Assignment 1 Due: 11:59pm on Sunday, May 8, 2011 Note: To understand how points are awarded, read your instructor's

Grading Policy.

Introduction to the Ideal Gas Law Learning Goal: To understand the ideal gas law and be able to apply it to a wide variety of situations. The absolute temperature law, which states that . Here is the number of moles in the gas sample and is a gas constant that applies to all gases. This empirical law describes gases well only if they are sufficiently dilute and at a sufficiently high temperature that they are not on the verge of condensing. In applying the ideal gas law, must be the absolute pressure, measured with respect to vacuum and must be the absolute temperature, measured in is in pascals and is in liters, use is in cubic meters, use , volume , and pressure of a gas sample are related by the ideal gas

not with respect to atmospheric pressure, and kelvins (that is, with respect to absolute zero). If . If instead. Part A

is in atmospheres and

A gas sample enclosed in a rigid metal container at room temperature (20 pressure . The container is immersed in hot water until it warms to 40 absolute pressure ? Hint A.1 How to approach the problem

) has an absolute . What is the new

To find the final pressure, you must first determine which quantities in the ideal gas law remain constant in the given situation. Note that is always a constant. Determine which of the other four quantities are constant for the process described in this part. Check all that apply.

ANSWER:

Correct Now manipulate the ideal gas law ( ) so that , situation, are isolated on the right side of the equation: , and , the constants in this

. Since the right side of the equation is a constant in this situation, the quantity always equal to set , which is

, must be the same at the beginning and the end of the process. Therefore, . Plug in the values given in this part and then solve for , the final pressure.

Hint A.2 Convert temperatures to kelvins Hint not displayed Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: = Correct This modest temperature increase (in absolute terms) leads to a pressure increase of just a few percent. Note that it is critical for the temperatures to be converted to absolute units. If you had used Celsius temperatures, you would have predicted that the pressure should double, which is far greater than the actual increase. .

Part B Nitrogen gas is introduced into a large deflated plastic bag. No gas is allowed to escape, but as more and more nitrogen is added, the bag inflates to accommodate it. The pressure of the gas within the bag remains at 1 and its temperature remains at room temperature (20 ? ). How many moles

have been introduced into the bag by the time its volume reaches 22.4 Hint B.1 How to approach the problem Hint not displayed Express your answer in moles. ANSWER: = 0.932 Correct

One mole of gas occupies 22.4 at STP (standard temperature and pressure: 0 and 1 ). This fact may be worth memorizing. In this problem, the temperature is slightly higher than STP, so the gas expands and 22.4 Part C can be filled by slightly less than 1 of gas.

Some hydrogen gas is enclosed within a chamber being held at 200

with a volume of 0.025

The chamber is fitted with a movable piston. Initially, the pressure in the gas is ). The piston is slowly extracted until the pressure in the gas falls to final volume 200 .

(14.8 . What is the

of the container? Assume that no gas escapes and that the temperature remains at

Hint C.1 How to approach the problem Hint not displayed Enter your answer numerically in cubic meters. ANSWER:

= 3.95102

Correct Notice how the fact that Part D is not needed to answer this problem and neither is is a constant. , although you do make use of

Some hydrogen gas is enclosed within a chamber being held at 200 Initially, the pressure in the gas is (14.8

whose volume is 0.025

). The chamber is removed from the heat . At what temperature

source and allowed to cool until the pressure in the gas falls to does this occur? Hint D.1 How to approach the problem Hint not displayed Enter your answer in degrees Celsius. ANSWER: 26.6 = Correct

This final temperature happens to be close to room temperature. Hydrogen remains a gas to temperatures well below that, but if this question had been about water vapor, for example, the gas would have condensed to liquid water at 100 applied. and the ideal gas law would no longer have

Understanding pV Diagrams Learning Goal: To understand the meaning and the basic applications of pV diagrams for an ideal gas. As you know, the parameters of an ideal gas are described by the equation , where is the pressure of the gas, is the volume of the gas, is the number of moles, is the

universal gas constant, and an ideal gas,

is the absolute temperature of the gas. It follows that, for a portion of

. One can see that, if the amount of gas remains constant, it is impossible to change just one parameter of the gas: At least one more parameter would also change. For instance, if the pressure of the gas is changed, we can be sure that either the volume or the temperature of the gas (or, maybe, both!) would also change. To explore these changes, it is often convenient to draw a graph showing one parameter as a function of the other. Although there are many choices of axes, the most common one is a plot of pressure as a function of volume: a pV diagram. In this problem, you will be asked a series of questions related to different processes shown on a pV

diagram . They will help you become familiar with such diagrams and to understand what information may be obtained from them. Part A Which of the processes are isobaric? Hint A.1 Definition of isobaric Isobaric comes from the Greek terms isos meaning "equal" and baros meaning "weight." Isobaric refers to a process in which the pressure does not change. Check all that apply.

ANSWER:

Correct Isobaric (constant-pressure) processes correspond to the horizontal lines on pV diagrams. Part B Which of the processes are isochoric? Hint B.1 Definition of isochoric Isochoric comes from the Greek words isos meaning "equal" and chwra meaning "space." Isochoric refers to a process in which the volume does not change. Check all that apply. ANSWER:

Correct Isochoric (constant-volume) processes correspond to the vertical lines on pV diagrams. Part C Which of the processes may possibly be isothermal? Hint C.1 Definition of isothermal Isothermal comes from the Greek words isos meaning "equal" and therme meaning "heat" or thermos meaning "hot." Isothermal refers to a process in which the temperature does not change. Check all that apply. ANSWER:

Correct For isothermal (constant-temperature) processes, proportional to volume, and the graph is a hyperbola. Curve ; that is, pressure is inversely is the only graph that looks

reasonably similar to a hyperbola. In further questions, assume that process Part D In which of the processes is the temperature of the gas increasing? Check all that apply. ANSWER: is, indeed, an isothermal one.

All attempts used; correct answer displayed

If the temperature increases, then, to keep the ratio constant, the product must be increasing as well. This should make sense: For instance, if the pressure is constant, the volume is directly proportional to temperature; if the volume is kept constant, the pressure of the heated gas increases directly proportional to the temperature. Part E During process ANSWER: , the temperature of the gas __________. decreases and then increases

increases and then decreases

remains constant

Correct During process process During process isothermal process , the pressure of the gas decreases more slowly than it does in the isothermal ; therefore, its temperature must be increasing. , the pressure of the gas decreases more rapidly than it does in the ; therefore, its temperature must be decreasing.

Interconversion of Temperature Scales Celsius The world's most common temperature scale is Celsius. Abbreviated C, it is virtually the same as the old centigrade scale and therefore has 100 degrees between the melting point and boiling point of water, taken to occur at 0 and 100 degrees, respectively. Kelvin Temperature is a measure of the thermal energy of a system. Thus cooling can proceed only to the point at which all of the thermal energy is removed from the system, and this process defines the temperature of absolute zero. The Kelvin scale, also called the absolute temerature scale, takes its zero to be absolute zero. It uses units of kelvins (abbreviated K), which are the same size as the degrees on the Celsius scale. Fahrenheit This anachronistic temperature scale, used primarily in the United States, has zero defined as the lowest temperature that can be reached with ice and salt, and 100 degrees as the hottest daytime temperature observed in Italy by Torricelli. Part A In the equation of state for the perfect gas, scales must be used? , which of the following three temperature

ANSWER:

Celsius

Kelvin

Fahrenheit

Correct In physical equations, you are free to use any units for the physical quantities that you wish, provided that you use the same units consistently throughout that equation. However, systems of units do not shift the zero: Zero feet is the same length as zero meters. This is not true for shifted temperature scales like Farenheit and Celsius--their zeros are arbitrarily displaced from absolute zero (and do not even agree with each other). You must use a temperature scale whose zero is at absolute zero in physical formulas involving the temperature. Part B What is the formula used to convert a temperature in degrees Celsius ( temperature in kelvins ( Express ANSWER: = Correct in terms of . )? ) to the same

Part C What is the formula used to convert a temperature in degrees Fahrenheit ( temperature in degrees Celsius ( Express ANSWER: in terms of . = )? ) to the same

Correct Part D It is possible to get a good "feel" for the Celsius scale because multiples of 10 have special significance:

: very cold weather; : water freezes; : a cool day, so wear a jacket outside; : room temperature; : a hot day, so drink extra water; : a high fever.

Convert these six temperatures into Fahrenheit. Hint D.1 Convert from Celsius to Fahrenheit Hint not displayed Enter the temperatures to the nearest Fahrenheit degree, ordering them from smallest to largest, separated with commas. ANSWER: 14,32,50,68,86,104 degrees Fahrenheit Correct

Temperatures =

The First Law of Thermodynamics Derived Learning Goal: To understand the first law of thermodynamics and its origin. By relating heat, thermal energy, and work, the first law lays the groundwork for thermodynamics. The first law of thermodynamics generalizes the concept of energy conservation to include heat

energy. You are probably already aware that loss of total mechanical energy (e.g., from nonconservative forces such as friction) does not destroy energy, but rather converts mechanical energy into thermal energy. This process, as well as the reverse process (conversion of thermal energy into mechanical energy), can be described quantitatively by the first law. Like the law of mechanical energy conservation that it generalizes, the first law relates the changes in energy that occur from the beginning to the end of some process. The first law involves the following physical quantities:

: work done on the system by the outside world, : heat added to the system by the outside world, and : thermal energy change of the system.

You need to look carefully at the wording used here; some other disciplines may use other definitions. Part A Which of the following is the sign convention that results from the above definitions? ANSWER: is positive when the system is compressed, and is added to the system. is positive when heat

is positive when the system expands, and added to the system.

is positive when heat is

is positive when the system is compressed, and is taken from the system.

is positive when heat

is positive when the system expands, and taken from the system.

is positive when heat is

Correct

Part B Using your knowledge of energy conservation, express Hint B.1 How to approach the problem Hint not displayed Hint B.2 Determine how thermal energy and heat are related Hint not displayed Hint B.3 Determine how work and thermal energy are related in terms of and .

Hint not displayed ANSWER: = Correct

If this problem seemed a bit on the easy side, you're right. Essentially, all this problem asks is to express energy conservation using the given definitions of happens to be the first law of thermodynamics. , , and as an equation that

An Electric Water Heater An engineer is developing an electric water heater to provide a continuous ("on demand") supply of hot water. One trial design is shown in the figure.

Water is flowing at the rate thermometer registers , the voltmeter reads , and the ammeter reads current .

, the inlet . Then the

power (i.e., the heat generated per unit time by the heating element) is Assume that the heat capacity of water is Part A When a steady state is finally reached, what is the temperature reading thermometer? Hint A.1 How to approach the problem Hint not displayed Hint A.2 Find heat input per unit mass of water Hint not displayed Hint A.3 Find the change in water temperature Hint not displayed Express the outlet temperature in terms of ANSWER: , ,

and that the heat capacity of the heater apparatus is

of the outlet

, and any other given quantities.

Correct Part B Why is it unnecessary to take into account the heat capacity of the apparatus itself? Choose the best explanation. ANSWER: In steady state the temperature of the apparatus doesn't change. Hence its heat capacity is irrelevant.

The heat capacity of any of the materials used in a water heater is much smaller than that of water.

Since the actual heating unit is immersed in the flow all the heat goes directly into the water.

Correct

Imagine that the input temperature of the water is voltmeter reads . Part C What is the power at which the heater operates? , and the flow rate is

, the ammeter reads

, the

. The heat capacity of water

Hint C.1 Electrical power Hint not displayed Express your answer numerically, in watts.

ANSWER:

1800 = Correct W

This is a large, but reasonable, power requirement for a household appliance. Part D Calculate the temperature of the water leaving the heater. Note that is defined as the number of kilograms of water flowing through the heater per minute, whereas the power is measured in watts (joules/second). Express your answer numerically, in degrees Celsius, to the nearest integer. ANSWER: 69 = Correct

Part E Consider using this heater to generate "on demand" hot water for a home shower. The input water temperature (during the winter) can be as low as be at least and the output temperature should

for a moderately warm shower. Assume a conservative flow rate of (corresponding to about 2.5 gallons per minute).

If the heater is to operate on a US standard need to draw to meet the design requirements?

wall plug, how much current

would it

Express the current numerically, in amperes, to the nearest integer. ANSWER: 163 = Correct A

163 A is a tremendous amount of current for a home appliance. Most homes in the United States are wired for a maximum of 200 A for the entire house, and only 20 A on any particular outlet. For the electric heater to meet the modest design requirements given, it would consume almost 20 kW of power! For this reason, most "on demand" water heaters generate heat by burning a fuel such as propane, rather than using electricity.