GSM FUNDAMENTALS

DEDHIA ASHISH
Aetwork Management Center.
TOPICS OF DISCUSSION
1) GSM FREQUENCY BAND ALLOCATION
2) GSM FREQUENCY PLANING
3) CHANNELS ON AIR INTERFACE
4) BURST AND FRAME FORMATION
5) FREQUENCY HOPPING (BASEBAND AND SFH)
6) CONGESTION RELIEF MECHANISM
7) DIMENSIONING CONTROL CHANNELS
8) PATH BALANCE, DIVERSITY TIMING ADVANCE
9) GSM ARCHITECTURE
10) GOS REPORTS
FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
880 890 915 925 935 960
GSM GSM E E
GSM Band - 890-915 Mhz. UL , 935-960 Mhz. DL
EGSM Band - 880-915 Mhz. UL , 925-960 Mhz. DL
GSM FREQUENCY BAND
890 915 935 960
GUARD BAND 20MGHz.
FREQ.
Tx. Band Rx. Band
GSM FREQUENCY SPECTRUM
FREQUENCY BAND IS DIVIDED IN 125 CHANNELS.
EACH CHANNEL BANDWIDTH 200 KHz.
Tx - Rx CHANNEL SPACING 45 MHz.
Ch. No. Tx. ChanneIs Rx. ChanneIs
0 890.0 935.0
1 890.2 935.2
2 890.4 935.4
. .. ...
124 915.0 960.0
CH - 0 IS USED AS GUARD BAND.
EACH CHANNEL IS DIVIDED IN 8 TS. - (TDMA)
GSM BAND ALLOCATION
Ch-0 Ch-124
ORANGE
Ch-32
BPL
Ch-62
DOLPHIN DOLPHIN
Ch-84 Ch-108
NEED OF PUTTING CELLSITES
1) PROVIDE COVERAGE
LIMITED COVERAGE , MAX RADIUS 32 Kms. (THEOROTICAL)
WHY UPLINK FREQUENCY IS IN 890 MHZ RANGE AND DOWNLINK
935 MHZ RANGE ??
MAXIMUM OF 8 SUBSCRIBER CAN TALK ON ONE RADIO
THE CELL RADIUS IS LIMITED BY THE DELAY CAUSED BY THE RADIO
WAVES IN REACHING THE CELLSITE
DELAY TIME DISTANCE/SPEED
DELAY TIME TOLERABLE IS KNOWN ,SPEED OF RADIO WAVES IS KNOWN
HENCE MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE DISTANCE CAN BE CALCULATED (32 KMS)
2) PROVIDE CAPACITY
AS THE TRAFFIC GROWS WE NEED TO PUT MORE CARRIERS SO THAT
WE CAN HAVE MORE SUBSCRIBERS ACCOMODATED IN A CELL
THE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF CARRIERS IN GSM BAND IS 120 HENCE THE
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF SUSCRIBERS THAT CAN MAKE SIMULTANEOUS
CALLS IS (120 ` 8) 960
INCASE OF OUR BAND 30 ` 8 240 SIMULTANEOUS CALLS
AS THE ABOVE CAPACITY IS NOT SUFFICIENT WE NEED TO REUSE THE
FREQUENCIES SO THAT WE CAN INCREASE THE CAPACITY AT THE
SAME TIME AVOIDING THE INTERFERENCE AND MAINTAINING QUALITY
OF SERVICE
THE OUTPUT POWER OF CELLS IS REDUCED SO THAT IT CATERS TO LESS
NUMBER OF SUBSCRIBERS AND DOES NOT INTERFERE WITH THE OTHER
CELLS
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
6
7
2
5
3
3
2
COMPROMISE BETWEEN QUALITY AND CAPACITY
FREQUENCY REUSE
FREQUENCY
SET - 2
REUSED FREQUENCY
SET - 2
CHANNELS ON
AIR INTERFACE
TRAFFIC
CONTROL
CHANNELS ON THE AIR INTERFACE
TRAFFIC CHANNEL
SPEECH DATA
FR HR
9.6K 2.4K 4.8K
SACCH FACCH
COMMON
CHANNELS
DEDICATED
CHANNELS
SDCCH SACCH FACCH
BROADCAST
CHANNELS
COMMON
CONTROL
CHANNELS
LOGICAL
CHANNELS
DEDICATED
CONTROL
CHANNELS
PCH AGCH RACH
BCCH SCH FCH
CHANNELS ON AIR INTERFACE
A) CONTROL CHANNELS
1. BCCH - BROADCAST CONTROL CHANNEL
W TRANSMITTED CONTINIOUSLY
W MOBILE MONITERS THE BCCH EVERY 30 SECS. IN IDLE MODE
W CARRIES FOLLWING INFORMATION
W CEL ID
W LAI
W LIST OF THE FREQUENCIES OF CELL
W LIST OF THE NEIGHBORS
W POWER CONTROL INDICATOR
W CBCH DESCRIPTION
W DUMMY BURSTS ARE TRANSMITTED IN TIMESLOTS TO
ENSURE CONTINUITY
CHANNELS ON AIR INTERFACE
W FCCH - FREQUENCY CORRECTION BURST
MOBILE CORRECTS / SYNCHRONISES ITS FREQUENCY AFTER
DETECTING THIS CHANNEL
W SCH - SYNCHRONISING CHANNEL
CARRIES INFORMATION TO ENABLE THE MOBILE TO SYNCHRONISE
TO THE TDMA FRAME AND KNOW THE TIMING OF INDIVIDUAL
TIMESLOT
CHANNELS ON AIR INTERFACE
2). CCCH - COMMON CONTROL CHANNELS
W TRANSMITTED ALONG WITH THE BCCH.
W TRANSFERS THE CONTROL INFORMATION BETWEEN MOBILES
AND BTS FOR CALL ORIGINATION AND CALL PAGING
FUNCTIONS
RANDOM ACCESS CHANNEL (RACH)
TRANSMITTED BY MOBILE TO ACCESS THE SYSTEM
PAGING CHANNEL (PCH)
TRANSMITTED BY THE BTS WHEN IT WANTS TO CONTACT A SPECIFIC MOBILE
ACCESS GRANT CONTROL CHANNEL (AGCH)
TRANSMITTED BY THE BTS USED TO GRANT DEDICATED RESOURCE
SUCH AS SDCCH
CELL BROADCAST CHANNEL (CBCH)
BROADCAST MESSAGES ARE SEND TO MOBILES IN A CELL , STEALS
SDCCH TIMESLOT
CHANNELS ON AIR INTERFACE
3). DCCH - DEDICATED CONTROL CHANNEL
W USED FOR CALL SETUP / MEASUREMENTS AND HANDOVERS PURPOSE
STANDALONE DEDICATED CONTROL CHANNEL(SDCCH)
CALL SET UP
W LOCATION UPDATE
W SMS
ASSOCIATED CONTROL CHANNEL(AGCH)
THESE ARE ASSOCIATED WITH EITHER SDCCH/TCH
SLOW ASSOCIATED CONTROL CHANNEL(SACCH)
W POWER CONTROL IN DOWNLINK DIRECTION
W TIMING INFORMATION IN DOWNLINK DIRECTION
W LINK QUALITY INFORMATION IN UPLINK
FAST ASSOCIATED CONTROL CHANNEL(FACCH)
W TRANSMITTED IN PLACE OF A TCH BURST
W FACCH STEALS A TCH TIMESLOT
W PERFORM HANDOVER
FORMATION OF FRAME
1 2 1
FRAME
2
M-2
M-1
MULTIFRAME
1 2 3 4 5 1 8 7 6 2 3 4 5 8 7 6 1
TS
FREQ- I1
GSM BURST AND TDMA FRAME.
TIME
GP
T.S. INFO INFO
TB TB
STEALING FLAG
GP
NORMAL BURST
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
FRAME-1 FRAME-2
-----
NORMAL BURST
1) INFO - CONTAINS SPEECH ,DATA OR CONTROL INFORMATION
2) GUARD PERIOD - TO ALLOW SMALL MARGIN OF ERROR
TIMESLOT 0.577 ms.
ACTUAL BURST 0.546 ms.
GUARD PERIOD 0.577 - 0.546 0.03 ms.
3) STEALING FLAGS - TO DISCRIMINATE BETWEEN TCH
AND FACCH. FACCH IS STOLEN TCH.
4) TRAINING SEQUENCE - FOR RECEIVER EQUALISATION
ESTIMATES PHYSICAL PATH LOSS - 26 BITS LONG
5) TAIL BITS - TO MARK START AND END OF BURST.
26 TCH MULTIFRAME
TIMESLOT - (TCH)
1 2 3 4 0 6 7 8 9 5 1011121314 16171819 15 21222324 20 25
SACCH IDLE
120 ms.
4.615ms 0.577ms
TCH MULTIFRAME
IDLE
TCH
TCH
25
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
SACCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
12
0
IDLE
TCH
TCH
25
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
SACCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
TCH
12
0
DOWNLINK
TO MS
UPLINK
TO MS
26 FRAME COMES IN TO PICTURE ONLY WHEN A CALL IS SITTING ON TCH
THE FRAME IS FORMED BY MONITERING THE DATA GOING ON TCH TIMESLOT
OF THE TDMA FRAME ,THE FORMAT REPEATS AFTER 26 TDMA FRAMES HENCE
IT IS CALLED AS 26 FRAME MULTIFRAME.
TIMESLOT NUMBER 12 i.e. 13 IN 26 FRAME IS USED FOR SACCH IN
WHICH MS SENDS THE MEASUREMENT REPORT.
TS 25 ie. 26 IN 26 FRAME IS IDLE. IN THIS TIME SLOT MS DECODES BSIC OF
NEIGHBORING CELLS.
TIMESLOT - (TCH)
4.615ms 0.577ms
0 1 4950
51 - FRAME MULTIFRAME CONTROL CHANNEL
235.365 ms
50
49 C
48 C
47 C
46 C
45 C
44 C
43 C
42 C
41 S
40 F
39 C
38 C
37 C
36 C
35 C
34 C
33 C
32 C
31 S
30 F
29 C
28 C
27 C
26 C
25 C
24 C
23 C
22 C
21 S
20 F
19 C
18 C
17 C
16 C
15 C
14 C
13 C
12 C
11 S
10 F
9 C
8 C
7 C
6 C
5 B
4 B
3 B
2 B
1 S
0 F
DOWNLINK
TO MS
50 R
49 R
48 R
47 R
46 R
45 R
44 R
43 R
42 R
41 R
40 R
39 R
38 R
37 R
36 R
35 R
34 R
33 R
32 R
31 R
30 R
29 R
28 R
27 R
26 R
25 R
24 R
23 R
22 R
21 R
20 R
19 R
18 R
17 R
16 R
15 R
14 R
13 R
12 R
11 R
10 R
9 R
8 R
7 R
6 R
5 R
4 R
3 R
2 R
1 R
0 R
UPLINK
TO MS
R = RACH
B = BCCH
F = FCCH
S = SCH
C = CCCH
BCCH/CCCH MULTIFRAME
TDMA FRAMES
1. TDMA T.S. 0.557 ms
2. TDMA FRAME 4.615 ms
3. 26 FRAME MULTIFRAME 120 ms
4. 51 FRAME MULTIFRAME 235.5 ms
5. SUPER FRAME 6.12 s
6. HYPER FRAME 3:28:53:760
TIMING ADVANCE
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
BS - MS
3 TS offset
MS - BS
FRAME 1
FRAME 1
DOWNLINK
UPLINK
TIMING ADVANCE INFORMATION IS SENT TO THE MOBILE
TWICE EVERY SECOND USING THE SACCH.
CODING OF SPEECH AND INTERLEAVING
20ms
Information
block
0.577ms
information
bursts
ENCODING INTERLEAVING
SPEECH (260 bits)
SPEECH ( 8 bursts)
CONTROL (184 bits)
CONTROL (4 bursts)
DATA (240 bits)
DATA (22 bursts)
SPEECH CHANNEL CODING
CONTINUOUS SPEECH
20ms 20ms 20ms 20ms 20ms 20ms
CLASS 1A
50 BITS
CLASS 1B
132 BITS
CLASS 2
78 BITS
260 BITS
50 132 3 4 78
378 BITS 78
CONVOLUTIONAL CODE
456 BITS
20ms 20ms 20ms 20ms 20ms 20ms
INTERLEAVING
57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57 57
456 BITS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0
FRAME 1 FRAME 2 FRAME 3
CALL SETUP FLOW CHART
CHANNEL REQUEST
Y
ASSIGN FAILED CHANNEL CONGESTED
(SDCCH)
N
SEIZURE OF CHANNEL
N
MS FAILED
CHANNEL REQUEST
Y
(TCH)
Y
ASSIGN FAILED
CHANNEL CONGESTED
N
N
SEIZURE OF CHANNEL
N
MS FAILED
FREQUENCY HOPPING
TYPES OF HOPPING
A) BASE BAND HOPPING -
B) SYNTHESIZED FREQUENCY HOPPING
ADVANTAGES OF HOPPING
A) BETTER OVERALL QUALITY OF NETWORK
B) EASE OF FREQUENCY PLANNING
C) VERY EFFECTIVE IN THE CONGESTED NETWORK.
DISADVANTAGES OF HOPPING
1) POOR QUALITY INCASE OF LOW TRAFFIC
2) LIMITED NUMBER OF NBCCHS PER SECTOR CAN BE EQUIPPED
3) SOME VENDORS DO NOT ALLOW SIMULTANEOUS FIXED AND HOPPING PLAN
4) DIFFICULTY IN ISOLATING THE FREQUENCY INTERFEREING
TYPES OF FREQUENCY HOPPING
BASEBAND HOPPING -
1) ONLY UPLINK FREQUENCY IS CHANGED TIMESLOT BASIS
2) NEED TO PROVIDE THE SAME NUMBER OF FREQUENCY AS THE NUMBER
FREQUENCIES ONE NEEDS TO HOP.
NB
1
NB
2
TX1
RX1
TX2
RX2
TIME T0
NB
1
NB
2
TX1
RX2
TX2
RX1
TIME T1
B) SYNTHESIZED FREQUENCY HOPPING
1) FREQUENCY IN BOTH TRAMIT AND RECEIVE ARE CHANGED
2) NO LIMITATION ON THE NUMBER OF RADIO`s
3) THE RADIO HOPS ON THE SET OF CHANNELS PRESCRIBED.
4) CELLS WITH SMALL NUMBER OF CARRIERS WILL MAKE GOOD CANDIDATES
FOR SHF AND CELLS WITH MANY CARRIERS ARE GOOD CANDIDATES FOR
BASEBAND HOPPING.
5) THERE CAN BE ONE TYPE OF HOPPING ON A BTS.
I1 I3 I4 I5 TS- 0
TS-1
TS-2
TS-3
TS-4
TS-5
TS-6
TS-7
f1 I2 I1 I3 I4 I5 f1 I2
Frame 1 Frame 2
C1
1 ` 3 FREQUENCY HOPPING PLAN
TIME
ELEMENTS OF SFH.
1) MOBILE ALLOCATION LIST : THIS CARRIES THE LIST OF THE FREQUENCIES
ON WHICH MS WILL HOP.
2) MOBILE ALLOCATION INDICATION OFFSET (MAIO) : THIS PARAMETER
GIVES THE STARTING FREQUENCY OF HOPPING
3) HOPPING SEQUENCE NUMBER : (HSN) THIS PARAMETER TELLS THE MS
THE ALGORITHM IT IS TO USE. THERE ARE 63 ALGORITHMS.
1) 0 - CYCLIC
2) 1-63 PSEUDO RANDOM HOPPING
4) HOPPING INDICATOR : (FHI) THERE ARE 4 HOPPING INDICATOR EACH
VALUE CORRESSPONDS TO ONE SET OF MA LIST AND HSN
VALUES OF FHI :0 , 1 , 2 ,3 ( 255 IS USED FOR NON HOPPING)
THIS IS USEFUL FOR HAVING MULTIPLE HOPPING PLANS
IMPLEMENTATATION OF SFH IN OUR NETWORK
MA LIST : 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38 ,39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46
+ 2
HSN 20
- 1
FHI1 (HSN1+MALIST1)
FHI2 (HSN2+MALIST2)
B1
32
38
44
V1
V2 V3
33
39
45
V1
V2 V3
B1
34
40
46
V1
V2 V3
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONGESTION RELIEF
PARAMETERS INVOLVED IN CONGESTION RELIEF
1) ho_exist_congest (0 , 1 or 2)
0 - Indicates the congestion Relief is not implemented.
1 - Congestion Relief is enabled (one call at one time)
2 - Congestion Relief is Enabled (all calls satisfying criteria.
STATISTICS PEGGED
1) ma_cmd_ms_blocked - indicates blocked calls with and without congestion relief
2) Congest_exist_ho_attmpts - indicates the calls that were offloaded by congestion relief
mechanism.
2) Congest_ho_margin - The handover margin at which congestion HO takes place
3) Alloc_tch_fail - Calls blocked due to handin`s to a busy cell.
4) TCH Congestion - The time in miliseconds when the cell was in congestion
CONGESTION RELIEF MECHANISM
USING HO MARGINS THE CELLS CAN BE OFFLOADED
0 db
6 db
6 db
CELL -1
CELL -2
HYSTERISIS 0 db
8 db
2 db
CELL -1
CELL -2
HYSTERISIS
OFFLOAD
DIMENSIONING OF THE SDCCH CHANNELS
NEED FOR THE SDCCH`s
1) MAKING AND RECEIVING CALLS
2) FOR SENDING AND RECEIVING THE SMS.
3) USED FOR LOCATION UPDATE
a) PERIODIC LOCATION UPDATE - (4 HOURS)
b) UPDATE WHILE LAC CROSSOVER
CELLS HAVING HIGH ACTIVITY (CALLS AND SMS ) NEED MORE SDCCHs.
CELLS ON THE LOCATION AREA BOUNDARY NEED MORE SDCCHs FOR
THE LOCATION UPDATES.
CELL 1
LAC 1
CELL 2
LAC 2
HIGHWAY
SENARIO 1
LAC BOUNDARY
ALONG THE ROAD
ie. IN THE
DIRECTION OF
MOTION OF
TRAFFIC.
LAC PLANNING
HIGHWAY
CELL 1
LAC 1
CELL 2
LAC 2
SENARIO 2
LAC BOUNDARY
ACROSS THE ROAD
ie. IN THE
DIRECTION OPPOSITE
TO THE DIRECTION OF
MOTION OF
TRAFFIC.
TRADE OFF BETWEEN SDCCHs AND PCHs
1) CASE - 1 AREA OF LAC IS SMALL
A) NEED FOR THE LOCATION UPDATE WILL BE HIGH
B) NEED FOR THE SDCCHs WILL BE HIGH
C) COMPARATIVELY LESS NUMBER OF SUBSCRIBERS WILL BE THERE
4) NEED FOR THE PAGING CHANNEL WILL BE LOW.
1) CASE - 2 AREA OF LAC IS LARGE
A) NEED FOR THE LOCATION UPDATE WILL BE LESS
B) NEED FOR THE SDCCHs WILL BE LESS
C) COMPARATIVELY HIGH NUMBER OF SUBSCRIBERS WILL BE THERE
4) NEED FOR THE PAGING CHANNEL WILL BE HIGH.
LAC 1
LAC 1 LAC 1
LAC 1
LAC 1
LAC 1
LAC 1
CASE - 1
LAC 2
LAC 1
CASE - 2
PATH BALANCE
PATH BALANCE 110 + PATH LOSS
PATH BALANCE 110 + (UPLINK PATH LOSS - DOWN LINK PATH BALANCE
20 watts
3 db loss
2 watts
TRX
1
TRX
2
40 watts
1 watt
PATH BALANCE
10 watts
3 db loss
2 watts
TRX
1
TRX
2
20 watts
1 watt
Downlink loss 10/40 6 db
Uplink loss 1/2 3 db
Path Balance 110 + (Uplink Loss - Downlink loss)
Path Balance 110 + ( 3 - 6)
Path Balance 107 db (downlink problem)
PATH BALANCE
20 watts
3 db loss
2 watts
TRX
1
TRX
2
40 watts
0.5 watt
Downlink loss 20/40 3 db
Uplink loss 0.5/2 5 db
Path Balance 110 + (Uplink Loss - Downlink loss)
Path Balance 110 + ( 6 -3)
Path Balance 113 db (downlink problem)
RX RX-D
TX
10 wavelengths App.
RX DIVERSITY
COMBINER
RESULTANT SIGNAL
INTELLEGENT CHOICE
$M Architecture
MS
MS
BSC
BTS
BTS
BTS
HLR
R
X
C
D
R
IWF
E
C
VLR
UM
Interface
Or
Air Interface
A bis
Interface
R$
A
Interface
Aailed
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Mobile $witching Center
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Operation
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Maintenance
Center-R
X.25
MS
BTS BSC XCDR
DIU
DIU
DIU
DIU
LTG
MSC
16 kb/s
64 kb/s
Um
A-BIS A- INT
2 Mb/s
2 Mb/s
16 kb/s
7 1/2
32 TS
1
ST NAMS
C
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BSS_01_Cuffe_Parade
B01_01_Florafountain_075
404-21-120-10751 3 4214 4050.28 67.50 93.37 0.81 93.56 0.98 0.99 95.65 97.82 0.85 1.14
404-21-120-10752 4 6162 3759.33 62.66 96.39 0.56 91.28 1.15 1.64 95.04 96.04 1.20 0.94
404-21-120-10753 4 6576 5448.54 90.81 96.48 0.37 92.58 0.96 1.24 95.61 96.83 0.75 0.78
A TYPICAL GOS REPORT