Железо ПК трюки

PC
HACKS
100 Industrial-Strength
Tips & Tools
Jim Aspinwall
O'REILLY*
Beijing Cambridge Farnham Koln Paris Sebastopol Taipei Tokyo
100
-
--

2005
.
100
.

.
.
.
.
. , .
.
32.973.23-04
004.3
.
8 5 . . 100 . .: ,
2005. 256 : .
ISBN 5-469-00871-1
,
Intel AMD.
, .
, BIOS,
,
, .
,
.
2005 O'Reilly Media, Inc.

, , 2005
, , , 2005
O'Reilly.
.
.
, , , .
, ,
, .
ISBN 5-469-00871-1
ISBN 0-596-00748-5 (.)
. I94044, -, . . , 29.
' 05784 07.09.01.

005-93, 2; 953005
.
17.06.05. 70100/16. . . . 20,64. 5000 . 1906.
. . .
, .
197110, -, ., 15.
13
1.
17
2.
37
56
3.
4.
5.
89
112
6.
145
162
7.
8. /
172
9.
197
10.
235
252
1.
1.
2. BIOS
3. BIOS
4.
5.
6.
7.
8. Legacy USB
9. BIOS
10. BIOS -
2.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16. SCSI
17.
18. Plug and Play
0
10
11
13
13
14
16
17
18
19
21
23
25
27
28
29
30
33
37
39
40
46
49
51
52
53
54
3.
56
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25. BIOS . . . .
26.
27.
28.
29.
4.
30.
31. ,
32. ,

33. Windows 95 98
34.
35. Windows
36. Windows 98 Me
37.
38.
58
62
63
66
67
70
78
81
83
84
85
89
89
90
92
96
97
101
104
105
107
39. Via . . . . 109

5.
112
40.
112
41.
119
42. NT, 2000, 2003
120
43. PartitionMagic . . 123
44. PartitionMagic . . . . 126
45. FAT NTFS
128
46. NTFS

129
47.
FAT
130
48.
NTFS
131
49. NTFS . . 132

50. GRUB LILO
133
51.
133
52.
136
53. DOS
137
54.
Windows 2000
138
55. Windows 95
139
56.
141
57.
143
145
58.
146
59. 80-
149
60. IDE
149
61. Serial ATA
150
62. IDE Intel . . 152
63. IDE Via . . . 152
64. RAID
154
65. DOS SMARTDRV
155
66. Windows VCACHE
157
67. Linux
158
7.
162
68. AGP
163
69.
164
70. AGP . 165
71. AGP
166
72. nVidia
167
73. ATI Radeon
170
74.
170
8. /
75.
Windows
76.
77. - . . .
78. -
79. -
172
178
180
181
184
186
80.
81. USB
82. USB
83.
84.
189
189
190
192
194
9.
197
85.
86.
87.

88.

89. NTFS

90.

91. DOS Windows 95/98/
92. CONFIG.SYS
93. AUTOEXEC.BAT
94. Windows NT/2000/XP
10.
95.
96.

97.
98. PC
99.
100.
201
206
210
217
218
219
220
225
226
229
235
236
239
241
241
247
250
252

( ) ,
. - ,
-,
Computer User, PC World CNET.com. . , 1970- ,
, 8008 .
, -
. Turbo XT 1986 , DOS
PC, .
PC 1990 , COMDEX , PC, DiagSoft
( ).
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PC,
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PC TuneUp.com (Quarterdeck),
RescueMe (Computer Support Technologies) Attune (Aveo). , , , (, - , ).
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(Lincoln Spector), ,
Windows,
, . , ; . , , , ,
. ,
Gigglebytes!
(Brian Jepson) O'Reilly - ,
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PC , ,
.
PC, The PC Users Survival Guide, M & T Books (,
: - ?).
, Troubleshooting Your PC, Wiley. ,
.
, , - !
(Mike Todd), , - PC.
The Source
PC. ,
,
PC. ,
PC .

, . ,
.
, (Gordon Kraft),
DiagSoft. ,
PC. ,

.
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PC, .
, . , .
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Networks (McGraw-Hill). -,
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, PC , , : DiagSoft Quarterdeck, ; TuneUp.com, CST
Aveo; , , ,
Phoenix Technologies/Award Software -
, PC;
, Acronis Xircom.
PC. ,
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Computer User CNET; ,
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BIOS Plug and Play
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16

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comp@piter.com ( , ).
!
- http://www.piter.com .
1-10
, ,
PC .
: , , /
, .
BIOS (Basic Input/Output
System), , ,
.
LCD-, . BIOS, . :
/
. BIOS

,
.
, .
(, ) BIOS
PC, , . BIOS, DIP- . , .
,
PC. .
18
, , BIOS, , - . BIOS
: . , .
, PC .
, , , ( ).

.
,
BIOS .
PC BIOS ; , BIOS ( ,
) ( ,
); . , BIOS
(. 1.1).
. 1.1. BIOS
(User Password), . BIOS - .

, , BIOS
. ,
, BIOS (. 2).
,
.
N8 2. BIOS
18
BIOS
CMOS-
,
BIOS .
PC , POST
(Power-On Self Test).
(. 1), POST
BIOS .
IBM PC (1981) , BIOS; POST.
.
BIOS IBM PC/AT (1984), . BIOS 1986;
PC.
.
PC , ,
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BIOS.
BIOS?
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20
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2. . .
3. ,
( reset CMOS). ,
.
4. , .
5. 20-30 , -
.
6. 20-30 .
7. . ,
BIOS .
8. , , . .
9. BIOS . , , .

CMOS-, :
CMOS- - ( PC - ).
1 2 , .
20-30 , .
CMOS- .
CMOS- , . POST , , BIOS :
;
3, BIOS
21

IDE ( );
- ,
CD-ROM . .
. 1.2. , CMOS-
, ,
, , , , : ,
( ) , . , PC .
, - , BIOS. - http://www.labmice. techtarget.com/articles/BIOS_hacks.html http://www.pwcrack.com/bios.shtml.
BIOS
BIOS , BIOS.
POST .
1.
99
PC
, ,
Plug and Play, USB, . BIOS
, ,
.
POST , ,
, , BIOS - . ,
, (, ) , CMOS-.
BIOS
, , . . . 2,
BIOS
.
BIOS BIOS
. POST
Press F2 to enter Setup, PC. ; . 1.1
BIOS.
. ,
, . . 1.1 BIOS -
1 . 1 . BIOS
/ BIOS
American Megatrends/AMI BIOS
<ESC>
Award BIOS
<DEL>
COMPAQ
<F10>
Dell
<F2>
Gateway
HP
IBM
BIOS
<F1>
<F1>
Intel
Phoenix
<F2>
<F1>
<Ctrl>+S, <Ctrl> + <Alt>+S
4.
23
BIOS
. Award BIOS F5 F6. . 1.3 Phoenix BIOS,
F9.
. 1.3. F9 BIOS
()
BIOS ,
: . BIOS , . -
,
- . ,
, (. 2).
, BIOS
. ,
, -
. \

, , . .
POST BIOS .
, BIOS . , POST,
. Intel, AMD, AMI, Award/
Phoenix PC ,
, aaqiysKH. BIOS , .
. (
), .
,
24
1.
; Plug and Play (Windows , , Linux),
, . . 1.4; ( , ) ,
LPT, . .
. 1.4. POST
. BIOS , IDE Serial ATA.

AUTO IDE. AUTO
IDE Serial ATA, BIOS . , ,
, NONE (. 1.5).
. 1.5. IDE
BIOS. , , BIOS DOS ( 640 1 ) BIOS. SCSI

, . PC SCSI, , .
5.
26

. ,
Intel ,
.
, 1.6. , .
, BIOS,
.
, .
. 1.6. ,
BIOS - ( ), BIOS . BIOS , BIOS

-.
Award BIOS 4.5 .
:
BMP 640 480 16 ;
AWDFLASH.EXE ( - );
28
1.
BIOS - CBROM (http://www.stormpages.com/crazyape/cbrom.html) AwardMod (http://sourceforge.net/projects/

awardmod/).
, (
CBROM):
1. DOS Windows 95-.
2. AWDFLASH.EXE ( 28 ),
CBROM (78 ) ( 16 ). BIOS 256 .
3. 1. DOS, 2.
4. AWDFLASH
BIOS . AWDFLASH .
5. BIOS,
.
6. CBROM
BIOS (
):
cbrom bios.avid /logo .bmp [ E n t e r ]
7. AWDFLASH -.
AwardMod,
Windows, 1-5, :
1. Windows AwardMod (. 1.7).
. 1.7. AwardMod
BIOS,
6.
27
2. BIOS ( ) Load,
.
3. .
, BMP- . .
. Store . .
5. DOS.
6. AWDFLASH BIOS.
7. AWDFLASH BIOS -.
8. . ,
-.

- BIOS. ,
,
.
(UPS) ,
; BIOS (. 10).
,
BIOS ( , ). BIOS, .
-
CD-ROM .
BIOS , , .
BIOS ,
, -. BIOS, .
, (. 1.8), BIOS
-
, BIOS. CD-ROM .
1.
28
. 1.8. IDE

,
- .
,
Symantec GHOST ,

(. 1.9).
. 1.9.
(ZIP, FDD, HDD .),

USB, BIOS
.

.
,
, .
. ,
(, )
, .

, Windows ,

. ,

, - ,
, / iipiiiviaiiie-
8. Legacy USB
29
DOS Windows. ,
.
;
BIOS,
BIOS. ( , ),
.
Windows / ,
Windows , BIOS.
Windows:
1. .
2. .
3. Windows.
, .
4. .
5. , .
6. , BIOS
. .
Legacy USB
Windows.
Legacy USB USB
, PS/2.
, USB
, Windows DOS OS/2, /, Linux.
Legacy USB , ,
PS/2, Windows 95 98
USB. ,
.
, (
PS/2), . Windows 98SE, Me , USB,
Legacy USB No, Off Disabled
(. 1.10).
1.
30
Legacy USB Support
[Disabled]
1 10. USB
USB DOS, OS/2 Linux
-Legacy USB . USB

USB 2.0, , USB 2.0 USB 1.1 .
BIOS
BIOS
-.
, ,
BIOS. BIOS , BIOS
.
, BIOS.
, BIOS, , PC. , ,
- .
OEM (, Compaq,
Dell, Gateway, HP, IBM, NC, Sony Toshiba) - , , BIOS
.
: -
,
. , - , BIOS. PC ,
.
! ,
( ). , HP Pavilion -ASUS A7V-M;
Asus A7V, . HP Pavilion A7V-M Award BIOS, a BIOS
9. BIOS
31
.
, (.
25 27).
BIOS ,
, (, ). , -,
.
POST AMI, Award,
MR Phoenix (. 1.11), , , . BIOS , , ,
BIOS Unicore http://www.unicore.com.
. 1.11. Award BIOS.

BIOS
Unicore , BIOS Agent, BIOS. ,

BIOS, . Award BIOS
, (. 1.12).
Pause/Break , . Unicore ,
BIOS .
1.
32
. 1.12. BIOS Award BIOS
, BIOS Unicore BIOS -, BIOS . Unicore BIOS ,

. BIOS ,
. 1.13, , . 1.14, , BIOS Unicore.
. 1.13. AMIBIOS -,
, ( )
, , Award Phoenix BIOS

, . ,
BIOS (4.51, 6.0PG . .).
, BIOS
. Award BIOS
, Phoenix BIOS , .
Ng 10. BIOS -
33
. 1.14.
Award BIOS,
( CMOS-,
)
BIOS -
10
BIOS .
, - - . , ,
BIOS .

, ,
. , , BIOS.
- ( Unicore) BIOS , . ,
,
.
BIOS BIOS,
AMI Award/Phoenix , PC BIOS
.
34
1.
Microsoft, Visual Studio, Adobe,

Intuit, Symantec -, Visual Studio. - BIOS.

http://www.motherboards.org.
( BIOS Unicore) BIOS

- PC. , ,
, BIOS
, ,
,
Plug and Play .
readme BIOS
.
BIOS BIOS, .
, . BIOS ,
BIOS .
BIOS
BIOS . , BIOS .
-,
. Intel BIOS
,
Intel BIOS. http://downloadfinder.intel.com,
BIOS, .
BIOS 128 256 ,

2 .
BIOS 1,44 . (, , PC),
- BIOS .
BIOS Windows.
,
, Windows. DOS.
10. BIOS -
35
BIOS ,
. BIOS ( .BIN) BIOS BIOS.
, (UPS). BIOS,
.
1. DOS.
,
DOS 6.22, Windows 95,98 Me. MSDOS Windows XP, http://www.bootdisk.com.
2. Windows, , :.
3. DOS Windows ,
BIOS:
ASPtaxr.SYS
BTxrair.SYS
OAKCDROM.SYS
RAMDRIVE.SYS
EBD.CAB
SMARTDRV.EXE
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
CONFIG.SYS
AUTOEXEC.BAT
BIOS ( .BIN).
BIOS.
, . ,

(. 6).
DOS
BIOS Enter. .

- BIOS . BIOS
.
BIOS -.
BIOS
, .
36
1.
10. . ,
BIOS -.
11. , PC. BIOS , .
12. BIOS. , , . BIOS .
F5
- , USB , BIOS
.

11-18
,
BIOS, ,
PC, / ,
. , / .
PC, . PC ,
.
/
, , . , ,
.
XT AT (. 2.1), , Intel Celeron, Pentium I, II, III 4, AMD Athlon Duron.
/: PS/2, USB, ()
(LPT) .
USB FireWire (IEEE 1394). , Ethernet
, , , .
AT / (COM, LPT, , , ) ,
8- 16- , PCI.
38
2.
. 2 . 1 . -
,
/
BIOS
( , , . 2.2) .
,
.
. 2.2.
/: PS/2, USB, COM, LPT,

Ne 11.
39
BIOS, OEM-, . , ,
, - Plug and Play .

11
; .
, ... . . ,
. ISA ; ,
,
PC.

,
PCI, PC1-X, AGP,
USBHIEEE-1394.
8- 16- ISA ISA , IRQ ( , Interrupt Request)

, .
ISA (
). , PCI , (, , ) . PCI IRQ, ISA:
IRQ,
IRQ ( ISA ).
8- 16- ISA
. . PCI,
USB IEEE-1394, PCI
.
/
PC Card (
PCMCIA) USB IEEE-1394. . ,
USB/ USB/LPT,
, .
2,
, PCI PCI-X AGP.
, CD-RW DVD. 40-
IDE Serial ATA. , , .
- PCI USB.

12
BIOS / , .
, ,
, /. BIOS
, , ,
/ (, , USB / FireWire).
, :
;
IRQ (Interrupt Request),
, ;
DMA ( , Direct Memory Access)
,
.
.
BIOS ,
, .
/, PC , , PC
. PC , PC -.
, , PC , . , /
, PC BIOS -
.
,
, PC -
12.
41
. ; PC :
, ISA
( 11);
;
,
;
, IRQ DMA;
.
VLB
(VESA Local Bus), IBM MCA (MicroChannel Architecture) EISA (Enhanced
Industry Standard Architectire). . / PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect), AGP (Advanced Graphics Port), USB
(Universal Serial Bus) IEEE-1394 ( FireWire iLink), Serial ATA PCI-X.
(
) BIOS
Plug and Play.
Plug and Play - Microsoft
(http://download.microsoft.eom/download/whistler/hwdev3/1.0/WXP/EN-US/pnpbios.exe).
, . : BIOS
Plug and Play
( , ) , Plug and Play.
Plug and Play BIOS Plug and Play. ;
,
,
.
Plug and Play ,

( Plug and Play).

(. 75, 76 77).
, Windows Plug
and Play BIOS.
2,
Plug and Play , ug
and Play Plug and Play. Plug
and Play - - . BIOS , .
Plug and Play . , ( ,

). , .
Plug and Play, , .
BIOS .
PCI , PCI, ,
. :

(, ).
Plug and Play .

- BIOS . Plug and Play .
, / PC, , Plug and Play
.
Plug and Play BIOS . Plug and Play BIOS
, ,
. , Plug and Play BIOS ,
( ,
, - , , , ). ,
Plug and Play :

, Plug and Play.

.
12.
43

, , - Plug and Play - (, ). -
13, IRQ, -. , , ,
, ,
.
, ,
. Plug and Play (
75) Plug and Play
(. 18).

7 /,
, IRQ DMA. / , . ISA ( , ),
, 1 . . - .
PCI, PCI-X, AGP, IEEE-1394
/, ISA (8 16 ) (32 64 ) . Plug and Play ,
.
/, : IRQ (Interrupt Request) DMA (Direct Memory Access).
ISA ,
PCI . ,
, , 16 IRQ 8 DMA.
16- ISA ,
ISA, IRQ
: , , /, ,
.
DMA ,
DMA .
44
2.
, IRQ,
/ - - LPT-, SCSI, , .
IRQ ( Plug and Play).
PCI IRQ .
PCI ISA ,
PCI ISA IRQ
DOS. , PCI
ISA (, Plug and Play PCI -) ,
ISA .

, Zip - LPT-
, . LPT- , IBM PC.
LPT . - ,
. , IRQ 1 , . - ,
-, 1
COM2 . LPT-; ,
( : :,
: . .).
, BIOS, DOS, Windows , 1 IRQ 4,
COM2 IRQ3. IRQ, . , LPT IRQ , - , , ,
- , IRQ.

Windows, :
1. , .
2. .
12.
45
. ( :
, ,
.)
, (. 2.3).
. 2.. 8
Linux
. , Ispci, PCI:
[root@rh9-lt root]# Ispci
00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corp. 440BX/ZX/DX 0 82443BX/ZX/DX Host bridge
(rev 03)
00:01.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corp. 440BX/ZX/OX 0 82443BX/ZX/DX AGP bridge
(rev 03)
00:02.0 CardBus bridge: Texas Instruments PCI1450 (rev 03)
00:02.1 CardBus bridge: Texas Instruments PCI1450 (rev 03)
00:03.0 Communication Controller: Lucent Microelectronics WinModem 56k
(rev 01)
00:06.0 Multimedia audio controller: Cirrus Logic CS 4614/22/24
[CrystalClear SoundFusion Audio Accelerator] (rev 01)
00-07 0 Bridge- Intel Corp. 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 ISA (rev 02)
00-07 1 IDE interface: Intel Corp. 82371AB/EB/MB PI 1X4 IDE (rev 01)
00-07 2 USB Controller: Intel Corp. 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 USB (rev 01)
00:07.3 Bridge: Intel Corp. 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 ACPI (rev 03)
01:00.0 VGA Compatible controller: Neomagic Corporation NM2360 [MagicMedia
256ZX]
05:00.0 Ethernet controller: Xircom Cardbus Ethernet 10/100 (rev 03)
46
2.
, , / ioports interrupts:
[root@rh9-lt
root]# cd
cd /
/proc
[root@rh9-lt root]#
[root@rh9-lt
proc]# cat ioports
[root@rh9-lt proc]#
0000-OOlf : dmal
0020-003f : picl
0040-005f : timer
0060-006f : keyboard
0070-007f : rtc
0080-008f : dma page reg
OOaO-OObf : pic2
OOcO-OOdf : dma2
00f0-01f7 : fpu
01f0-01f7 : ideO
03c0-03df : vga+
03f6-03f6 : ideO
03f8-03ff : serial(auto)
0cf8-0cff : PCI confl
4000-401f : Intel Corp. 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 USB
4000-401f : usb-uhci
4400-44ff : Lucent Microelectronics WinModem 56k
4500-4507 : Lucent Microelectronics WinModem 56k
4800-48ff : PCI CardBus #02
4c00-4cff : PCI CardBus #02
5000-507f : PCI device 115d:0003
5000-507f : xircom_cb
dOOO-dfff : PCI Bus #01
efOO-ef3f : Intel Corp. 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 ACPI
efaO-efbf : Intel Corp. 82371AB/EB/MB PI 1X4 ACPI
fcfO-fcff : Intel Corp. 82371AB/EB/MB PIIX4 IDE
fcfO-fcf7 : ideO
[root@rh9-lt proc]#cat interrupts
CPUO
0:
7292143
XT-PIC timer
1:
705
XT-PIC keyboard
2:
0
XT-PIC cascade
8:
1
XT-PIC rtc
11:
9534
XT-PIC usb-uhci. Texas Instruments PCI1450 Texas
Instruments PCI1450 (#2). ethO
12:
32040
XT-PIC PS/2 Mouse
14:
650116
XT-PIC ideO
NMI:
0
ERR:
80

13
, ,
.
- PC , GPS,
, - ,
13.
47
-
.
.
:
1
PC
,
, , 25 (13+12). 1
DB -9 DB-25 .
,
, -,
- .
, ,
ISA PCI, - . ,
, ( -).
BIOS - . , 9- 25- ,
, - .
BIOS -, , , - , .
, a BIOS , , - .
Windows ,
-. ,
- , ,
, .
SiSoft
Sandra (http://www.sisoftware.net), Windows (.
12)
. , , ( ).
- BIOS,
, Plug and Play
. IRQ - . 2.1.
COMPAQ HP - .
(male
.
ector) *. .
48
2,
2.1. IRQ

3F8
2F8
COM4
28
IRQ
. 2.4 BIOS - Plug and

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.
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103

, Windows
( ).
Windows. , , .
,
. ,
.
, , RAM Idle, RAM Booster,
MemTurbo, Mem Free, FreeMem . . , , ,
. ,
. .
. Windows 95/98/, :
.
; , .
, .
, , . ,
.

(, Windows 2000 ), .
( ).
, , .
Windows Me
Windows 9x,
Windows Me Microsoft .
4.
104

(64 ),
( 64 ). , 16 , . Windows Me
( ) ,
.
, , ,
-
, Me.
Me, , . , , Windows,
95 98
,
. Windows Me .

. Windows 95 98 8 16 32 64 , , 50 % . Windows Me, 32 , 32 ,
100 % ( ) ,
100- . , , , ,
. , .
- Microsoft Windows Me . Microsoft, - ,
. ,
. Windows NT, 2000, Windows Server 2003 , Windows 9 Me, NT .

36 Windows 98 Me
.
Windows 98 Me ,
. [386Enh] C:\WINDOWS\
SYSTEM.INi . ,
37.
106
, 4.1 2-3 .
.
, (. 34).
:
1. C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM.INI , edit .
2. [386Enh].
:
[386Enh]
Conservati veSwapFi1eUsage=l
3. , .
Windows , , , .

37
Windows NT .
Wi ndows 2000,2003 . .

(512 ),
Windows .
256 , 30.
,
:
1. .
2. regedit, .
3. :
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Control\Session ManagerAMemory
Management
4. DisablePagingExecutive 1. :
: DisablePagingExecutive
: REGJMIRD
: 0 1
5. .
106
4.
1,
. ; , - / .
,
X-Setup X-Setup Pro X-Teq
Systems (http://www.xteq.com) - , Windows (. 4.3).
X-Setup, :
1. .
2. X-Teq Systems X-Setup.
3. X-Setup Default Ul.
4. System.
5. Memory.
6. Memory Settings.
7. Allow paging of kernel.
8. Apply Settings, X-Setup .
. 4.. X-Setup Windows
. , .
38.
107
,
. , .
38

BIOS
.
, .
, . 10-20 %.
BIOS . , , , -.

.
.
: ,
.
, ,
. BIOS
,
CMOS- (. 2).
SPD (Serial
Presence Detect) BIOS, . 4.4.
Fast Data
0 Recoveru l i .
1 Apertuf
',' .. C e *
Support',
. 4 . 4 . Award BIOS
SPD
. .
4.
, . , ,
.
, . ; ,
, , . , BIOS , .
.
SPD (Serial Presence Detect), Auto (Automatic Configuration).
, .
Bank Interleaving, Bank Interleave. ; 4. .
Burst Length, Block Transfers. , ;
8,4 2 .
.
CAS (Column Address Select), CAS Latency Time, CAS Timing Delay.
. ,
, , . , .
Command Rate, Address Cycles. , . , ,
. ,

.
RAS (Row Address) Precharge Time.

, .
,
.
RAS-to-CASDelay, tRCD. . ,
.
Row Active Time, tRAS, Active to Precharge Delay, Precharge Wait State, Row Active
Delay, Row Precharge Delay.
.
, .
Memory Clock, DRAM Clock. .
SDRAM (FSB).
DDR .
Ng 39. Via
109
:
BIOS , , , L1 L2 , , , .
,
SiSoftware Sandra (. 4.5) http://www.sisoftware.net.
Sandra , PC. .
. 4.5. SiSoft Sandra
-
(. 9) (, DDR200), , : BIOS SPD,
(133 DDR333
DDR266). 2-3 %, PC 133 20-30 % - .

39 Via
Memory Interleave Enabler Via .

- , ,
4.
, , .
Via () , . BIOS, .
, Via, , http://
www.cpuid.com/cpuz.php CPU-Z.
(George Breese) Memory Interleave Enabler Via (http://www.georgebreese.com/sites/georgebre8se_com/software/) , Windows . . 4.6
SiSoft Sandra Memory Interleave Enabler.
. 4.6. Sandra
Memory Interleave Enabler (. 4.7). ,

,
.
39. Via
111
. 4.7. Sandra
0,5 % , 5-10 %.
- (http://www.georgebreese.com/net/software/readmes/
venabler_vO15_readme.htm).

40-57
.
,
. , ,
, . .

.
, ? Windows 95, 98, 98SE Me ( 2000 NTFS)
, , 10 % 30 %.
(partition) ,
.
, . ,

.
, ( ), . , .
, - .
,
, .
40,
113

PC
. 86
:
- ( , ).
DOS Windows 9x-Me, Windows NT Linux . . .
- , .
; NTFS (non-DOS) . .
DOS Windows
,

. , , .
NTFS NTFS Windows NT, 2000, 2003. DOS Windows
9- NTFS .
NTFS .
, DOS Windows.
Linux, FreeBSD, SunOS
.
,
.
FDISK, MS-DOS Windows 95, 98

Me, (, Linux FreeBSD)
(non-DOS partitions).
IBM, HP, Compay Dell , ; (MBR)
, , .
,
.
, . ; .
5.
BIOS , .
, BIOS
(, NTFS ), . , - , .
, BIOS . ,
(MBR) ,
. . DOS Windows 9x-Me
, .
BootMagic, LILO, GRUB

System Commander .
NT DOS Windows,
.
Windows 2000 Windows Server 2003 : . . ,

Windows, MS-DOS Windows NT. , , .
,
Windows NT 4.0 , ,
,
. Windows 2000 , , RAID-5 .
, , , , , , RAID-5. , .
,
NTFS .

,
.
. :
DOS FAT-12, FAT-16, FAT-32. DOS, FAT-12, FAT-16 FAT-32 ( DOS
FAT-32), PC
40.
116
( )
. FAT File Allocation
Table, ;
,
DOS.
, : 12 4096 / ( ), 16 65 536 /, 32 - 4,2 /
. FAT ,
( , , ).
DOS/FAT .
NTFS.
NTFS , .
NTFS ; , . NTFS
. -,
(MFT, Master File Table) ()
; -, . ,
MFT, . NTFS
, . NTFS , , . NTFS
, MFT
, .
ext, ext2 ext3. ext Linux. Ext 2 , ext2 4 2 (Linux 2.2) 2 Linux 2.4
. ext3
, ext2.
, .
reiserfs. reiserfs
. DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects
Agency). reiserfs http://www.namesys.com.
jfs. jfs IBM

Linux. jfs http://oss.software.ibm.com/developerworks/opensource/jfs/.
FAT NTFS
. 512- . FAT-16
16-
512- . FAT-16 , - ,
5.
- FAT-16 DOS (6.22 ).
- FAT-16 65 536 . 64 , 32 768 . FAT-16
2048 (2 ); , DOS FAT-12 32 . . 5.1
FAT-16 . , ,
FAT-16 65 536.
5.1. FAT-16

FAT-16
0-127
128-255
2 = 2048 (4 )
4 = 4096 (8 )
256-511
8 = 8192 (16 )
512-1023
16 = 16 384 (32 )
1024-2047
32 = 32 768 (64 )
FAT
, . , ,
.
FAT-32, Windows 95 OEM

SR2, 98, 98SE, Me, NT (SP4 ), 2000 , 4 (32 Windows 2000), 4 / 32 . (512-)
. ,
. FAT-32 2 ,
, (, ) - NTFS. . 5.2
FAT-32.
5.2. FAT-32

FAT-32
0-259
512 (1 )
260-511
512-8191
4 (8 )
8 (16 )
8192-16 383
16 (32 )
32 768 -2
32 (64 )
40,
117
NTFS ,
512 ( ). FAT, , NTFS , ,
512- . ( ) NTFS
, . , , . . 5.3, NTFS ,
, FAT-16 FAT-32. NTFS ,
.
5.3. Windows NTFS

NTFS
0-512
512 (1 )
512-1024
1024 (2 )
1024-2048
2048 (4 )
2048-4096
4096 (8 ); 8192
409&-8192
8192 (16 )
8192-16 384
16 384 (32 )
16 384-32 768
32 768 (64 )
>32 768
65 536 (128 )
, ( )
,
. ,

( , , ). (
- ) - -, ,
.

1- NTFS 1 000 1- ,
4- 250 . , - 1-2 2-4 , . , 2-4 - ,
512 , 256 -,
. 5.1 NTFS
118
5.
8192 , 16 (483 512- , 30,1875 8 192 ) (488 512- ,

30,5 8 192- ). , 0,5 , 4096 . (
8,16, 32 64 ) .
. 5 . 1 . Windows

,
,
. , , , ( ) ( ).
, .
; ,
.
, .
, , ,
4 1 ,
118
. , - , , ;
, , .
NTFS . 4
41
,
?
Windows ,
. , . 5.2. , NTFS. NTFS Windows NT, 2000

FAT-16 FAT-32 DOS, Windows 3.x, 9 Me.
. 5 . 2 .
120
5.
mount Linux (ext3 :

[root@rh9-lt root]# mount
/dev/hda2 on / type ext3 (rw)
/dev/hdal on /boot type ext3 (rw)
42
NT, 2000,
2003

.

Windows PartitionMagic. 20- NTFS .
, (Administrative Tools), (Computer Management), (Disk Management) (Storage) :
1. , (Unallocated). (New Partition)
(. 5.3).
. 5..
2. (Next).
3.
- (. 5.4).
(Next).
42. NT, 2000, 2003
121
. 5.4. { )
( ,
, ).
Windows .
4. (. 5.5) . 20 .
. 5.5.
5. . : (. 5.6).
122
5.
, .
D:, CD-ROM.
.
. 5.6. ,
6. . . 5.7
. (, ) . ,
NTFS.
. 5.7.
(NTFS FAT-32), . , (Next).
43. PartitionMagic
7. , . , . (Finish) .
.
Windows
Windows NT, 2000, Windows Server
2003 ,
.

, , , , . 20 30 .
, ,
,
. ,
, . .
43

PartitionMagic
PartitionMagic
.
PartitionMagic Windows. ,
, , . PartitionMagic
, ,
, ,
.
. PartitionMagic http://www.symantec.com PC. PartitionMagic
. , :
1. PartitionMagic Create a new partition (. 5.8).
2. , (. 5.9). , PartitionMagic; , .
: , .
.
5.
124
FAT *FAT32 -smrs ^
UUKSVMP
Ertendwl KUiulocated aUntarnatiett
fflbei
Uwd
. 5.8. PartitionMagic
. 5.9. ,
3. , (. 5.10).
(17 ) . ,
, - , .
4. (. 5.11). , . , ,
(. 52) .
N8 43. PartitionMagic
126

. 5 . 1 1 .
5. (. 5.12).
Back, ,
Next, .
6 Apply, . , (. 5.13).
126
5.
. 5.12.
. 5.13.

44 PartitionMagic
PartitionMagic .
PartitionMagic , .
(. 43)
. PartitionMagic :
44. PartitionMagic
127
1. Merge Partitions Pick a Task? .

2. , (. 5.14).
. 5.14. ,
3. (. 5.15).
. 5.15. ,
4. ,
. (. 5.16).
5.
128
. 5.16.
Windows
- ? PartitionMagic Drive Mapper,
.
5. , PartitionMagic.
Apply, .
, . ,
, ,
, FDISK .
FAT IMTFS
45
CONVERT NT/2000/XP/2003
FAT NTFS.
CONVERT : FAT NTFS. CONVERT ,

/NoSecurity , FAT.
: NTFS
:
1. CMD. .
N 46. , NTFS
128
2.
convert C:\ /fS:ntfS
3. , .
4. Y, . , ,
.
5. . CONVERT CHKDSK , . .

Microsoft , NTFS FAT-16 FAT-32, FDISK/FORMAT
. , FAT-16 FAT-32,
, . NTFS FAT PartitionMagic (Symantec)
Partition Commander (V-Com). NTFS ,
NTFS, .
NTFS
FAT, NTFSDOS,
NTFSDOS Professional NTFS for Windows 98 http://www.sysinternals.com.
46
NTFS

NTFS DISKPART .
Windows NT Windows Server 2003 FDISK DISKPART,

Windows. DISKPART / NTFS .
1. (Recovery Console).
DOS, CD-ROM, :
\i386\winnt32.exe /cmdcons
2. DISKPART .
,
diskpart /delete \Device\HardDiskO\Partition3
diskpart /delete F:
130
5.
2048 :
diskpart /add \Oevice\HardOiskO 2048
3. exit, .
DISKPART /add /delete:
/add - .
.
/delete | \ .
, . MAP (, \Device\HardDiskO). (, D:).
(, \Device\HardDiskO\Partition1).

47 FAT
FDISK FAT-16 FAT-32.
DOS FDISK
,
Windows 9x DOS.
, . ,
BIOS .
OnTrack,
, GRUB LILO
Linux,
.
MBR FDISK, :
1. DOS, -, - USB , DOS FDISK. Windows 98 Me.
2.
FDISK /MBR
FDISK /CMBR
3. , . *
,
.
48, NTFS
131
FDISK /MBR , . .
FDISK /CMBR ( - 1),
(* - 2), (. - 3) ( - ) .
I
48 I NTFS
Windows NT, 2000, Windows Server 2003 NTFS ,

MBR.
FIXMBR Windows
NT, 2000, Windows Server 2003. , ,
, -. FIXMBR , DOS FDISK /MBR: (MBR).
DOS FDISK MBR NTFS. .
MBR FIXMBR :
1. . (Recovery Console).
2. / ( :).
3. MAP,
( \Device\HardDiskO).
4. FIXMBR :
fixmbr \Device\HardDiskO
5. exit, .

, GRUB LILO (. 50). , NTFS.
, MBR
(, ).
132
5.
111 , , .
, .
, .
MBR , .

NTFS
FIXBOOT
NTFS.
Windows NT, 2000, 2003,
NTFS,
FIXBOOT .
FIXBOOT Windows
NT, 2000, Windows Server 2003. , ,
, -. FIXBOOT , DOS SYS:; .

, GRUB LILO (. 50). , NTFS.
FIXBOOT
:
1. . (Recovery Console).
2. / ( 1 C:\WINNT).
3. FIXBOOT :
fixboot :
4. exit, .
, FIXBOOT
, .
51.
133

50 GRUB LILO
SystemRescueCD GRUB LILO.
Linux . SystemRescueCD http://www.sysrescd.com. SystemRescueCD ISO-, CD-R -
.
Linux, :
GNU Parted Linux;

QtParted Partition Magic Linux;
Partimage Ghost/Drive Linux, ;

Sfdisk .
,
; e2fs, reiserfs, xfs, jfs, ntfs DOS.
, Linux.

51
FORMAT , ,
Zip- LS-120.
, . DOS FORMAT, Windows 9x-2003

Windows NT-2003. FORMAT :
, () . FORMAT NTFS,
FAT-16 FAT-32 . 3,5- , Zip- LS-120
FAT-16.
(, Zip- 100 250, LS-120) FORMAT

, 512 .
FORMAT , . FORMAT
134
5.
, .
FORMAT, DOS .
:
1. DOS, -, - USB . Windows 98 Me.
2. FORMAT ,
. :
FORMAT : /S
3. ,
( ), ,
. Y Enter.
4.
.
( ). .
,
, . FORMAT FAT . NTFS
FORMAT ; ( Windows NT, 2000, 2003).
FORMAT:
FORMAT : [/V[:]] [/Q] [IT-.] [/ | /S] [/]
FORMAT : [/[:]} [/Q] [/: /^-.] [/ | /S] [/]
FORMAT : [/V[:]] [/Q] [ / 1 ] [ / 4 ] [/ | /S] [/]
FORMAT : [/Q] [ / 1 ] [ / 4 ] [ / 8 ] t/B | /S] [/]
:
/[:] ;
/Q ;
/f-. - , (160,180,320,360,720,
1.2, 1.44 2.88);
/ ;
/S ;
/: ;
/ ;
/1 ;
/4 - 5,25- 360 ;
/8 8 ;
/ , .
51.
136
Windows 2000 FORMAT :

/FS-. - (FAT, FAT32 NTFS);
/ ( NTFS) - , , , ;
/X - , . ;
/. .
:
NTFS: 512, 1024, 2048, 4096 8192 , 16, 32 64.
FAT: 512,1024, 2048, 4096 8192 , 16, 32 64 (128 256,
512 ).
FAT-32: 512, 1024, 2048, 4096 8192 , 16, 32 64 (128
256, 512 ).
FORMAT:
format a: .
, ,
;
format a: /q ;
format a: /s ;
format : . ,
, , ( );
format d: /FS:NTFS/A:2048 D: NTFS
2 . Windows 2000, 2003.
DOS
BIOS . , DOS ,
. ,
.
: , , DOS :.
, D:, : . .
, .
, :;
D:. , :, F: . . .
13
5.
, (. . 5.4).
:, D: .
:, F: . ., .
! ,
, ,
, .
5.4.

(
)

(
)
D:
F:
G:
Windows NT/2000/XP
, (. 52).
52

Windows NT-2003 .

Windows NT/2000/XP/Windows Server 2003.
, ,
:. CD-ROM D:.
, , :. , , . DOS , D:, CD-ROM :.
.
CD-ROM ,
(
).
53. DOS
137
(, - USB, ) - ,
.
CD-ROM DVD - ,
- DVD.
-
,
.
CD-ROM , :
1. (Start Control Panel Administrative Tools Computer Management).
2. (Disk Management).
3. ,
(, CD-ROM). (Change Drive Letter and Paths).
4. (Change) -
, R:. .
5. , (Change Drive Letter and Paths).
6. (Change), D:.
.
, , , .
DOS
53
, FDISK /MBR (. 47) MBR . SYS.COM
, , -
, . DOS Windows 9x-Me, - DOS IO.SYS, MSDOS.SYS COMMAND.COM, FDISK /MBR.
139
5.
, ,
SYS :
SYS IO.SYS,
MSDOS.SYS COMMAND.COM - ( :). .

54 Windows 2000
Windows 2000, 2003 .
Windows 2000, Windows Server 2003,

Windows,
, . FDISK /MBR SYS :

DOS Windows 9x-Me, NT NTFS.
-,
.

. ... , .
,
, ,
Backup My PC (Stomp)
Symantec Ghost, Drive Image Acronis True Image.
:
1. - .
2. :
Windows.
.
(F3).
R, .
3. :
( ).
( R).
(F3).
R.
Ns 55, Windows 95
138
4. :
( ).
( F).
( Esc).
(F3).
, : ( ), Windows . , F.
5. :
, Enter.
, L.
Windows .
( Esc).
(F3).
NT 2000
. , , .
, , .
, ; L
, Enter.
6.
Windows. Enter,
.
.
, FDISK /MBR SYS : DOS Windows 9x-Me,
. , .

Windows 9S
, Windows 95.
Windows 95/98/ ,
5.
140
(Hard Disk) /
(My Computer/Properties), . 5.17. , ;
.
Ftrippy Disk j CD-fiOM | R e n v o b l o M | Tmibb.-hnultng

g* to npnmiru
hard dbk drive' aKach^d tuyuur rnmputei
. 5.17. Windows 9x-Me
,
, . 5.5.
5.5.
Windows 95/98/
(Desktop)
(Mobile/Docking)

(Network Server)
32
677
10
16
337
64
2729
40
Microsoft Windows 95
(http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us; 138012) . . , . ,
Windows:
56,
141
1. .
REGEDIT Enter.
2. HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE.
3. Software, Windows CurrentVersion.
4. FSJTemplates.
5. , NameCache PathCache. (
), Network. ( )
Mobile:
Network
NameCache 9 00 00
PathCache 40 00 00 00
Mobile
NameCache 51 01 00 00
PathCache 10 00 00 00
6. , .
, ,
.

56
Windows
, . .
Windows ( )
, . ,
, . : , , . ,
, . ,
- , .
( , Windows , ), , .
142
5.
( )
Windows. , , . :
1. (Start),
(Settings Control Panel) (System).
2. (System Properties)
(Troubleshooting).
3. (File System).
(. 5.18).
. 5.18.
(Troubleshooting)
4. , (Disable write-behind caching

for all drives).
5. .
Windows 2000, 2003,
:
1. (My Computer),
(Properties).
2. (Hardware).
3. (Properties).
4. (Policies)
(. 5.19).
5. (Enable write caching on the
disk) ; , .
Na 57.
143
6. .
11*1
L.
. 5.19. Windows 2000
, , ,
Windows. BIOS S.M.A.R.T. (. 57).

57
, ,
.
60 % .
,
.
( , , ,
. .), S.M.A.R.T. (Self-Monitoring, Analysis and Reporting Technology)
/ -
, .
S.M.A.R.T. , , .
144
5.
S.M.A.R.T. BIOS . -.
S.M.A.R.T. DiskCheck (http://www.passmark.com/products/diskcheckup.htm). DiskCheck ,
S.M.A.R.T. -
- ActiveSMART Ariolic Software (http://www.ariolic.com/activesmart/),
. S.M.A.R.T. , .

. ,
: ?! , , ,
. , - . , - ,

.
,
. Norton Utilities
Norton Disk Doctor , , , S.M.A.R.T. , .
, :
SpinRite (http://www.spinrite.com), (Steve Gibson).
FAT, NTFS, Linux, Novell, Macintosh TiVo.
OnTrack Easy Data Recovery (http://www.ontrack.com).

.
Symantec GHOST (http://www.symantec.com).
. Ghost Explorer.
Dd_rescue (http://www.garloff.de/kurt/linux/ddrescue/),
(Kurt Garloff). Linux . http://
www.oreilly.com/pub/wlg/5205.
,
OnTrack (http://www.ontrack.com) ActionFront (http://
www.actionfront.com).

58-67

. ,
, . , , , .
,
. SiSoft Sandra (http://www.sisoftware.net).

; , .
,
. , ,
. , 13 (http://t13.org/), .
UltraATA, UltraDMA, ATA33 . . , -3 -5, .
, . -5 44-133 / /
DMA-4 UDMA-5.
. -1 (Programmed Input-Output Mode 1) 4 /. /
.
-2 (-16). DMA-2
16 /. DMA ,
>
148
6,
/. , / .
-3 (-16). DM A-2 16 /. -3 -2 S.M.A.R.T. .
ATA/ATAPI-4 (-33, DMA-33 UDMA-33). UDMA-2 33 /.
ATA/ATAPI-5 (-66, DMA-66 UDMA-66).
DMA.
UDM -4 44 66 /.
80-
(. 59).
ATA/ATAPI-5 (-100 UDMA-100). -5

100 /
UDMA-5.
ATA/ATAPI-5 (ATA-133 UDMA-133). -5

133 /
UDMA-5.
,
(DMA),
. : , (. 58).
DMA / . DMA .

58
-
.
.
, X, , X. PC ,
, . , OEM-, ( ,
).
58.
147
. , , , .
,

, (
).
OEM ,
Hewlett-Packard Dell, . ,
- Dell
Dell, a Sony, NEC, Nokia
Dell.
PC ; -
. PC , .
OEM , Newegg (http://www.newegg.com).
OEM-
. , , . , , OEM- ,
.
, ,
, . ,
Western Digital (http://www.wdc.com) HighPerformance EIDE, Mainstream EIDE Value EIDE , .
,
. , ,
, , .
:
: 7200 /;
( ): 8 ;
( , , - , ): 4,20 ;
148
6,
( ,
):
8,9 ;
( ,
): 10,9 ;
( , ): 2,0 ;
( , ): 21 ;
(
): 737 /.
- :
: 5400 / ( 25 % );
: 2 ( 75 % );
: 5,00 ( 25 % );
: 8,9 ;
: 10,9 ;
: 2,0 ;
: 21 ;
: 506 / ( 30 % ).
,
UDMA Mode 4 -100, , , , - .
- ?
. ,
; ,
, ?

. . ,
. , ,
( ). , .
, , , .
, .
60, IDE
148
80-
59
,
.
,
, , , ,
. IDE 40-
, .
, 3-4 ,
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. : . 40 , ,
40 .
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UDM-/-133, 40- .
,
. 40- 80- UDMA-/
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( CD-ROM
, 500 ); .
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. 6 . 1 . IDE: 40- () 80- ()
IDE
60
IDE .
-133,

-33, -66 -100?
10
6,
IDE,
80- .
Promise Technologies (http://www.promise.com) Ultra ATA: UltralOO TX2 Ultral33 TX2. (, Belkin http:/
/www.belkin.com) $50 .
66- PCI, Pentium I
Pentium II, PCI 33 .
EIDE
:
1. , .
2. , .
3. . , .
4. ,
. , :
, ,
Symantec Ghost
(. 95) ;
,
( ).
; BIOS .
,
( , ).
Serial ATA
61
Serial ATA UDMA-5 .
, Serial ATA (SATA), 12%, 125% 350% UltraIDE-133. (+125-350 %), SATA
PCI, SATA
. 12 % Serial -150 - SATA150 4 SATA150
TX2Plus Promise Technologies.
Serial ATA 7200 / 8,5 .
6 1 . Serial ATA
161
SATA 10 000 15 000 /

4,7 3,6 SCSI Fibre Channel, . ,
, SATA 20 % - .
Intel 865PE . , 865 Serial ATA 150 /.
SATA
RAID-1 - RAID-5, SATA . SATA , ,
USB - Windows XP (Windows 2000

), .
, , 7- SATA . 8 , ;
, .
SATA
SATA
SATA PCI.
SATA, :
1. - . ,
BIOS - SATA (
, ).
2. PCI-SATA
( ).
3. SATA.
4. SATA ( )
4- .
5. ( , ). , Windows
.
6. . , Windows
.
7. Windows 95/98/ DOS FDISK FORMAT. Windows 2000
162
6.
(
(Control Panel Administrative
Tools Computer Management)).
62
IDE
Intel
Intel
.
IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics),

CD-ROM, PC; , , . IDE ,
.
Intel, , IDE . Intel (http://downloadfinder.intel.com), IDE Bus Master ;
. (.
63), ;
.
, Intel , http://www.intel.com/support/chipsets/sb/cs-009245.htm
http://downloadfinder.intel.com/scripts-df/Product_Filter.asp?ProductlD=861.
, Microsoft, http://www.intel.com/support/
chipsets/inf/sb/CS-009270.htm. Intel (System Devices) Windows .
(, SiSoft Sandra http://www.sisoftware.net)

, IDE.
IDE
63 Via

.
Via (http://www.viatech.com)
,
63. IDE Via
163
. , IDETool Via
. IDETool , Via. Windows
/ CD-ROM.
AMD Via, Via
Intel. Via (System Devices) Windows , .
Windows DMA,
IDE. IDETool ; VIA,
:
http://www.rettesoft.hu/ftpdir/DriversMK/via/Drv/IDE/open/IDE_MPD3014/
http://www.rettesoft.hu/ftpdir/DriversMK/via/Drv/IDE/open/IDE_MPD3014/IDETOOL/
http://www.tools.atrcomputers.com/drivers/Motherboards/GB-7VTXH/Chipset/VIA/
IDE/IDETOOL/
IDETool
Windows. . 6.2
IDETool /, .
. 6.2. Via IDETool
154
6,
RAID
64
,
.
RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks)

. RAID, . RAID
.
RAID-0
RAID. , ,
.
, ,
. , RAID-0
.
RAID-0, RAID-1
. ,

.
RAID-5 RAID-0 RAID-1: , .
,
.
RAID, RAID-0 + 1. RAID FastTrak TX4000 Promise
Technologies (http://www.promise.com) , .
30 %!
RAID . ,
RAID ( ), BIOS RAID. RAID .
1. RAID
RAID . RAID IDE Promise Technologies.
2. RAID-0 1. RAID:
,
. RAID
0 + 1 .

65. DOS SMARTDRV
3. , DOS RAID. RAID

BIOS, . , RAID
IDE, .
4. , RAID.
5. . DOS,
RAID, BIOS RAID.
6. RAID - 0, 1 0 + 1 .
7. BIOS. , RAID.
8. DOS FORMAT, , RAID .
9. ( RAID 1 .) RAID
,
. , RAID
.
DOS
65 SMARTDRV
DOS SmartDrive .
,
, . ;
; DOS
Windows . DOS SmartDrive ( SMARTDRV.EXE)
DOS. SmartDrive Windows 95-98, Windows VCACHE
(. 66). Windows Me
VCACHE.
SmartDrive DOS DOS . SmartDrive , ,
, . SMARTDRV ,
, .
6.
SMARTDRV [ / X ] [ [ [ + | - ] ] . . . ] [ / U ] [ / |
/R] [/F |
/N] [ / L ] [/V |
/Q |
/S]
[_ [(']] [/:] [/:]

SmartDrive:
/X .
(-). , + -.
/U CD-ROM.
/ .
/R SmartDrive.
/F ( ).
/N .
/L SmartDrive .
/V SmartDrive.
/Q .
/S , .
_ XMS ( ), .
Win_K3iu XMS ( ),
Windows. , .
/. , ( ).
/: .
SMARTDRV.EXE, CONFIG.SYS HIMEM.SYS. :

DEVICE=\...\...\HIMEM.SYS
:
DEVICE=C:\DOS\HIMEM.SYS
SmartDrive :
1. C:\AUTOEXEC.BAT , edit .
2. AUTOEXEC.BAT
CD-ROM MSCDEX:
c:\dos\smartdrv.exe /
SmartDrive ,
. SmartDrive:
c:\dos\smartdrv.exe + 1024 512
66. Windows VCACHE
167
u c c
c
' 1
DOS 512 Windows; ,
:, ( ).
3. C:\AUTOEXEC.BAT . SMARTDRV DOS.
Windows
66 VCACHE
Windows 9x Me,

.
Windows
. ,
Windows VCACHE. , C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM.INI .

, , , . , , Windows , .
,
Windows , .
: Windows , ? ,
, , Windows.
,
256 8 . , IDE, SCSI SATA ( ,
/).
Windows.
Windows 98 : VCACHE
512 .
.
VCACHE.
6.
158
Windows VCACHE, SYSTEM.INI :

1. C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM.INI edit. [vcache] :
[vcache]
minfilecache-256
maxfi1ecache=256
2. , , .
256 ,
: . ,
512 1024 , - Windows
.
Microsoft VCACHE 40 (40 000),

.
VCACHE ( 256 8 )
.

67 Linux
HDPARM Linux , Intel Bus Master Via
IDETool Microsoft Windows. He
Linux.
Linux ( DMA-33),
50-150 % . ( ) , .
HDPARM ( ,
)
.
HDPARM
, - . ,
, HDPARM .
HDPARM (
).
, .
67. Linux
19
HDPARM (HD PARaMeters)

. , .
HDPARM (
).
HDPARM root.
, sudo HDPARM root.
, /dev/hda (
IDE; SATA /dev/
hde, IDE). :
hdparm -1 /dev/hda
:
/dev/hda:
Model -QUANTUM FIREBALLlct. FwRev=APL.1234, SerialNo=1234567
Config={ HardSect NotMFM HdSw>15uSec Fixed DTR>10Mbs }
RawCHS=12383/16/63. TrkSize=32256. SectSize=21298. ECCbytes=4
BuffType=DualPortCache, BuffSize=418kB. MaxMultSect=8. M u l t S e c t - o f f
CurCHS=16383/16/63. CurSects=-66060037. LBA=yes. LBAsects=39876478
IORDY=on/off. tPIO{min:120.w/I0RDY:120}. tDMA={min:120.rec:120}
PIO modes: pioO p i o l pio2 pio3 pio4
DMA modes: mdmaO mdmal mdma2 udmaO udmal udma2 udma3 udma4 *udma5
AdvancedPM=no
Drive Suppors : ATA/ATAPI-5 T13 13210 r e v i s i o n 1 : ATA-1 ATA-2
ATA-3 ATA-4 ATA-5
, :
MaxMultSect - ,
.
MultSect , .
PIO modes DMA modes - , . ,
, (*).
AdvancedPM - .
:
hdparm /dev/hda
:
/dev/hda:
multcount - 0 (on)
I/O support = 0 (16-bit)
unmaskirq - 0 ( o f f )
using_dma = 0 ( o f f )
keepsettings - 0 ( o f f )
nowerr = 0 ( o f f )
160
6.
readonly - 0 (off)
readahead - 8 (on)
geometry - 2482/255/63. sectors =
39876480. s t a r t - 0
:
Multcount , .
I/O support (16/32/32sync).
Using_dma DMA. ,
Linux DMA .
Keepsettings (
).
Readonly . CD-ROM.
Readahead , .
HDPARM ,
, .
hdparm -Tt /dev/hdal
:
/dev/hdal:
Timing b u f f e r - c a c h e reads: 128 in 5.97 seconds = 21.43 MB/sec
Timing b u f f e r e d d i s k reads: 64 MB in 17.97 seconds = 3.56 MB/sec
:
Timing buffer-cache reads: 128 MB in 0.91 seconds = 140.66 MB/sec
Timing buffered disk reads: 64 MB in 3.78 seconds - 16.93 MB/sec

/.
, , , .
, Linux .

:
hdparm -cO /dev/hda # 16-
hdparm -cl /dev/hda # 32-
hdparm - /dev/hda # 32-
1 (-1). 3 (-) .
, -I ( 8):
hdparm -m8 /dev/hda
67, Linux
181
DMA :
hdparm -dl
( 32; UDMA-5 69):
hdparm -32 /dev/hda
hdparm -69 /dev/hda

, , multcount (8):
hdparm -a8 /dev/hda
- ,
,
. , ,
. :
hdparm -cl
hdparm -m8 /dev/hda
hdparm - d l
hdparm -X34 /dev/hda
hdparm -a8 /dev/hda
,
:
hdparm -66 -dl -ul -ml6 -c3 /dev/hda
( ) , Linux.
:
1. /etc/init.d/
hdparm.local.
2. 5
In -s /et/init.d/hdparm.local /etc/rc5.d/S20hdparm.local
3. rc5.d 5
Linux.
, /etc/inittab initdefault:
id:5:initdefault:
dmesg /var/log/syslog.
;
-. ,
, - .
68-74
, -
( ). 1024 768
32 (4 ), 60 , (
).
, ,
. ,
Windows
.
, ( ,
), , / ISA, PCI AGP ( , ).
ISA PCI /, .
. 16- (2-)
ISA 16 ; , 32 . 32- (4-) PCI
33 , 133 /.
AGP ( , ),
! 64- (8-) AGP 66 ,
266 /.
AGP 2 533 /; AGP 4 1,1 /. ,
AGP 8 2,1 /, .
ISA, PCI,
AGP.
68. AGP
163

; , .
- ,
- , .
50 %, 10-20 % .
- FutureMark (http://www.futuremark.com). ,
, .
3DMark
. , ( ), , ( ),
. , .
(pixel) , (, ). , ,
( ) . , , 8 (256 ) 32/24
(16,8 8 32
, -) .
. (texel) , . , ,
.
.
- 24 - . ( ) 60 . , 30 .
, (
, !).
AGP
68
AGP .
AGP, PCI.
, 1 (. 7.1)
, ; , PCI .
164
7.
AGP, nVidia GeForce ATI Radeon,

, . AGP 15 PCI! ,
,
.
. 7 . 1 . VGA PCI
AGP , , AGP AGP . , - AGP 1?

AGP 2, 4 8? AGP 8x fie , AGP 8 AGP 1, 2 4
, 8. , AGP 2 1
2, 2. , 4 2 .

69
AGP
,
, -
70, AGP
166
. , , . (dual-ported) ,
( ) ( ) ; . , ,
.
AGP, , AGP ( . 7.2) . ,
AGP .
AGP (. 68) .
. 7.2. AGP
I
70 AGP
AGP , AGP .
AGP BIOS (. 7.3). ,
. :
;
.
16
7.
System BIOS cacheable
Uideo BIOS Cacheable
Uideo RflH cactteable
ftCP flpertur-e Size
- Mode
ftGP Driuing Control
Enabled
Enabled
Disabled
6'iM
Enabled
Outo
. 7.3. AGP BIOS
, ,
.
AGP
4- .
, ,
, .
,
, . , AGP ,
AGP, AGP .
, (http://www.tweak3d.net/articles/aperture-size/, http://www.cybercpu.net/howto/basic/AGP_aperture_2/ http:/
/www.adriansrojakpot.com/Speed_Demonz/New_BIOS_Guide/AGP_Aperture_Size.htm), , 64 128 . 3DMark , AGP 64 .
AGP . AGP 32
128 . , , - .
AGP
71
BIOS AGP.
AGP 4 8,
. AGP 1 2 3,3 ,
AGP 4 8 1,5 . AGP 4 8 , , AGP 1 2.
AGP, .
72. nVidia
187
, AGP 8, BIOS 4, AGP . BIOS (

),
. BIOS 1,
2, .
BIOS 4, 8, 8.
AGP BIOS (. . 1.1, 3), Advanced
Settings Advanced Chipset Features.
72
nVidia
nVidia Detonator, nVidia, RivaTuner .
nVidia
Windows. geforce_overclock.reg
geforce_overclock.zip http://www.softpedia.eom/public/cat/12/
1/12-1-31 .shtml ( ). :
1. geforce_overclock.zip.
2. reg.
, .
3. . .
( ),
regedit.exe, HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Sottware\NVIDIA Corporation\Global\NVTweak DWORD
CoolBits 3.
, nVidia Detonator RivaTuner, :

1. (Properties).
2. (Settings).
3. (Advanced).
4. .

. 7.4.
5.
nVidia.
168
7.
. 7.4. nVidia
nVidia , . ,
,
.
,
. .
nVidia Riva Detonator,

RivaTuner (. 7.5) http://www.guru3d.com/
rivatuner/. RivaTuner , .
Detonator
, nVidia GeForce Quadro
Riva Riva TNT,
1998 . ,
.
Na 72. nVidia
169
. 7 . 5 . RivaTuner
. ,
10 % 8-12 % . Riva TNT, 90 , 12-13 100 .
, . , ,
. ,
, . Diamond Viper 770 Riva TNT ,
. , 3DMark2001
30 %
8-10 %
.
170
7.
ATI Radeon
73
,
ATI.
ATI ,
ATITool (. 7.6).
. 7.6. ATITool
ATITool http://www.techpowerup.com/atitool/.
, ATITool ATI Radeon 9000, 9200, 9500,
9600, 9700 9800,
ATI. ATITool , . , .
ATI Radeon 7000, 183 , 533- Pentium III 13,6 fps.
10,3 % 202 12 %.

74
PowerStrip
, .
PowerStrip (. 7.7) .
74.
171
. 7.7. PowerStrip
PowerStrip http://www.entechtaiwan.net/
util/ps.shtm. ;
, , . PowerStrip 2.78 , 3dfx, Number Nine, Cirrus Logic
Rendition, S3 Tseng Labs.
PowerStrip ATI Radeon 7000 AMD Athlon 2,1 , , 10 /
2 %. ,
-
.
/
75-84
PC
( ), /: , , , USB IEEE-1394.
: , ,
.
, . ,
, .
/,
.
, , , , , ,
PC , . . Linux.
,
- USB.
? / PC -
, ? , ,
,
.
, , ,
(, ).
, DOS,
Windows, Linux, Solaris x86, BeOS . . DO , , , , . , .
8. /
173
( ) PC , ,
, .

, PC IBM
, ,
. PC ,
, .
IBM PC
( )
- 400 . , (Interrupt
Request, IRQ), . ,
(DMA);
DMA.
PC ,
, , , , . ,
, / .

PC IBM
, PC . -
, . . 8.1
, .
PC/AT (286 ) , , PC
PCI Plug and Play. : /, , .
8 . 1 . PC
/
IRQ
0
40h

(. )
IRQ 8-15
60h
DMA
0
1
2
>
8. /
174
8.1 {)
/
IRQ
COM2
2F8h
COM4
2E8h
3F8h
COM3
2F8h
LPT2
278h
220h
1, 3 5
3F0h
LPT1
3BCh 378h
70h
16-
ISA

DMA
280h
10
SCSI
330h
11
PS/2
64h
12
13
lFOh
14
170h
15
VGA
3B0
ISA
3 5
*
*
IRQ 2 , IRQ 8-15 IRQ 2 . IRQ 2

Plug and Play
.
PC,
, : / IRQ, , ,
- 16 IRQ 6 DMA
IRQ (0, 1, 2, 6, 8, 9, 13) , (12 , 14 15 ). , . -
8. /
17S
1 2, , IRQ 3 4 ;
.
PC-AT IRQ 2 9
16- ISA. IRQ 2 8 16- ISA,
. , IRQ 9
,
- , IRQ BIOS IRQ 2. , ,
IRQ 9 16- ISA,
. . ,
IRQ , .
-
IRQ ( IRQ 5 10),
(IRQ 7, 9 11). 4 -
(. 77), , , .
SCSI, IRQ 11 ,
.
: VESA, PCI, AGP
,
(-, . .) IRQ , . Intel
Microsoft , -
. : 16- ISA 16 .
-, IBM,
VESA (Video Electronics Standard Association), , PC. PC PCI (Peripheral Component
Interconnect), PC ( i80386 i80486)
IBM MCA (MicroChannel Architecture), EISA (Enhanced
Industry Standard Architecture) VESA VLB (VESA Local Bus).
Intel, Microsoft PCI, Plug and Play BIOS .
PCI ,
. PCI IRQ, /, (,
) . , PCI , ,
17
8. /
; Plug and Play.

PCI , PC IRQ DMA.
, 33
. , .
PCI . , ISA, MicroChannel EISA , PCI ,
PCI-X 266 533 .
PCI USB (Universal Serial Bus) Texas
Instruments IEEE-1394, FireWire (Apple) iLink
(Sony), PC
Apple Macintosh.
USB , . USB 1.0 2.0 PCI, , ; 256
/. USB 2.0 57 /,
IEEE-1394.
IEEE-1394 USB 1.1,
,
50 /.
IEEE-1394 ; , , .
USB IEEE-1394 /, PC -
AGP
(Advanced Graphics Port),
. AGP
800 /. , AGP
/ (), / PCI-X.
PCI, USB, IEEE-1394 AGP , ISA... , , , ISA.
/
. 8.2 / . , PCI, USB IEEE-1394, (
8. /
177
IDE) : I R Q H () DMA.
8.2.

() 8250
9,6 /
() 16 550
115 /
(LPT)
115 / ( 10 )
Ethernet
10 /
USB l . l
12 /
3 /
8- ISA
8 /
16- ISA
16 /
IDE
3,316,7 /
SCSI-1
5 /
SCSI-2 (Fast SCSI, Fast Narrow SCSI)
10 /
100BaseT Ethernet
100 /
Fast Wide SCSI (Wide SCSI)
20 /
Ultra SCSI (SCSI-3, Fast-20, Ultra Narrow)
20 /
UltralDE
33 /
PCI
33 /
Wide Ultra SCSI (Fast Wide 20)
40 /
Ultra2 SCSI
40 /
Ultra ATA (IDE)
66-133 /
IEEE-1394
100^00 /
USB 2.0
480 /
Wide Ultra2 SCSI
80 /
Ultra3 SCSI
80 /
lOOOBaseT Ethernet
1000 /
Wide Ultra3 SCSI
160 /
FC-AL Fiber Channel
100-400 /
AGP
2,1 / (AGP 8)
8 2 ,
. , , , , , , .
178
8. /

AGP, . (,
PC) ,
,
.

75 Windows
( /, IRQ DMA, ).
SCSI PC . IBM PC;

, , ,
. , , .
, SCSI
( , 220h 330h).
, .
, SCSI,
.
;
. , SCSI, SCSI 330h,
220h.
, ,
. , Windows.
, ,
. , . . 8.1 , . , ,
, (Resources).
.
,
.
, , 300h , ,
.
75. Windows
178
. 8 . 1 . /
300h
/ ,
: Prototype Card. IBM . ,
PC PC, ,
. IBM
/ 300h Prototype Card BIOS;
DOS Windows. , .
,
- , " ISA, 300h ( ).
S S IBM ,
^ Token Ring ,
300h, IBM ,
Prototype Card.
90-
,
18D
8. /
Prototype Card : . ( ) , ,
. ,
. ;
.
,
/ .
, , .
/
8- 16- ISA 340h.
, , 340h
. / ,
, LPT1 278h (. 76). .
,
( 300) . 280h.

,
.

76

IRQ.
LPT-
IRQ, Windows , IRQ 7 5
LPT- (
), IRQ . , .
IRQ :
LPT- EPP (Enhanced Parallel Port) (Extended
Capabilities Port), USB.
77, -
181
, LPT-, .
,
, , IRQ. , , IRQ, .
USB , , LPT- . LPT- ;
, IRQ (. 14). LPT- Windows
:
1. (My Computer) (Properties).
2. (Hardware) (Device Manager).
3. + (
LPT) (Ports (COM & LPT)).
4. (Printer Port) (Disable).
5. .
6.
IRQ ( IRQ 7), LPT-.

77 -
- IRQ .
- , , USB
. - , : , , .
PC IBM
-, . IRQ
1 COM3 ( IRQ 4) COM2 COM4
( 1RQ3). , IBM , . (1 COM3
COM2 COM4).
182
8. /
, (BBS) . BIOS
/,
. , BIOS , - IRQ.
, BIOS . , BIOS
. ,
.
PC
IRQ -.
. IRQ, , .
-
IRQ , -
IRQ COM3 COM4.
, , -, USB/,
. - .
IRQ LPT- (. 76)

. IRQ 7
-. , IRQ 5,
. IRQ 5, 9, 10 11, :
- 8- ISA,
IRQ 8-15 . , - IRQ 5, 16- ISA PCI.
, 8- IRQ 5 7, IRQ ( . 8.2).
, . 8.2, Startech.com
ISA2S500. 16-
77. -
183
ISA IRQ 9,10,11,12 15. Startech - PCI

PC.
. 8.2. - IRQ
- IRQ
USB/COM. USB
-, - IRQ.
, USB - (5 ),
, -.
USB/COM (,
PC) -, , .
. , -.
IRQ Windows
- - ( ,
USB/COM):
184
8. /
1. (My Computer) (Properties).

2. (Hardware) (Device Manager).
3. + (
LPT) (Ports (COM & LPT)).
4. (COM Port)
(Properties).
5. (Resources).
6. (Use automatic settings).
7. / (I/O Range) IRQ, .
8. ,
, (Port
Settings) (Advanced).
- (COM Port Number) .
9. . .

78 -
- IRQ .
IRQ 8- - , COM3 COM4 IRQ 5 7.

/ .
. 8.3 IRQ. ,
IRQ 3 4, IRQ 5 7 ,
IRQ 3 4.
, :
21 = IRQ 7
23 = IRQ 5
24 = IRQ4
25 = IRQ 3
( . 8.3).
( ) .
78. -
18
:
'
700-
5-8 ;
;
.
. 8.3. IRQ -
:
1. , .
2. , 24 25 ( , ).
, ,
IRQ.
3. . , , .
4. . , , IRQ3 4.
3-4
( ).
5. 21 23.
6. .
7. , IRQ 3 4.
186
8. /
? 1 IRQ 4,
COM2 IRQ 3, IRQ 7
, IRQ 4,
COM3 ( ). IRQ 5
COM4.
8. ; .
9. .
10. Windows
. BIOS Windows -,
Windows , ,
COM3 COM4 IRQ 4 IRQ 3 .
. - Windows :
.
(My Computer),
(Properties),
(Hardware) (Device Manager);
+ ( LPT) (Ports (COM & LPT));

(Resources);
(Use automatic settings) (Settings based on). / IRQ
(Resource Settings). COM3 3E8-3EF 7, ;
COM4 2E8-2EF 5 ( , ). .
. Windows
.

79 -
-,
UARfX Windows.
PC
CompuServe, Delphi The Source 300
1200 . Telnet ,
( ) XMODEM 300- .
2400 ( 9600)
79, -
187
, , . , 1990 , 9 600 /.
- , (Universal Asynchronous
Receiver/Transmitter, UAR/T 8250). UAR/T 8250 9 600 /, 960 ASCII- . - UAR/T 16450,
19 200 /.

, . ; , . DOS , Windows.
, - UAR/T 16- FIFO (First In First Out). , . UAR/T 16550.
, 16550 :
! 16550 .
-,
115 /, 11,5 (8 , 2 ). SMC
- LPT- ,
, .
UAR/T:
16650 UAR/T 32- FIFO, 16750 UAR/T 64- 16950 UAR/T 128- .
: ISDN,
53 /,
- 256-512 / . Ethernet, ISDN, DSL , USB .
UAR/T,
Microsoft UAR/T . - Procomm Plus - COM-AND - Windows 95
UAR/T . 16550 UAR/T DOS :

. , Windows
188
8. /
, Windows.
. 8.4 Windows.
(/) (Bits per second) 9600.
115 200.
. 8.4. Windows XP
. 8.5 . Windows (Receive buffer)

, Windows.
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184
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NTFS Linux.
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GRUB LILO.
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System Commander PoweiQuest, Symantec (http://
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199
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202
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1. DOS - FDISK.EXE. MS-DOS
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hu;liuies improved support for larg disKs r<?M*!Umj hi ** 1'*|
is-.-.; of i\isk spu:e on htr&e <h*iuei;, und allowim* disks - 2. (<Y> to be
orwatted as a sintfle drive.
iMPORTrtHT: If you enable large disk support arid create tiny neu drives on t
U:>k, you will wit b able to cress the new driu(s) u^hujr other ttparnt iw
ystens, including sotie versions of Uhttiows 95 and Uhxttiiar, HX, as well as
xvrtier versions of Uimlows and IIS-DDS. In addiUoib d i s k u t i l i t i e s that
;ere not desiipKtd e x p l i c i t l y for Ut FfiT37. f i l e systen u t l l not he* <\
. uork ttith t i n s lisK. If uou ced to access t h i s disk with tber apf.nxti
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203
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Fixed Disk Setup Program
(OCojiyricjlit Microsoft Corp." 1983 - 199(J
FDISK Options
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"biTOse one of the follouinrj:
1.
2.
3.
1.
Create DOS partition or Logical DOS Drige

Set active partition
Delete partition or Logical DOS Drive:
Display partition infernal ion
KiHer choice: 111
. 9.2. FDISK
U U D rarxinou or LOyical uuo ur
Current fixed disk driue: 1
Choose one of the following:
1. Delete Primary BOS Partition
2. Delete Extended DOS Partition
3. Delete Logical BOS Priue(s) in the Extended DOS Pa
1. Delete Non-DOS Partition
:aiter choice: [ 1
i'piss Esc (o
to FDISK Options
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.
DOS FDISK.
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204
9.
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itrrent fixed disk driue: 1
Total disk space is 10Z3? Mbytes (I Mbyte = 1018576 htjU-s)

laxrmuw spiici; iivAilublc for- jwrtitlori 'is 1GZ37 Mbyte's (
filter partition size in fribytiis or- percent of disk spêc: (/) to
1
create a Primary DOS' Partition
: [1023?
I'ress Esc to return to F14SK Options

. 9.4. DOS
5. 2 /,
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.
set nctiue r a n it ion
fixed disk drive: 1
m Status
Type
Uolune Label Mbytes System
PI DOS
1023? LINKNOUN
Us<tflt:
rotnl disk space is 10Z37 bytes (1 Mbyte = bytes)

Cuter the nunber of the p a r t i t i o n you want to make a c t i v e . .
'ess Esc to return to FDISK Options
. 9.5.
6. Windows 9x-Me , 1 .
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NT, 2000, Linux,
.
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1!
85.
206
8. FDISK , .
// , .
DOS FORMAT (. 9.6). :
FORMAT : /S
IWiUt (,: U1LL 1.031!
Proceed with Format (^)?
Foromtting 2,OSS.15H
Format complete.
Jritinij out f Me allocation table
"onplete.
r;.ik:t>)tinij free space (this may take several minutes).
Complete.
System transferred
Jolune label (11 characters, ENTER for none)'? DOS-PftRT.
'MS, 768,640 bytes total disk space
3Z3.584 bytes used by system
1,1M,445,056 bytes available on disk
4 , 0 % bytes in each allocation unit.
525,010 allocation units available on disk.
Jolune Serial Number is 1C6S--15DB
. 9.6. 2- DOS
: ( /S). , :,
, DOS COMMAND.COM.
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,
;
Windows ;
Windows (. 88);
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9.
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Windows NT DOS Windows.
Windows NT, 2000 . DOS Windows, Windov/s NT, 2000
. DOS
Windows, NT, 2000 ( ) FAT16 FAT-32, DOS (6.22 7.0
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Windows - NTLDR .
NTLDR , ;
BOOT.INI. BOOT.INI NTLDR .
NT/2000/XP, ( ) CD-ROM , . , CD-ROM D:; :

D:\i386\winnt
NT/2000/XP, .

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(. 9.7).
86,
207
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Windows NT, 2000 , - DOS Windows. , NT/2000/XP

DOS Windows 9x, \WINNT
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NT :
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NT/2000 Windows
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NT/2000 ;
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.

(. 9.9).
.
Microsoft Uindous Professtonail
Microsoft Uindous
Llse the up and doun arrou keys to noue the highlight to your choice
Press EHIEJi to choose.
Seconds until highlighted choice uill be started autonatically: 2S
For trmibleshootinn and ndunnced stnrtu options for Uindous
. 9.9.
86.
209

. NTLDR
, .
Windows , DOS Windows 9x-Me

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DOS 9- NT/2000/XP, VMware .

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Windows XP Linux... , . , ,
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NT, ).
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. PartitionMagic/BootMagic (Symantec) Partition Commander/System
Commander (V-Com) .
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.
, NT. , NT (NTLDR)
(BOOT.INI)
, . -
87.
211

, - DOS/Windows 9x. NTLDR, BOOT.INI;
DOS/Windows 9x, Windows NT, 2000 .

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FAT-16.
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OSR2, Windows 98, 98SE, Me . .
FAT-32
Windows 95 OSR2 98SE. NTFS NT/
2000/, , NTFS. , NTFS
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PartitionMagic BootMagic .
1. PartitionMagic BootMagic Windows
.
. POST, .
212
9.
2. . Windows , BootMagic.
3. Add BootMagic , . .
BootMagic.
4. PartitionMagic. Install another
operating system (. 9.11).
Next.
. 9 . 1 1 . PartitionMagic

5. (. 9.12)
Next.
. 9.12. ,
PartitionMagic
87.
213
6. ( ),
. 9.13 9.14, Next.
. 9.13.
PartitionMagic
. 9.14. ,

, (. 9.15), Next. ,
- (. 9.16), Next.
8. (. 9.17)
Finish.
214
9.
9. Apply (. 9.18). PartitionMagic

.
87.
216
. 9.17. , PartitionMagic
10. Windows 2000 , - CD-ROM .

- , .
- ( Windows 9x-Me),
PartitionMagic :.
DOS, CD-ROM,
216
9.
DOS , - ( D CD-ROM):
D:\i386\winnt.exe
11. , .
, ( ).
12. BootMagic,
. .
13. - . , . , BOOT.INI
(. 94) NT/2000/XP TIMEOUT= 0 , DEFAULT= . .
System Commander
System Commander V-Com . , .
Windows 2000 Windows 98.
, System Commander V-Com,

. , .
1. System Commander Windows. .

POST, . , Tab, Enter .
2. OS Wizard.
3. New Installation Next.
4. Windows; Next.
5. (Windows 2000) Next.
6. (New) Next.
7. Isolated by itself Next.
8. ,
Next. . System Commander
. . Windows 2000 , -
, .
88.
217
9. -, DOS CD-ROM.
10. - CD-ROM
. boot from CD ,
. - ,
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DOS , - ( D CD-ROM):
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11. , . , ( ). System Commander .
12. . ( Windows 2000). Windows 2000.
13. . / . : / , :.
14. System Commander /, . Windows 2000 .
15. Windows, . , System Commander
. , ; , BOOT.INI (. 94)
NT/2000/XP TIMEOUT= 0 ,
DEFAULT= . .

88
Windows
.
: , - , -
Windows, . ?
, ?
( 700 ), - Windows . ,
218
9.
Windows, -.
,
SMARTDRV (. 65).
PC Windows 95, 98,98SE Me

C:\WINDOWS\OPTIONS\CABS, Windows NT, 2000 C:\i386. , -. , DOS A:\
(, - D:):
:\:
C:\>MD WINDOWS
C:\>MD WINDOWSNOPTIONS
C:\>MD WINDOWS\OPTIONS\CABS
C:\>CD WINDOWS\OPTIONS\CABS
: \WIND0WS\OPTI0NS\CABS>COPY D:\WIN98\*.*
Windows
C:\WIND0WS\0PTIONS\CABS>SETUP
, WINDOWS Windows,
\WINDOWCD - .
Windows NT-XP :
:\:
C:\>MD i386
C:\>CD 1386
C:\I386>COPY D:\i386\*.*
Windows
C:\I386>WINNT
Windows -,
, .
NTFS

NTFS ,
NTFS.
Sysinternals
NTFS ,
9 0 .
219
NTFS. NTFSDOS NTFSWIN98

http://www.sysinternals.com. NTFSDOS DOS, Windows 3.1 Windows 95, a NTFSWIN98
Windows 98 Me. NTFS
, NT/2000
.
NTFS,
, Sysinternal
Administrator's Pak.
Linux NTFS NTFS root ( - ):
# mount - /dev/hdal /mnt
# mount | grep n t f s
/dev/hdal on /mnt type ntfs (ro)

debian:-# Is -1 /mnt/boot.ini
_r
i r o o t r o o t 230 Aug 8 17:32 /mnt/boot.ini
NTFS:
# modprobe -v n t f s
insmod /lib/modules/2.6.6-1ocal/kernel/fs/ntfs/ntfs.ko
NTFS (
FATAL: Module ntfs not found), (http://www.kernel.org), , ,
NTFS .
NTFS .
NTFS
, 2.6 NTFS.
Windows ,
- , ( 5 , ). ,

(MBR) . ,
.
, - Windows .
220
9.
(, - ).
:
1. - Windows XP CD-ROM, (Start) (Run).
2. (f:\i386\winnt32.exe /cmdcons, d
CD-ROM - .
3. . (Yes),
.
4. .
.
, help
. .
DOS Windows 95/98/

91
DOS
.
MSDOS.SYS
Windows 95,98 Me MSDOS.SYS.
, . , Windows,
. [Path] Windows
( Windows ), [Options] .
DOS 6.22 MSDOS.SYS . DOS

. Windows 95 MSDOS.SYS .
C:\MSDOS.SYS,
. DOS; Windows
, COMMAND.COM
. :
:\>:
C:\F0OCD \
C:\>attrib -r -h -s MSDOS.SYS
Nt 91 DOS Windows 95/98/
291
MSDOS.SYS,

attrib +r +h +s MSDOS.SYS.
-
-, -h -s. D O S edit
( N o t e p a d ) . . :FORMAT
[Paths]
WinDir-C:\WINDOWS
Win8ootDir-C:\WIND0WS
HostWinBootDrv=C
[Options]
BootMulti-1
BootGUI-1
DoubleBuffer=l
AutoScan=l
WinVer=4.10.1998
:The following lines are required for compatibility with other programs.
:Do not remove them (MSDOS.SYS needs to be > 1024 bytes).
:xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxa
;xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxb
:xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxc
ixxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxd
:xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxe
;xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxf
:xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxg
:xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxh
ixxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxi
:xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxj
:xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxk
;xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxl
:xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxm
ixxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxn
;xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxo
ixxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxp
;xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxq
;xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxr
;xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxs
W i n d o w s 9 x - M e .
:
W i n d o w s C : \ W I N D O W S :.
D O S .
Windows.
222
9.
,
.
,
Scandisk.
, [Options]:
BootDelay=2
BootKeys=0
BootMenu=0
BootMenuDefault-1
BootMenuDelay=30
BootSafe-0
DblSpace=l
DrvSpace=l
LoadTop=l
Logo=l
Networks
:
BootDelay=2, BootKeys=0 Starting Windows . ( ).
BootMenu=0 .
BootMenuDefault=1 ,
1 ( ).
BootMenuDelay=30 ( ) 30 , .
BootSafe=0 .
DblSpace=1, DrvSpace=1 DblSpace DrvSpace.
LoadTop=1 DOS DOS.
Logo=1 Windows.
Network=0 ,
.
, (
) [Options] :
BootDelay=5
BootKeys-1
BootMenu=l
BootMenuDelay=5
DblSpace=O
DrvSpace=O
Logo=l
Network=l
BootDelay=5
. BootKeys=1 -
91. DOS Windows 95/98/Me
223
. BootMenu=1
BootMenuDelay=5 5 30. DblSpace=O DrvSpace=O .
Logo- Windows . ,
Networks .
,
,
Windows.
MSDOS.SYS
[Paths] MSDOS.SYS (
):
HostWinBootDrv=KOjeeoM () .
UninstalNKopweeoM () W95undo.dat W95undo.ini,
Windows 95.
\\0\= Windows ( C:\Windows) ,
.
\= Windows ( C:\Windows)
Windows.
[Options] MSDOS.SYS:
AutoScan=Kod (1) ScanDisk . : 0 ScanDisk;
1 ScanDisk; 2 ScanDisk,
. Windows 95 OEM Service Release 2 .
BootDelay=ceM/wdb( (2) Starting Windows . Windows 98 BootDelay .
&\\= (0) - 1, Windows .
1= (1) - Windows. 0, Windows .
BootKeys=0.M2 (1) - 1, F4, F5, F6, F8 Ctrl
. 0, .
BootMenu=â2 (0) - . 0, F8 Starting Windows.
BootMenuDefault=4aô (1 3) - , . - 1 , 3 .
11= (30) - . ,
9.
224
BootMenuDefault. BootMenu=1.
\1\= (1) 0 ( DOS).
1= (I) 1 .
= (1) 1 Windows.
= (0) 1
, ( SCSI IDE). 2
.
DBLSpace=âa (1) 1, DBLSPACE.BIN; 0 . , 0.
DRVSpace=âz (1) 1, DRVSPACE.BIN; 0 . , 0.
= (1) 1, COMMAND.COM ( DRVSPACE.BIN DBLSPACE.BIN, ) 640- DOS.
( 12 ,
).
, :
DBLSPACE=O DRVSPACE=O.
? DOS
DOS DIR.
DBLSPACE.000 DRVSPACE.OOO, , . ,
, ,
\.= (1) 1,
Windows. 0 ,
, .
Network=(/waz (0) 1, DOS
.
MSDOS.SYS
MSDOS.SYS -, ( ,
MSDOS.SYS 1024 ). , .
92. CONFIG.SYS
225
CQNFIG.SYS
CONFIG.SYS , , DOS.
CONFIG.SYS ( :\)
, ( )
. CONFIG.SYS i- DOS. CONFIG.SYS
DOS edit, Windows . DOS 6.22 , Windows 95-, Windows NT, 2000, 2003.
MSDOS.SYS BootKeys=1 (, 91),

CONFIG.SYS AUTOEXEC.BAT .
F5 Starting MS-DOS Starting Windows.
, CONFIG.SYS AUTOEXEC.BAT
F5 F8.
Windows 95- CONFIG.SYS

IO.SYS.
CONFIG.SYS:
DOS=HIGH
Device=HIMEM.SYS
SETVER.EXE
FILES=60
BUFFERS=30
LASTDRIVE=Z
STACKS=9.256
FCBS=4
, ,
CD-ROM, CONFIG.SYS . CONFIG.SYS :
Device=HIMEM.SYS /TESTMEM:off
Device=EMM386.EXE ON RAM ROM
DOS=HIGH.UMB
FILESHIGH=99
BUFFERSHIGH=6.2
STACKS=O. 0
DEV1CEHIGH=C:\CDROM\CDR0MDRV.SYS /D:MSCD001
CONFIG.SYS DOS, , .
. Device=HIMEM SYS /TESTMEM:off -
HIMEM.SYS. .
228
9.
Device=EMM386.EXE ON RAM ROM LIMS-EMS

EMM386 UMB (UMB, Upper Memory Blocks) LIMS-EMS ( ). DOS.
DOS=HIGH,UMB DOS UMB.
FILESHIGH=99 99 .
( !) .
BUFFERSHIGH=6,2
3 .
DOS (30)
SMARTDRV , DOS
AUTOEXEC.BAT (. 93).
, DOS.
STACKS=0,0
. ,
.
.
DEVICEHIGH=C:\CDROM\CDROMDRV.SYS /D-.MSCD001 - CD-ROM . MSCD001
.
.
. ,
, .
AUTOEXEC.BAT
93
DOS Windows.
AUTOEXEC.BAT ( :\).
DOS
(TSR). DOS COMMAND.COM
AUTOEXEC.BAT CONFIG.SYS.
AUTOEXEC.BAT DOS
edit, Windows . DOS 6.22 , Windows 95-Me,
Windows NT, 2000, 2003.
Windows 95- DOS IO.SYS.
DOS ( :\>)
DOS Windows (PATH).
Windows 95-98SE WIN.COM , AUTOEXEC.BAT. Windows Me DOS CONFIG.SYS AUTOEXEC.BAT, Windows
DOS, F5
. F5
93. AUTOEXEC.BAT
227
AUTOEXEC.BAT PAUSE,
Windows.
AUTOEXEC.BAT , .
MSDOS.SYS BootKeys=1 (. 91)

CONFIG.SYS AUTOEXEC.BAT .
F5 Starting MS-DOS Starting Windows.
, CONFIG.SYS AUTOEXEC.BAT
F5 F8.
AUTOEXEC.BAT DOS,
. ,
, ; PATH, ,
; , CONFIG.SYS
(, , CD-ROM,
. .).
, IO.SYS, AUTOEXEC.BAT:
PROMPT=$P$G>
TEMP=C:\WINDOWS\TEMP
TMP=C:\WINOOWS\TEMP
PATH=C:\WINDOWS:C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM
. , DOS , . AUTOEXEC.BAT
:
ECHO OFF
CLS
C:\WINDOWS\SMARTDRV +
PROMPT=$P$G>
=:\
=:\
PATH=C:\WINDOWS;C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM;C:\DOS;C:\
LH C:\WINDOWS\COMMAND\DOSKEY /INSERT
LH C:\WINDOWS\MSCDEX /D:MSCD001
LH C:\MOUSE\MOUSE.EXE
AUTOEXEC.BAT:
ECHO OFF - - . , ,
- , - ;
CLS - AUTOEXEC.BAT;
C\WINDOWS\SMARTDRV C+ - SMARTDRV
:. D+,-- ._
. Windows DOS SMARTDRV
Windows VCACHE;
228
9.
PROMPT=$P$G> DOS ;
=:\ ( C:\WINDOWS).
, C:\TEMP ( MD TEMP :\>);
=:\ .
DOS Windows;
PATH=C:\WINDOWS;C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM;C:\DOS;C:\ - PATH D O S , , DOS, . C:\DOS,

DOS;
LH C:\W1NDOWS\COMMAND\DOSKEY /INSERT - DOSKEY 4-.

/INSERT . DOSKEY
Windows;
LH C:\WINDOWS\MSCDEX /D:MSCD001 - M S C D E X CD-ROM DOS. Windows MSCDEX, DOS.

LH LOADHIGH, . M S C D E X
Windows 95, Windows 98 Me
Windows;
LH C:\MOUSE\MOUSE.EXE . D O S ( , ), Windows ,
.
AUTOEXEC.BAT
, .
PATH (, SET SYBASE=C:\SYBASE). ,
DOS, .
D O S 256 , CONFIG.SYS (. 92)
;
SHELL=C:\COMMAND.COM /E:512
D O S
512 . /: . , 512 1024
2048 .
AUTOEXEC.BAT . DOS,
, AUTOEXEC.BAT
.
94, Windows NT/2000/XP
228
. -, ( ).
, , . -,
CALL - . :
ECHO OFF
as
C:\WINDOWS\SMARTDRV +
PROMP>$P$G>
=:\
-
=:\WINDOWS::\WINDOWSX SYSTEM::\DOS::\
LH C:\WINDOWS\COMMAND\DOSKEY /INSERT
LH SMARTDRV C+
.
second.bat

.
CALL C:\SECOND.BAT
LH C:\WINDOWS\MSCDEX /D:MSCD001
LH C:\MOUSE\MOUSE.EXE
AUTOEXEC.BAT
SMARTDRV; SECOND.BAT,
AUTOEXEC.BAT MSCDEX
MOUSE.

94 Windows NT/2000/XP
BOOT.INI.
BOOT.INI Windows NT.

Windows 2000, 2003, .
, BOOT.INI DOS Windows NT ( , DOS). BOOT.INI
(,
) ,
Microsoft.
BOOT.INI ( DOS 10.SYS
MSDOS SYS) NTLDR .
, ; , .
230
9.
BOOT.INI
BOOT.INI.
, ,
, , , ,
.
[boot loader]
timeout=3
default=multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(l)\WINDOWS
[operating systems]
multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(l)\WINDOWS="Microsoft Windows XP
Professional" /fastdetect
Windows XP.
, . Windows XP 1
rdisk(O) SCSI, BIOS
(multi(O)).
[operating systems] BOOT.INI
, Windows XP Windows 2000.
, .
[operating systems]
multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(2)\WIND0WS="Microsoft Windows 2000
, Windows XP 2000
. , , ARC (Advanced RISC Computing). ARC
.
BOOT.INI
BOOT.INI , .
,
, .
:
1. : ,
cmd .
2.

:
X:\Foo>C:
C:\Bar>cd \
C:\>attrib -s -h -r boot.ini
edit,
. NTLDR -
N8 94. Windows NT/2000/XP
231
BOOT.INI , , 3. : > cmd .

\.
:
X:\Foo>C:
C:\Bar>cd \
C:\>attrib +s +h +r boot.ini
ARC BIOS
BOOT.INI, , , BIOS INT-13 SCSI. 9.2 ARC.
9.2. BOOT.INI IDE
multi(O)
( 0)
disk(O)
0; IDE
rdisk(O)
, .
0 3. SCSI 0 7 0 15
partition(O)
ARC
ARC Windows, SCSI, BIOS INT-13,
NTBOOTDD.SYS. SCSI ,
RAID , BIOS
,
. . 9.3 BOOT.INI
SCSI.
9.3. BOOT.INI SCSI
scsi(O)
( 0)
disk(O)
SCSI;
0 7 0 15
rdisk(O)
SCSI ( 0)
partition(O)
232
9.
SCSI :
1. .
2. , NT.
3. BOOT.INI , .
4. BOOT.INI :
[boot loader]
timeout-3
[operating systems]
Professional"
BOOT.INI :
[boot loader]
timeout=3
[operating systems]
on 1st Drive"
multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(l)partition(l)\WINNT="Microsoft Windows 2000
on 2nd Drive"
: Microsoft
Windows 2000 on 2nd Drive; , partition( 1) rdisk( 1).
BOOT.INI :
[boot loader]
timeout=0
default=mu"lti(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(l)\WINTE
[operating systems]
multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(l)partition(l)\WINNT="Microsoft Windows 2000
on 2nd Drive"

.
;
.
. , Windows
.
Linux
Linux BOOT.INI , .
Linux (GRUB LILO)
94, Windows NT/2000/XP
233
Linux. Linux /dev/hda6, GRUB

:
# grub
GNU GRUB version 0.95 (640K lower / 3072 upper memory)
[ Minimal BASH-like line editing is supported. For the first word. TAB
l i s t s possible command completions. Anywhere else TAB l i s t s the possible
completions of a device/filename. ]
grub> root (hdO, <TAB>
Possible partitions are:

Partition num: 0. Filesystem type unknown, partition type 0x7
Partition num: 2. Filesystem type is fat. partition type Oxc
Partition num; 4. Filesystem type unknown, partition type 0x82
Partition num: 5. Filesystem type is ext2fs. partition type 0x83
grub> root (hdO, 5)

filesystem type is ext2fs. partition type 0x83
grub> setup (hdO, 5)
Checking if "/boot/grub/stagel" exists... yes
Checking if "/boot/grub/stage2" exists... yes
Checking if "/boot/grub/e2fs_stagel_5" exists... yes
Running "embed /boot/grub/e2fs_stagel_5 (hd0.5)"... failed (this is not
fatal)
Running "embed /boot/grub/e2fs_stagel_5 (hd0.5)"... failed (this is not
fatal)
Running "install /boot/grub/stagel (hd0.5) /boot/grub/stage2 p /boot/grub/
menu
.1st "... succeeded
Done.
grub> quit
: GRUB ,
Linux. Linux 1, GRUB
. , /dev/hda6 GRUB
(hdO,5).
dd:
# dd if=/dev/hda6 of=grub.bin bs=512 count=l
grub.bin , , : Windows. : NTFS,
, grub.bin Linux ,
FAT-32, ,
.
Windows, BOOT.INI , , [operating systems] :
c:\grub.bin="Linux"
234
9.
Linux
dd :. GRUB
LILO , GRUB
( GRUB, /boot/grub/menu.1st).
DOS Windows 9x-Me
BOOT.INI DOS Windows 95-
, Windows NT-2003 ( FAT-16
FAT-32),
( NTFS).
DOS/95/98/Me NT-2003,
FAT-16 FAT-32 BOOT.INI .
:
1. Windows NT-2003.
2. , DOS-Me, /
.
3. DOS Windows 95-.
4. , Windows NT-2003
(Master), DOS-Me (Slave).
5. Windows NT-2003.
6. BOOT.INI. :
[boot loader]
timeout=5
default=multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(0)partition(l)\WINNT
[operating systems]
multi(0)disk(0)rdisk(l)partition(l)\WINNT="Microsoft Windows 2000"
d:\="Windows 98"
d:\= "Windows 98" .
10

95-100
- , , . ? ,
( , - ),
.
, .
PC; , .
PC, , ,
. , , .
, . , ,
.
PC, Linux Windows
. , . PC
.
, , .
. : AVG, Trend, F-Prot,
McAfee, Norton Panda, PC .
, Outlook Outlook Express , .
. (. 98),
(malware). PC, -
, - .
236
10.
, ,
, , PC, . ,
.
. ( ) , . ,
, , . -
, -.
, Windows, Linux, Unix . .

. Windows
, (Tools) Internet Explorer, Linux, Unix .
.
:
, . : (. 99).
|
95
PC ,
. , , ,
,
, .
PC
,
, , .
;
, GHOST Drivelmage Symantec
(http://www.symantec.com) True Image Acronis (http://www.acronis.com).
GHOST DOS.
DOS .
Windows GHOST DOS (. 40) - PC-DOS . GHOST Windows
(,
, GHOST ).
95.
237
, , .
, PC ( Windows ). (Intel, Via . .),
- , . , (, Pentium II AMD64)
. , , Pentium 3 Pentium 4 .
Windows XP , ; Windows 2000
. Windows 9x-Me ,
2000 ,
. Linux
, Windows, , Intel 386,
, .

.
GHOST - ,
DOS, . , Linux (. 50) FDISK Linux. , ;
, Symantec.
- GHOST Windows.
Drive Image (. 10.1) True Image (. 10.2)
Windows. , ,
.
, , .
, ,
PC .
Symantec GHOST Drive Image, Acronis True Image,
. , Linux:
Linux:
ghost4unix, http://rfhs8012.fh-regensburg.de/~feyrer/g4u/
QTparted, http://qtparted.sourceforge.net/
Windows:
HDClone, http://www.miray.de/download/sat.hdclone.html
Farstone DriveClone, http://www.farstone.com
10.
. 1 0 . 1 . Drive Image ,
Windows
. 10.2. True Image
, Windows XP
2003 ( ). Windows
,
. ; ,
.
96.
239

96
,
PC, .
Microsoft ,
. PC
, .
(. 10.3) .
Windows XP , . ( ) ; ,
.
. 10.3. Windows XP
Windows . ,
.
.
(, , ) .
, Microsoft Windows XP

. - , :
PC Relocator AlohaBob (http://www.alohabob.com);
MigrateEasy Acronis (http://www.acronis.com);
240
10.
Move Me Spearit Software (http://www.spearit.com);

IntelliMover Detto (http://www.detto.com).
PC Relocator Aloha Bob.
,
, .
PC Relocator
, ,
Windows 9x Windows XP
(. 95) .
Windows , .
PC Relocator (. 10.4), Windows,
. PC Relocator , USB, .
. 10.4. PC Relocator

(,
, <>\
. .
a
tor
, i-
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. , , .
.
98. PC
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, , .
97

, .
? , PC
. - ,
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, , .
, ; .
, , .

,
. ,
. , .
.
,
.
, AVG Grisoft (http://www.grisoft.com). 6
. AVG, , . , AVG PC
, . AVG
Windows , , . AntiVir Personal Edition (http://www.free-av.com/).
PC
,
.
- , , :
(adware) - , .
242
10.
(spyware) ,
, , .
(malware) , . ,
, ,
.
:
, ,
Windows.
, .
(,
), .
, ... !
, : . , ,
, . , .
GAIN/Gator/Claria Doubleclick.
. 10.5. GAIN

. 10.5 ActiveX Internet Explorer 6 Windows XP Service Pack 2 (

Service Pack 2 99).
(Always Trust) (Yes), -
98. PC
243
,
, . -. (Always Trust)! .
, - (, DivX - http://www.divx.com),
, (. 10.6).
(. 10.7) , . , .
GAIN/Gator.
. 10.6.
,
, !
,
, : ,
- 10 20 .
(EULA, End-User License
Agreement)
, . . , Kazaa
tt//www.kazaa conVus/privacy/index.htm) Cydoor ( , , ) GAIN
( ).
244
10.
. 10.7. GAIN,

,
. $30 , , DLL,
. , Kazaa , , $29.95.
Google, Yahoo!, Lycos, MSN Altavista,

. , , -
. Google Yahoo! , . ? , -
, ,
. ,
.
, ,
,
, .

, .
.
, , :
BHODemon, Definitive Solutions (http://www. definitivesolutions.com);
Spybot Search & Destroy, (Patrick Kolla) (http://
www.spybot.info);
98. PC
245
Spyware Blaster, - Javacool Software (http://www.javacoolsoftware.com);

Ad-Aware, - Lavasoft (http://wwwJavasoft.de).
(. 99) , . , Windows IE, .

,
URL, IP- .
BHODemon (. 10.8) ,
(Browser Helper Objects), ActiveX,
Internet Explorer ( , Windows).
. 10.8. BHODemon ActiveX
. - C:\Windows\Downloaded Program Files, ActiveX. ,

, , BHODemon. (Properties),
, . , ; , , ( , ).
Spybot Search & Destroy (. 10.9) . -,
. - ,
- :
248
10.
ActiveX . -, . 12 400 , .
. 10.9. Spybot Search & Destroy
. 10.10. SpywareBlaster cookie
99.
247
SpywareBlaster (. 10.10)

. SpywareBlaster . ActiveX Macromedia Flash;
( , Flash
-, Flash HTML-).
99

, .
, ... . ,
. , , ,
, ,
.
; , .
, . Windows XP ( Service Pack 2) ICF (Internet Connection Firewall), ,
PC. ICF
, . , .
XP Service Pack 2 Security Center , ICF , (. 10.11 10.12)

Internet Explorer (. 10.13).
. 1 0 . 1 1 . Security Center XP Service Pack 2
248
10.
. 10,12. ActiveX Service Pack 2
, Microsoft , Microsoft ( ).
Microsoft
.
. 10.13. Security Center

ActiveX
99.
249

, DSL
, PC . (,
- Internet Explorer , ,
). PC -
( , ) . ,
.

, ZoneLab ZoneAlarm (http://www.
zonelabs.com) . 10.14, Norton Internet Security (http://www.symantec.conn)
Sygate Personal Firewall (http://www.sygate.com). Windows XP Service Pack 2 (. 10.15), Security Center.
. 10.14. ZoneAlarm ,
,
.
(. Jb).
260
10.
, , ,
. ,
, . .
. 10.15. Windows Firewall Service Pack 2

,
100
.
, , . ,
. :
- ,
, - .
100.
2S1

-
( ) .
Windows
, , . , Windows XP -. , .
- Stomp BackUp MyPC (http://www.stompinc.com) Newtech Infosystems NTI Backup Now! (http://www.ntius.com) - DVD,
. BackUp MyPC ,
,
.
(. 95). .
( , Zip-, - DVD), , PC.
,

, .
,
. (. 86)
. , . ,
.
ABS
(Automated Backup System) CMS (http://www.cmsproducts.com). ABS . ABS ,
.
, , - ABS.
ABS (Automated Backup

System), 251
Acronis True Image, 200, 236
ActiveSMART, 144
ActiveX, , 245
Ad-Aware, 245
AGP, , 162
, 165
, 64
, 69
AIDA32, 63
AMD,
, 64
, 70
AMI, BIOS, 31
ATA, , 145
ATI Radeon, , 170
ATX, , 37
AUTOEXEC.BAT, , 226
AVG, , 241
Award BIOS, 31
AwardMod, , 26
AWDFLASH.EXE, , 25
BackUp MyPC, 251

BHODemon, 245
BIN, , 35
BIOS
Plug and Play, 41
S.M.A.R.T., 143
, 25
, 30
, 30
BIOS ()
, 23
, 28
BootMagic, 198
CBROM, , 26
CMOS-, , 19
-, 37, 43
, 44
Plug and Play, 43
IRQ, 47
CONFIG.SYS, , 225
CONVERT, , 128
D
DB-25, , 49
DB-9 DB-25, , 47
DDR, , 90
Detonator, (nVidia), 167
DIMM, , 89
DiskCheck, , 144
DMA (Direct Memory Access), 40
DOS
BOOT.INI, 234
CONFIG.SYS, , 225
SMARTDRV, 155
, 26
, 94
Drive Image, , 237
E
ECP, , 50
EMS (Expanded Memory Specification), 91
EPP, , 50
ext, , 115
F
FAT
, 198

BNTFS,
128
, 115
FD1SK, , 201
Fire Wire, 37
FIXBOOT, , 132
FIXMBR, , 131
Flash, ActiveX, 247
FORMAT, , 133, 202
FSB (Front Side Bus), 68
G
GHOST, , 236
GRUB, ,' 130, 232
H
HDPARM, (Linux), 158
I
IBM Prototype Card, 179
ICF (Internet Connection
Firewall), 247
IDE
, 21
,149
, 27
IDETool, 153
IEEE-1394, 37, 176
iLink, 41, 176
Internet Explorer, 245
IRQ
, 44
, 41
, 54
ISA, , 162
J
jfs, , 115
L
Legacy USB, , 29
LILO, , 130, 232
LIMS-EMS, , 91
Linux
ext, , 115
GRUB L1LO, 130
, 232
BOOT.INI, 232
2S3
LPT-, 37, 44
, 49
, 180
, , 131
MBR (Master Bool Record), 114, 130
MFT (Master File Table), 115
MSDOS.SYS, , 220
N
NTFS
, 115
FAT, 128
, 129
, 115
nVidia GeForce, , 164
PageDefrag, 100
PartitionMagic, 198
PC Card, 39
PC Relocator, , 240
PCI, , 162
, 64
, 80
, 173
PCI-X, 40
PCL, , 193
Phoenix BIOS, 31
Plug and Play, 41
, 41
, 54
, 192
POST, 19
PowerStrip, 170
PS/2, , 37
R
RAID, 154
reiserfs, , 115
RivaTuner, , 167
S
SATA (Serial ATA), , 150
SCSI,
IEEE-1394, 53
, 52
BOOT.1N1, 231
SCSI, , 24
Service Pack 2, 242
264
Smart BootManager, 198
SMARTDRV, 35, 155
SpywareBlaster, 247
SYS.COM, , 137
System Commander, 216
SVSTEM.INI, , 157
System RescueCD, 133
T
T13, , 145
True Image, , 237
UAR/T, 187
Ultra ATA, , 150
Unicore, 31
USB (Universal Serial Bus), 39, 176
V
VCACHE, 155
VESA (Video Electronic Standard
Association), 175
VMware, 199
w
Windows 2000
DOS, 95
, 114
, 100
FAT-32, 116
, 99
, 129
Windows 95
, 96
FAT-32, 116
, 101
, 92
, 94
Windows 98
, 96
FAT-32, 116
, 101
, 92
, 94
Windows XP
DOS, 95
, 100
FAT-32, 116
, 99
, 129
X
X-Setup/X-Setup Pro, 106
z
ZoneAlarm, , 249
A
, 114

PartitionMagic, 211
System Commander, 216
, 199
-, 163
, 200

300h, 179
, 51
, 178
, 54
, 114, 208
, 235
, 249
, 249
, 85
(VMware), 199
, 235
, 98
, 100
, 114, 208
FAT, 128
NTFS, , 129
RAID, , 154
Serial ATA, 150
, 114
, 236
, 139
DOS, 135
, 126
, 143
, 129
, 133
, 133

, 113
, 192
, 50
Linux, 133
MS-DOS, 220
Windows 9-, 220
, 197
, 219
, 18
, 23
(NTLDR), 206
(IR) , 48
, 112
FAT, 115
NTFS, 117
, 236
, 219
VCACHE, 155
Windows 95, , 96, 139
, 142
, 136
, 113
, 64
, 84
, 189
, 114, 203
, 113
, 142
, 70
, 163
Windows 95-96
, 93
Windows 9x, 90
266
()

, 92
, 107
, 101
, 37
, 49
BIOS, 18
, 19
, 57
ISA, 52
CMOS-, 19
, 163
LPT, 44
/, 37
, 21
, 37
AMD, 65
FSB, 80
Intel, 65
, 85
, 63
, 70
, 57
ATI Radeon, 170

nVidia, , 167
PowerStrip, 170
, 57
FAT, 129
FDISK, 201
Linux, 133
NTFS, 129
, 113
, 129
, 113
, 91
, 50
, 48
, 241
, 101
256
, 69
, 115
, 194

, 53
Plug and Play, 43
, 17
, Windows, 29
, 74

BIOS, 78
, 63
, 163
, 57
, 57, 70
, 40

, 100
, 97
, 99
, 98

, 112
, 128
, 114
, 133
, 194
, 242

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2005 O'Reilly Media, Inc.

39. Via . . . . 109

49. NTFS . . 132

(Scott Spanbauer) PC World . ,

(User Password), . BIOS - .

, - , BIOS. - http://www.labmice. techtarget.com/articles/BIOS_hacks.html http://www.pwcrack.com/bios.shtml.

American Megatrends/AMI BIOS

<Ctrl>+S, <Ctrl> + <Alt>+S

. BIOS , IDE Serial ATA.

BIOS. , , BIOS DOS ( 640 1 ) BIOS. SCSI

BIOS - ( ), BIOS . BIOS , BIOS

BIOS - CBROM (http://www.stormpages.com/crazyape/cbrom.html) AwardMod (http://sourceforge.net/projects/

(ZIP, FDD, HDD .),

Legacy USB Support

-Legacy USB . USB

. 1.11. Award BIOS.

Unicore , BIOS Agent, BIOS. ,

. 1.12. BIOS Award BIOS

, BIOS Unicore BIOS -, BIOS . Unicore BIOS ,

, , Award Phoenix BIOS

Microsoft, Visual Studio, Adobe,

( BIOS Unicore) BIOS

BIOS 128 256 ,

8- 16- ISA ISA , IRQ ( , Interrupt Request)

Plug and Play ,

Plug and Play . , ( ,

Plug and Play .

. 2.4 BIOS - Plug and

. 2.4. Plug and Play

. 2.6 BIOS LPT- Plug and

. 2.6. Plug and Play

(Standard Output-Only), (Bi-Direc

, ISA. Windows 3.x

Plug and Play ,

. 2.8. , IRQ DMA

- 16- SCSI ISA.

8- 16- 280 340, IRQ 5 (8- )

Gigabit Ethernet (1000BaseT), . ,

PCI Plug and

I Plug and Play

Plug and Play ] Windows, BIOS PC .

Plug and Play BIOS Microsoft Windows

18. Plug and Play

Reset: Config Data

(http://www.sisoftware.net) 32 (http://www.aida32.hu), Windows Me, XP 2003. ,

Intel Pentium II ( 8/98)

Intel Pentium ( 8/98)

Intel Pentium III

. (FSB) PCI AGP. ,

Pentium III Coppermine;

Intel OEM-, Phoenix BIOS. , AMD

Award BIOS . Award BIOS,

overclockers.com, motherboards.org, sysopt.com, tweaktown.com, ocia.net,

. 3.9. AMD XP 2600+

, - AMD Athlon Duron ( , ), , -

AMD Athlon XP 1,9 , 166 11,5(166 11,5=1,91 ),

. 3.22, 1 199 . 185 11,5 2,13 .

Phoenix flwaiitBIOS CMOS Setup Utility

||;tlove ENTER:nccept ESC:rtbort

Intel Celeron Pentium I

AMD Thunderbird ( ), Intel Pentium II

AMD Thunderbird ( ), Intel Pentium II ( )

Intel Pentium 4 2,26 (Northwood Prescott)