium-i (nj plQTI
consisto-ere.stiti stop
consocius-i [01) associDte
consolatio-nis If] consolation
conspicio-ere-spexi-spectum CfJ1ch
sight of
conspiro-are conspire
constituo-ert-ui-utum decide
cooteotio-Dis [f] dispuJe.
compt:tition
contineo-ert contain. hold
cootradico-ert contradict
convaJesco-ere recover
coDvocatio-Dis [0 conference
convoco-are-avi-atum call
together, as.semble
eoquus-i [011 cook
cor-dis (n) hean
Corintbi-orum [01] Corinthians
corpus-oris [n] body
eras tomorrow
creator-is [01] creaLOr
credo-ere [+<lat.] believe, trust
crepito-are rustle
cresco-ere grow
crimen-inis [n] charge, crime
crudelis-e cruel
crustum-i [n] pastry, cake
cucuUus-i [01] hood
cui, culus to whom, whose
culina-ae 10 kitchen
cum' wi/h. in the compo.ny of
cum' when, since
Cupido-inis 1m] Cupid
cur why
cura-ae [f] anxiety, stress
coro-are [+acc.] care for
curro-ere run
custodio-ire guard, watch over
custos-dis [mit] guardian
203
damno-are condemn
Danus-i [01] Do.ne, Viking
de [+abl.} from, about
dea-ae [t] godd#'ss
debeo-cre-ui-itum owe. have to
declino-are
dedico-are dedicate
deinde then. next
destroy
deliro-are-avi be silly. insane
demitto-ere lowu
densus-a-um thick
depono-ere-sui-situm
desidero-art-avi-atum
desire
desilio-ireui leap out
desino-ere, desil stop. abandon
desisto-ere stop
despido-ere look down
deus-i [01] god
devoro-are-avi-atum devour, eat
diabolusi [rn] devil
diaJecticaae [f] discussion.
argument
dico-ere-ixiictum lell, say
dies-lei [01] day
difficills-e difficult
dignitas, dignitatls (f]
digredior-i, digressus depart
diligentia-ae [f] allenlil'eness
diligo-ere love
disdo-ere-essi depan
discipulus-i 1m] student
discus-i [01] disc
diu for a long time
divide
divitiae-arum {pl.] riches
divus-i [m] god
do-are, dedi, datum
doc::eo-ere-ui, doctum teach
doctus-i [01) leam#'d rtUln
doleo-ere grio'e

sleep
"ad
204
dolus-i (m] deceit
domina-ae If] mis'"ss
dominus-i [m] lord, sir
domum homelwJrW
dODum-i [nJ gift
dormio-ire-iviitum
dUClM':re-uxi-uctum
dulcis-e Sl4.'eet
dum whik a.r IMg as
dumus-i (ml thicket
duo two
from. out of
ecre look
ecrlesiaae (f) church
errugio-cre, efTugi flee away
Egberta-ae [f} Egberta
eho eh
eJephantus-i [m] elephant
emo-ere buy
coim for, you see
eo, ire, ii, iturn go
episcopus-I [m] bishop
epistula-ae [f] leiter
equidem inl/eed, 10 be sure
equito-are.avi ride
equus-i [m] horse
ergo so, there/ore
eripio-cre-ripui-reptum rake QU/.
snatch
erroare-avi make a mistake
eruditio-nis If] learning
et and
et... et both .. and
etiam also
evanesco-cre, evanui
exanimatus-a-um breathless
excito-are wake, arouse
exemplar-is [nJ copy
exemplum-i (n] aampk preudenl
exen:eo-ere-uiitum occupy,
praetiu, train
BEGINNER'S LAnN
exemtus-us [m] anny
txbalo-an.avi-atum bnaJhe OUI
exhaurio-in-ivi, exhaustum drain,
''"Pry
exhilaro-an.avi-atum
exigous-a-um slender, scalll
existimo-are think
explico-are-avi-atum explain, undo
write out
exsequiae-arum (f] funeral
uspecto-are-avi-atum wait/or
CabuJa-ae If] slOry
Cacies-iei If] face. appearanu
CaciJis-e easy
Cacio-ere, CKi, Cactum do. make
Caenum-i [nJ hay
Calsus-a-um false
Cama-ae If] story. report
Camilia-ae (f] family
famulus-i [m} attendant
fas /lot blasphemous
fatum-i [n] fate
favea-ere [+dat.] favour
felix fortunute. happy
Cemina-ae If] woman
Cenestraae If] window
Cervidus-a-um burning. impetuous
fessus-a-um tired
festlno-are-avi hurry
fibula-ae If] brooch
fietilia-Ium [n] earthenwan
fideJis-e loyal
fides-ei (f] faith, loyalty
ngora-ae If] shape
filia-ae If] daughter
Decto-ere bend
Deo-ere weep
follum-i In] leaf
fortassc perhaps
fortis-e brave
fortuitus-a-um accidental
LATIN-ENGUSH VOCABUlARY
fortllDatus-a-um happy. lucky
Cragrantia-ae ll1 odour
frater-tris 1m] brother
frigidus-a-um cool. cold
frigus-oris In) chill. cold
CJ'OIIdesco-ere put forth leaves
Crostra in to no avail
frux-gis 111 fruit
fugio-ere, fugi flee
fugo-are chase
Cundo-ece pour
furiosus-a-um furioUS
furtim secntly
furtumj [n] theft
garrulus-a-um talkative
gaudeo-ere rejoice
gelidus-a-um cold
gemitus-us fm] groan. sigh
gemo-ere-ui groan
genae-arum (11 cheeks
gera-ere conduct. mtl1U1ge
gestus-us [m] gesture
g1adius-i [m] sword
gracilis-e elegant. slender
gradatim gradually
gradus-us 1m] step
GraKus-i lm] Gnek
gratia-ae ll1 favour, grace
gratlas tibi thank you
gratus-a-um pleasing
gravis-e serious
gulosus-a-um greedy
habena-ae If] rein
babeo-ere-ui have
bablto-are-avi live
berba-ae 111 grass
beus hey.!
hie herr. this
hiems, hiemis If] winter
historia-ae III story
bOOe today
20.
homo-inis 1m] man
bonestus-a-um decent. honourable
bonoro-are honour
bora-ae If] hour
borrendus-a-um featful. to befearrd
bortus-j fm] garden
bospes-itis [m] host. gUtst
bumilis-c humble. mtek
laceo-en-ui lit
iam now, already
ibi there
ictus-us [m) blow
igitur and so
igoavus-a-um lary
ignis-is fm] firr
ignosco-ere [+dat.] forgivt
IDe [mI. iIla If] he/she, that
illic over thtrt
immergo-ere-si-sum plunge
immo no, on the contrary
immotus-a-urn stationary
impero-are [+dal.] order, instruct
impetus-us {m] attack
irnprobus-a-um troublesome
in in, on
incensum-i In] /license
incipio-ere-cepi-ceptum begin
inde after that. next
induo-ere put on
ineptus-a-um foolish
inflrmus-a-um sick
inflammo-are-avi inflame
infra lxlow
ingredior-i, ingressus tnler
inicio-ere, lniec::i, iniec::lum throw in
inimicus-i [m] enemy
iniuria-ae 111 hann
inno-an-avi swim. floQJ
inquit (.P1le) says. said
insoUtus-aurn unusual, unfamiliar
intellego-ere understand

angry
rush in
206
intendo-cre aim
inter among
inter-ea ml'(Ulwhill'
interficio-cl'l' kill
intro-are-avi enter
invado-ere go, come into
invenioire-veni-ventum find
invidia-ae If] grudge, jealousy
io! heyup!
iocosw;-a-um full ofjokes,
humorous
ipse Yhe herlhimsdj
iratus-a-um
irruo-cre-ui
ita thus, so
itaque oru/ so, there/on
iteriDeris [oj way, route
Uerum again
iubeo-ere. iussi order, lell
iudicium-i [0] triaJ,judgmem
iudico-are try. adjudicate
Iuppiter, lovis [m] Jupiter
iuvo-are help, pfeilse
iuxta next to
Karolus-i [m] Charfes
Jabor-is 1m] work
Jaboro-are-avi work
Jacertus-i [m] ann
laerima-ae [f] tear
laelus-a-urn hoppy. cheerful
lapis-idis [m] stOM
lasch-e wantonly
lascivus-a-um wanton
lalebra-ae If] hiding-plaa
laudo-are-avi-atum praise
lego-ere, legi, ledum read
lenle slowly
lentus-a-um slow
levis-e light
Iibellus-i [m] (little) book
Iibens glad
BEGINNER'S lATIN
Iibenter gladly
liber-bri [m] book
liber-a-urn fru
Liber-i [m] liber. god of wine
Iibero-are-avi-atum f'u, deliver
Iicet it is pennitted
Iigo-are-avi-atum tie, bind
liIium-1 [n] lily
linleum-i [0] linen cloth
locus-i [m] place
longe far, distant
loquax rwisy
loquor, loqui, loculus speak
Lucia-ac {f] Lucia
ludus-i Iml game, show
lux-ds [f] light, life
madidus-a-urn soaud
magister-tri [mj master, 'eacher
magnus-a-urn great, farge
maiores-om betters, ancestors
maJedico-ere sklruter
malus-a-um troublesome, lmd
maneo-ere-nsi-nsum remain, stay
manus-us [f] hand
mare-is In] sea
Martialis-is [m] Manial
mater-tris [f] mOiner
medicus-i (m] doctor
medius-a-urn mid-, middle of
mehercule well I be HeTCules
mens, tis {f] mind
mensisis (m] month
mercator-is [m] troder
meridies 1m] midday
meto-ere gather, reap, mow
metus-us [m] fear
meus-a-um my
miles-itis [m] soldier
mille thousand
minlme no, cenainly not
minus less
VOCABUlARY
mirabilis-c wondeiful, mlJrve{fous
miror-ari-atus wonder a1
miserabilis-e pitiable
misera-um wretched
misericordia-ae [f] pity
missa-ae [f] mass
mitto-ere-isi-issum send
modicus-a-um modest, small
modo ... modo one minute . . the
"'"' D1olestus-a-um troublesome
moUio-ire soften, calm
mollis-e soft
monachusi [m] monk
monasterium-i [0] monastery
moror-ari-atus delay, wait
mors, mortis [f] death
mortuus-a-urn dead
mOl: soan, presently
multus-a-um much. many
muhls-i 1m] mule
munimentum-j [oj protection
munus-eris [n] gift, show
munnuro-are munnur
murus-j [m] wall
musca-ae If] fly
mutilo-are-avi mutilate
Dam for
narro-are-aviatum relau, tell
natalis dies [m) birthday
nato-are-avi swim
nec and ... not
nec multo post fIOt long afterwards
neque ... neque neither ... nor
nfSCio-ire do not know
nil (nihil) nothing
nlSl except
nobilis-e noble
nomen-inis [n] name
non not
non ita no, fIO/ so
207
DOll numquam sometimes
non solum ... sed ctiam not only
but also
nos we, us
DOX, noctis [f] night
nugae-anun [f] trifles, nonsense
Dullus-a-um not any. no one
num surely ... not
Dumquam never
DUDC now
nunlii-orum [m] news
Duper recently
nusquam nowhere
obdormio-ire fall asleep
oboedientia-ae [f] duty
obscurus-a-um doric
implore
observo-are-avi-atum observe
obstuperactus-a-um stupefied
OC('ido-ere-cidi fall
occido-ere-cidi-eisum kifl
oculus-i [m] eye
odorus-a-um seen/ed, sweet-
smelling
obe woo
oleum-i [n] oil
oUm onu (upon a time)
omnis-e all, every
ODerosus-a-um heavy
oppidum-i [n) town
opprimo-ere attlJCk
opto-are choose
opulentia-ae (f] wealth
opulentus-a-um wealthy
opus-eris [nj task. work
origo-inis [f] Qrigin
oroare pray, beg
os., oris [n] mouth
oslento-are show (off)
otiosus-a-um lat.)'
ovis-is if] sheep

208
ovum-i [nJ egg
pagaous-i lm) pagan
pagina-ae If] poge
palma-ae If] palm
panis-is 1m] bread
par equal
pareo--ere {+<lat.] oMy
paro-are-avi-aturn
pascor-j graze. eat
paueus-a-um few
paulisper a litlle while
I)aulus-i fm) Paul
pauper-is [m] paupt!r
pavidus-a_um fearful
pax, pacis If] peace
peccator-is 1m] sinner
pecunia-ae If] monq
pecus.oris InJ huri.flocl
per through. across, along
percutio-cre slrike, beat
peregrinus-j [m] foreigner, pilgrim
perlicio-en-red-fectum finish
pericuJum_j [nJ danger
perpetuus-a_um unending
perterritus-a_um thoroughly scared
perturboare.avl.atum confuse.
disturb
pervigilo-are lie awa,k ali night
peto-ere seek
phantasia.ae [f] fancy. nOliOn
pharetra-ae If] quiver
phiJosophia-ae [f) philosophy
phiJosophus.j lml philosopher
pius-a-um pious, dutiful
place<l-ere [+dat.j please
placet il pleases
pJacidus-a_um calm
plaustrum.j (n] cart, wagon
plenus-a-llm [+abJ.J filled (with)
pluit it is raining
plurimi most people
BEGINNER'S LATIN
pluvia-ae If] rain
poena-ae If] penalty
poeta-ae 1m] {)(Nl
pompa-ae (f] procession
pomum-i (oj fruit
pono-ere-slIi-situm place, put
populus-i (ml people
porta-ae (f] gate
porto-are-avj-atum carry
possideo-ere occupy
possum, posse be able
post aftu
postea afterwards
potio-nis If] drink
praebeo-ere give, offer
praeda-ae If] loot
praedlco-are-avi
praedium-! [oj store, bam
praemium-i In]
praepono-ere prefer
praeter except, besides
praeterea besides
pravus-a-um wicked
presbyter-Ieri [mj priest
primus-a-um first
pro on behalf of
pro certo for certain
procedo-cre go for.....ard
proditor-is (m) traitor
profero-ferre put forward
proliciscor-i, profectus set out
Progredior-i, ProgN:SSUS adl'ance
go forward
'
prope near
Propertius-i [ml Propertius
propter because of
protego-cre COl'U
proximus-a-um neareSl, prnoious
prudens wise
pudor-Is [mJ shume
puer-i lOll boy
pueritia-ae If] childhood
LATIN-ENGUSH VOCABULARY
purpureus-a-um purple
puto-are-avi think
quaero-ere suk
quam than, which
quam celerrime as quickly as
possible
quando when
quatio-cre sha1l.e
qui, quae, quod who, which
quia that, because
quidam somebody, a certain
quidem in facl, indud
quintus-a-um fifth
quis, quid who, what?
quo where (to)
quod because
quomodo haw
quoniam since
quoque also
raeda-ae [f] carriage
ramus-i 1m] branch
recipio-ere-cepi-et"ptum welcome,
take back
recito-are recite, read aloud
r'upero-are recover
redeo-ire return
refero, referee r'f'port
regio-nls If] region
regnum-i In] kingdom
rego-ere, rex!, rectum rule
regula-ae If] rule
reicio-ere-eci-ectum reject, refuse
relinquo-ere-liqui-lictum
abandon
remaneo-ere-si-sum r'f'main
requiesc:o-cre mt
res, rei If] thing, possessiOtl
resono-are resound
respondeo-ere, respondi re"ly
resurgo-cre reappear
reus-i 1m] defendant
revelo-are-avi-atum rel'eal
revenio-ire return
revereor-eri hold in awe
revoco-are recall
rex, regis fm] king
rideo-ere, risi laugh, smile
ripa-ae [f] bank
rivalis-is (ol] ril'QI, competitor
rogo-are-avi ask
Romanus-i [m] a Roman
rosa-ae If] rose
rudo-ere bray
rumor-is [Oll rumour, gossip
rursum (rursus) again
saepe often
saevlo-ire rage
saevitia-ae If] cruelty
saevus-a-um cruel. mean
sagltta-ae [f] arrow
sagitlaria-ae If] arrher'ess
saltern at least
salutem dicere greet
saluto-are
salve hello
salvus-a-um safe
sanctus-a-um holy. blessed
sane certainly
sanguis-inis {m] blood
sapiens wise
sapientia-ae If] wisdom
sar<:ina-ae [f] bag
satio-are fill, satisfy
satis enough
saucius-a-um wounded. smitten
scelestus-ll-um wicked
scbola-ae If] school
scientia-ae If] Knowledge
scilicet! myfoot.'
scio-ire know
scissus-a-um tom
scribo-ere-ipsi-iptum write
209

safe
your
210
scutumj [n] shidd
sc her(him/them)self
lieCUndus.a-um sond
securitastatis [11 puKe ofmind
securus.aum sure. securr
sed but
st'deo-ere sit
semel once
semper a/ways
scntio-ire notice, fed
sepelio.irc.ivi, sepultum bury
septem seven
sepulcrum.j [oj grave
sequor.j follow
sal'l!
servus-i [ro] serf, slave
severnsaurn severe
si if
sic thus
sicut just as. as if
silentium-i [oj silence
silva-ae [f] wood
simuJ at the same lime
sincerus-a-um sound, genuine
sine without
sino.ere allow
sistoere SlOp
sitiens thirsty
socius-j [mJ colleague. associate
sol-is [Oil sun, day
solium-i In) St'(Jl
solus-a-um Dilly. alone
somnium-i {n] dream,fontasy
somnuJenwsaum sfupy
somnusj [01] sleep
spedo-are-avi.atum watch
spc]unca.ae If] cave
spes-d [f] hOIH
spiritus [01) spirit
splendeo-ere lH! bright. resplendent
sa. ssh!
stabulumj (oj stable
&GlNNER'$ LAnN
stagnwn-i In] pond, loU
statim immediatdy
stella-ae [f] star
sterto-ere srwr1!
stimuJus-i [m] sting
sto-are, steti, statum stand
strennus-a-um energetic
strideo-ere hwn. whistle
stringo-ere-inxi-ictum draw
(sword)
stndiosus-a-um hard-working
studium-i [oJ stud)'
stultus-a-um foolish
stupor-is [m] senselessness
sub beneath
subito suddenl)'
subsellium-i [0] pew, bench
subvenio-ire [+dat.] help
sufTmgium.i [n] vote
superbus-a.um proud
supero-are surpass
superstitionis If] superstition
surgo-ere rise
suspiro-are-avi sigh
susurro-are-avi whisper
suns-a-um his/her/their own
tabema-ae If] inn
taceo-ere-ui be quiet
lacitus-a-um silent, quiet
tam cito 50 quickly
tamen however
tandem at fast
tectum-i [n] ceiling
telum-i [n] missile
temperantia-ae If] restraint
tempus-oris (n] time
tendo-ere stretch
teoeo-ere-ui, teotum hold
lener-era-emm tender
tentatio-ois If] temptation
tergo-ere wipe
LAnN-NGUSH vOCABUlARY
tern-ae If] ground
terno-ere-ui-itum frighten
lerribilis-e terrible
territus-a-um scared
lemus-a-urn third
testimouium-i [o} evidence. proof
theologia.ae [f] theology
tbeologus-i (m) theologian
thesaurus-i (m} store
timeo-ere fear
timidus fearful
timor-is [m} fear
tolero-are endure, support
tollo-ere lift, raise
tot so many
totus-a-um whole
tmbs-bis [fl beam
trado-ere-didi-ditum hand over
tmho-ere pull, drag
trans across
transeo-ire p<lss, go by
trepidus-a-um nervous
tres, tria three
Iristls-e sad
trucido-are.avi-atum slaughter
tumultus-us (m] din
tunica-ae [fl tunic, dress
turbuleotus-aum disturbed,
confused
turpis-e disgraceful
turpitudo-inis [f] disgraceful
behaviour
tutus-a-urn
tuns-a-urn
ubi when. where
ulterior farther
ululo-are howl
umbra-ae (f] shadow
unlbrosus-a-um full of shadows
umquam ever
uode from where
211
unguentum-i (0] scent,
uous-a-urn one
usque and on to
ut as, so thai, thai
ut, utinam if only
utilis-e vsqul
vaco-are-avi-atum be idle. empty
vacuus-a-urn empty
vado-ere go
vae alas, woe
valde very much
vale dicere say goodb)'e
valeo-ere be well
vanus-a-um empty, false
vel or
veoatio-ois If] hunt
venatrixicis If] hulltress
venatus-us [m] hunt
venio-irei, veotum come
veotus-i [m} wind
verbero-are beat
verbum-i (0] word
ver-is [01 spring
veritas-tatis [f] truth
veTO indeed
versus-us [m] verse
vester-tra-truro your
vestio-ire clothe
vestis-is [f) clothing
veto-are forbid
via-ae If] road
viator-is [m) traveller
vicesimus-a-um twentieth
victima-ae If] yictim
victoria-ae (f]
video-ere, vidi, visum see
vigilo-are IH awake.....otchful
viginti t....enty
vindum-j (0) chain
vinolentusa-um fond of booze
vinum-i (o} ,.jne

212
virga.ac If] rod
virgo-inis If] mauun
virj (m) man
virtus-tutis (f] courage, l J i n ~
vilaac If] life
vitiumj [n] vice
vivo-el't five
'lotito-are fly
yolo, velie WOllt
volutoare ponder; tum
vos you
vox, vods [f] vOICe
Vulgatum-i [n] zhe Vulgate
vulnero-are-avi-atum wound
vuJtusus rm) !occ. aprtssion
BEGINNER'S lATIN

ENGLISH-lATIN
VOCABULARY
abbess abbatissa-ae [f]
abbot abbasatis [rn]
about de 1+ abl.)
adl'iu
all. t!I'ery omnis-e
already iam
alr,\'uYJ semper
also etiam, quoque
amphitheatrum-i (n)
and et, atque
angry iratus-a-um
animal bestlaae (fl, animal-is In]
appTOOch adeo-inii-itum
army execcitusus [m]
arrow sagitta-ae [f]
ask rogo-are-avi
aslonished atlonitusa-um
malus-a-uDI
bag sarcinaae [f]
be able possum, posse
waway. absent absum-essc
be hen. present adsum-esse
be quiet tacw-ere
beast bestia-ae [fJ
beautiful beUus-a-um
bause quod
believe. trust credo--ere [+<Ial.)
bishop episcopus.1 [m]
book liber-bri [m)
both ambo
both ... and el . el
bow arcus-us [mJ
boy puer.j [m]
branch ramus-j [mJ
brave fortis-e
bray rudo-ere
bread panisis [mJ
brother frater-Iris [m]
build aedifico-are-avi-atum
bury sepelio-ire-ivi, sepultum
but sed
hll)' emo-ere
by a{b)
cake crustum-j [n]
caprure capio-ere, cepi, captum
care/or c:uro-are [+acc.]
carriage raeda-ae (f]
carry porto.are.avl.atum
CtJrt plaustrumi (nJ
CtJStle casteUumi (n]
chose fugo-are
cheerful laetusaum
church ecdesia-ae [f]
cloister claustrumi [n]
clothing vestis-is If]
come venioire.i, veotum
cornJemn damno-are
conspire conspiro-are
cQOk COQuus-i [ml
copy exsc:ribo-ere.ipsi.iptum
COl/lit comes-itis [m]
cruel saevusaum, crudelise
Dime Daousi 1m)
danger periculum-i [n)
dark obscurus-aum
daughter filia-ae lfl

214
day dies-iei [mJ
dMd mortuus-a-um
death mors, mortis If)
daour dn"oro-are-avi-atum
difficlJ,ll
dinner ccna-ae [11
disgraujuf turpis-e
do feci, factum
dress tunicaae III
drink biblHre-bibi
drink potio-nis [11
duty oboedientia-ae [f]
easy facilis-e
eat devoro-areavi-atum
egg ovum-j [0]
elegant gracilis-e
elepJulfIt elephantus-i [ml
endure tolero-are
enough salis
enter Inlro-areavl
ever umquam
eye oculus-! [mJ
face vulluS-us [m]
fall cado-ere, cecldl, casum
fall asleep obdormioire
fanner agrlcola-ae [m]
fear timeo-ere
fear timor-Is [m], metus-us [m]
few paucus-a-um
field ager, agri [m]
filled (with) plenus-a-um [+abl.j
find invenio-ire-veni-venturn
finish perficio-ere-fec:i.(edum
fire ignis-is 1m]
/irst primus-a-urn
flu rugjo-ere. rugi
food cibm-! 1m]
foolish stultus.a-um
{oreignu perqvinus-i (m)
forgive (+dal.]
fru liber-a-wn
free libero-are--avl-atum
BEGINNER'S LATIN
friend amicus-I 1m], amica-u (f]
frighten
furious ruriosus-a-um
garden bortus-i [m)
gift donum-i InJ. munus-eris [0]
give do-an, dedi, datum
go eo, ire, jj
go away abeo-ire-jjitum
god deus-i [m]
goddess dea-ae (tl
gold aurum-i (nJ
good bonus-a-urn
great magnus-a-um
greedy gulosus-a-um
grieve doleo-ere
groan gemo-cre-ui
groan gemitus-us [m]
ground terra-ae-us [tl
hand manus-us [f]
hamlover trado-cre-didi-ditum
happy laetus-a-um
IUlve haheo-ere
hear audio-ire-ivi-itum
heavy onerosus-a-um
Irere hie
Iride eelo-are-avi-atum
Iris/ory historia-ae [f]
/wid teneo-ere-ui, tentum
Iroly sanctus-a-um
/wpe spes-ei [tl
/wrse equus-i em), caballus-i em]
hour bora-ae [f]
/wwever tamen, autem
humble bumilis-e
hundred centum
hurry restino-a.-e.avi
if si
ifonly ut, utinam
immediauly statim
inflllmL inDammo-are-avi
kill interficio-ere
ENGUSH--lATIN VOCABUlARY
kitchen culina-ae If]
know scio-ire
lady domina-ae if]
larxe magnus-a-urn
laugh rideo-ere, risi
lazy ignavus-ll-um
lead
leaf rolium-i [nJ
leave relinquo-cre-liqui-lictum
letter epistula-ae (f)
library bibliotheca-ae (f]
lie iaceo-ere
life vita-ae [f]
listen to audio-ire-ivi-iturn
lil'e habito-are-avi, vivo-ere
long for desidero-are-avi-atum
lose amitto-ere
love amo-are-avl-aturn
love amor-is [ml
mllid aoeilla-ae [Il
maiden virgo-inis [fj
make rado-ere, red, ractum
man vir-i [ro], homo-inis (rol
mellt caro, carois [Il
mind animus-i [mJ
monk monachus-i [m]
monastery monasterium-i [0]
money pecunia-ae III
mother mater-tris [f)
much, many multus-a-um
mule mulus-i [rol
my meus-a-um
narm! nomen-iois (n)
near prope [+occ.)
neither ... nor neque _. neque
never oumquam
nighl nox, ooctis [f)
noble nobilis-e
nOI non
nothing nil (nihil)
now nunc, lam
obey pareo-ere (+dllt.)
often saepc
one nnus-a-wn
order impero-are {+dat.]
orner, lell iubeo-ere. iugsl
other ceterusa-um
owe. ought debeo-ere-ui-itwn
ox bas-vis Im/f]
peace pax, pads (f]
people populus-i (m)
perfume uoguentum-i [n)
philosophy philosophia-ae (f]
pilgrim peregrinus-i [m]
piliable miserabilis-e
plan consilium-i [0]
pleasing gratus-a-um
poem cannen-iois (0]
poet poeta-ae (m)
pond stagnum-i (oj
praise laudo-are-avl-atum
pray oro-are
preach praedico-are-avi
prepare paroare-avi-atnm
priest presbyter.teri [ro]
prisoner eaptivus-i [ro]
procession pompa-ae [fl
punish castigo-are-avi.atum
read lego-ere, legI, leetum
recile, read aloud rei:ito-are
rejoice gaudeo-ere
relale narro-are-avi-atum
remain remaneo-ere-si-sum
retum redeo-ire, reveoio-iN!
ride equito-are-avi
road via-ae [Il
rvle regula-ae If]
rvn cnrro-eN!
sad tristis-e
$Qy diro-ere-ixi-ictum
scared tenitus-a-urn
sclwol schola-ae If]
see video-ere, vidi, visum
215

216
seek peto-ere, quaeroere
send milto-ere-isi-issum
serf servus-j [m]
serious gravis-e
shadow umbra-ae If]
shout c1amo-are-avi-atum
shout, cry clamor-is [m]
sing canto-are-aviatum
sit sedeo-ere
slaughter trucido-are-avi-atum
slave servus-j [m]
sleep donnio-ireiviitum
slow lenIus-a-urn
slowly lenle
snore sterto-ere
soldier miles-itis 1m]
song carmen-inis [n]
SQul anima-ae If]
spirit spiritus-us [m]
spring ver-is [n1
stay maneo-ere-nsi-nsum
step gradus-us [m]
still adhuc
story fahula-ae If]
struJent discipulus-i 1m]
surely ... (nol) nonne ... (num)
sweet dulcis-e
sweet-smelling odorus-a-um
swim nato-are-avi
teach doceo-ere-ui, doctum
teacher magister-In [m]
than quam
there ibi
thick densus-a-um
thing res, rei If]
think pUlo-ace-avi
thousand mille
three Ires, tria
through per [+acc.]
tie Iigo-are-avi.atum
time tempus-oris [n]
tired fessus-a-um
BEGINNER'S lATIN
town oppidum.i [n]
trust credo-ere [+<lat.]
twenty viginti
two duo
understand inteUego-ere
value aestimo-are-avi-atum
verse versus-us [m)
voice vox, vocis If)
walk ambulo-areavi-atum
wall murus-i [m]
want volo, veUe
wanton lascivus-a-um
war bellum-i [n]
watch specto-are-avi-atum
watch over custodio-ire
water aqua-ae If]
way. route iter-ineris In]
weep Oeo-ere
whisper susnrro-areavi
who? what? quis? quid?
why cur
wicked scelestusa-um
wind ventus-i [m]
window fenestraae If]
wine vinum-i [n]
wise prudens, sapiens
with cum f+abl.]
without sine [+abl.]
woman femina-ae If]
wood silva-ae If)
word verbum-i In]
work opus-eris In], laboris [m]
work laboro-are-avi
wound vulnero-are-avi-atum
wretched miser-aum
write scribo-ere-ipsi-iptum
year annus-i [m]

Teach Yourself Beginners Latin

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-

(b) Ova (in/e) sarcina

(b) Ova (in/e) sarcina

These verbs should be translated like active ones, despite their

....... emne ......... .........

arnemul rnoneomus mittamu. (apiamu. audiomu. simus

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