1I13n.

ATEl1bCTBO·HAYfiA·

ARA,IJ;EMIUI HAYR «Ila

HCTOPHH

CCCP CepHJI

MIIpoBoii

RyJll>TYPbl»

H. H. )U)HROHOBA

AHrJIIIMCKIIH
POMAHTlI3M
IIPOB.flEMbl 3CTETHRH

JI3,IJ;ATEJIbCTBO

«JIAYI{A»
Mocxna 1978

l{IIHl'a rnnxca anrop

npe,1;CTaBJlJlCTCOUUHcepuio

osepnca

0 Bhl)J,alO-

anrJI1IHCl(lIX pOMaIlTUl{aX (l{OJIbpup:lI\e,

CROTTe, Baiipone, B xuure anr .nniicxoro cxne II ofipaane

Illennn,

IlHTce).

Bopncnopre, Ocuoaaoe BHUMaUlle

ynCJIllCT UX q:1I.'10C(HrCIW-3CTCTI11JCCHUM lICl{amIRM. paCCMaTpl1BalOTCR Ta.K1HC O?lII,lIe np06JICMhl pOMaIlTH3Ma, pacxpuaaiorca UCTOl\lJ, ero !JJIIJIOCO¢pa3IIOnOI\a3hlBaeTCH

JIllTepaTypHhle ero nanpasaenaa,

BblHDJIHCTCHCAHHCTBOero lIUl{ RBJIeIU1H.

HCTOPUKO-JIHTepaTypHoro

OTBeTcTBemlhlli: aKMeMllK

penaxrop

M. IT. AJrERCEEB

Ha o6JIolI\lIe nOMClII,eHhl BOPACBopTa, RllTca.

nopTpCThl

CHOTTa,

IIIeJIJIlJ,

JJ:

70202-013 054 (02)-78

50-77 HIT

H3AaTeJIbCTBO «HaYKa»,

1978 r,

BBE):(EHHE

tcaara nocnameua 3CTeTIme naacneihnero arareparyprroro p;BlDI,eBIIH, pa3BIIBaBlIJerOCH B Anr.naa B nocJIep;HHe ronsr X V II I II nepnue p;eCHTUJleTHH X I X B. iho P;BHmeHlle ll3BeCTHO non Ha3BaUHeM pOluaBTH3Ma, XOTHero ysacrnaxa cetia pOMaHTHRaMH He npoaoaraarnana H HX JIllilib noannee crana TaR HMeHOBaTb HCTOPHJ{H nareparypsr. IT POIIIJIO yme nOJITOpa CTOJIeTHH C rex nop, KaK oTIIIyMeJill 6HTBbI aoxpyr pOMaBTH3Ma, BO npOH3Bep;eHHH TOH nopsr noauae coxpaarnor CBemeCTb H o6aHHHe. He nOTOMY Jill, qTO B anx mHByT OT3BYJ{H ofintecrnenmax 6YPh II crpacrea, TpOnor H cOMueHHH? "l1 TO HX mrpH:!M PO)J,HJICHcpenn mOCTOI{HX HcnbITaHHH? POMaHTHKH 6bIJIH CBHp;eTeJIHMH peBOJlIOIJ;HOIUIblX no[J'psceuHH 1789 r., nocaenonaaurea sa HHMH nOJIHTlItJeCKOH peaKIJ;HH, OIIIeJIOMJIHIOru;HX 3KOHOMlItJeCJ\HX cp;BHrOB, B I{OpO[J'KHe CpOKH HeY3uaBaeMO npeotipaaanmax nero crpany. OHH THlKeJIO nepeaeunn YMlIpaHHe crapofr AHrJIHH, poxoienae B MYKax HOBOH, eme nenOCTHiI\HMOH p;JIS aax ImnHTaJIHCTHqeCKOH IJ;HBHJIH3aIJ;HH, H 31'0 nepenaerca HX qHTaTeJIHM; COBpeMeUHHKaM 60JIee rpaBp;H03Hb1X npOMbIIIIJIeHBO-TeXHHqeCKHX H nOJIHTHqeCKHX uepesoporoa XX B. TIepep;aIOTCH HM H OCTPbIH anrepec pOMaHTHKOB R ncerua iKHBOTpeneru;yru;HM llpaBCTBeHHbIM aonpocaxr, II MbICJIll 0 caxroonpeneJIellHll nHCaTeJIH B YCJIOBHHX CTpeMIITeJlbHO MeHHloru;orOCH Mllpa, 0 rpamp;aHCKOH n03HIJ;nn, ,u,OCTOHUOH y'racTHHROB BeJIHKHX C0IJ;HaJIbHbIX rparenaa. IIOHHTHe «pOMaHTH3M» npananncxorr R 'IHC.TIY HaH60JIee paCnJIhIBqaTbIX 06ru;HX nOHHTHH, 6h1Tyroru;HX B HCTopnJ\OJIHTepaTYPHOH HaYRe. HeHCHOCTh yCIIJIHnaeTCH 1I3-3a OTOmp;eCTB.TIeUHHero C «pOMaHTHKOH», nOHlIMaeMOH B a6CTpaRTHOnCHXOJIOrHtJeCKOM CMhICJIe, RaK ClIHOHlIM repoasecnoji Me'IThI o nonnare BO lIMH 6YP;yIIl,ero, Be'IHOrO nopuna 1\ concpnreuCTBY. Cnopsr 0 pOMaHTH3Me HMelOT ylf\e nO'ITCUUYro nannocrr.,

IT pennaraenaa

1*

Horna Mrocce B 1836 r. nHCaJI CBOH naponnaaae onpeneaenaa ero cym;HOCTH, OH BPH.o;JIH Mor npencraaars ce6e, qTO nOqTlI 150 JIeT cnycra yseaue 6y,n;YT 6e3 BCHKoro IOMopa rrpanonars .o;eCHTKH npornnopesamax npyr .o;pyrY«P0pMYJIHPOBOK (B nyTeBo,n;HTeJIe BepH6aYMa no pOMaHTHqeCKoMY ,n;BHmeHHIO HX 28!) H yraepamara, qTO ecrs HeCKOJIbKO paanux pOMaHTH3MOB, a enanoro HeT. Ho eCJIH pasaae RpHTHKH B paaasre HCTOpHQeCRIIe nepaoma pa3JIHqHO TOJIROBaJIII nOHHTIIe «poMaHTH3M»,' cnenyer 3aKJIIOqHTb He TO, qTO OHO noofime JIHIIIeHO 06'beRTHBHoro CMhlCJIa, a TO, qTO ero 06'beM 11 aaaxeaae MeHHJIHCl>, 06H3hlBaH Hac R 06.o;YMaHHOMY ofipamenaro C 8TlIM nOHHTlIeM. Ero cnenyer OTHOCHTb TOJIbRO R ROHRpeTHOMY JIHTepaTypHOMY HanpaBJIeHHIO H aenpeaeano YTOqHHTb CBOH B3rJIH.o; na ero npapozry, na HCTOpHqeCKHe rpaaama ero ynoTpeOJIeHIIH. II pa cym;ecTByIOm;eH TepMHHOJIOrHqeCKOii aeonpeneaeaHOCTH Ram,n;bIH aBTOp OOH3aH nO~JIe,n;OBaTeJIbHO npanepiaaBaTbCH aapanee npHHHTOH 11M,n;e«pHHl1D;HH repMllHa .o;JIHroro, QTOOhlHa6erHYTb aenopaayaeaaa II cnopa 0 CJIOBax. He CTaHY nararsca nars rozmoe .o;JIHscex cnysaes onpenenenae, KOTOpoe HeII30emHo JIH60 oy,n;eT sepec-ryp OOm;lIM, JIHOO BCTynIIT B npornnopeaae C KaKoH-HIIoy,n;b II3 tlpe3BhlQaHHO xaorooripaaHbIX xynoacecrnenaux H H,n;eOJIOrHqeCKIIX ocotieanocrea, npoHBJIHIOm;HXCHBHYTPH pO~raHTHqeCROrO .o;BIIIIHiHIIH.OrpaHHqycb HeKOTophlMH npensaparensmaaa aaMeqaHHHMlI no nosony roro , RaK CiHO nOHIIMaeTCH B 8TOH RHIIre. CBoeoopa3He pOMaHTII3Ma 06YCJIOBJIeHO cneD;H«pHqeCKHM xapaxrepoa ero csaaea RaK C noponaamea ero HCTOpIIqeCROH peaJIbHOCTbIO, TaK H C oopbooii nOJIHTHqeCKHX, «PIIJIOCO«pCR~, aareparypmax TeqeHIIH,npOIIIJIhlX H HaCTOHm;HX. POMaHTHKH, Mhl anaen, B CBeTe TparIIqeCKOro onura nOCJIe,n;HHX ,n;eCHTHJIeTHii XVIII II nepnoa qeTBepTII XIX B. KpllTHqeCKR nepecMaTpHBaJIH panaonanacraxecxae II B u;eJIOM On'i'HMricnriIeCKHe npe,n;CTaB,JIeHHH rrpocaernrenea, rronnepraa COMHeHHIO HX sepy B B'OaMOmHOCTb'H nocryrmocrr, otimecrnenaoro coBepIIIeHCTBOBaHHH B COOTBeTCTBHHC 3aROHaMH paayxa. 9Ta nepa xaaanacs pOMaUTHKaM HaHBHoH, He,n;ooD;eHlIBaIOm;eli CJIOmHOCTb ,n;YXOBHOHmHaHH, KOTopaH, CqHTaJIR oun, He ~TOHT B rrpHMOH 3allllCIIMOCTII OT «cpensn 1I «MHeHHH», He nerepMHHHpOBana npOCTbIMH MaTepHaJIbH;bIMH «paRTOpaMH. TeM He MeHee, ornepraa MexaUHCTHqHOCTb H paD;HOHaJIH3111 npOCBeTHTeJIeii, pOMaHTJIKH coxpanaror C 'HHMH npeeacrBeUHYIO caass. IIOHHTlIe «eCTeCTBeI!HOro qen.oJ;I,I;)K :e3rJIfIA a»,
4

i_Ia_npnpony jaaa. BeJIJilKDe OJIarOe Ha'laJID, CTpeMJIeHJile KG BceD6ru;eH CrrpaBep;JllIBDCTlI'H paile-HCTBYOCi'aIOTCH P;JIH PDMaHTJilKOB DqHDBDrrDJIaraIOru;JiIMJiI.iMeHHD l HJiI:I DHH BDHHbI, He rrpHeMJIIOT crpanauaa H CBD6DP;HDH THpaHJilIO npaBJilTeJIbCTB, caTDH TD'lKJiI ape06e_sp;DJIeHHhlX, Y;KaCI;>I nD;::t;aBJIeHHe BCHKDrD CGMhlCJIJiI,TO.ecrr, nee TO., 'lTG SJIYIO naponmo

D;JiIaJIbHDrDnporecra xapaxrepaayer aa

Q6ru;eCTB'Q' anQXH peaKD;HH -

CBeTJIOe D;apCTBQ paayaa,

BQSBeIu;eHHQenpQCBeTJilTeJIHM1I HaCTQHru;erQ Y PQpH,IW B npHHD;HnQB D;eJIQM QT-

11BP;QXHQBHBmeepeBDJIIOD;JiIIO. Ocymp;eHHe MaHTJilKQB napanoxcaasno SHmp;eTCH na

npQCBeTJilTeJIbCKQHJilp;eQJIQrHH, KQTQPhle HMH

pHD;aJIHCb, a B nQCJIepeBDJIIOD;HQHHQM Q6ru;eCTBeBQBCe QT6paCbIBaJIJilCb.

B 'TO.me
'leCKJilM KaMH

BpeMH, npnofimaacs MhlmJIeHlIH,

K p;JiIaJI!lKTH'leCKHMH JilCTQPH-

.pDpMaM

nupatioraaaua
pDMaHTHKH,

.pHJIDCD.paM1I XDTH roase

HeMeD;KDH Hp;eaJIJilCTJiI'leCKDH mKQJIhl B nQJIeMHKe, C TeDpeTHIIpDcBeru;6HHH, aHrJIHHCK,lIe CKJIDHHIOTCH H;::t;eaJIlISMY,He uopsraaror K C MaTepJilaJIHCTH'le-

CKHMH TeHp;eHD;HHl\'!HJiI aMnJilpH'leCKHMH MeTQ;::t;aMJiI MhlCJIHTeJIeH XVIII B., CJIep;YIOTJilM B CBDeH acrerrme JiI XYP;O;I,eCTBeHHDH

npaxraxe.

RaK

6bI lIJiI 6LIJIJiI rQPbKJiI ynpexa

pDMaHTH-

KOB no. anpecy B nepBYIO

nncarenea

npDCBeTlITeJIbCKDii: opaeurarran,

osepens

KJIaCCJilD;JiICTDB,- DHII He TDJIbKQ DTTaJICBQUX npe;::t;meCTBeHHIIKDB, HD H BD MHDB QCQQeHHQCTH TaKUX !IBJIeHUH noanus KaK ceHTHMeHTaJIbHaH IIQaaarepeca

KHBaIOTCH DT onsrra rQM JilCXQP;HT HSHerQ, BHH II npoaa,

HerrpDCBeTIITeJIbCKQrD nepaona, KaKBDapDmp;eHHe

'leCTBY, K HCKYCCTBY ;::t;aJIeKD,H crapaau. CJIDamhlH KDMn~eKC ncex BTHX BSaHMQCBHSeH CQDTHQmeH HHH 'Dnpep;eJIHeTnpHpDP;Y aHfJIHHCKOfD pDMaHTHSMa, ero BHYTpeHHee ep;UHCT1l0, He'CMDTpll'na' BeJIIIKQe paSHDD6paSHe , BHp;JiIBH;::t;yaJIbHhlXpaSJIH'lHR Memp;y nHCaTeJIHMH, K HeMY npJilHap;JIemaBIDHMH. PaCKpbIBaH aTH paSJIH'lHH U CTQHru;yIOsa

HapDp;HQMY TBDP-

HHMH 60Pb6y Te'leHHH, Heo6xQ,n;HMQnonsepuayrr. DTCXT~,!!I.:I.I~, peSKQ Bhlpa}l{eHlJ;LIX ,r.Rl),~~ Memp;y HHMH H QTHDcH'feJrbHQCTh JJPQTHBQpe'lHH,KQTQPbIe CQBpeMeHHHKaM pHCDBaJIHCb KaR 'a6CQJIIOTHhle, HD KQTQPhle B CBeTe HCTQPHHoaaasmaiorca cnenCTBJileM cBQeQ6paSHQfQ paSBJilTHH Q6II1;eH nepBQQCHQBhl.

Hraa,
mYU3HhlX

MQmHQ cnaaarr.,

'lTQ H,n;eQJIQfH'leCKOeH xYAQmeCTHaSBaHHe «PQMaHTHSM» 11 B., B ::mDXY 6ypIIDJIliTH'leCI,HX, l{ CDBpe-

BeHHQe p;BHmeHHe,

IIQJIy'lHBmee

BQ3HHKmee B KQHD;eXVIII penDJIIOD;HH, '~apaI\TepHayeTCJI

naxaae

XIX

~KDHDMJiI'IeCKHX H

KPHTH'lHDCTbJQ

no.

OTIlOmemUO

Ii

MeHHoiI

eMY

)J;eiICTBHTeJIbHOCTH H RMeCTe C TeM H rrOJIHTH'lecKHM nexa. H)J;efIM,

OTBeprHY~ nporunoro O)J;IfHaKOBO II

ThIM ero COIl,HaJlbHhIM npOCBeTHTeJIbCKoro nerepnaxsr caMOMY rreHb )J;BoiInoro II 38 H K 1j!0pMHpoBaHHIO

npaauanaa

Ilpa

3TOM POll-IaHTHKH 06lIl,eCTBa,

06'beKTHBHO

crroc06CTBOBaBlliHM

CTOJIb

necoaepureunoro
II ero

HeMY CTe~ 3Toro MHpa HOMepa CBoiIOlIl,Yyxo-

TO, 'ITO OHO TaK

ypO)J;JIIIBO IIX

HCKa3IIJIO.

HHTeHCHaHOCTH KPHTHIl,H3Ma,

IIH)J;HBH)J;yaJIbHOe

cBoe06pa3lIe xoanennaea

B3aHMO)J;eiIcTBHe

C aHTlIpaIl,HOHaIj!HJIOCOWHfI

JlIICTH'leCKOiI IICKYCCTBa, BpeMeHII Kam)J;oro HM soro 06JIlIK KaK menae '~fIlIl,HM

)J;HaJIeKTHI{O-HCTOpH'leCKOiI KOTOpyIO BhI)J;BIIraeT K 3TOiI lI)J;eaJIIICTII'leCKafI B crrope

C rrpOCBeTIITeJIfIMII, onpeneaaror BHeIlIHeiI II HIIMII.

npaotinteaaa CTBeHHoe

KOHIl,enIl,lI1I mH3HII,

TBOp'leCKIIH BHYTpeHHeiI,

1I3 pOMaHTIIKOB socnpaarae

H OTJIHqlIfIMem)J;Y

nenpepsmaoro, cnoea

npOTIIBOpe'lHBOrO MlIpOBhlM II

CTaHOBJIeHlIfI, nponeccax, ncrynaer

COrrpHqaCTHOCTII

B 6eCKOHe'lHOCTb Y nacareneii IlocJIe)J;HHe iICTopHKaMH xax ,

He rrOAJIemalIl,IfIlf

paIl,HOHaJlbHOIlfY B CJIomIIX OCO-

1WHTpOJIIO,

3rrOXH pOMaHTII3Ma

nue

CO'leTaHHfI

C KOHI{peTHhlMH, H.

HH)J;HBH)J;yaJIbHbIMH HCrrOJIh3YIOTCfI )J;JIH

ueHHOCTfIMH. o606lIl,aIOTCfI JleHHfI TaKlIX 'lepT,

Hepe)J;KO C 1I3JIHIlIHeiI TpaKTyeTcfI TfIrOTeHII~ IIpnp,O)J;hI KaK

nocnemaocrr.io onpeneKOHI{peqYBCTBa paapsm C coaoxyrmoors

pOMaHTH3Ma,

KOTOPhliI

nanpmrep,
aHHJIH3Y

OTCYTCTBHe COIl,HaJIhHOiI 06~eCTBY,

'l'H3aIl,HH, pa3YMY,

yXO)J; B npOIlIJIOe, rrpep)JO'lTeHH{l HHTyHIl,HH

K H)J;eaJIY, )J;YXOBHhlB

MaKCHlIIaJIH3M,

H, -Ci'i"()TBeicTBeHHo,

I{JIaCCHIl,HC'l'H'leCKOiI IlPHCYIIl,H He acex My HrpaIOT JIorH'leCKOiI BJIH30CTb OCMhlCJIeHHfI WOPM, )J;PyrHx npn panee

pereraaenrauaea. Mem)J;Y TeM 3TH 'lepThl poaaaranase, He TOJIbKO pOMaHTHl{aM H IlOTOPOJIb. OHH nO)J;qHHeHhI lliHPOKOiI rr03TaMH H HX erne II)J;eoMeHee

BTOpH'lHYIO

OCHOBe H BHe ee He )J;OJImHhI paCClI-IaTpHB8TbCfI. Mem)J;Y HecxomHMH HOBoro MHpa, HOBhlX npoannaerca B 06lIl,eM H nponecce OTKa3a 0'1'

CXOJKHMH rrpOH3Be)J;eHHfIMH )J;mKeCTBeHHoro nocnpanran snox

WOPM WHJIOCOWCKoro H XYnponecc xapaxrepea H )J;JIfI

)J;eiICTBHTeJIbHOCTH

C03)J;aHHhlX.

nepenoxaux
aa pens Be'lHhliI

Tanoa

pa3BHTHfI

qeJIOBe'leCTBa, II

II 06hI'lHafI BHenpOCT3p;ech, nanxynoponpen-

3TOM JIOMKa YCTOHBllillXCfI npaanan pOManTH3Ma H)J;eT 0 nno nae K Bblpa/KeHHeM nnreparypa IH1l3HH

3CTeTll'leCKHX aaeapeneaaoro (ann xonapernoa )J;YXOBHhliI

HOpM 'laCTO npa-

HliMaeTCfI onnaxo, aocrn,

pancmenaoro
meCTBeHHbIM MaHTH'leCKafI

«POIlWIITH3MOB»). ncropaxecxoa nepenopor, anrJIHiIcKal1

BhI3BaBIlIeiI

xoroporo aasana

CTaJIa

XIX

B. BOT

nouexy

CTaB.THJeTCH ne06xOAHMLIM H3YIJaTL ee KaK eAUHOe ABHiKeHHe, B npeAe~ax KOToporo cyr:n;eCTBOBa~o 60~blUoe pa3Ho06pa3He TBOpIJeCKHX HHAHBHAya~bHOCTeM. TIonbITKa raxoro H3YIJeHHH cnenana B MOHX xunrax «JIOHAOHCKHe pOMaUTIIKHH npofinesna aHr~IIMCKOrO pOMaHTII3Ma»~ «l{IITC Hero COBpeMeHHIIKII», «JIlIpHIJeCKaH nO::l3HH BaMpOHa», «B'aMpOH B rOAbI H3rHaHHH». Hn B mix HeAOCTaTOIJHO ocsemeHbI npyrae nearpansnsre ifllIrYPbI: n03TbI «03epHOM lUKO~bI» (~eKnCTbI) - KO~bpnAiK' H BOPACBOPT, a TaKiRe CKOTT, IIIe~~H. B aTOM ImHre HM ornenoao raaaaoe MeCTO; OIJepKH 0 Eaapone 1I l\uTce, eCTeCTBeHHO, fionee KOpOTKH. OCHOBHbIM npeAMeTOM BHHMaHJIH HB~HIOTCH 3CTeTnIJeCKne B3r~HAbI nacareaea, BOn~OTJIBlUJIeCH B JIX TeOpeTnIJeCKlIX JI xyzroncecrBeHHblX COIJJIHemIHX. Ho n033JIH KO~bPlIAiKa, BOPAcBopTa H IIIe~~lI paccuarpnnaerca HeCKO~bKO nOAP06Hee, lI60 HalUHM IJlITaTe~HM OHa OIJeHb Ma~o H3BeCTHa. 0 aarepavype sonpoca MHOIO 6YAeT orrytiaaaonaaa oTAe~bIIaH pafiora, TIOCKO~bKY B npeanaraeaoa pafiore _aHr~lIMcKlIM pOMaHTlI3M paCCIIIaTplIBaeTcH KaK nenocrnoe ABHiI\eHHe, He npenCTaBH~OCb B03MomHbIM BK~IOIJHTb OIJepK 0 Be~nKOM n03Te BH~bHMe B~eMKe (1757-1827). Ero TBop'reCTBO ocranocs no PHAY npnxan nOIJTH Ue)lOCTynHbIM APyrHM nncareaan poMaHTHIJCCKOrO uanpannenaa H OKa3a~0 xynoarecrsennoe B03AeMcTBHe ~HlUb na pa3BHTHe aHr~HMCKOM ~HTepaTYPbI 60~ee noanaero BpeMeUH. B pOMaHTHqeCKOM IlBHmeHHH, B BbIpa60Txe ero 3CTeTHIJeCKHX HlleM (BO MHOrOM pa3HbIX, HO HCXOAHBlUHX 1I3 06r:n;HX nepnoocnon), B cnopax H nonesraxe, B APYiReCKHX cOI03ax, B xoropue BCTyna~H ero M~aAlUHe COBpeMCHBlIKH, B~eMK He yIJaCTnOBa~. B KHHre, nOCBHr:n;eHHO}1 ABlImeHHIO B nenox, rnana 0 HeM onaaanacs 6b1' H30~HpOBaHHOM, Aa~eKOM 0'1' OCHOBHOMTeMbI. «I1cK~IOIJeHHe»' B~eMI<a MomeT 6blTb OTHOCHTe~bHO 6e360~e3HeHHblM eme 1I nOTOMY, IJTO COBceM HeAaBHO ony6~HKoBaHH 0 HeM cnerraansnaa H OIJeHb 06CTOHTe~bHaH MOHorpaiflHJI T. H. BaCH~benOM 1. MeHee 3llaIJHTe~bHble pOMaHTHIJeCKHe aBTopbI - Myp, JIaHAop, Cayrn, ,I1;e I\BHHCH, a TaKiKe «~OHAOHCKHe pOMaHTHKH» - JI3M, X33~HTT, XeIIT - oxapaxrepaaonaau B KpaTKOM 3aK~IOIJeHHH, xoropoe CTaBHT nensro noxaaars MHoro06paaasre HHTH, CBH3blBaIOr:n;He r~aBIIbIX H BTopOCTeneHHbIX YIJaCTHHKOB pOMaHTHIJeCKOrO IlBHmeHHH. I
BaCUJI,be8a T. H. Ilo<lMLI B. BJlellRa.CeR~HJl aapy6eiK. JIllT., 1969, T. 108.

Y'leH.

aan.

I{IHIUlHeB.

YH-Ta.

rJl8:Ba

KOJlbPBAm

(1772-1834)

Cpe;n;lI p'aBHlIx auTJlllBCKlIX 'POM8BTllKOB oco6oe MeCTO nplls:ap;Jl6iKlIT C. T. ROJIb PllP;iKY. 8BOJIIO~liUl ero o6m;ecTBeliHhlx seaapeaaa aepenao lIao6paacaerca I ynpomenao. 'YTBepiKp;aIOT, ''1TOerO llhlJlKUB: pecny6JJlIKaHllaM CMeHlIJICJI JlPhlM KOHcepBaTlISMOM, 1JTQ, aanacan KpaCHOpe1JllBYIO ony na paapynreaae BaCTlIJIIDI (1789~ r.), OH B CKOPOM spexeaa OTpeKCJI OT veBOJIIO~lIlI 11 nOCJIe nepeiKllTOrO' xpaaaca CTaJI TaK me aenpasapaxa Heaaaacra K Hei, KaK 6hlJI -em;e .neaaatro aeofiyanaa B CBOllX aocroprax, TaK iKe necnepzeaa B nOXBaJIaxcym;eCTBYIOm;eMY CTPOIO, RaR 6hlJl panee B n.pep;'bJlBJIJlElMhIX eMYOOBllHeHllJlX. MeiKp;y TeM II B re P;HB, xorna nOBTpeSRO HanaAaJl na BJIOynoTpeOJIeBllJl ROPOHhl, saara, nepxaa, OHBOSpamaJi npoTllB «KpaBHllX~ .xep 11 COXpaHJlJI peJIllrl108HOCTb, npllB1lTyIO eMY C p;eTCTBa, p;ame T01'p;a, uorna C yP;OBOJIbCTBlleM B'IliThlBaJICJI B «ifJPBBOJIbHOCTll» BOJIbTepa BJIll reJIbBe~IIJ1. Co~llaJIbHyIO: cnpaBep;JIHBOCTh OH oToiKAeCTBJIJ;lJI' C (<He6ecHoB: CJIa:iJoH». B nOCJIe nepexona na ROHcepBaTBBH:Lle noaanaa l\OJIhpBp;m npOp;OJIiKaJI HRShlBaTI> np8.BlITeJIhCTBO BBHOBHHKOM HapOAHbIX 6ep;cTBBil: 11, llOTJlB1Jlle OT CBOBX p;pyaeii,' BOPAcBopTa II CaYTll, OTCTalIBaJI He06xoAlIMOCTb oom;ecTBeHHbIx pe.popM (aanpaaep, S8.KOHOp;aTeJlhHOrO OrpaHll'leBlIji nercxoro rpyna), ITpOCJIe,a;IIM iKe BHyTpeHHIOIO JIOTIIRY co~lIaJIbHbIX BSrJIJI,a;OB ROJIbpup;ma.

1
B ROH~e 1794 r., sorna no ar , OXJI8.,a;eBK MeTop;aM peBOJlIOnaa, CTaJI Me1JT8.Tb06 Y1JpeiK,a;eHlIlI 06m;llHhl paBHh1X B clJ060p;H:LlX B p;eBCTBeHHhlX p;eoPJlx axepaxancaoro xarepaxa, OR erne C01JeTaJI penaraoanoe paenae C aeaaaacrr.to R TlIpaHHlI II paOCTBY I CO crpeaaenaex RO Bce06m;eMY paaeacray,

OqeHL AOJIrO, BnJIOTL AO roro BpeMeHH, noma q,aKTHtI(lCKB 8aKOHQllJlaCL ero .noarasecxaa AeHTe;rrLHOCTL, OH npOAOJIacaer Cq]lTaTL «JlA. c06CTBeHHOCTll ••• HCTHHHhlM HCTOqHHKOM HenOCTOHaCTBa, pa3Bpam;eHHOCTH H npOCTHTYI\UH>) (CL, I, 176. d.3.5.1796; 563_':564, 25.1.1800) 1. . .. . B .npocrreare -K CBoeMY mypHaJI~ «The Watchman» (1796) HOJILPHAm em;e ropaso npOTeCTOBaJI nponan pafcxoro COCTOflHHH rOCYAapCTBa, npaBHTeJIH ncroporo HaBH3LIB3IOT HapOAY CBOH MHeHHa. CTHXH ero B_TeqeHHe 1794~1796 rr. OCTaIOTCH nOJIHTHqeCKHMH CTHxaMH, B KOTOPhlX CJIhlIDHTC1I rOJIOc)J;eMoKpaTa H npyra aapona (OAa K YXOAJlm;eMY rOAY Ode to the Departing Year, 1796). OH rOBopHT 0 «6eCqHCJIeHHhlX HeCqaCTHhlX», 0 «mepTBax nOAJIoi THpaHIDI», 0 {(rHYCHOM 06mopcTBe>) ooraqeii. OH nanaer HerOAOBaHHeM no nOBoAY aecnpaaeaaaaoa U KaTacTPoqlHq~CKOii BoiiHhl c peBO;JlIOI\HOHHOii <DpaHD;Heii, BKOTOpyIO npaBHTeJIbCTBO IIuTTa BTHHYJIO AHrJIHIO D. llOJIHTHqeCKHe nponeccu 1794r., aaKOHLI, COrJIaCHO KOTOPhlM c06paHHH H 06'l>ep;HHeHHH JIIOp;eii trpyp;a npupaBHHBaJIHCL K rocynapcrneaaoa H3Mel!.e, BhlBBaJiH HpOCTHhleHanaAKH HOJILpHAma. OH panyerca 6e3HpaBCTBeHHOMY nOBeAeHHIO HaCJIeAHHKa npeCTOJIa, HaAeHCL, qTO OHO noaoaeer paa06JIaqeHHIO MOHapXHH. H -aTOMY BpeMeHH no aT BeCL DO BJIaCTH cOMHeHuii: OH 06pynranaerca TO aa AeMOKpaTOB, «BhICOKOMepHhIX B CIIJIY caoero aeaexrecraa H XBaCTJIHBhIX B 60JiToBHe 0 paayuer (CL, I, 219, 31.5.1796), TO na HX npecaenoaarenejt, xoropue caoea meCTOKOCThlO AOBeJIH aapon AO em;e XYAniHX meCTOKOCTeii. OH CoqYBCTBeHHO D;HTHpyeT aapeseaae HOHCTaHa: «rope crpane, rne npecrynaeaas HaKa3YIO~CJI npecTynJIeHHHMH. H rne JIIOP;H y6HBaIOT BO HM1I ~npaBeAJntBOCTID). , Ilocrenenno aoapacraer HenpHH3HL HOJILpllAma He TOJIbKO R .pHJIOCOq,JIH H COI\HOJIOrIDI peBOJIIOD;HOHHoro npOCBeTHrJ.'MDCTBa, no H K peaKD;HOHHOCTU aHrJlHiicKOii nOJIIITllKII H KO BCHKOii nOJIHTHKe. llpaBHTeJILCTBa, no ero CJIOBaM, nOA06HhI aapsraax, HO Bymaa aeonepanaa, a aeseaae, H eAHB~TlieH1;IhIl\l JIeKap·cTBOM. MomeT 6hITL BepHOCTL AYxy H 6YKBe xpHCTHaHCTBa. Caaoro ce6H OB 06'l>HBJIHeT CB060AHhIM OT npHH~AJIea{HOCTH K KaKoii 6hI TO BH 6hI.ilOnapTHH. OH npeaapaer aHrJIlIiiOIIHcaHHe HaAaHHH AaBO 11CIIHCKe coxpamenan aa c. 205. H nanee pHMcKaH l\ncppa otioaaaxaer TOM, apaticnan - crpaH1II~y, AJIH IInCeM II AHeBHIfKOB YKaaaHa nara, l! Enucmpamoea A, IIo9MbI II JIlIpnKa KOJIbpIfAiKa.DIm.: ROJlbPUO:NIJ
iI. II~APo6Hoe

3Aecb

CS,M,IOS,A,b

Tei1.4o_p. emu. M., 1974, c. 220-222.

CKHX MHHHCTPOB, HO Orrrr03HU;HOHHhleCHJIbI BbI3hlBalOT

erne

OOJIee CHJIbHYIO ero aHTHrraTHIO. flpapona, rrO<l3HH,nepa BOT HCTOqHHKHB03pOm,ll;eHHH,ll;JIH.JlerO CaMOrO H qeJIOBeqeCT:'"

sa

(CL,

I, 395-397,

10.3.1798).
no KOHu;a. ,I1;ame MHoro JIeT .crrYCTH, B KpOnpaaa JIIO~ ner=re npauepsr OblJIII nsr-

::hy rrOJIOBHHqaTYIO, ;BYCMbICJIeHHYIO P rr03HU;HIOI\OJIl,PH,ll;,I" B CYIu;HOCTH,coxpanaer pa3MhllIIJIHH 0 peBOJIIOU;IIH 0 peaKU;HH, OH rOBOpIlT, 'ITO HKOII OIlHU;bI II IIX rrpOTHBHIIKH COCTH3aJIliCbP..Pyr C npyroa BOma,ll;HOCTH HaCHJIHHX II rrycxaaa II <p1I3MbI; O,ll;HH CJIaBHJIH npana rocynapea. IIX p;eii npar'a B nonpana 'IeJIOBeia, npyrae B xozt Op;IIHaIWBbJe CO-

ECJIH HKOOIlHU;bI OTBeprJIH non

crapue «Penxae

3aKOHhl, TO

nee 3aKOHbI BOOOIu;eH norpyaana rrOKpOBOM xoropoa II P;OHOC'IIiKallI.

3JIOBeIu;ylO TbMY, IIIrrHOHaM B03MYIu;eHlIii

opynoaars ,mcu;eCCOB II

CO CTOPOHbl TOJIIIhl

II, 197).
nenpaaa JIa

3BaHbI rrpaBHTeJIbCTBOMII rOCIIO,ll;CTBYIOIu;eiiu;epKOBblO)} (CCW, I\OJIbpHp;m C HerO,ll;OBaHHeM OIIIICbIBaeT IIaHHKY, nouapan-

mYIOCH B AHrJIHH

cpena

coocTBeHHHIwB,

H 06'bHCHHeT, KaK He rrpOHBHrOpH'IlIX

6hlJIa apHCTOKpaTH'IeCKaH IIapTHH, xorna

BeJiIIKO,ll;YIIIHH K

3aOJIymp;eHIIHM MOJIO,ll;b}XII

rOJIOB, ,ll;JIHKOTOPbIX, lUll, ,ll;JIHnero canoro , <pHJIOCO<pIIH <ppaHU;Y30B ecoenanana crporyro xpacory HaYKH C CHHHHeMH U;BeTaMH noofipazxeuan, C rKapolII pennrnoaaoro II1I1JIOCep,ll;HH ••• II Me'ITOH y'Ipe,ll;IITb IIpaBHTeJIbCTBO na OCHOBeJIH'IHbIX II ecTeCTBeHHblX npas». ihH lIIe'IThI, nmner KOJIbpU,ll;m, rrOIlIOrJIH eMY IIOHHTb 'IeJIOBeKa U COU;UaJIbHbJe OTHomeHHH (CCW,

200-201,
B

214).

I,

p;aJIbHeiimell1, nanpauep

, B neuam.no

3HaMeHHTblX «CBeTaxnearnponxa

CKHX IIponOBep;HX)} (Lay

Sermons,

1816-1817)

MeHHeTcH, H I\OJIbPllp;rI, npezrsasnaer OOJIblIIe oOBuHeHuii HKooIIHu;aM ((,ll;elllaroraM>} , «CMYTbHHaM)}, «IIOp,;mHraTeJIHM)}), '1eM 60PIOIu;HMCH IIpOTHB HHX BJiaCTHM. OT pII,ll;ma OCTaeTCH TOJlbKO npaasm Iu;eHlUO. XOTH cnoa nepaua cepseansra xorna mar K KOHcepBaTH3MY KOJIbPII,ll;rI{ C,ll;eJlRJI B

npezcaero

HOJIb-

K MHJIOCepp;HIOU ncenpo-

1800 r.;

CTaJI COTpY,ll;HII'IaTb B TO-

PlliiCKOii raaere «Morning Post», OH npO,ll;OJIIHaJiB03MYIu;aTbCH nenpanenaoa BJIaCTblO MHHHCTPOB H :u;epKBII, BceMH, «KTO HH3BO,ll;HTJlIOp;eii no OCTaeTCH crpaaoii, parer or-roro, YPOBHH semea». AHrJlHH, nHlIIeT OH, B xorcpoji «TpY,ll;HIu;HeCHOe,ll;HHKH YMHBeCCMbICJleHHO KaK OY,ll;TOOhl He HCHO, 'ITO

'ITO B mil BOTe Y HlIX onaa rpasa.

CChlJIaTbCa na ·THJI.,eJIhlerona:

10

B KOTOPOMT1DlWJIhIM ron BhI3BaJI rOJIO,o;, OqeHh nypBCeMY BIIHOIO HaIIIa rHYCHaH ROMMepU;IIH, npOTIIBOeCTeCTBeHHOe CKOnJIeHlIe B roponax II IIpaBJIeHm~ OOraThIX... Ilacarens He MOJIWT cyutecrsonar.s, He YUlImall ,CBOi:i:TaJIaHT ... » (CL, II, 710,23.3.1801). «Cpena oe,o;HbIx KBaKepOB II peJIlIrlI03HoM qaCTII patio-tax (day labourers) MomBO Hai:i:TII TaKIIX, IWTOP,hIe C03,o;aJIII Ohl 3aIWHbI, yraepxmaiomae crrpanennnaocrs II IICTIIHY... ECTb HeMaJIO cpencm, KOTOPbI~, MOrJIII Ohl CMHrQIITb HaIIIII oe,o;cTBIIH, HO OHII HeMbICJIIIMhI oe3 qeCTHOCTII, oe3 nyaenoro otimecrseunoro ',o;yxa. C06cTBenHOCTb - BOTqy,o;OBIIru;e ... XOPOIIIO OM, eCJIU 01.1 nepe,o;paJIUCb Mem,o;y C060M c06CTBeHHURU U ,o;yXOBHbJe aauai (CL, 719liQ yrrpaBJIHIOT ...

crpauoji,

721, 18.4.1801).

. B aarmcaoa KHUJHKe l\OJIbPu,o;ma erne B nexafipe nOHBJIHIOTCH MHOr03Haq~TeJIbHhle CJIOBa: «BeJIUKaH

1801

r. <pe,o;1}-

pansnaa

pecnytinnxa

nceneanom

(oM! 1073). Yronasecxae

MeqThl 0 Bce06m;eM 6paTcTBe IIpo,o;OJImaIOT BOJIlIOBaTb noara, HO 'oKpaIIIuBaIOTcH OlIU UCKJIroqUTeJIbHO B pennraoaaae rona, Bo MHorHX nUCbMax l\OJIbPu,o;rr, paryer sa unrpouoe npencraBIITeJIbCTBO KJIaCCOB B napnauenre, nporna THaanlX ,o;JIHnapona XJIe6HhIX aaIWIIOB, aannnnaer a I\Tbl , perYJIUpYlOm;I1e Tpy,o; ,o;eTeM, II aoaayuraorca CIIJIOM nenexcaux narepecoav+ UX rronnepacnaaior nouemaxa, aatiunaa 0 HUU;UOHaJIblIOM seCTH, U ~HrJIUKaHCRaH u;epRoBb, ROTopaH nory6HJIa ce6HB 06ru;eM MHeHIUl cnoea aantaroa nsopa , rorna RaR ,o;OJImHa OhlJIa CTOHTb aa napon (Table Talk.CCW, VI, '337, 345). HacTaHBaH aa ,o;e.M:oI{paTII3aU;1l1l nepxna , l\OJIbpll,o;m npenBOCXHm;aeT xpacraaacxax couaanacros. C 60JIbIO nanrer n03T 0 Tynoi:i: rocyna pcrseuaoa MamllHe, nonaanmomea aapon Il noonrpmomea ROMMep'leCRlle aarepecsr, «Hyarno OhlTb oseas. meCTORocep,o;HhlM, 'IT06hl He oropsarecn IIOJIOmeHHeM aanrea crpaau. B Hei:i: eme MeHbIIIe My,o;POCTU, 'IeM xnefia .•. ooraThle BCTynllJIIl B 3arOBOp npOTIlB OJIaroCOCTOflHIlH, lIeaaBHCUMOCTIl Il paayxa MaCChI lIaCeJIeHIlH. ,D;eMORpaThl, xoropsre XOTeJIII 6hl 6bITb BOrr{)J,HMIl, He IDleIOT HII aHaHIli:i:, HII cnoc061IOCTeM, HII lIpaBCTBeHHbIX rrpanan ... Hamil rnraarcxae 6oraTcTBa' II COIIYTcTBYIOIII,aH IlM 6e,o;HocTb pa3BpaTHJIIl aapon: crpaaa, B ROTOPOM,o;oopo,o;eTeJIbIl 6epemJIHBOCTb CTaHOBHTCH CIlHOHIlMaMIl, otipenena. Cuacrr,e UJIU HeC'IaCTbe aapona B ROlIeqHOM caere 06YCJIOBJIeUhI ero npauCTBeHHOCTbIO Ilpaccy,o;KOM. ECJIIl 'IIlCJIO necrnux 1I IIC:I<lBHCIIMblX JIIO,o;ei:i: IIl'ITOJlUIO no CPUBHCIIHIOC IJllfC~IOM rapuuon 1 II paooB,see 6eCnOJIe3110» (CL, II, 71\)-721) ..

11

B rracsxe K penaxropy JIH6epaJIbHoH raaeria Chronicler ROJIbPH,1l;lR 06'bHCHHeT, iITO OTKa3aJICH

llatIeCTBa BCIO B n~qaTHCTexnop, «TaK, KaK nOHHJI,

«Morning OT

corpyn-

qTO HeJIb3R TeM He

aanpaaep, H HeHaBHlRY POP;HH, H ocofieaao naponna na pemHHIO. H TOplReCTBYIO no nOBOP;Y orrpaanaaaa XOYHa
naMq)JIeTOB, CTHXOB H YHHlReHHH MapbI He BHeIIIHeH eCJIH 6bI He He o,rto6pHIO

npaany.

BCHqeCKHe

nacars naMeHee aHTH--

npaBHTeJIbCTBeHHbIX H 3aCJIYlReHHOrO IIbI H

rraponaa.v-- H.p.)

(asropa

nenaaane

nopna
HaIIIHX

8JIJIeH6opo. RaCJIpeH, OIIIH6KH CBHTbIe 6b1

COBepIIIeHHO

MHHHCTPOBBHYTPH

crpaHe H H3

sees nyx
qTO,

nomiTHI}H

HO He Mory onn03HD;HH npOCTaKH

CKa3aTb, IIIaHKH CKHX KHBaIO OT ce6H JIemlIT nQHOCHT

xpynasre

YJIbTpaBHrOB, RaCJIpeH. •••

TopmeCTBOBaJIH

CHp;MYTa

HJIH6ecnpHHIJ;HnHbIe HKo6HHCTBO

aBaHTIOpHCTbI

H3 6aH)J;bI (<ppaHD;Y3H

HeHa-BHmy

<pHJIOCO<pOBH nHCaTeJIeH.-

naneaae naamax
II OTBepraIOT

H.p.) ... H

<ppaHD;YSOB

BHmy

KJIaCCOB, -HO H He Mory

H He CMeIO CKpbITb He BCH H p;ame

OT

He rJIaBHaH

819, 25.1.1808) .
. ,1l;eHcTBHTeJIbHO, R()JIbpHp;ma HaCTOJIbKO ero

npyrax, qTO na JIIOP;HX 113 HIISOBamra ... B peSYJIbTaTe MeHH see napTIIH» (eL, IV, 814JIOrlIKa nOJIHTHqeCKOH C p;OJIJlma 6bIJIa MhlCJIH H HeMHOi:l'beK-

cxpurr,

onna-

BHyTpeHHHH

rrporpasraaaa
nyeno
TYPHOH. lIMeJIH naBHH. TOM HaCMeIIIeK

aner npaapea acex rpynnapoaoa, qTO

K 1I30JIHD;IIH,

npaananaaa
n03TOM; 0

npHBeCTH H B

nOJIIITHqeCKOH JIeKD;HH ero

H JIHTepa-

OH )];0 KOHD;a

ocfaerca
3.

HeriplI3HaHHbIM BOCXBaJlHJIH

ycnex
nona

1812

naponaa
r.,

TOJIbKO KaK

TaK

Illexcnape BeJIHKOrO aarcaMOCOS_-

JIHtlcKoro

B MOMeHT

nOp;'beMa

HaD;HOHaJIbHOrO

Cp.: Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine, 1819, Febr., naponaa aa «Craporo MOpHKa» KOJILplIJI)Ka (The Rime of the Ancient Waggo-' nere). He holds him with his horny fist «There was a wain», quothe hee, «Hold offe thou raggamouffine tykke», Eftsoons his fist dropped hee. At length we spied a good grey goose Thorough the snow .It came, And with the butte end of my whippe I hailed it in Good his name.
C~L

8 TaR,Re H8 ApaMY KOJIbpHAma «PaCRaHHLe»: Quarterly

~>TpHIw~eJILllbrepeI\~1I3nn na «KpnCTa6eJIL» H_ «Biographia Literaria»: Edinburgh Review, 1816, vol. XXVII; 1817, vol. XXVIII;

1814, XI.

Review,

12

2
HeIIOHJITH;hI COBpeMeHHHKaM. 6hIJIH I1x H 'IeCKHe TPYA'hI KOJIbpH)VRa. He3aBepIIIeHHOCTb H nYTaHHM

IPHJIOCOCPCKO-3CTeTU

HOC-Tb6hIJIH CJIe)J;CTBHeM )J;YXOBHOrOKpH3HCa, nepexmroro 06m;eCTBeHHhIX H H)J;eii:HhIx neaaocrea CKYIO CHCTeMY, ocymecrnarr, aapanee aaraaacnae c060ii: otipexeasr. 30'lapOBaHHe

nOCJIe KpYIIIeHHJI ero nOJIHTIPIeCKHX Ha)J;eJI\)J;. 3IIOXY JIOMKH B YCHJIHJI BIiIpa60TaTh H 3CTeTH'le:Bce06'.beMJlIOm;yIO HpaBCTBeHHO-peJIHrH03HYIO

rpaH)J;H03HIiIii: CHHTe3 HX 6hIJIH. COMHeHHJI, paJIa)J;, H npyrae

Bnyrpeamoro 60pb6y, nepexrasaaa, KaiH)J;blii: aa cnoa

pOMaHTH'leCKOe omymenae JIHtlHoii rparenaea 60JIH,

pOMaHTHKH, HO HHKTO H3 HHX He CTaBHJI nepen H HeBhIIIOJIHHMoii: u;eJIH. paanana cJIa6aJI C COBOJIJI KOJIbpH)J;iHa.

CTOJIb'leCTOm06HBoii:

Xapaxrepnoe Ilaoxoe
anopoase,

60ii: H MHpOM ycyry6JIJIJIOCb

C)J;eJIaJIHerp .•paQ()M onHYMIl, eAHHCTBeHHoro H3BeCTHOrO B T9 rO)J;hI 60JIeYTOJIJIroD:i;ero cpencrsa. 8TO pa6CTBO em;e 60JIee OCJIa6HJIO ero cnoc06HOCTH K iHH3HeHHOH: 60Pb6e. MOrJIa He 6IiITb O'leHb TPY)J;HOii:;:(JIJI nona-IIJIe6eJI, merOCJI CMeJIOCTHacnoaenonars 6paK, )J;pyroii 'lYiHHX

sacrae npacryna

OHa He aatipaaBarJIJI)J;bl K

nerpanarraonnsre
rJIy60Koii: a

KaK B nOJIHTIIKe, TaK H B aareparype. Heo6xo)J;lfMOCTb nomeprsosarr, iHeHm;HHe, yxon OT ceMbH,

PaHHHH: H HeY)J;a'IHhIH JII06oBbIO nesnoe . 6ea)J;eHeiHbe H

MaTepHaJIbHaH aaBHCHMOCThOT npyaea, JIIO)J;eii:, YCHJIHBaJIH

in

KOHn;e)J;aiHe OTMHpoom;ym;eHHe ero

rpanerecaoe

l\OJIbpH)J;ma H npenHTCTBOBaJIlI CB060)J;HOMYasrpaaceaaro

B n033HH HCPHJIOCOCPHH. . C caxoro aaxana ero )J;eHTeJIbHOCTH BJIHHHHe aHrJIHii:cKHX MaTepHaJIHCTOB (r066ca, 'laJIO ero )J;JIH Hero JIOKKa, XapTJIH, IIpHCTJIH) H HJi cppaHU;Y3cKHX Y'leHHKOB (BOJIbTepa H reJIbBeU;HH) He HCKJIIOCO'lYBCTBElHHoro BHHMaHHH K CPHJIOcocpaMH)J;eaJIHCTaM,npOIIIJIhIM H COBpeMeHHhIM. nJIaTOH H IIJlOTHH, PHMPK~ii: nOCJIe)J;OBaTeJIb, KeM6pH)J;iKcKaH IIIKOJIa unaB. 11 I!epKJIH 3TH HMeHa 6hIJIH KOJIbPH)J;iKY (l'OHHKOBXVII rO)J;hI •

1IaBeCTHhI.OT'IaCTH em;e B IIIKOJIbHhIe, a 3aTeM B CTY)J;eH'leCKHe

.Paaosapoaaaae

MeTO)J;ax nOChIJIKaX,

cppaHU;Y3CKoii: peBOJIIOn;HH paaosaponanae

HeaaMe)J;"lHTeJIbHO BhlaBaJIO y B TeXTeOpeTH'leCKHX

KOJIbpH)J;iHa

xoropue nplIBeJIU K ee TopmeCTBY (eL, I, 395, 10.3.1798). Ilonamnecxae H qJllJIO-' co<pcKHe lI)J;eH nponao CIIJleJIlICb B ero C03IIaIII1H. Ho on npop;OJImaJI aarepeconarsca eCTeOTBeHIIbIMH nayxaua, OIIupaB-

ta

mlIMHCH

na

aMlIHpHqeCKHM pa3BlITHe

MeTO,IJ; yqeUbIX B

XVIII

B.,-

II, Mepe

CJIe,IJ;OBaTeJIbHO, I1,IJ;eMHOe TOM alIOXII: YBJIeKaIOTCH aa 01' serxae KpHTIIRII

He,IJ;apOM lIPOXO,IJ;HJI lIIKOJIY HOJIbpH,IJ;ma

MaTepHaJIH3Ma. qllIJIOCO¢HH «MHOrlIe 06pa3hI qeTKHe CCW,

3HaqHTeJIbHOM (I{OTOPbIM

COBlIa,IJ;aeT C 06IIJ;IIM XO,IJ;OM ,ll;BlIjKeUHH TOJIbIW rrOTOMY, Biographia 3uaHHH,

enporrejicxoa

0'1' cO!'vlHeI:lHH B MaTepHaJIlI3Me 'ITO npamraaior Literaria.sepn OT lI,IJ;eM»-

111,245),

rrpocBeTIITeJIbCKOH qeJIOBeKY

a6COJIIOTHOCTb

nocrynaoro nOKOHIIJ;HMCH, plI.n;m raHOB ¢aKTOB OT MHpa no B

HeY,IJ;OBJIeTBOpeHHOCTII K ,IJ;HaJIeRTH'IeCKIIM, OCHOBe. HOJIbop,uaHHbIMH HanIlIX

MeTa¢H3HqeCKIIMH yrnepxman, qYBCTB, HJIH

MeTO,IJ;aMHMbIlIIJIeHHH 'ITO; orpanaaaaaacs JIHlIIb

O,IJ;HaKo,· aa MbI lIOCTHraeM qaCTHbIX npn na

H,IJ;eaJIHCTHqeCKOH lIUIO,HeCTBO

paapoaaeanux
HCXO,IJ;HIIJ;ero MHp. H, Pa3YM, CYIIJ;eCTBYH HCTOqHHKOllI, (CL,

HCTHH,· TOr,IJ;a RaK paClIpOCTpaHeHHH oKpymaIOIIJ;HH 06pa3Y CBOOO,IJ;bI • • •

nO,IJ;JIHHHOe 3HaHHe CBeTa,

B0311IOmHO JUllIIb HOJIbpH.n;my,

,IJ;YXOBHoro,

BHelIIHHll 60lliHIO» HDJIHeTCH

«C03,IJ;aH lIO HCTHH

I

«cdiepe
Te jl:W

a6COJIIOTHOH

CBepXqYBCTBeIUlhlX

H npernnecrnyer xoropsre

OlIbITy»

709, 23.3.1801).
.n;aTb 60H IICKaTb zrpyr-ax TOPbIX aHrJIHHCKOH paspemenna 3aBIICIIlIIOCTH OH CTHMYJIHpOBaBlIIeH

II,.

IICTOpHqeCKHe ero

npnsaau,
pa3BHTHe,

n06Y,IJ;IIJIH ¢HJIOCO¢HH,

HaHTa panee H D.

ceHcyaJIHCTHqeCKOH CBOHX COMHellHH B

3aCTaBHJIH rpynax

HOJIbpH,IJ;ma HaHTa

HellIeIJ;KHX WHJIOCO¢OB KOHIJ;a HOJIbpH,IJ;jHa HIOJIb na rrpe,IJ;npHIIHJI

Crenens

XVIII
r.)

-HaqaJIa

XIX
B

OT yqHTeJIeM, nYTelIIeCTBHe nOpOAHJIa CaMoMY BIJOJIHe

pa,IJ;H xoI'epMHOjUeCTBO HOJIbpH,IJ;my H ,IJ;O,IJ;O

,IJ;JIIITeJibHoe

lIIaHHIO (cenrnfipr, CHOPOB cpena He paa Ra3bIBaTb, nOe3AI>H H3bIK 'ITO aa 'ITO npHlIIJIOCb

1798 HCTOPHKOB oraesarr, ero

1799

aareparypsr.

oommeHHH RaR HaHTa,

B IIJIarHaTe

MHPOB033peHHe ,IJ;O roro, CO'lHHeHHH He

CJIOmHJIOCb IIIeJIJIJlHra.

B fepMaHHIO, qHTaTb

OH H3yqHJI <DHxTe, YaJIJIeR,

HeMeIJ;KHH CqHTaIOT, EJIe-

H CMor

OT\HH

ysensre,

RaR,

aanpmrep, Pena
'ITO ero BJIHHHHe AYXOBHYIO BJIHHHHeM

KOJIbpH.n;m PHXTep)

npaxrnvecxa

C03,IJ;aJI HH (fOP,IJ;OH

O,IJ;HOH BrrOJIHe MbICJIHTeJIeH CJIHJIOCb llJIaTOHa

OpHrHlIaJIbHOH JIHlIIb

ROHIJ;errIJ;HH; npyrae nOJIaraIOT,

Maxnenaa,

HeMeIJ;RHX

CTHMYJIHpOBaJIO TpeTbH, noar,

aBOJIIOIJ;HIO H ¢HJIOCO¢HH

C OOJIee BamHbIlH H HJIaTOHHROB; CTOHTeJIbHOCTb llO-BHAHl\lOMY, 'ITO II

.n;JIH Hero' RaR

Msiopxea,

nO,IJ;'1epRHBaIOT cano-

HOJIb pH,IJ;ma. pa3BHBaHCb B TOM

conpeaeanue

me

HallpaBJIeHHH, MOIIJ;HyIO

eMY ueMeIJ;RHe

¢HJIOCO¢hl,

HalIIeJI

14

rrO,rlJ~epnmy _lHIaJlbIIOrO

CBOIIM TeOpeTII'IeCRIIM C03)J;aTeJIH Ho

MCI{alIIIHM Y HaHTa, MeTO,ll,a», II

«retPIIJIOOHII

HpIITII'IeCROrO

B TeOpUII

JICI,YCCTBa I1IeJIJIHHra. COWOB HOJIhpiI,II,JI{ lie UhlJIlI HymHhl yme

lIII .R 0,ll,II0ll1Y II3 II3Y'IeHHhIX c06CTBeHHOH

OTHOCIIJICH C nOJIHhlM nonepaex. 60rOCJIOBIIH,

eMY ,ll,JIH C03,11,aHIIH ero CIIHTe3a

CIICTeMhl, OH

yrroxaayroro

WHJIOCOWIIII II ;)CTe-

TIII{II, H, XOTH OH,

paayueerca,
orpOMHhIH

He ,ll,OCTIIr B

aroro

ClIHTe3a,

nepepafioranrraxoa
OCMhICJIIIJI ero, caMII C060H.

MaTepIIa,TI II TaR

'ITO 06BIIHeHlIH

Eaponeacxaa naaaao-aarepaaaacrnuecxoro
,ll,eTepMIIIlIIpoBaluIOcTII HOCTb C0311aHlIH. HHH. H

nnarnare

cnoeofipaano
OT

,ll,OJImHhl OTnaCTh 0 Bce06ru;eH aI{TIIB-

MhICJIb B E;eJIOM pa3BlIBaJIaCh npe~CTaBJIeIlIIlI CTpeMJIeHlIIO 060clIoBaTb

HOJIhPU,II,J-I\ ,ll,BIITaJICH B oGru;eM xorna lie

aanpaane-

B
ropaer ROB,

Tex 3TO

CJIYlJaHX,

HOJIhPII,II,1I\ IIOlJTH ,ll,OCJIOBHO' OBn OTCYTCTBHeM P;OopOCOBeCTHOCTlI, ero MeTop;OB pafiorta IIOpa311BmllO nx aa B KOTOpyIO ero npoCBOII), 3anIICbIBaJI naMlITbIO,

pHP; 'IaCTHbIX

WOPMYJIHPOBOI{ CBOHX npep;mecTBeHH:i=

06'hHCHHeTCH

HO, C O,ll,HOHCTOPOHbI, oecnOpHp;O'IlIOCTbIO (OH CJIHmKOM 'IaCTO HeoperKHO qymIIe a C P;PyroH weHOMeHaJIhHOH nancerna ontymaaocs MhlCJIII II nOTOM IICKpeHHe Bpe3aJIOCb n03Ta,

rrpHHIIMaJI

'IllTaHHOe

II, ofiorautaacr,

oc06eHlIOCTHMlI COOCTBOUlIOH

BocnplIHTIIH MbICJIlI. ry,

KaI{ 'IaCTb .ero npII3HaBaJI asrcmee

HOJIbpII,II,m OXOTHee scero ,ll,JIH xoroporo ITo

CBOH AOJIr I1IeJIJIIIH-' nupaaceaae WHJIO,ll,OOPO,

HCHYCCTBO ecrs y'IellIIIO I1IeJIJIIIHra,

COWlIlI, nOCKOJIbKY HMeHHO B HOMCOep;lIHlIIOTCH J{paCOTa, AOOPO II HCTlIHa. nOTeHIJ;IIaJIbHOe 6JIarOp;apH aaKJIIO'IeHHOe ne) Be JIll, B npnpone II lJeJIOBeKe, nocpenna(B npapo-

qeCTBY nootipaaceaaa,

H3 WOPMhl oeCC03HaTeJIbHOrO

nepexonar B WOPMY C03HaHlIH (y qeJIOBeKa). AHrJIHHCKlIH rr03T BCJIe)); aa I1IeJIJIHHrOM BH,II,IITB HCKYCCTrrocpenaaxa Mem,ll,Y 'IeJIOBeKOM HBJIHeTCH orpaaeeaaeu oora. ITo n03T C nouomsro II npaponoa, ROTopaH, MhlCHCH,II,eaJIIICTa B cnoC TOIIKII B H,II,eaJIbHOrO Mllpa yoem,ll,OlIHIO nOCTHraeT

KaR II OH caa, HOJIbpH,II,ma,

WOPMOH npOHBJIeHlIH

noofipaaceana

TlIHy II KpaCOTY, 311e BCeJIeHHoH. apeaaa nOHlIMaHHlI TBOp'IeCKOrO aroro

TaK KaK KJIIO'I K OAlIOH H npyroa npaaonarr, cnocofiaocrr, TeClIO TepMHHa, CBH3aHa T. e. (Aids to ::ha Bo06pameHHH, C «pa3YMOM HaJ\ Heflcclions.pa3YMoM

COOHOCTlI soofipaaceaaa HOJIbPH~ma,

K e,ll,lIHCTBY limorooopa-

nr.rcmex
CCW,

lIC'fO'JIlIflWM

I, 236, 241-242).

BOCnplIHTlUP>

graphia

UCXO)l;H HS l'I)l;eaJIHCTHqeCRHX'lIOChlJIOR, ROJIbpl'I)l;m noaaraer, 'lTO IIOSHaHHe HCTHHhl H xpaoorsr MomeT OhlTb TOJIbRO HHTYHTHBHhlM, nOCKOJIbKY, ero npaanama «JIOKOHTCH aa anpaopaux aaaoaax He MeHee, '!eM aa JIOrHKe» (On Poesy OU Art.~ CCW, IV, 331-332). ' M)l;eH Illeanaara 0 paBHOBeCHH B xY)l;OmeCTBeHHOM npoH3Be)l;eHHH' Mem)l;Y nceotinraa, BhlpameHHhlM B anee, H TOD: ROHKpeTHOCTbIO, KOTopaH CBoHcTBeHHa ~H)l;HBH)l;yaJIbHoM'y, o npeO)l;OJIeHHH B KOHC'lHOAI, OrpaHH'leHHOM COS)l;amUI n03Ta 6eCKOHe'lHOii npOTHBOIIOJIOm~OCTH saMeTHO IIOBJIHHJIH aa ROJIl,pH)l;ma. «lI)l;eaJIbHhlM n03TOM,-. nHCaJI OH,-· MomHO aa3BaTb raxoro, IWTOPhlH cootimaer aKTHBHOCTbHameH )l;yme ••• OH pacnpocrpanaer aTMociJlepy e)l;HHCTBa, KOTopaH CJIHBaeT nee co scex, onapaacs aa Ty CHHTeTH'leCKYIO l'I MarH'l~cKyro CHJIY, KOTOPOH H XOTe,JI Ohl HCRJIIO'lHTeJIbHO npacaoars HasBaHHe aootipaaceaaa. iha CHJIa ••• npOHBJIHeT ceOH B pannoBeCHH IWH npHMHpeHHH npOTHBOnOJIOmHb):X HJIH nporanopelrnBhlx CBOHCrB; CXO)l;CTBaH paSJIH'IHH, oom;ero 'H ROHKpeTnoro, H)l;eH H ofipasa, HH)l;HBH)l;yaJIbHOrO H penpeaeararaanoro, onrymeaaa HOBH3Hhl H CDemeCTH H BocnpOH3Be)l;eHHH crapux, )l;aBHO 3HaROMhlX npenaeroa, HeOOhl'lHOH 3MOn;HOHaJIbHOCTH H ynopH)l;6'leHHOCTH, scerna )l;eHcTBYIOm;eii cnocofinocra CY<I~)l;eHHH, CTOHKoro CaMOOOJIal1;aHHH iI ~HTY3HaaMa BMeCTe C qYBCTDOM rJIyooKHM H B3BOJIHOBaIl,HhlM. B TO BpeMH KaR 3Ta CHJIa CMellIHBaeT H rapaoaaanpyer eCTeCTBeHHoe H HCRYCCTBeHHoe, OHa, O)l;HaRO,nO)l;'IlIHHeT IICKYCCTBOnpapone, d>OPMY CO)l;epmaHHIO (the manner to the matter) ... » (Bio-

Lit!;lra.rU\•.~~CCW. Ill, 374-375).

RaK a llieJIJIIIHr, ROJIbpH)l;m npanaer n033HH nO'lTH MHCTH'leCKOe aaaxeaae, C'IlITaeTTOro, KTO C03)l;aeT ee, My)l;pen;OM H npOBH)l;n;eM. «HIIKTO eme He OhlJI BeJIHKIIM n03TOM, He OY)l;Y'llI B TO me BpeMHrJIYOOKHM iJIHJIOCOiJIOM. oo n03aHH ecre M riner II apoxar BCHKoro 'leJIOBe'leCKOrO SHaHHJI, xenosexeCKIIX MhlCJIei, crpacrea, qyBCTB, HablKa)} (Ibid., 381). Bxecre C TeM B mrreparypaoa reopaa ROJIbpH)l;ma meJlJIHHrHam::KH6 H)l;eH CO'leTaIOTCHC 3JIeMeHTaMH n031'IIKH KaK ApHCTOTeJIH, TaK H ITJIaToHa. MhlCJIb 0 coenmreaaa B nponecce rnopsecraa. HH)l;HBII)l;yaJIbHOrO co aceofiman, CYO'bCKTa (nona, xY)l;omBilKa) II OO'beRTa (npnponsr) nuanaasr He' TOJIbKO 'l'l'BlmeM Illeaaanra , HO II ApHCTQTeJIH, IIJIaToHa, a TaKme Ilaoraaa.: ROTOPhIllf ROJIbpH)l;m. YBJIeKaJICH erne B IOHoIiIeCKHe ronsr, ApHCTOTeJIIO, B 'laCTHOCTH, He l\ICHee, 'laM Illennanry, 06H-. BaH OH yoeil,p;eHHelll B TOM, 'lTO n033HH )l;OJImHa .orneprarr,

nco

CJIY1Jaii:HocTH, 'ITO

OIlHCLIBaeMLIe

eIO HH)];HBH)];yaJIbHLIe IIpo<peCCHH. )];OJImHLI-

ocobetraocra

1I0JIOmeHHJI.,

xapaxrepaja
Cr,ll,

«lIpe)];CTaBJIJlTL :qeJILIii: BB)];» (Cph

399).

3
'Y1JeHHe 0 COCTaBHhlX IIpem)];e Boo6pamerul11l,1JaCTeii: reopaa RaK BH)];HM, O)];Ha H8 110 cpaBHeHHIO rJIaBHLIX CJII06LIM 1\0JILpH)];ma YCTaHaBJIlIBaeT

scero ero npeaxymeceaa

nepayio oxepens TBOp1JeCKOMYreHHIO, «acanaa HCTHHa ecrs cnoero pona OTKpOBeHHe» (CL, II, 709, 23.3.1801), flBJIJlIOm;eeCfI He aHaJIHTH1JeCKOMYyMy Y1Jenoro, a rr03TY, KOTOPhlii: MbICJIHT TJIy60KO JIHmL orroro, 'ITO .rJIy60Ko 1JYBcTByeT. ROJIbpH)];m paarpaaaxaaaer rrepBH1JHOe sootipazseaae, 6eccOSHaTeJIbHO BrrHTLIBaIOm;ee-MHp afieccoaHaTeJILHO coaepmaromee TBOp1JecKHii:aKT, KOTOPLIii: 1I08T YlloA06JIJleT cOTBopeHHIO MHpa,H BTOpH1JHOe noofipazseHHe, xoropoe BHOCHT B 8TOT aKT COSHaTeJILHOe Ha1JaJIO, onpe)];eJIeHHO~Th xY)];OmeCTBeHHoii: D;eJIH, (<IIO)];1JHHeHHe pasposBCTHHY, )];OCTyIIHyIO B H60 l1eHHLIX 8JIeMeHTOB e)];HHoMy SaMhlCJIY» (Biographia ria;BO CCW, LiteraqYBCT-

npyraa

BH)];OM 1I0SHaHHJI. OHO O)];HOOTKpLIBaeT 1I0)];JIHHHyIO

III, 363-64).
.o)];HO Morym;ecTBeHHoe H BB)];OHSMeHJleT(modifies) BCIO CHCTeMY 06H BOSHlIKaIOID;He B CBJlSH 6esYMHoro 8)];)];0-

C rroMoID;bIOBoo6pameHHJI

oxpamanaer

pasoa

C HHMH aCCOD;Ha:qHH. B Ka1JeCT)le npaaepa 1\0JIbpH)];m npnBO)];Bo:fCJIOBa nOTpJlCeHHOro rapa, JIlIP cnpamasaer: aaaaxoro HX BeJIlI?» IILeCllI, HeT JIHpa.'YBH)];eB B «l\aK? 8TO,D;01JepH ero )];0 aroro

B rr08TH1JeCKOMnpoaaneneaaa

«ofipaaar

npocrax

CJIOBaX JIHpa, aTMOC<pepy

O)];HaKO BLISBa-Bmee

OT1JaJlHlle· onpenenaer

¥ 'IeH11le0

e)];HHCTBOscex

ee B,lIeMeHTOB, <pOPMLI H GO,D;epmaHHJI. XOTJI 11nOCTpoeHO na .lI)];eaJIHCTHnpeaote acero

aootipaateaaa,

1JecROii: H lIHTYBTHBHCTCROii: OCHOBe, BamHO

nOTOMY, 'ITO nOA1JepKHBaeT rrOSHaBaTeJILHYIO <PYHKD;HIO HCKYCCTBa (BOSMomHYIO BMeHHO . 6JIaro,D;apJl aootipazaeaaro) H CTlmllT nonpoc CTBO, lIJIlI, no 0 erorrpapone. ROJIbplI)];my, OHO BamHO TaKme 1I rrOTOMY, OpraHlI'IeCKOe e)];lIHCTBO, KaK 'ITO BJIe1JeTsa C060H- eme ,D;BeSHa'IHTeJILHble rrp06JIeMLI: e,D;lIHYCJIOBHe xY)];OmeCTBeHHoCTlI, .H 60Pb6y rrpoTlIBOrrOJIOmHOcTeii:, KaK YCJIOBlIe sroro eAlIHCTBa.TaK BosHHKaeT rrOHJlTUe opraHH'IeCKoii: <pOPMbI, T. e. aaxoaa, B CHJIY xoroporo Kam)];Oe npOHSBe)];eHUe, pa3BHBaJlCL KaK 6bI OT e)];HHOrO uasana, noA06Horo rOp'IH<IHOMY cexeaa B DPJ'Jlf1Je,nocrenenno 06JIeKa-

:17

eTCH IIJIOTbro II HPOBbro II npnofiperaer HelIs6emHOCTb II nensHOCTb nponeccoa CaJlWH rrpaponu. KOJIbPlI,lVK cpasaaaaer opraaasecxoe e)J,lIHCTBOnp01I3Be,n;eHlIH CO CTPOHHhlJlf myJlIOJIf ThlCHq nepensen B COCHOBOJl1 necy UJIlI reoxerpaaecaojt qllIryPOH, COCTaBJIeHHOH1I3-aernmax nTlI:U;. IIYTII npaponu, -onpe,n;eJIHrom;eHpaanarae pacreuaa, nonotins; nyTHJIf xynoaorasa, H3 aepaa anea ocymecraaaromero CBOH 3aJl1bICeJI (CShCr, ,il;aJIbHeHlIIee paccyameaae KOJIbpH,n;ma 0 neopramrseCHOH «popMe, HOTopaH, B OTJIlIqHe OT opraaaxecaoz, aanaasrBaeTCH 1I3BHe, no,n;o6HO TOJlfY HaH npnnaerca «poPJlfa MHrHoH rJIlIHe, nOBTopHeT JlfhlCJIb A. B. IIlJIereJIH. Ho OHOBPOCJIO B CUCTeJl1Y KOJIbpll,n;lI{a, yTBepm,n;arom;yro Bceo6m;HH 3aHOH enanCTBa rrpaponsr, 6ora, qeJIOBeKa, HCKYCCTBa. IIMeHHo B nocJIe,n;HeM e,n;HHCTBOxapa CTaHOBHTCH HBHhlJl1. Orcrona ero asrCOKoe, enna JIll He CBHm;eHHoe naaaaaenae. B COOTBeTCTBHH C 3TlIJI1 KpaCOTa, no KOJIbpHAmy, npe,n;CTaBJIHeT C060H «enanCTBO no JlIHoroo6pa31I1I» (On Poesy or Art.CCW, IV, 331, 336). «Ona B031I1IImeT 1I3 onrymenna rapMOHHH npemreTOIL.. C Bpom,n;eHHhlMlI H IWHCTPYHTlIBHbIJlfH npHH:U;HnaMH CYII-(,n;eHlIH H Boo6paJl{eHHH... IIo,n;o6HO TOJlfY KaK rJIa3aM HalIIlIJIf HBJIHeTCH CBeT, TaK I{paCOTa B03HHKaeT B C03HaIIHH, ncnsrrsraarornea y,n;OBJIeTBOpeHlIe OT C03ep:u;aHHH roro, qeJlfY aapanee ecrr. COOTBeTCTBHeB ileM CaMOIl1»(CCW, IV, 371). Hzteanncrnuecxaa TpaKTOBKa KpaCOTbI nnetunero Mllpa HaK OTpameHHH xpacorra 1I11Ipa BHYTpeHHero, OTom,n;eCTBJIeHue HX rOBopHT 0 nJIaTOH1I3Me KOJIbpH,n;ma. ;I:\:.p_aCOTe non no,n;qel'_KHBaeT «mHBOe paBHOBeCHe» IIP_OTBBQu();r:romH!_ilx -S;IeMeHTOB (OHO aapymaerca JlHlIIb ,n;JIH Toro, qTo6hlCHoBa 6hlTbBocCTaHOBJIeHHbIM), HHTynTlIBHocTb H, B ,n;yxe KaHTa,· «Ue3aHHTepecoBaHHOCTbl>. HeJIb3H He BH,n;eTb, qTO B H,n;eaJIHCTlIqeCKOH 3CTeTHKe KOJIbpH,n;ma pacxpuaaerca ero nOHHlI1aHue )J,IIaJIeKTHKH TBOpqeCTBa. HaCTanBaH na npOTHBOpeqHnOC'fILBCHKQrO xYAomeCTBeHHoroegHHCTBa;-l\OJIbpn,n;mc«popJlIYJIlIpOBaJI npannan, KOTOPhlM BCJIe,n;sa HHM PYKOBo,n;lIJIaCb aIfTJIlIHCKaH HpnTHKa. ,il;lIaJIeKTnqeCKnH xapaxrep ero MhllIIJIeHlIH npOHBJIHeTCH B TOM, KaK OH penraer sonpoc 0 COOT1I0meHlIlI lICKYCCTBa II npnponsr: «rOBOpH, qTO IICKYCCTBO nonpazaaer npapone, nepenxo aafisraaror, qTO BO- BCHKOM nonpaacaaaa ,n;OJImHbI cocymecrnonara naa 3JIeMeHTa II Mhl .L\OJDI\lIbI omymarr. HX cocymecrnonauae. 8TH nsa COCTaBHhlX u.!ICMeUTa CYTb CXO,lWTBOII necxoncrno, Tomp;eCTBeHHOCTb H JHl:J,JUI'JHe,H neJIb3H naCJIam)J,aTbCH CXO)J,CTBOM Memp;y npen-

I, 224).

J?

18

IIteTOM HerO lIHlIUI ... » (On

H306paiHeHHeM, Poesy or Art.Ha p;OJIiI{eH K HeH.

He CCW,

omymaa

.pa3JIH'IHH' eCJIH

MeiI\)J;Y XO'IeT ROJIbp,;OJI-

X Y)J;OiImHK
meH

IV, 330-331,
npHpO)J;bI, HJIJII03HH»: B ero

333-334).

OT)J;aJIHTbCH OT

npH6JIH3HTbCH

aTOM CTPOHTCH BbI)J;BHraeMoe 3pHTeJIb HepeaJIbHOCTb,

pH)J;iHeM nOHHTHe )J;eHCTBHH If aeparr, aa

«)J;paMaTH'IeCKaH B ero

O)J;HOBpeMeHHO nOHHMaTb mH3HH '. MHJIbTOHa, «npOCTOH HaM

cnenasecxoro
COOTBeTCTBHe 'ITO no a-

HCTHHHOCTb, ROJIbpH)J;m ••• TOJIbKO B

npasne
3HH lICTIIHa

CCblJIaHCb

nOHCHHeT,

)J;OJImHa 6bITb

'IYBCTBeHHOH, syncrnenmax

nOCKOJIbKY ofipaaax, 06pa3bI nama no a3IIII , cnocoaa TO

OTKpbIBaeTCH

BO MrHOBeHHOM CTpacTII nOJIaraJI 60M ee II

03apeHHH,

H CTpaCTlIOH,

nOCKOJIbKY 3aTpoHYTb (CL,

)J;OJIiI\HbI 6b1Tb )J;ocTaTO'IHO mIIBblMH, np06y)J;HTb nama,

'IT06b1

npHBH3aHBoCTII»

29.7.1802). Ilpocrora,
ROJIbpH)J;m, asrpaareaaa 'ITO CHMBOJIlI'IHOCTb «npOHBJIeHIlH BeqHOrO BO

II, 830,

'IYBCTBeHHOCTb

II crpacraocrs 'ITO rJIaBHblM HeCMOTpH oaepens

npHBO)J;HT K TOMY, B ero YCTax

CTaHOBHTCH CIIMBOJIbI. B nepBYIO npOCBe'IHBaHHe, (CCW, otimero

oaaasaer nO)J;rny-

(6YKBaJIbHO:

translucence) BamBO 3aKJIIOqeHa

sepxnyr»,
60KaH en BaH paa KOCHOBeHIIH (CShCr,

apeuenaoa»
B CIIMBOJIa

I,

437),
KOTOpyIO

'ITO

IlUICTH'IeCI\YIO

060JIO'IKY

MblCJIb 0 «npOHBJIeHHII

B OC060M»

II 0 econpaOB npOHcHHKOTO,. BeII

C peaJIbHOCTbIO, TaK

I, 147).
CIIMBOJIa,

pacxpunaerca
xapaxrep. npH3pa'IHOCTb, aJIJIerOpHII. re

qYBCTBeHBO-peaJIbB aJIJIerOplIlI, C HBHblM

CTopOHa

OTCYTCTByIOm;aH

HOCHT OTBJIeqeHHblH nO)J;'IepKHBaeT

ROJIbpH)J;m

0)J;06peHHeM

6ec4JopMeHBOCTb BeqHOrO,

6eCTeJIeCHOCTb PeJIIIrlI03Hble noro, aa nJIOTb JIll BceM II

iWMnOHeHTOB a6CTpaI\U;HH,

KaTeropHII

e)J;HCTOHT n

HeMaTeplIaJIbHOrO, RPOBb mHBbIX

xoropae 06pa30B, peansnoay H

)J;JIH ROJIbpH)J;ma 06JIeKaIOTCH O)J;HOBpeMeHHO II peansasnr, nonpamauae II60 II OHII )J;OCTlIraeTCH

BH)J;HMblM II1IIPOM, n noa3HII H)J;eaJIY II

)J;JIH Hero

MIICTHqeCKOMY nocpenaaxa CTOPOHbI, crynaer

npasacraux cym;ecTBOBaHIIIO. B poc O)J;HOH BbIC npyroa, npapoma nepe)J;aIOT coxeranae H)J;eH

lI1em)J;y II)J;eaJIbHblM npHpO)J;OH B 4JopMe I1cTIIHHoe TaK

H Mem)J;y ee CYTb

qeJIOBeKOM,

aootipazaeane.

BocnpOH3BO)J;IIT BHYTpeHlIIOIO aceotimero II 06pU3U. He

CHMBo~on,

npennera. roro

H nacruoro, OTpHu;aH

OTBJIe'IeHHOrO

KOHKpeTIIOrO,

, 'ITO MaTCpHaJIOM

IIO<lTa CJIYllmT

, H""Me(Ja r. n. DCTCTII'ICClwe o Illeacrrape». Jl., 1975.

D3I'JHII\I,1 1I0)1"1IIII\)I\a

II oro

«JIeKWUI

namrsre ero opraaos '!yBCTB, ROJIbpHAm cxaraet, OAHaRO, HeQ6xOAHMhlM CAeJIaTb axnear na nponecce nepepafiorxa STHX AaHHhlX aoofipaaceaaea, npHpOAY xoroporo nOST aficoJIlOTHsHpyeT H 060meCTBJIHeT. . MhlCJIH . ROJIbpl:IAma 0 noofipazaeaaa C OC06SHHOH HCHOCTbIO npeJIOMHJIHCb BO q,parMeHTe «Ry6JIa XaH» (K uhla Khan, 1797). 8TO aaraAOqHOe CTHXOTBopeHlIe nOpOAIIJIO MHOmeCTBO TOJIi\OBaHI:IH; caa ROJIbplIAm YBepHJI, qTO OH JIHIIIL SanHCaJI npHBH,!I;eBIIIIIHCH eMY COH •. Ha nepBhlH BSrJIHA, «Ry6JIa Xam HaqHCTO JIHIIIeH CMhlCJI~ H socnpaaaaaerca, RaR 6ecnOpHAoqHOe aarpoaoxmeaae npeapacaux ofipason H SBYROB. HeBeA()MIiIH xaa TIpH!\aSaJI BosABHrHYTb nsopeu, ORpyrKeHHhlH orpOMHbIM qYAecHhl~ canoa aa 6epery TaHHcTBeHHoH peaa, HI:ISBepralOIn;eH CBO:O; BOAhl B HeTIOCTHmlIMhle rJIy6lIHhl IIOAseMHhlX nemep; 6yp:aa RlIn,H, pexa BTIaAaeT B 6eSmHSHeHHhlH OReaH, II B IIIYMe ee BOA CJIhlIIIHhllI TIJIaq meHIn;lIHhl, SOBYIn;eHcnoero JI1060BHI:IRaanoro AeJ\10Ha, II AIIRlIe npopanaana rH6eJIbHOH BOHHbI. IIJIe.~ myr BOJIHbI, oaapeaaua RynOJI nnopna CHHeT HaA JIbAaMH nOA" SeMeJIHH, nJIelIlITeJIbHaH nesa arpaer aa JIlOTHe, II yspeBIIIIIH nee STO nopaarea CBHIn;eHHhlM ymaCOM. <I>aHTaCTHqHee «Ry6JIb! Xaaa: HeT CTI:IXOB Aame Y ROJIb1 pHAma. Ho B 06JIacTb q,aHTaSHI:I' nepeaeceaa BOCriPIIHJlTbI~ C He06bIRHoBeHHoii OCTPOTOii HBJIeHHH peaJIbHOH mHSlIH , npnponsr. Bce CTHXOTBopemie - RaR 6bI eAHHbIH.IIoPl>!Bt YCTpeJ\1JIeHHbIH It BI:IAeHHlO He6bIBaJIOH. AYP.M~~~Ig~.i rpeaaoe coaaanae RpaCOTbI.RaRoe AeJIO qlITaTeJIlO, qTO HeT HIl SeMJIe YrOJIKa,-T"AeBoSABlIrHYT ropon 3aHaAY; rne reser p~~ xa AJIbq, H BbICIITCH ropa A60pa? Baacao TO, qTO B ;::r;YIIIetieJIO, sexa scerna ecrs yrOJIOR, rne mlIBa TOCRa no 6ecnpe;::r;eJIbHO~ xpacore, ROTOPYlO lIS paspoaneamax BneqaTJIeHIIH naao yrar ;::r;aTb II soccoanare TOJIbRO BBJIIIROMY noary, ~6Q_.ero Bo06~ p~meIIlIe,IIO ROJIbpu;::r;my, npoBII;::r;IIT TaHHhl, He;::r;ocTynHbIe s;::r;paBoMY Cl\lbICJIY 06.hlRHOB~HHhlX JIIO)::i;eH: MIICTHRO-pSJIHrHOSHbIH CRJIa;::r; MhlIIIJIeHHH ROJIb pHAfl.H~ SaCTaBJIHeT ero BH;::r;eTbB TBOpqeCROM axre 60rOB;::r;OXHOBe~~ HylO TaiiHY, HO CYIn;HOCTb aroro axra aa ero OCHOBHOHCTa:~ ;::r;UH(T. e. Bu;::r;OHSMeHeHueBHeIIIHero onsrra B JIa60paTOpHlt uoofipaatenna) ROJIbpu;::r;II,eM BocnpHHHMaeTCH B ero peansnOH ;::r;uaJIeRTl:lqeCROii CJIOmHOCTII. «XOTH nOST aneaasaoro conepmeacrna rcoanaer rrpemrersr lIS coticraeaaoro C03Ha.\ nan, no OH ;::r;eHcTByeT npn STOM, co06paSYHCb C CypOBhlM:q SHI\OlIaMH I:IRTeJIJIeRTa, 1:1 ero otipassr IIMelOll COOTBeTCTBlIe 20

B eJhlTllll npaponsr; a6COJIlOTHOnpannaasre caxa no cet)e,oHH nopnu TaKmO it306pameHHLlM xapaxrepax :H anoxes (CShCr, I, 160, 168). RaK npaBH.1IbH~ OTMeqaeT aMepHKaHcKd :Kp¥-. Tlu{ 8llJlbHPP;, p;JIH J{OJIbpHp;ma-TeopeTHKa op;HHaKOBO cyru;eCTBeHHLI nOHHTHH 06 06'beKTHBHOCTH onsrra H 06 aKTHBHoii

npeodpaayromeaneareasaocra

paayxa.

Ilonnona HTorH, MomHO caaaars , 'ITO, XOTH ROJIbpHp;my He ynanocs BOS,!l;BHrHYTb sap;YMaHIIOe HM ananae, CBOP;LI KOTOporo 06'bep;HHHJIH OLI tPHJIOCO<pHio, ,peJIHrHIO, naYKY, HCKYCCTBO, OH BLlCKaSaJI, nYCTb BO tPparMeHTapHoii, qaCTO MHCTHtPHD;HpOBaHHoii <popMe, nepasre H rJIYOOltHe cymp;eHHH - npessne ncero 06 HCKYCCTBe. Ilpa Tru;aTeJIbHOM aHaJIHSe H CHCTeMaTHsaD;HH OHH CKJIap;bIBalOTCH B onpeneneaaoe, XOTH H He JIHmenaoe nporaaopexaa neaoe. ROJIbPHAm onapaerca aa ,0nLlT tPHJIOCOtPOB-Hp;eaJIHCTOB npemnecraoaaamea H coapexeaaca snOXH, HCnOJIbsYH KaK OCHOBOnOJIaraIOru;He- lIX KOHn;enn;HH,_ TaK H OTp;eJIbHLle tP0PMYJIHPOBKll. Ho ero aaHMCTBOBaHHH 06'bHCHHIDTCH He CTOJIbKO OTCYTCTBHeM opHrHHaJIbHOC'}H, CKOJIbKO nonxaaeaaea ero pasBHTHH OOm;HM 3aKOHOMepHO,CTHM aananaoeaponeitcaoz tPHJIOCOtPHH B nOCJIep;HHe ronsr XVIII H nepaue rop;LI XIX B. HaH60JIee D;eHHLlM H HHp;HBH,n;yaJIbHbIM RBJIHeTCH y ROJIbpHp;ma yqeHlIe 0 nOaTHqeCKOM Bo06pameHHH, H ocotienao CBHSb ero C JIlITepaTYPHoii KPHTHKOii H C06CTBeHHLlM: TBOP'leCTBOM noara. Coenaneaae OTBJIeqeHHLlX 06ru;lIX noaozseHHii C KOHKpeTHLlMH On;eHKaMH, raxoe npOHHKHOBeHlIe B TaiiHbI nOaTH'leCKOrO HCKY-CCTBa, xaxoe TOJIbKO noary nocrynno, npanaeceaae B KPHTlIKY xyp;omecTBeHHoro naxana H yP;HBHTeJIbHOii P;JIH Tor,n;amHero ypOBHH nCHXOJIOrH'leCKOii aayaa rJIy61IHLI aarpocnennaa - see aTO npaaaer KOHn;enn;HH!oJ ROJIbpHp;ma HoilHSHY H caMOCTOHTeJIbHOCTb, xoropsre OP;HH TOJIbKO H Moryr 06'bHCHHTb cepseanocra BJIHHHHH, oxaaaaaoro HM Ha COBpeMeHHHKOB H nOTOMKOB. <PHJIOCOtPCKaHocaameanocrs coep;HHHeTCH y ROJIbPHAma. C iIenocpep;CTBeHHLlM H ropHtlHM aCTeTH'leCKHM 'lYBCTBOM. B caoaxaaxerxax, JIeKD;HHX H p;ame qaCTHLlX nacsaax OH nycaaerca B HCCJIe,n;oBaHue Kamp;oro OTTeHKa CJIOBa. Ero nOHCKH mot juste npaofiperaror IIOBblii CMbICJI, Tal, I\UI\ 01:1 CTperrlHTCH He BhlnOJIHHTb onpenenennsre npaanna, a IlaiiT~ CJIOBO (sacmoe), KOTOPOOOLl B MUKCJlllIa.Tlblloll CTenCIIH COOT21

BeTC'fBOBaJIO 6bl aupazsaexcay 3aMblCJIY (rt;eJIOMY, 06rn;eMY). BhlTb MOmeT, ecrt. OCHOBamUI BHAeTb B KOJIbpHAiHe' OAHOrO 113 OCHOBOIIOJIQiKHHKOBCOBpeMeHHOH npaKTHqeCIWH CTlIJIHCTHKH, HaYKU 0 nonfiope CJIOB, HCXOAHIrt;eii He H3 RaHOHOB, paa H uancerna YCTaHOBJIeHlIbIX, a H3 BHYTpeHHHX 3aKOHOMepHOCTeii nanaoro xYAomeCTB6HHoro IIpOH3BeAeIlIIH. ITPIIHaAJIema K qlICJIY xpynaeamax noaron csoero npeuena, KOJIbPllAIH npanaer TeOpeTHqeCKIIM 9KCRypcaM mllBoii, axTyaJIbHhlii xapaxrep: C HHM <pllJIOCO<pllH IICKYCCTBa IIpOHHKaeT B xYAomeCTBeHHYIO nareparypy. MAeH 0 eAllHCTBe MhlCJIll, CTpaCTH, Bo06pameHHH, 06 or-pouaon nanpaaceaaa 9MOrt;HH II llHTeJIJIeKTa, He06xoAllllWM AJIH B03HHKHoBeHllH AeiicTBllTeJIbHO y6eAllTeJIbHblX II nopamaromax 06pa30B, BhlpamelIhl y KOJIbpll!l.ma KaK npaKTHqeCKH, TaK H TeOpeTHqeCKH. Ocymecraneaae csoero HAeaJIa B HCKyccTBe KOJIbpHAm BHAHT B pOMaHTHqeCKOH noaaaa, noaaan MhlCJIH H aoofipaaceHHH, yraepacnaiomea TopmeCTBO OpraHHqeCKOH, H3HYTPH paaaasaromeaca <p0PMhl. POMaHTllI,aMH KOJIbpHAm He naasrnaer lUI cefia, HH CBOHX aHrJIHHCKHX COBpeMeHHHKOB, HO Illexcnapa H Mansroaa. POMaHTHqeCKOii, TO ecrs HC-' THHHOH noaaaa, npOTHBonOCTaBJIeHa I-\JIaCCHD;HCTHqeCKaH.nosaaa MeXaHHqeCKOii, H3BHe HaBH3aHHOH <p0PMbI. B aTOIlI paarpaaaseuaa KOJIb PHAiI\ CJIeAyeT ABrYCTY IIIJIereJIIO .: OTAaBaH AOJIilmOe TaJIaHTY BeJIllI\HX KJIaCCHrt;HCTOB <J>paHrt;HH, KOJIbpllAm, OAHaKO, CqHTaeT ax nponaaenerraa BHelliHllMH II <popllIaJIbIIhlMll. OH CMeeTCH HaA nOqHTaeMhlM B AHrJIHll KJIaCCllrt;llCTOM CaMIOaJIeM ,I(moHcoHOM, HaA ero 6eCCMhlCJIeHnOH, C TOqIUI apeuaa KOJIbpllJl.ma, PllTOPHKOii:. «TIYCTb aa6.TIIOAeHHe nyren aKCTeHCHBHoro Ha6JI-IOAeHHH aKCTeHCHBHO Ha6JIIOAaeT qeJIOBeqeCTBo», - TaK nepenaer KOJIbPHJl.IK H3aecrnue CTPOKH ,I(iI\OHCoHa: «Let Observation with extensive View/Survey Mankind from ,China to Perm), (CL, IV, 685, 26.9.1816), OH npeaeripeacarensao OT3hlBaeTCH 060 BceH aarJIHHCKOH aarepa'rype aropoii nOJIOBllHhl sexa, llieCTBOBaBllieH no cronasr ,I(moHcoHa; OHa HanOMHHaeT eMY lI1Y3bIKY, KOTopaH HCnOJIHHeT TOJIbKO ABa 1II0THBa: «Bome, cnaca KOPOJIH» H «Ilpaas , BpHTaHHH». HeCKOHqaeMOe paaaootipaane , HanpOTHB, I{OJIbPlIAiK aaXOAlm'B TBOpqeCTBe Illexcnnpa. B CBoeM OTHOllieHHH R HeMY 011 CJIeAyeT AJIlITeJIbHOii rpanauaa.. ,OHa He BnOJIHe npepuBaJIaCb Aame B X VII B., xorna narepec K BeJIHKOMY npaxaTypry 3naQHTeJIbHO oCJIa6eJI. TOJIbKO B rOAbI rpamAaHCIWH nOHlIhI 11 nOCJIeAOBaBllillX aa neio rryparaacxax rOHeHHH aa

HR06bl cyeTHbIH H rpeXOBHbIH, 0 Illexcnape B XVIII B. MOIIUIO, pa3JIHqHTb TpH rrocnenoaaTeJIbUbIe crynena B 3BOJIIO:qIlH o:qeHRII ero rrsec. Ha nepnoa npaanaaana raaaar Illexcnapa , HO nonsepuasana ero nCflI\lrii rearp,

no

rOBOpHJIH.

OIllH6RII, noro nap HHH KaK a

OTCTYIIJIeHHH HpaBOB na ero

OT xopomero 06'bHCHHJIH H OTMeQaJIH H

iBRyca

II

xynoaeeoraenrpytiocrr.ro BhICORIiH rescero

T3,RTa; aanropoa

3TH OIIIH6RH

eJIH3aBeTHHCRHX

npauarypra;
H

npeacne

TpeTbeH, OIllH6RlI nan

IIOCJIe,n;HlIe ,n;eCHTHJIeTlIH Ben03TaMII>}. l\OJIb pll,n;m rpyzron CJIe,n;OBaJI B03, B I'ere

Ra,-06'bHBJIHJIH

1I BOJIbHOCTH IIpOHBJIeIllleM

npeaocxoncrea

«npanaasmrua B033peUlIHX TaR II I\yJIbTy 1I npyrax onsrf ero

CBOHX 3CTeTlIQeCRlIX B I'epxanaa 6paTbeB B3rJIH,ll;bI

OTeQeCTBeHHOH rpanarraa,

Illexcnapa ,
I'epnepa, aa

HIIKmeMY rarose aTOM

IIO,n; BJIllHHlIeM

Illnereaea
lIX

pOMaHTIiROB.

II

CJIYQae

l\OJIbpll,n;ma

pa3BllBaJIHCb

Ha:qHOnOqTlI npan-

HaJIbHOH MeHHIIKOB,

OCHOBe, HO BIIIITbIBaJIH HeROTopble

HeMe:qRHX conpe-

onpe,n;eJIeHIIH

OH nOBTOpHJI nrescnapaanoa

,n;OCJIOBHO5. ITo cpaBHeHHIO :qIlIIHaJIbUO nacarenea) JIHTeJIb, HlIaJIbHO 6blJI C IIpe,n;IlleCTBOBaBIlleH B ROH:qeII:q1l1l HOBblM l\OJIbpll,n;ma CTOJIb

Te3I1C:

Illexcnap xynoaonm;

me

(iI

HeMe:qRIIX MbICre-

BeJIIiRIiH

CROJIb 1I BeJIlIRIiH IIpo,n;YMaHO

B ero

CIiCTeMe ace

1I YCTpeMJIeHO B. l\OJIbpH,n;m

K e,n;IIHCTBY BIIeqaTJIeHIIH,

K B03BbIIllalOI:qeMY OT reopernxos HHe He RaI,

upaBCTBeUUOMYB03,n;eHCTBlIlO. paccuarpaaaet B MexaHlI3M COBpeMeHHOH II03HaHlIH II IIPOHliRHOBeHlIe nOJIOIKeHIIH a HaR I,aR lICTOqHIIR

XVIII Illexcnapa , ero

ncaxonorna, :qeHHOCTb, CBoeH

OTJIlIQlle CTpaCTeH acconna-

noofipame-

llJIJIIOCTpa:qlllO

THBHOH BeHHYIO

caMOCTOHTeJIbHYIO

xynoacecrOCHOBY ue,n;lIaiJIeR-

JIOH CIiCTeMbI

B3rJIH,n;OB. 3CTeTlIKH l\OJIbpll):(m 'ero BOCXBaJIHeT nsec

B
TIiKY nyma. nreaae HHe TaR

nyxe

MbIIDJIeHIIH OTnpaBHoH

Illexcnapa,

nocrnaceaae
xoropoe

nporaaopeaaa HBJIHeTCH aapyCOQblTlIH. H HeIIOBTOpa3HOllieRCIIII-

TOqROH 60JIbIDHHCTBa paBUOBeCIIH, 06YCJIOBJIeHHblX 1I ero repon

,n;YXOBHoro

IIPHBO,n;lIT B ):(BlIiI5eq,aTaJIbHblX RaR nsec YHIIBepeaJIeH RJIaCCa

nern,

JIOrllqeCRII RaR cax TaR 1I

me,

Illexcnap

o,n;HOBpeMeHHO BblCTYIIalOT nenoro

HH,n;lIBII,n;yaJIeH, pHMbIC pa JIllqHOCTli

IIpe,n;CTaBlITeJIH

BlI,n;HOCTeH JIIO,n;CRlIX. 1{0JIb Pll,n;)I{ csnraer

rJIaBHOH
lIX

oco6eHHOCTblO

(<IIO,n;BlliKHOCTb>}. OHa

CRa3b1BaeTCH
POIll8HTH-

II Ilonpofiaee CII!.: J( b!lIWllOlJa II. H. Illexcnnp n 8nrJlHj,icIlOii 'IeCKOHKpHTIme,- B xn.: Illexcnnp B Mllponoii amcparype.

1964, c. 129-131.

JI.-M., 23

B «6eCROnelJHO CJIOmnOM CO'leTaHHH JiI306pameHHhlX aBTOpOM OTHomeHBii, B aenpepsmnoa pa3BHTlIH HeYJIOBHMhlX H3MeHeHHii ••• B '1epe,!l;OBaHHH ROHTpaCTOB, cnanoa, B .nocreneaHOM pOCTe aanpaatenaa, B CJIHflHHll paanasaa H CXO,!l;CTBa, B 6l>!CTPhlX nepetononeaaax TeMna, B nO,!l;'LeMaX II oCJIa6JIeHHflX '1YBCTBa» (CShCr, U, 187-188). B Ram,!l;oii nsece Illeacnaps nepcoaaaca COOTHeceHhl C D;eHTpaJIl>HOii ee lI,!l;eeii II npyr' C npyrou C nOMOIIJ;bIOcacrexsr ROHTpaCTOB, paBHOBeeaa, CXO,!l;CTBa, pa3JIH'Illii H H3MeHeHHii. B CBOBX JIeRD;HHX oIllexcnape KOJIl>pH,!l;m OTnpaBJIHeTCJI OT On;eHRB ero TBOp'leCTBa ,!l;JIHnOCTpoeHHH 06IIJ;HX q,HJIOCOiPCRo-3CTeTB'IeCRHX ROHn;enn;n:ii. IIMeHHo Illeacnap CTaHOBHTCJI nOBO,!l;OM,!l;JIJI BamHeiimHX orrpeneaeaaa: CyIIJ;HOCTH nootipameHHfl (xoropoe enpeapamaerca BO nee II, O,!l;HaRO, OCTaeTCH cofioii»), MeXaHH'IeCROii H OpraHH'IeCRoii. q,OPMhl, CyIIJ;HOCTH n03TH'IeCRoro reHHH. IIcTHHHhlii n03T, rOBopHT KOJIbpH,!l;m, AOJImen 06JIa,!l;aTh H3hlCRaHHhlMOIIJ;yIIJ;eHHeM apacorsr, YMe!fIHeM CTaIIOBHTl>CHTeM, 0 '1eM OH paaaramaaer , II ocofioa YHHBepCaJIbHOCTbIo, I{OTopaH He OTBJIeRaeTCH OT JIIO,!l;eii, HO npetreprreBaeT 6eC'IHCJIeHHhle H3MeHeHHH, BonJiOIIJ;aHCb B Il.HX H OTOm,!l;eCTBJIJIflCl> HHMH. «HeT xynmero C nopoaa ]l;JIJI npauarrypra, '1eM seprrarr. H3 caaoro cefia .•• Illexcnap B nponecce II'BOp'leCTBa He HMeJI npyroro «H», RpOMe «H» penpeaeararanaoror (CShCr, II, 53-54). CBOH B3rJIfl,!l;hl KOJILpll,iJ;m H3JIaraJI B 6ece,!l;ax, nHChMax, scce II B HeCROJILRHX DiIlRJIaX JIl;lRn;Hii (B 1808, 1811-1814 II 1818 rr.). K COmaJIeHllIO, OHH He 6hlJIH nOJJ;rOTOB;rreHhl neR '1aTll caMBM aBTQPOM H ,!l;omJIH ,!l;0 Hac TOJILRO B nane RparRHX l;\BTOpCRllX ROHcneRTOB, nJIOXO COCTaBJIeHHhlX creaorpana II aanncea ,!l;pY3eii. " HecMoTpH aa 3TO TeOpeTH'IeCROe aaaaeaae meRCTIHpOBCRllX JIeRn;Hii HeOCTIOpHMO. CTpa,!l;aIOT OHH TeM me He,!l;OCTaTROM, 'ITO H npyrae CO'lHHeHllH KOJILplI,!l;iKa:' nporanope-raeu Mem,!l;Y a6CTpaRTHo-qlBJIOCOq,CRllM xapaarepox H,!l;eii H speaMepHO ,!l;eTaJILHhlMH, MeJ;IRHMll.Ha6JIIO,!l;eHHHMH nan OT,!l;eJILHhl:' MH CJIOBal\1H, otipaaaua, CTHxaMH. TI porasopesae Mem,!l;y IDHporoa 061JJ;eii Ml>ICJIll H Y30CTLIO '1aCTHhlX, rexaasecaax npaMepoB, ee llJIJIIOCTpllpyIOID;HX, TeM oxeaanaee, 'ITO, OTCYTCTnyer RaR 6hl nocpencrayromee 3BeHO - CROJIhRO-Hll6Y,!l;L rrOJIHhlii aHaJIH3 OT,!l;eJILHhlX' m.ec Illexcnapa. HaH60JILIDHH aarepec npenoraaaaer, TIomaJIyii, TOJIROnanne «I'aunerar H «l\OPOJIH Jlnpa». TIO-BII,!l;lIMOMY, He3aBIICH~IOOT A. B. Illaerena, KOJILpH,!l;m BhlABIIHyJI Te3HC 0 xapax-

24

repnoa )1.JIH ):WTCROrO npaana npOTBBOpeqHB Mem)1.y CBJIOH nootipaaceaaa B MhlCJIB B OTCyTCTBl:IeM aarepeca R )1.eiiCTBH'1'eJIbHOCTB B TOM BH)1.e, B RaROM OHa 'peanano cymecrayer. raM-JIeT - 9TO, no ROJIbpB)1.my; qeJIOBeR, xoroporo aaenmaa MHp arrrepecyer JIHmb rrOCTOJIbRY, rrOCROJIbRY OH orpaatean aepxane ero C06CTBeHHOrO C03HaHlIH. «M)1.~aJIbHhle ofipaau, C03)1.aHHhleero BHyTpeHHBM B30POM, TaR mHBhl, qTO no cpasneHHIO C HBMB see peaasaue npenxersr RamYTCH MepTBhlMB». OH rrOTOMy aecnocofiea R )1.eiiCTBBIO, qTO peaJIbHOCTb xaacerCH eMY 6JIeRJIoii rro cpaBHeHBIO co cBepRaIOIIJ;BM MBpOM ero Bo06pameHBH; oTcIO)1.a BHJIOCTb ero BOJIeBhlX' BMrrYJIbCoB. OH He )1.eiiCTByeT 1I0TOMY, qTO ero nyxonaaa 9HeprHH noraoIIJ;eHa C03)1.aHHhlM BM caMBM BHyTpeHHBM MBpOM. TaRaH xoartennaa I'aanera npeaote scero BMeeT OqeBB)1.Hoe TeOpeTBqeCROe aaaxeaae, BhlTeRaIOIIJ;ee B3 aonaropcxoro )1.JIHTex JIeT rrOHBMaHBH ROJIbpB)1.meMROCBeHHhlX, onocpenoBaHHhlX rrYTei B03)1.eiicTBBHl:ICRYCCTBa. OHa BHTep.eCHa raroae H CBOBM' CXO)1.CTBOMC rrpe)1.meCTBOBaBmBM eii 3HaMeHBThlM TOJIROBaHBeM Jpare)1.BB I'axnera B «BBJIbreJIbMe Meacrepe», xoroporo ROJIbpB)1.m, -no CBH)1.eTeJIbCTBY cOBpeMeHHBRoB, nO~BB)1.BMOMY, He qBTaJI. Bo BCHROM cay-rae, rro cpaaaeamo C I'ere OH CTaBHT rOpa3)1.0 60JIee CHJIbHbIii axnenr aa pacxoza)1.eHHll Mem)1.y BHYTpeHHl:IM l:I BHemHBM MllpaMll RaR npaaaae 6e3)1.eiicTBHH npaana (TOr)1.a RaR y I'ere peas H)1.eT0 6e3)1.eiicTBBB, nopoameaaox C03HaHlleM aenoxepaocra II HeBhlnOJIH1IMOCTB aanasa, BOaJIOmeHHOii na repoa C npexpacaoa ):(ymoit, HO . cJIaooi BOJIeii). 06'bHCHeHlle I'axaera y ROJIb pll)1.ma aarepecno TaRme 11 csoea HBHOi aBT06BorpaqlBqHOCTbIO. Iloar He TOJIbRO npaMOSaHBJIHJI 0 CBoeM )1.YXOBHOMpO)1.CTBeC repoea Illeacnapas have a smack of Hamlet about me» (Table Talk.CCW, VI, 285), HOB aaec qepThl CaM01l.HaJIB3a B paefiop ero ofipasa - qepThl, JIBmiIllii pas rroRa3hlBaIOIIJ;Be, qTO B POJIK RpBTBRa nsrcrynaer n09T-nClIXOJIOr, C xapaxrepnaa cy6'beRTBBaO-JllIpHqeCRBM nO)1.xO)1.0M TBOpqeCTBY npyrax R n09TOB. ::hOT nonxon OIIJ;yTIIM B B aHaJIlI3e «ROPOJIH Jlapa». fJIy60R9'cTpa)1.aH caa, ROJIbplI)1.m nO)1.qepRIIBaeT, qTO CIIJIa BJIa)1.eIOIIJ;ero ROpOJIeM qYBCTBa aaCTaBJIHeT ero pacrrpocrpanars csoe rope, COCTOHHHecBoei .norpaceuaoa nyma )1.aa{e aa craxan. TIbechl Illexcnapa, C TOqRII 3peHlIH ROJIbPII)1.iIW, BOrrJIO-o IIJ;aIOT nsrcnryro Mepy COBepmeHCTBaj y Hero HeT III! cnnnoro 1I3'bHHa. BOJIee roro, TaR naasraaeasre rrOrpCIIIJlOCTH npauarypra - He TOJIbHO )1.0RaaaTeJIbCTBa TUJIallTH, RUI{ rOBOplIJIII
°

t.I

TeopeTHIUI XVIII B., HO H qaCTb BeJIHKOro 3aMbICJlan03Taq,HJlOCOq,a. . Ha Illexcnapa l\oJlbpHgm He pacnpocrpanaer game npnnnann HCTopH3Ma, XOTH B pane CBOHX KpHTHqeCKHX 3aMeTOK nsrrancn BBOgHTb 3J1eMeHTbI HCTOpHqeCKOrO nonxona, TaK, OH ornepran B03MomHOCTb egHHhlx JlHTepaTypHblX npaBHJI nna paaaux BpeMeH H KYJlbTYP H onaaaxonux Tpe60BaHHH K npOH3BO;lJ;eHHHM paanux n03TOB, 06~HCHHH npenocynareasnsre nocrynxa TaKHX repoen, KaK TOM ,1J;moHc, 6e3HpaBCTBeHHOCTblO HX cpensr. OgHaKO Illexcnap KameTCH Konspanmy BOJlrne6HHKOl\f, CTOHrn;HM BHe BeKoB, H30JlHpOBaHHo OT nacareaea H npaaaryproa ero 3nOXH (CShCr, 11,85,92,250).

5
BeJlR'JaHrnHM H3 COBpeMeHHblX eMY n03TOB l\oJlbpHgm CqHran BOpgCBOPTa. IIx nepaaa acrpexa COCTOHJlaCbB cenrnfipe 1795 r.; recuoe 06rn;eHHe, game noaaexmee nepeesn BOpgCBOpTOB n06J1Hme K HOBOMY gpyry, na sanoos B 1797 r. H npogOJlmaJloCb npnaepao go 1806 r. Pacuner 3TOH gpym6bI gJlH 060HX connanaer C nepnonoa nsrcmero pacnsera n03THqeCKoro TBOpqeCTBa, nocreneaaoe yracanae ee - C nepaogOM MegJleHHoro (y Bopncsopra) H 6blcTporo (y Hoaspanma) yracaaaa BgoxHoBeHHH.· Ilonanany 060HM, nO-BHp;HMOMY, Ka3aJlOCb, qTO npoaaom ... JlO qyp;o: DCTpeTHJlHCb, COep;HHHJlHCb nna senoaena , nepej-KHBalOrn;He aHaJlOrHqHYlO Hp;eHHylOp;paMY. 06a 'JYBCTBOBaJlH, qTO B 06CTanOBKe HCKJllO'IHTeJlbHO THmeJlOH pema lOT OP;HH H re me MyqHTeJlbHble sonpocu caaoonpeneaeaaa, nepeopaeaTaD;HH. Ofioaxnopaxcaao, qTO OHH, JllOP;H paarnae no nymenHOMY crorany, ornrr'y, BocnHTaHHlO H 06pa30BaHHOCTH, repaaeusr op;HHaKOBblMH 06rn;eCTBeHHblMH H MOpaJlbHblMH COMHeHHHMH H op;HHaKOBO Hrn;yT OTBeTa na rmx B TBOpqeCTBe. 06a 60Jle3HeHHO nepeaeanana CBOlO p;yXOBHylO HenpHKaHHHOCTb - OTTaJlKHBaHHe KaK OT cyrn;ecTBylOrn;f3H p;eHCTBHTeJlbHOCTH, TaK HOT. pananansmax nonurox ee H3MeHHTb; paaosaponanae B CBeTJlbIX H CTPOHHbIX KOHD;eIID;HHX npocseTHTeJleH H BMeCTe C TeM B mH3HH, npOTHBOCTOHrn;eH3THM KOHD;enD;HHM. Bce Ka3aJlOCb COBceM 6e3b1CXOp;HblM. II Bp;pyr OHH CTaJlH namyrnraarr, 06rn;HH nyrs: C pa3HbIX KOHD;OB OHH nonontna K HeMY, a reneps nOHp;YT snaoea - sepnee, nrpoea: C HH26

Mil 6Y)J,eT 06ID;IlM npyr II rroMOID;HIlR, cecrpa BOPP,CBOpTa ,n;OPOTH. ¥ MHOe cepnue, aaryarnsnoe nouananae 6JIIl3RIlX eM JIIO)J,eM, JII060Bb R He3a'feMJIIlBbIM xpacoraa upaponsr B «rrpOCTOM» lliB3HIl, TOHRaH Ha6J1Iop,aTeJIbHOCTb p,eJIaJIII ee neoU;eHIlMoM crrYTHIlu;eM BOBpeMH 6eCROHe'lHbIX npor-ynox II paaroaopon. KaR ncerna , B Ha1IaJIe )J,PY1K6hl BHIlMamre o6pameuo na CXOp,CTBOB3rJIHp,OB II syacra: nann, nOTOM, ?tlHoro norona, nupacoasraarorca pa3JIIl'lHR II pacxoacneana. Iloaru 3aMe'laTeJIbHO p,orrOJIIlHJIIl p,pyr npyra, CTaPUIlIM, BOP)J,CBOPT, 06JIa)J,aJI 60JIbUIIlM onhITOM lI'rrOHlIMaHlIeM peansHhlX llilI3HeHHhiX oTHoUIeHlIM', lIHTlIlI1HhlM3HaHlIeM POp,HOMnpaPO)J,hl. MJIa)J,UIlIM, KOJIhPlI)J,/H, 6hlJI uecpanneano 06pa30BaHnee II aanenea 60JIee BhlpameHHhlMlI cnoc06HoCTHMII R OTBJIe'leHHOMY .pIIJIOCO.pCROMYMhlUIJIeHlIIO. B pa)J,ocTHOIl1 otimeHIIII PO)J,lIJICR 3aMhlCeJI «JIlIplI'leCI{JlX 6aJIJIap,»o (Lyrical Ballads). Ilonsepraa CORpYUIIITeJIbHOM RplITlIRe nossmo rrpOUIJIOrO nexa, ffpY3bH B03MYID;aJIlICb RaK XOJIO)J,HOM rrpaBIIJIbHOCTbIO ee .pOPMbl, TaR II or-pauasenaua coneparanaea. «B rrepilhlM ron xorna MlICTep BOP)J,CBOPT II R OI{a3aJIlICb cocenana , MbI 'laCTO rOBOpHJIH 0 nnyx IWpp,HlIaJIbHhIX norrpocax noaana o crrOC06HOC'fH BbI3hIBaTh couyncrnae 'llITa'feJIR, npaneparasaacr. nCTlIHhl npaponu, II 0 cnoc06HOCTlI npanars eM IIHTepec HOBII3HhI C nOMOm;bIO BCeII3l1ieHRIOID;IIXxpacoa aoofipaareIIllR. BhlJIO penreno C03)J,aTb C60PHlIR CTlIxoTBopeHIIM )J,ByX BII)J,OB. B O)J,HIIXC06hlTlIH II )J,eMcTBYIOID;lIe JIIIu;a )J,OJIlliHhl 6biJllI OhITb XOTR 6hl 'laC'f1I1IIlO cuepx-secrecraenauxa, 'l'f06hl YBJIe'lb 'lIITaTeJIR aaofipaaceaaen TaRIIX npaaarasecnax 'lYBC}Tn, uoropsre vaeaafieamo conpoaoaenana 6hl orracsmaeuue 00CTOHTeJIbCTBa, eCJIII 6hl OHII 6hIJIlI IICTIIHHhlMII» (B iogra phia Literaria.CCW, III, 364-365). <PaHTaCTlI'leCRIIM C03)J,aHIIRIII npanananacs BIIp,lIMOCTb npaB)J,onoA06IIR. TaR oro porta CTIIXII C06lIpaJICR CO'lIIHIITb HOJIbPIIAlli. IIpeAMeToM CTlIxoTBopeHIIM sroporo rnna )J,OJIIli111,16bIJIH 6hlTb 06hlAeHHhle xapaxrepsr II C06I>lTIIR. ABTOPOM I1X CTaJI BoPACBOpT. Ero sanasa, no onpeAeJIeHIIIO KOJIbpHAma, 3aRJIIO'laJIaCb B'TOM, 'lT06hl «npanarr, nOBcep,HeBHOMY ()'IapOBaHIIe HOBII3Hhl •.. OCBo60AIITb BHlIMaHlIe OT JIeTaprIIlI IIIHIBhl'lRII II 06paTIITb ero na npeaecrs namero MlIpa 'lyp,ec II lIelICCRRaeMhlX CORPOBHlU;; Mhl He aocnpmmnaea lIX 1I3-3a IIPJ!eUbI 06hl'laR II arOIlCTlI'leCRIIX 3a6oT, II60 Y IIHC rnaaa , ROTOpl.Ie He BIIAHT, YUIlI, ROTOPhJe He CJIhIUIaT, H copnna, I{OTO1".10 ue 'lYBCTBYIOT II He nOHlIlIlaIOT» (CCW, HI, 3(5). 27

1\0JIbpHJI;m peHHJI BaH B B H

BHeC B 06Il\HH «CTaPIiIH

TPYJI;TOJIbRO qeThlpe Ancient

CTHX6TBOMariner),

nOaMY

MOPJlR» (The

nee OCTaJIbHOe aanacan

BOPJI;CBOpT. C60PHHR CepHJI «JIHpHqeCRHX xparxoe

6hlJI ony6JIHRO6aJIJIaJI;») BhlIDJIa

1798 r. Bropaa 1800 r. C JI;JIHHHhlM

npeJI;HCJIOBHeM BOPJI;CBOpTa, saMeHHB-' YBeJI;OMJIeHHe. CTaJIH xeaee ITo Mepe Toro, CBeTJIliIM1I RaR nee OTCYTCTBHJI BJI;OXHO-

mHM nepaoaaxaasaoe

B JI;aJIbHeHmeM OTHOmeIiHJI nosron 11 paJI;oCTHhlM1I, qeM 6bIJI1I nOHaqaJIY. qam;e 60JIeJI, XHpeJI,

CTpaJI;aJI OT 6eSJI;eHembJl,

nOH1IMaHHJl1I JII06B1I ROJIbP1lJI;/H, nee 60JIee YJI;aqHO CRJIaJI;hlBaJIHCb 06CTOJlTeJIbCTBa m1lSH1I BOPJI;CBOpTa; yrpara BeHHJI, nocrarnraa l\OJIbpHJI;ma aa rrepenoxe a' ero JIaCb BOPJI;CBopTa ropaano JIeT. OH He ncerna noaace, BeROB, ROCHY-

TBOpqeCRaJl aRT1IB-

HOCTb, XOTJI 11 saMeTHO oCJIa6eJIa,

np0JI;OJIiHaJIaCh. erne xaoro C TeM COCTpaJI;aHHe'M,

OTHOC1IJICJIR JI;pyry

B ROTOPOM TOT TaR HymJI;aJICJI, 11 OJI;HamJI;hl OTOSBaJICJI 0 HeM oseas iReCTRO. (hOT OTShlB JI;omeJI JI;0 l\OJIbpHJI;iIm.1I npHBeJI R JI;JI1ITeJIbHOMY paspsmy, H1IKOrJI;a nOJIHOCTblO He sa6bITOMY. OTHomeHHe ero K TBOpqeCTBY 6hlJIOrO coasropa nucxaaaao na crpaaanaxefliographia Litcraria» (1817): XOTJI. OHH naCaJIHCb nOCJIe Toro, SaMe%HHJI KaK noarsr 6hlJIH OTJI;aJIHJIHCb npyr Bhl~BaHhl 01' JI;pyra, l\OJIbpHJI;ma He 06HAOH 11 ropenpoaaaanraaa'

'IblO,' a npHHD;HnHaJIbHhlMH CJI erne B 1802 'r,

paSHOrJIaCHJlMH, l\OJIbpHJI;m,'

Y
Hoe

'BOPJI;CBOpTa, namer MbICJIH

SaMeqaTeJIbHbI

JI;HHeHHe rJIy60KoH paBHOBeCHe Bo06pameHHJI a 60JIee scero aTMoccpepy, cpllryphl,

«coe-

rJIy60KHM

qYBCTBOM, lISYMHTeJIbHa6JiIOJI;eHHJI; OKpaCRY, npHBhlqHOM B CBOH-

npaBJI;HBOCTH Ha6JIIOJI;eHHJI 11 cnoc06HOCT1I npenaersr pacrrpocrpaaa'rs xorcptae B nap

TpaHcqlOpMHpoBaTb opHrHHaJIbHhlH rJIy6HHY

H BOSBhlmeHHOCTb HJI;eaJIbHOrO MHpa aa cHTyaD;HH,

HHD;HJI;eHThl H

npeJI;CTaBJIeHHH JIHmeHhl- 6JIeCKa» (CCW, CTBeHHOH l\OJIbpHJI;my 'SHH BOPJI;CBopTa J{ paSrpaHHqeHHlO' , ROTOPOH ,SaKJIlOqaeTCJI B c09HpaHHH , JIeHHH 6bITHJI no saROHaM acconaanaa)

III, 201).

CPHJIOCOCPCKOH MaHepe

OH HJI;eT OT no a-

<}>aHTaSHH (cpYHKD;HJI palJHOpOJI;HIiIX anesarH Bo06pameHHJI, npanoaraHHX

naromero
'qeCKOrO CBepKalOT

eJI;HHCTBO acex BOCnpHJlTHJI. RanJIH

paSHOpOJI;HhlM aJIeMeHTaM JI;BOHHOMY napy

Baaronapa

cpaHTaSH1I

11 Bo06p8.meHHJI

CTHXH BOPJI;CBopTa CBemH, pocsr,

CJIOBHO aa

ECJIH nepexacaeaae JI;OCTOHHCTB BOPJI;CBOpTa npHBOJI;HT R OOOOm;eHHoMY onpeAeJIeHHIO cymaocra noeaaa, TO' KpHTHKa ero HeJI;OCTaTKOBn03BOJIJleT nOHJlTb, RaRHe onaCHOCT1I CTOJIT

28 "

aa nyu: n03Ta. BOT 'nO'IeMY ROJIbpHp,m C'IHTaeT cetia- OOJl.,. 3aHHhlM OTMeTHTb omHoKH CBoero neaaxoro rnpyra - OHB nOCJIymaT npenocrepemeaaea .BHbIM, MeHee 3Ha'IHTeJIbHhlM anropaa. Ilopanaerca CTHJIHCTB'IeCKaH HenOCJIep,OBaTeJIbHOCTh BOPP,CBopTa, aeoarananaocrr, ero nepexonos OT caxoro BhlCOxoro CTHJIJI K HBSKOMY, CJIBmKOM OOJI;bmaH np'HBepiI,eHHOCTh K, cpaKTB'IeCKOMY, 'Heap;eKBaTHOCTb aanpaaceaaax 'IYBCTB n03Ta He3Ha'IHTeJIhHOCTH onHChlnaeMhlXBM npenaeron, HeCOOTBeTCTBHepesa ero nepconaatea H pesn anropa JIHOO Heonpasnaaaoe HX CJIHHHHe. ROJIbpHp,m nonxepxaaaer, 'ITO 3TB Hep;06TaTKB HH'ITOmHhl no cpasneamo C p,OCTOHHCTBaMB n03Ta B p,OJImHhl OhlTh OTMe'IeHhl TOJIbKO nOTOMY, 'ITO HMeHHO OHB BbIShlBaIOT HaCMemKH XYJIHTeJIeii: B oesp,aJ}Hoe nonpamaulle nOKJIOHHBKOB. ROJIbpHp,m ocnapanaer TeopHIO Bopncnopra 0 TOM, 'ITO HShlR n03SHH p,OJImeH' OhlTb Jl3hlROM p,eii:cT1HITeJIbHOH,mBS1UI, II cnpaaenaaso 3aMe'IaeT, 'ITO aBTOp CBOB JIY'ImHe CTHXB namer B nOJIHOMOTBJIe'IeHHH OT3TOii: reopaa. BOpp,CBOPT, no ero MHeHBIO, aaorna CJIHmKOM oYRBaJIbHO BocnpOHSBop,HT npoSaH'IeCRHe H ypop,JIHBhle HBJIeHHH.TaKoBo CTHXOTBopeHue «MilJIb'IHR-Hp,HOT» (The Idiot Bo,Y) , naofipaataiontee «ooJIesHeHHhlH Hp,HOTH3M»; npa 3TOM YMCTBeHHoe COCTOHHHe MaJI~" 'IHRa TaR oJiHSRO YMCTBeHHOMY COCTOJlHHIOsrarepa, 'ITO era.XOTBopeHHe OOJIbme nOXOiI,e aa naponmo, 'leM HaaHaJIH3 M~;" TepHHCROH JIIOOBR (Biographia Literaria. - CCW, III,

402).

XOTH sar.W'IaHHH ROJIbpHp,ma 'IpeSBhl'IaHHO HanOMHHaIO'f HSBecTHYIO OCTPOTY Baft'poHa 0 repoaae, «Hp,HOTRe-MaTElpa Hp,HOTa-MaJIh'IHRa», OHHHCXOAHT HS npHMO nporaaono .. JIOmHoii: On;eHRH anropa CTHXOTBOpeHHJI - B, COOTBeTCTBeHHO, CTaBHT COBepmeHHO OTJIH'IHhle n;eJIH: ROJIbpHp,m XO'I~ 'crrocoticrsonars COBepmeHCTBOBaHHIO ero n03SHH, B~ii:pok OrpaHH'IHBaeTCH Op,HHMH HaCMemRaMH no ero anpecy. B pastiope omafio« Bopncnopra R<1JIhpHp,m oTcTynHJI OT csoero npaaana He nopanars aaxoro nepen JIHn;OM rex, RTb aecnocofiea nOHJlTb p,OCTOHHCTBanopanaenoro, HOO 3TO npB"' ~Op,HT R HCRameHHIO 'HCTHHbI,R npep,'DJlBHJI obIBme~y coaaropy cepseaasre npeTeHSHH. TeM He xeaee OH ncerna CTaBHJ.[ ero B rrpaxepnpyraa n03TaM cnoero speaeaa: CROTTY, MyPY, Baaporry. IIpHsHaBaH Morym;ecTBo n03SHH nOCJIep,HerO, I\OJIbpHp,m, onaaxo, npOTlIBOnOCTaBJIJlJI «r.WTeopy» ero no;)3IlH CTOHRYIO H HeYKJIOHHO nocxonamyro 3Be3AY n03SHB Bopncaopra. Off YTllepmp,aJI, 'ITO BaHpOJIY uenocraer rJIaB-

29

HhlX sepr HCTIIHHoro nona - 'nOp;JIHHHOrO qYBCTBa HpaBCTBeHHOM, KpaCOTbI. TI033lIH CIWTTa Ka3aJIaCI, HOJII,pHp;n,y rpy60M II npHMHTHBHOM, HeCOBepmeHHOM B MeTpH'leCKOM II JIeKCH'leCKOM OTHOmeHHHX II nonnoa np03aH3MOB. Bees cexper ee' 06aHHHH, nonaraer OH, aaronosea «B anysmrx Ha3BaHHHX mOTJIaHp;CKHX 3aMKOB, rop H osep .... BP;JIIIHHhlX nepevacnemrax noeamax II QXOTHHqI,llX TepMllHOB» (CL, III, 290-295, 10.1810). Erne eneprasaee ROJII,pHp;m nopanaer «rJIIIHHHhle H3p;eJIHH» n033HIIMypa, xoropsre (<IIOPTHT aHrJIlIiicKHii H3hlK» (CL, OT3hlBOB 06'bHCHHeTcH TeM, n033HH, acnoasayromaa He cyrrecranaue cpencraa xynoacecraenaoro B03p;eiicTBI'IH. 8TlIM me Bhl3BaHO ero Henpaarne n033l1H CayTH - nOBepXHOCTIIOii, Hep;OCTaTOqHO.pllJIoco.pllqHoii, coueraiomea CJIa60CTI, aoofipaaceaaa C 6aHaJII,HOCTbro II nansrmeaaocrero 06pa30B. TIlIcI,Ma ROJII,pllp;ma K Cayra nOJIHhl TOH'laiimllX nonpasou, anasenae KOTOPbIX p;JIH npaKTlPleCKOH CTHJIIICTIIKH n03TH'leCKOii peaa erne He nOJIyqlIJIO p;oJImHoii OIJ;eHKH(CL, 1,137, 289-291, 11.12.1794, 26.12.1796). RplITlIKYH CaYTII, ROJIbplIP;m yrseparnaer CBOll MhlCJIH 0 rrpaananna noara: OH p;OJImeH 6hlTI, .pllJIOCO.pOM. Torna OH CMomeT cnacrn qeCTI, aHrJIHHCKOii n033HH, OCBo60-P;llTI, ee OT MeXaHlIqeCKOro paU;IIOHaJI1I3Ma, OT KJIaCCIIIJ;HCTHqeCKOii .popMaJIbHOCTlI, HaChlTHTI, ee rJIy60KHM otimeae,JIOBeqeCKHM conepzsaaaea. DYTI, K soapoamenmo n0331111 P;JIH HOJII,pllp;ma JIemllT -repes CJIep;OBaHlIe CTapbIM 06pa3IJ;aM - Illeacnnpy, MJIJII,TOHY H Hapop;HOMY TBopimCTBY. «Illexcnapnaapoaaaaet CTaJIO OCHOBOii npaaarvpr-asecnax onsrron ROJII,plIp;ma B rparennax «Pacaaaaaesfftemorse) H «3anOJIbH» (Zapolya); CTpeMJIeHlIe K 6e3bIcKyccTBeHHocTH .pOJII,KJIOPHOM n033HH onpenezrano iRaHp «JIlIpHqeCKHX 6aJIJIap;». Paauep 6aJIJIap;bI, yrnepameaHbIii BeKo~oH rparranaea, ycroirsaaaa ofipaanocrr, ocrpsra p;paMaT1I3M H croarernocrr., eaepraa iKlIBym;ero B HeM Mllpa qYBCTB 6hlJIH llCnOJII,30BaHhl MOJIOP;hlMH rr03TaMlI P;JIH roro, qTo6hl 06'bHBHTI, BoiiHY crapsru MeTop;aM anaroacxoa noacHORJIaCClIqeCKOH n0331IH., TpYP;HO nepeonemrrs aaasenae IlX o6m;ero ctiopaasa. Be3 Hero He 6hlJIlI 6bI B03J1lOmHhl CMeJIble HCKaHHH H aaxonua llieJIJIH II HIITca; ero soaneacraae ncmaraJIll nasce 60JIee aepasre nareparypaoii rpananaa CKOTT II

IV, 740, 15.6.1817). Heonpasnaaaaa peaaocrs 3THX 'ITO P;JIH ROJII,plIp;ma aenpaeanena npeasrymecmeano acmre, npaxsre,

Baapoa.

30

6. Heanorae
«CMyrJIaJI «Hy6JIa II03MbI-6aJIJIa)J,bI HOJIhPH)J,/I,H «TPH (<CTapbIH MOrHJIhD), 60JIee MOPSIK», OTPhlBOK

naua», «HpHCTa6eJIh», XaH») csrrpana He MeHee

II033HH, 'IeM B~p)J,CBopTa. H HeCKOJIhKHX KaK ero

061I0BJIHIO~yIO 3a

pOJIb B HC-

TOpHH aHrJIHHCKOH

ropasno

MHOrO'IHCJIeH-

usre
see TaK

IIpOH3Be)J,eHHH C03)J,aIIHH

HCKJIIO'IeHHeM

«Craporo

MOpHKa»

)J,eCHTKOB JIHpH'IeCKHX OCTaBaJIHCh 6hl.Ha CO'IlIUeHHH. OHH B

CTHXOB, IIO'ITH CPpan.ieHTap6blJIH

HOJIhpH)J,ma

He3aBepIIIeHHhlMH-

me,

TeOpeTH'IeCKHe ero

HOCTh 3Ta TaJIhHOrO caoero 6eHHOCTeii

B H3BeCTHOH Mepe xapaxrepa

CJle)J,CTBHeM 8KCIIepHMeH-

IIpOH3Be)J,eHHH. nponecca H

onuraua,
OCO-

pona

HCCJle)J,OBaHHHMH C03HaHHH, TBOp'IeCKOrO MhlIIIJIeHHIO . 06YCJIOBJIeHa II rasoxe

'IaCTHOC'l'H

IIpe)J,eJIOB,

)J,OC'l'yIIHhIX IIpOKaK nyme

xY)J,O/I{eC'l'BeHHOMY

. CPparMeHTapHOCTh OH yTpaTHJI uecxoro neIIpHHTHe BIIMoe K

C)1,BHrOM, IIOCJIe roro,

~CHi'e~~13"'MllpojH)"33peHlrnl\OJIhpH)J,/I{a "Bep'Y'jrlf()'3MOmHOCTh TIoIIbITKa II IIa pe.sOJIIOD;HII nepenopora. CTpeMJIOIlHe IIpHMHpHTh·

6JIarOTBOpHOCTh B peaKD;HH,

IIOJIHTlI-

CBoeH

nenparrrae

neocymecr-

npOTHBopetlHBOH TI0331IH, OHlI

OCHOBe C03)J,aTh

ue-

JIOCTHYIO H Bceo6'beMJIIO~yIO

CHCTeMY He MOrJIII YBHJIH K

He npHBeCTH B03HlIKTeM aa

cepseaaosry
ero TOH

KPlI3IICY. Me'ITaMlI rJIaBHbIX

B)J,OXHOBJIeHHaH eCJIH He peKO BpeMeHH utenenpoa, HO BO BCHKOM

BOJIIOD;lIOHHbIMlI HOBeHIIH CJIy'Iae

n03TII'IeCKlIX

Tpe60BaTeJIhHOCThIO K HeH OTHomeHIleM, HOJIhplI)J,ma, OIIpaB)J,aTb II03)J,HeHmHX meJIaHIIH

)J,eHCTBlITeJIhHOCTlI, He MOrJIa pa3BlIBUThCH

KpHTlI'IeCKHM OCHOBe HbIiI KlIX ero

xoropae

CJIOII.{HJIIICh B pe-

BOJIIOD;lIOHHI¥H nepaon B3rJIH)J,OB, ero crpoa, rlI'IeCKOe

KOHcepBaTlIBHo-oxpaHHTeJIhHhiX cymecrnyromaa II03Ta: COD;lIaJIbTpaBeJIII3IIOXII HeY)J,OBJIeTBOplITeJIbHbiiI. CTpeMJIeHlIeM II

XOTH II BO MHorOM MlIpoorn;yrn;eHlIe nepy.

HOJIh panaca,

IIOTpHceHlIiI, BepOHTHO,

BCTYIIHJIO B CIIOP co <pparMeHTapHOCTb, HaIIpHmeHIIH, 'IYBCTB

06peCTfI )J,pyrlIM orpOMHOCJIOIRIIOIIhlTKH,

YTeIIIHTOJIbHYIO TBopeHIIHM IIeiIIIIeiI nne B 1I3 ropaxea

CJ;lOiICTBeHHaH aTMOC<pepoiI

pOMaHTIIKOB,

06'bHCHHeTCH 1I lI)J,eiI,

ro nnyrpenaero 60Pb60iI :JKCIIepHMeHThI, KpyIIHhIX

B KOTOPOH OHII TBOPIIJIlI, rropoxmaamea neaoe Hl1rIlICaTh HOJIbplI)J,lI.{a

HeB03MomHOCTh np01I3Be)J,eHHiI rr.non

IIp01I3Be)J,eTOJIbI{O

O)J,HOM KJIIO'Ie. 3aKOH'IeH MOPHW), )J,pym6oiI nymennoro nO)l;'heMU, IlbI3BUHHoro 1'1'.). 3aMbI-

«Crapsra

C BOP)J,CBOPT:J.MII

(1797-1798

31

cea

noamr

OT'laCTlI eye». Ero

npIIHa,IJ;JIemaJI O,IJ;HYCTPOKY:

IIMeHHOBop,IJ;CBOPTY, «He holds him with

no his

nanacan glittering

OH scero

BJIIIHHIIe npII,IJ;aJIO ROJIbpli,IJ;my TBep,IJ;OCTb,

Heo6xo,IJ;IIMYIO ,IJ;JIH aasepmenaa TpY,IJ;a, II ono iHe, BII,IJ;IIMO, onpe,IJ;eJIIIJIO ,IJ;II,IJ;aKTII'leClme Ten,IJ;enD;IIII noaast, RPIITIIKII 11 sepoa. CnpaBe,IJ;JIIIBO YKa3bIBaIOT, O,IJ;naKO, 'ITO MOpaJIb MopHKa, ee Be CBO,IJ;IITCH YCTanOBJIeHIIIO TOiK,IJ;eCTBaMem,IJ;Y JII060BbIO K

Taxoe

OTOm,IJ;eCTBJIenlIe YMeCTno B yCTaX HO ae .

'leJIQBeKa npOCTbIX nynreaasrx ,IJ;BIImeBIIll, ByeT CJIOmBOll <pIIJIOCOqlHII n08Ta.

COOTBElTCT-

IIpIIKJIIO'leBIIH
CIIMBOJIII'leCKIIll 'lIIBOCTII, eCTeCTBa 3TlIX ,IJ;06pa), nepnee,

MopHKa

IIMeIOT ¥6IIllCTBO

OT'leTJIIIBO IIII

BhlpameHHhlll ,IJ;OBep3aKOHOB napynreane BaKa3aHIIe. TOBanaaasmeeO~HOM a Ha

xapaxrep. ecrs

B 'leM He nOBIIBBoit-

nTIID;hl, CHemBO-6eJIoro

aJIh6aTpOca aapymeaae

(CIIMBOJI 'lIICTOThl,

neocnopaaax
0606ID;eBHQe aa C060ll

CIIMBOJIII'leCKII

Ilpecrynnoaae Hpecrmae MyKB, acnuraanae

aaKOHOB. plIID;aMII, CH C roro yponne npOCTOll MIIra, HOMY BOCXIIID;eHIIIO 60IKbIIMII ecrrCTIIJIII3aD;BH non peJIIIrlI03HOll

BJIe'leT caMIIM

MOPHKOM 11 ero

IIX ,IJ;JIIITeJIbHaH arOHIIH, KOr,IJ;a OH 06peJI

B03pom,IJ;eHlIe, cnoc06HOCTb ace

K 6ecKophlcT8TO aa

TBapHMII,-

Cpe,IJ;HeBeIWBYIO' 6aJlJIa,IJ;y, C ee II HCKynJIeHHH, HCCJIe,IJ;OBaHIIe COCTOHHlIll. npOHBIIJIcaaoaaanpOTIIBO-

MOpaJIbIO rpexa

;g;pyrOIlI,

60JIee BbICOKOJII, npe,IJ;CTaBJIHeT C060ll ROJIbpH,IJ;ma K raxoro KaK yme 3.HaJIH3a, npII3HaHHll. me,KaK IIMnYJIbChl B ero B

IICTOPHII ,IJ;ymII II KOHTpaCTHbIX nCHXOJIOrH'leCKIIX

Harepec
CH raroae, reparypnoro JIIITH'leClmX BII,IJ;eH. TaK nonoarasre

pO,IJ;anp06JIeMaM B ero ni)JIHOll mHByT

rOBOpIIJIOCb nsnne, nepenacae,

MeTO,IJ;KKeJIII-

«Crapoa

MopHKe» nyme

OB BnOJIHe oneJII060BHO-3aBoa1I3-3a OT

B 'leJIOBe'leCKOll

,IJ;06pa H 3JIa .(B n08Me

60TJIIIBOe OTHomeHHe K ,IJ;oBep'lnBOll nTHD;e CMeHHeTCH aeoaca,IJ;aHHbIM aKTOM HaCIIJIHH), Me3,IJ;ne nplIHIIMaeT JIe,IJ;HHoro ,uap},I TaK H nOCTHraIOID;ee MopHKa <P0PMhl: MOPHX OT MY'leHHll K aaxpea, cTpaAaHHHM

xoarpacraue XOJIo,IJ;a B ceaepasrx

K noaoce

II mam,IJ;hl na axnarope:

OT crpammax MepTBoro

KOT'OPLIe

rOHHT Kopa6JII),ll08TII'leCKIIe pacxpsmaror KaHIIIIeM Hue 0

mTHJIH II

BhlHym,IJ;eII-

HOll HenOABIImHOCTH.· nOAP06HOCTH OAHcceII MopHKa CHMBOJIII'leCKH MyKH orpaaraer 'leJIOBeKa, ero npexme OXBa'le~IHOrO ncero pacaeacnpaaaaocra. zrymesmre

B COAeHHnOM II C03HanueM pa3Bep3aIOID;HXCH OT

Ca-

MaH KO·HTpacTHocTb nx 6e3AHSX, BIICHMOCTU ero

npeACTaBJIenyxa , 0 aa-

B raytianax

raaasrx,

aJI06HhlX,

paD;HOHaJIbHO nenocra-

32

"KH3HH, ee, HerrO,Il;qIIHeHUH 3,I1;paBOMY CMhlCJIY nsrpaacaer O,Il;HH ::lCTeTHKH pOMaHTII3Ma, npcraaono/ 13 OCHOBHhlX; acnexroa

~HMLIX CHJI: IIpe,Il;cTaBJIeHHe 0 pa30pBaHHOCTH rrCUXHqeCIWH:

!OiKHLIX ::lCTeTHKe rrpOCBeTIITeJILCK,Oro KJIaCCHU;II3Ma. KOHTpaCTHOCThara orpaacaer TaKme II,II;eIOKOJIbpU,II;ma 0 TOM, 'lTO 3AHHoe xY,II;0JKeCTBeHHoeneaoe «popMIIPyeTcH 113 nporanonoJIOmHLIX ,9JIeMeHTOB. Ha TaKOM ',II;HaJleKTIIqeCKOM e,Il;HIlcTB6 tipoTHBorrcwomiIOCTeH: CTPOIITCHBCH .noaaa. Ee pa3p03HeHHLI6 JrrII30,Il;LI 06'Le,Il;IIHHIOTCHrro npnanauy aCKYCHO 3aMKHYTLIX aCCOU;IIaU;IIH: KOHTpaCTa, npe,Il;IIIecTByIOID;ue iKaphl rrpe-

KOJIbU;OCIOlKeTa II HpaBCTBeHHOHKOHCTpa,Il;aHlIH, II XOJIO,Il;3.,

U;errU;UII:

«pII3II'leCKIIe

cTyrrJIeHIIIO,

y6IIHCTBO, KOHTpaCTHhle MyKII repoa,

TeJIa II ,Il;YIIIII, CMepTII II HeB03MOiKHOCTIIYMepeTb (CMepTII scex MOPHKOB, KpOMe cauoro xa II ero HIIH rrOHBJIeHIIe xopatina-npaapaacxynne-

aaanaaca nyma ero

CMepTII II JRII3HII-B-C?i6PTII),

II rrOBTOpHIOm;erOCHB03Bpam;eHIIH CTapLIX Tep3aHIIH:,

Cnaceaae
onycxaerca

Craporo

MopHKa ,Il;OCTaJIOCh ,Il;OpOrOHu;eHOH:: caaoro Kopa6JIH, KOTOPLIH:

rU6eJIbIO ncex

crrYTHIIKOB II

aa ,Il;HO l'tIOpCKoe. B paanaraa II ,Il;ymH qeJlOBe'leCKOH, ee iKIIBym;IIMII

<l>aHTaCTH'leCKIIe ::lrrII30,Il;LI nO::lMLI CUMBOJIII3IIPYIOT, cae,Il;OBaTeJIhHO, cTyrreiIH HeII36eiKHhle naneaan KOHeqHYIO rro6e,Il;y nan

-B HeH TeMHhlMII CIIJIaMII.

<l>II3II'leCKaH 60Jlb OKaaLIBaeTCH 06'LeKTIIBIIpOBaHHLIM BhlpaiKeHIIeM xoro HIIH: CKIIMII sepea scerna 60JIII HpaBCTBeHHOH, HeII36eiKHoro mapa, BIIXPh mTIIJIb, cnyraaaa Ha,Il;eiK,II;aBCH6e3ee ,Il;YXOBHoro pOCTa. ELITh MOiKeT, CMeHa 9TIIX nepeaeasa(XOJIO,Il; II C xpIICTIIaH-

Ha,Il;eiKHOCTbII CHOBa Ha,Il;eiK,II;a.) CBH3aHa rarose JIer()H,II;aMII 0 MLITapCTBe nyma, qIICTIIJlIIID;e B pati.

0 npoxoameaaa

BepOHTHO, KOJIbpII,II;m BcnOMIIHaJl KOTOPLIM CqaCTJlIIBoro KOHu;a, yc-

TaKiKe II orrIIcaHIIH

ana B «KOMe,Il;IIII» ,I1;aHTe, nepen

npeKJlOHHJICH. ,HenOJIHOTa

TOH~IIBOCTL CTpa,Il;aHIIH, ncropraromero y MopHKa nOBTopHLI6 nOKaHHIIH B CBoeM nocrynxe, rosopar He TOJILKO 0 CYM,. patmOH: «pIIJIOCO«pIIII anropa, HO II 0 ero sepe B TO, 'lTO nymesaa xaaa,' KOTOBIIHOBHoro na nap, ' nsre Tep3aHIIH rrOKa3hlBaIOT mUByqeCTb nofiporo lVlOpaJlLHOHrrLITKe, no CTaJI nexam.aee 'IIITaTeJIHMII

poe He MIIPIITCH C C03HaHIIeM BllHhl II nonsepraer CBa,Il;e6HLIH rOCTL, CJIymaBIIIuH MopHKa, He nonan

. Be,Il;ym;eH R ,D;YXOBHOMYnpOCBeTJleHllIO. II My,Il;pee. To iKe ,Il;OJIiKHO CJIyqllTbCH U C

rrO::lMLI KOJIbpu,II;iKa. B paanoii CTeneHII BOnJIOm;aIOTnareparypmre

CUMBOJIII3M,«pllJIOco«pUqnOCTL, rrCUXOJIOrIl'IeCKlIe OTKpOBeJIlUI «MOPHKM

":t'.l

KOJIhpIIAma B nopy ero nucmero pacnaera. 3TH npOCJIenmBaIOTcH II B xapaxrepe ero 06pa3HocTH.' nopaacatomea HOBII3HOii, KOHRpeTHocThIO, OIIl,YTIIMOCTbIO B COOTBeTCTBIIII C TeOpeTIIqeCRHMII AeI{Jlapa~IIHMH noara, nee OHII oxpanremr eAIIHhIM nacrpoeuaea OTqaHHIIH II crpaxa, CBoHcTBeHHhIM 60JIbHOii COBeCTII. ECJIII KOJIhpHAmy He BIIOJIHe, no ero c06CTBeHHOMY MHeHHIO, YAaJIOCb y6eAHTeJIbHO aprYMeHTHpOBaTb B03MomHOCTb CTOJIb CJIOmHhIX nepeacasanna ~JIH IIpOCTOro MaJIOpa3BIIToro qeJIOBeRa, TO eMY BO BCHROM cnysae YAaJIOCb, C OAHon CTOPOHhI, C03AaTb eAHHCTBO 3MOr~HOHaJIbH6 otipaaaoa CHCTeMhI, a C APyron - IIPHBeCTH ee B COOTBeTCTBHeC oc06eHHOCTHMH BOCIIPHHTHH repoa. B ero paccxaae COJIH~e He 60JIbIIIe JIYHbI, OHO BHCHT npH~O H8A MaqTOn HJ1H BbIXOAHT 1I3 oauoro MOpH H HanOMHHaeT roJIOBY fiora; JIH~O COJIH~a IIIHpORoe H ropaniee. A Mope rnaer, RHnHT, RaR BeAhMHH ROTeJI, ropnr 6arpOBbIM H aJIOBeIIl,HM oruex, CT8HOBHTCH 06HTaJIlIIIl,eM CRJIH3RHX CYIIl,eCTB, nO.lJ3arOIIl,IIX rra MaJIeHhRHX noacxax. ,IJ;YIIIeBHhIM COCTOHHHHM- O~HHOqeCTBY, paCCRaHHHIO, ymacy, CTpaAaHHIO - COOTBeTCTBYIOT .pH3HqeCRHe OIIl,ym;eHHH: mamAa TaRaH, qTO CTeRJIHHeIOTrnaaa , pOT a86HT cameii, qepHbIe ry6hI '3aneRaIOTCH; THmeCTh TaRaH, qTO, Ra3aJIOCb, ~lOpe n He60 06pYIIIHJIHCb na MopHRa; crpax TaRon, RaRon IIYBcTByeT qeJIOBeR, xorna, cnacaacs OT norona, nanparaer rrOCJIeAHHe CHJIbI, 6enmT - 1I nce-raxn nacrynaer na reus rrpeCJIeAOBaTeJIH, crpax 3TOT, .CJIOBHO1I3 qaIIIRH, nser RPOBb H3 cepnna MopHRa. Tocxa paccxaa-raxa omyraaa B TOM, qTO BCIOAY OH BIIAliT TOJIbRO rHHJIh: rHHeT Mope, rHHeT xopafim, - He rHlIIOT TOJIbRO MepTBhle, JIeIKam;He aa rHHIOIIl,en nanyfie. OTqaHHlIe BIInOBIIIIRa IIX r1I6eJIH npOHBJIHeTCH II B ~HyTROM aaynononpancaTeJIhHOM BocnpOII3BeAeHlIlI IIIYMa naAaIOm;IIX TeJI: « .•. with heavy thump, 8 lifeless lump they dropped down one by one». ·,IJ;YIIIH MepTBbIX npOHOCHTCH MIIMO nero, nOA06HO CBIICTY JIYRa - roro caxoro, II3 xoroporo OH y61IJI aJIb6aTpOca. STa AeTaJIb nepenaer ero yxcac nepen c06CTBeHHbIM 110CTYIIROM. B TpaAII~110HHOM peJIIIrII03HOM xnrpoonrymeana r.lOpHRa BhICIIIaH crynem, OAIIHOqeCTBa OIIl,YIIl,aeTCH RaR OTCYTCTBIIe 6ora, RaR npe6bIBaHlIe AYIIIII B npocropax MOPJI. TIpe06parKaIOTCH II npHXOAHT B TaHHCTBeIIHoe ABHfl.{eHIIe nee rrpaasrumre HBJIeHHH - eOJIHlW (npmiepu CM. BbfIIIe), JIYHa 1I 3Be3AbI: B mnrmeM I{paeIIIRe 1130rHYToro pora JIYHhI IIpIIH~HnLI

npaunanu

BH,1l;HeeTCH3Be3,1l;OqKa; OHa npecnertyer JIyHy (the star-dogged' Moon), ,1l;pyrHe 3Be3p;hI 6pocaIOTcH nnepen (the stars rush out), JIYHa rrO,1l;HHMaeTCH,HO He rrpefismaer narne (and nowhere did abide), 3aTO JIyqH ee CJIOBHO pacrrpocrpaamor anpenscxaz HHeH H H3p;eBaIOTCH Hap; p;ymHbIM OKeanOM: «.•• her beams bemocked the sultry main,/ Like April hoarfrost spread». Onaccea OKaHqlIBaeTCH qyp;eclIhIM cnacemreu MopslKa: re me nepxons , CKaJIa, Mam" OT KOTOPhIX HaqIlHaJIOCb ero CTpaHCTBIIe, Terrepb CTaHOJlHTCH CBIIP;eTeJIHMH ero B03Bpam;eHHH. lIMII OTKpbIBaeTCH H IIMH 3aKpbIBaeTCH p;eiicTBlIe. H_o BUYTpeHHee AeitcTBIIe ue aasepmaerca, 0110 nepoxonar B. 6eCKOHeqHOe - B COOTBeTCTBIIH C 3aMbICJI0ll1 pouaaraseCKOH II03MhI, B KOTOPOH BHp;HMoe H HBHoe otipameno K seaHOMY H TpaHCIJ;eIl,Il,eHTaJIhHOMY. cDaHTaCTIIqeCKlIe npenpam;eHHH B Call10H CBoeH qYBcTBeHHOH KOHRpeTHocTH p;0JImHLI· pOMaHTHqeCKIIMII CIIMBOJIall1H CBH3aTh Mllp Hp;eH C peaJIhHLIM 9MIIlIpHqeCRHM'MHPOM, nepenarr- cKop6HhIH nyrr, onafioro II rpemaoro qeJIOBeK8., B CTpap;aHHH H paCKaHHHH 06peTaIO-. mero CIIJIY H 6eCClI1epTHe,- II B TO /I,e BpeMH BLI3BaTb y qllTarreJIH TOT BpeMeHHLIH OTPhIB OT cnenraxecxoro aenepna H COMHeHIIH, 6ea KOTOPLIX, rro y6emp;eHHIO l\OJIbpH,II,ma - reopernxa, aesoaxoacao socnpaarae n03aHH.

7
Em;e 60JIee TparllqeCRIIH xapaarep HOCHT HeOKOHqeHHaH n03Ma «l\pHcTa6eJIb» (Christabel, 1798-1800). OHa 6hIJIa oIIy6JIHROBaHa JIHmb B 1816 1'., HO npnofipeaa HaBeCTHOCTb B CIIHCKax. H B,II,OXHOBJIHJIaCRoTTa, Bajrpoaa, IIIeJIJIH, l\IITca . .Ilopaa.aaa KOJI,II,OBCRaH- TaHHCTBeHHaH H 3JIOBem;aH - aTMocq,epa rr03MLI, ee aaranoxaaa rreaaas H rr03TIIQHOCTb, ociHOBaHHaH na HOBhIX 3CTeTIiQeCKHX npHHIJ;lIUaX H KpHTepHHX. ,D;eHcTBHe n03l11bI nepeneceao B nanexoe cpenneaeaoaoe npomaoe, oCB060m,Il,eHHoe OT 3MrrHpHQeCIWH peaJIbHOCTH. OHO O,Il,HHaIWBOHeaaBHCHMO OT XpOHOJIOrHH, OT reorpadiaa, OT JIOrHRII anpasoro CMbICJIa, OT Tpap;HIJ;1I0HHOii MOpaJIH. IIpeKpacaaa JIe,Il,H Hpacrafiens, nonnomeune HeBHHHOCTH H BeJIHJW,1l;ymIlH, cnacaer HOQbIO B' necy, xyna OHa OTrrpaBHJIaCb, QT06hI non aaBeTHhIM ,Il,y60M B03HeCTlI MOJIHTBhIaa csoero p;aBHO OTCYTCTBYIOm;ero meHHxa, 3JIyIO BOJIIllC6IIIIIJ;y J];mcpaJIbAlIHY. B HaHBHOM ,Il,eBHQheM IJeBeAeIIHH oua IIo:mOJIHCT pa3py-

mHTeJIbHbIM TeMHbIM CHJIall1:SToprHYTbCH 13aaMOK, B CBOIOOIlQ'IHBaJIbHIO. CJIHmKOM n03)l;HO, JIHWb xorna CHHIJ;a orrnana 'IapaMH orna l\pMcTaOeJIb, 3JIa. 0 TOM, 'ITO nOOe)l;HTb BOOiImii CBOIO orraCHYIO omMOKY. rrpOTMB HarJIOrO ,II;oBep'lMBaH IWBapHaH nanej)l;eBMl(a

nonaaaer

nofipora

OeCCMJIbHa

ropacecma

Bee

nocrpoenae

nO::JMbI rOBopMT

)l;OJImHO MMelIlIO 3JIO, no 1\0JIhpM)l;ma-TeOJIOra, npoaucen, caoro B ero

TaKOH 4JHHaJI OhlJI HeMbICJIMM )l;.iIH rrYTM K COBepmeUCT:SY.

3aCTaBJIHBmerO ceOH neparr,

aeacnonenaxae

IlO::Jl\1a He MOrJIa OhlTb 3aKOHqeHa: C03HaHMH, ornromenaoro n033MeH,COOOH,'nepen He lIMeJIO

CTOJIKHo:seHHe rparaxe-

BHIIOH nepen OJIlI3KMMlI, nepen

M OJIa,rOqeCTMBOroonTlIMM3Ma, KOpemeuaa.

TOPhlii 1\0JlbplI)l;m rrornrrxu ofipecrn

nee OOJIeeCqMTaJI nna cefia 00H3aTeJIblIbIM,

xynoatecrnenaoro

Ero

cynopoamne Mupe, paapu-

aOCOJIIOTlIhle o;eHHOCTM B

BaeMOM nOJIMTM'leCKOH M naU;MOHaJIhIIOH Bpa/Hp;oH, )l;OJInmbI. OhlJlH npMBeCTlI K nOMCKaM pemennaa nasan IIbI,

npnxrnpenan

BO BCeMCo;eJIJIIoru;eHMY)l;POCTM oora. OT COMHeHMH sepa npOB03rJIaCMBmero

Ho

BCCX npornaopevna KBMeT1l3M M OT-

He MOrJlM BP;OXHOBMTbnO::JTa,

OOPbOY M e)l;MHCTBO npOTMBOnOJIOnmbIX )l;aBJIeHMe xplICTlIaHCKOH )l;OKTPMCOO;MaJIbHOH )l;eHCTBMTeJIbTaK II aa-

rJlaBHbThI 3aKOHOM TBOp'leCTBa. ,II;ymeBHhle 'M tPM3H'leO)l;lIHaKOBoe HenpMHTMe KaK

CKlIe CTpa)l;aHMH, pacrymee

IIOCTM B ee npaKTM'IeCKM cyru;eCTBYIOru;MX(poplIfax, npaBJIeHHbIX JIeHTOB C03)l;aBaJIM TO omymeaae

rrpOTMB IIee M)l;eH M MX rrOJIMrM'leCKMX ::JI\BMBaoe3blCX'O)l;HOCTM, KOTOPhl8 aonaomana )l;eMOHCTpMpeaasno-

y6MJIM rrO::JTM'leCKOe B)l;OxHOBeHMe 1\0JIbpM)l;ma. TaK me, KaK «CTapbIH MOPHK», «l\pncTaOeJIb» M3JIIOOJIeHHhleTeOpeTM'leCKMe M)l;eM 1\0JIbpM)l;ma, PYH TopmeCTBO aooripazseaaa, nepeaecrnaurero rparasecxae nepeaoraanaa

B MMp 4JaHTaCTM'leCKMX00pa30B, M MeTa4JopM'leCKlIM,

KOIITpaCTlIbIX M CMMBOJlM'IeCKMX.OHM OKa3hlBaIOTCH nocpenIlMKaMM Mem)l;Y OYKBaJIbHhlM 3Ha'leHlIeM COCTaBJIHIOTaHa,JIorMIO K TOMY COe)l;MHeHIlIO Mp;eaJIbHOrO M peansnoro MMPOB, xoropoe )l;JIH 1\0JIbpM)l;ii)a Il HBJIHeT cofioa o;eJIb aexrrroro cyru;eCTBOBaHlIH. l\OJIbpll)l;m TIl'leCKIlH C'lMTaJI, 'ITO C03)l;aJI )l;JIH

«Hpacratieas»
y)l;apHhlX

nO::JM He-

paanep,

COOJIIO)l;aIOID;IIH TOJIhKO IIIlCJIO Y)l;apeHMii nepenoaanae

B CTpOKe, HO He npanxm.noe oo;eHMBaJI oparananenocrr, IlleCTBeHHMKIl cpenn 'IeCKIlH CTIlX

Y)l;apHbIX CJIOrOB M He otimee IlX IWJIM'leCTBO. ECJIM OH M rrepeCBOMX onsrroa (y Hero ObIJIll npenna M noofinie TOHMBOJIbHOCTll), «eJlH3aBeTIlIIo;eB»,

OaJIJIap;bI nonycaaer

nonofiuue

TQ nee me OH nepBhlH C<P0PMYJUlpOBaJI B03MonmOCTL npacnecofiars MeTpHKy' K conepaeaamo. 1l3MeHeHIIe tllICJIa CJIOrOBnOp;'1IIHeHOnepexeaaa B xapaxrepe ofipaaon 1I '1YBCTB. Maoroofipaane MY'IIIBIIIIIX Rom. pIIp;ma B{)npOCOB C YP;IIBHTeJIbHOHHCKpeHHOCTbIOBblCKa3aHO B ero JIIIpH'IeCKIIX CTHxax. Ilosra see OHlI HOCHT ;mcneplIMeHT&'JIhHhlH xaparerep, Taxono, aanpaxep, CTIIXOTBopeHIIe «COJIOBeH» (The Nightingale), C03p;aHHoe B nopy nsrcmero pacnnera TBOp'leCTBa Hoaspanaca, B nopy Hap;emp; 11 sepu B 6yp;y~ee. BonE~~!!~ClI'IeCKOH Tpap;II~IIII n03T nlIIIIeT 6eJIhlM CTlIXOM. ~~.~0B'!'lH~ - «craxoraopenae-fecenar (conversational poem); OHOofipameao K caMhlM 6JIII3KlIM P;PY3hHM, BlIJIhHMY 11 ,1l;OpOTlI BOpp;CBopTaM, 11 npoHHKHYTO TenJIOTOH nosopaa, lICKJIIO'IaIO~eH B03MomHOCTb HenOHIIMaHIIH. Bootipaacaeaaa 6ecep;a nponcxonar n03p;HlIM Be'lepOM, acxope nOCJIe aaxona COJIHiJ;a, na crapox, nopocmea MXOM MOCTHKe. TlIIIIHHa 11 TeMHOTa nOp;qepKHYThl conOCTaBJIeHIIeM C TeM, 'ITO MOrJIO6hl aapynnrrs lIX,- C «p;JIlIHHOHTOHKOHnoJIOCOHyrpioxoro CBeTa» (long thin slip of sullen light), c mypllaHbeM py-rsa. B03HIIKaeT HeomHp;aHHaH aCCO~lIa~IIH C BeceHHIlMII P;OffiP;HMII, KOTOPhlll1 npencroar otipanonars aeJIeHYIO aeMJIIO. B 6JIarOBOHHbIH nOKoH BphlBaIOTcH aBYKlI COJIOBbllHOro nenaa, noccoanaansre C aaMe'l:aTeJIhHOH MY3hlKaJIhHOH H306peTaTeJIbHOCThIO; aayaononpaacaaae, yCKopeHH9 II aaMep;JIeHlJe resrna nepenator PIITMMHOrOrOJIOCOH neCHH, nOJIHOaBY'IHhlH nOTOK MeJIOP;HlI, ee nepenanra 11 nepexarra. Hpacora COJIOBbHHOro xopa norrraaeaa TOpil{eCTBeHHO-CllaCTJIlIBOMYHRcTpoeHlIIO noara Hero aeapasrux co6eCep;HlIKOB. ROJIhplIp;m C aeronoaanaea ornepraer o6paa MeJIaHXOJIH'" lIeCKOHnramr, KOTOPbIHYTBepp;HJICHB noaaaa C JIerKOH PYKB: MlIJIhTOHa.« ... HoIIHOH CTpaHHlIK, cepnne xoroporo npoaalIJIO aocnouaaaaae 0 TIHKeJIOH 061Ip;e, 0 Mep;JIeHHOHfioneafill HJIH OTBeprHYTOH JlI06BlI ..• HanOJIHHeT necs xap co6oit H aaCT.aBJIHeT see aoxpyr nOBTopHTh n'OBeCTh 0 co6CTBeHHOM rope» ( .•. night-wandering man whose heart was pierced! With the remembrance of a grievous wrong,/Or slow distemper, or neglected love,/ ... fill'd all things with himself! And made all gentlasonnds tell back the tale/Of his own sorrow). Ho B npnpone HeT MeCTa nenana - ee CJIap;OCTHhlerOJIOca ncerna nOJIHbI JII06BH 1I pap;OCTH. 8TO y6emp;eHlIe, paCTYmee as <plIJIOCOqllIlIROJIbplIp;ma, IIop;TBepm,n;aOTCHII ero (lMOn;IIOHaJIhHhlM OIIbITOM. Hnaxe II 6bITb ne 1\1OrJlO: OIl He YMeJI
37

MbICJIIITb, He qyBCTBYH, II 'IYBCTBOBaTb, He MbICJIH. C"laCTJIII~' BaH YBepeHHOCTb B APym6e, B 6e3pa3AeJIbHOCTII aaaaxaoro IIOHIIMaHIIH, OAep,HIIMOCTb c06CTBeHHblM n()aTlIqeCHIIM npnananaexr II Me'ITOH, 'ITO «ero neCIIH CAeJIaeT npapony erne nneHIITeJIbHeH II 6yp;eT IIJlelHITb TaH me, HaH rrpapona» (his song Should make all Nature lovelier, and itself/Be loved like Nature) onpeneaaror ero 6JIameHHOe aocnpnarae COJIOBbIIIIbIX pyaan II TpeJleH. On BIIP;IIT p;a/He BeCeJIbIH 6J1eCK rrrausax rJlU3 na «JlYHHblX xycrax: (moonlight bushes), BIIP;IIT, KaK COJlOBbII, onsaaea OT panocrn, Ka'IaIOTCH aa BeTBHX C aanpoKIIIIYTOj rOJIOBOH ( ... perch giddily on blossomy twig ... like tipsy joy that reels with tossing head). B eCne'IHO pacosmazotnaa My3blK y COJlOBeH CIIemHT, saXJle6bIBaeTcH 3BYKaMH - B crpaxe, 'ITO anpenscxaa HO'Ib 6yp;eT CJlHrnIWM KopOTKa. TaK me nOJlOIi C'IaCTJIHBblM B036ymp;eulIeM IIO:)T: 06pa3bI, MbICJIII Ha6eraIOT II TeCHHT npyr npyra B JIHPII'IeCKOM 6ecnopHAHe. KpacoTa BeceuueH nO'III H YIIQelIUOH neCHII CJlIIBaeTCn C OTBJleqelllIbiMII MeAIITaU;lIJlMil 0 6eCCMepTlIII npnpoma II C pap;OCTHMII OTU;OBCKOH JlI06BII: 1l0::lT paCCKa3bIBaeT, KaK ero csraa OT MJIap;eHqeCKIIX CTpaXOB 1I36aBIIJla nyna. ,D;a 6yp;eT MaJlIOTKa ncerna 6J1II30K K npnpone! OTBJleqeHHaH MbICJIb, IIHTIIMHbie 3MOU;IIII, BOCTopr BP;OX1l0BeUHH, HelICCHHaeMaH menpocrr, COJlOBbH CJlIIBaIOTCH B ClIHHIUI JIYUHoro CBeTa: B 6J1eCIW uecaua rpe3IIT aa MiliIICTOI\l 6epery pyqbH noar, aa JIYHHbIX KYCTax KaqaIOTCH COJlOBbII, ;«eJITbIH JIy'I yrernaer uaIIyraHHorope6eHKa. Horna nyna yxonar, neane npexpamaercn, HO ee B03BpalIl.eHIIe npotiyacnaer B nefie II aa aeMJIe ep;IIHOe omymenne: «The moon/ Emerging, hath awakened earth and sky/With one sensation». EP;IIHCTBO qYBCTBa, MblCJlII, o6pa30B, My3blKlI OTBexaer npIIHU;IInaM KOJlbPII)J.JI<a-TeopeTIIHa. npOTIIBOnOJlOIKHOH IIO uaCTpoeHIIIO npep;CTaBJIHeTCH ona «YUblHIH»5' (Dejection, 1802), aaaepnraiomaa caMhlH TBOp'IeClmH nepaon mlI3HII KOJlbplIp;a;a. <DopMa OAbl IICnOJlbJYCTCH n03TOM C TaKllM me uapymenaea iKaHpOBblX ocofieaHOCTCH,I,aI{ II B «JIlIpll'IeCKIIX 6aJlJlap;ax». Ero ona nenpaaansna , napymaa p;ume 3JIeMeHTapHbIH saxon paBHOBeJIIIHlIX CTpO<p II CIICTeMY PII<pM. BOIIpeKII KJlaCClI'IeCKOH rpananaa, oua socnesaer ne 06ru;eaUaqlIMhIe rpanmancraeamre 'IYBcTBa llJIJI C06blTIIH, IIO 'IYBcTBa rnyfiono JIlI'IIIble. 06pa3 JIYIIbI, CBeTJlbIH B «COJlOBLe», anecs npaofiperaer HJlOBeru;1I11 CMhlCJI: B 06'bHTIIHX HOBOH JlyIIbl IIOHOIITCH crapaa, II ::ITOnpenaemaer JIIIBeHb II IIlI{BaJi. Ho OHII KamYTCH IIO::lTY

meJIaHHhlMH: ero ,o;yx, 6eCCTpaCTHbIM, CTpoeHHeM KOB, 6hl ero KaK

6hlTb

MOmeT, eMY

OHH CHOBa, KaK 6hlBaJIO, OH OXBaqeH

no,o;HHMYT rJIYXHM, C aa06JIa-

nanyr

mH3Hb. n03T

ropex,

6e3hlcxo,o;HbIM.

CJIOBHO BCTynaH

B cnop

«COJIOBbH», 6b1 ,o;alOm;Hii

aoro neaaaaea,
CKa3aTb, KpaCOTe.

nepexacxaer

re

me MOMeHTbI HOq,o;eTaJIH (6er

BHOCH HOBbIe n03TH'IeCKHe p;BHmeHHe He6ecHoii paBlIOP;YIIleH

3Be3p;aM, OIl

nenonaaaorocrr,
K oKpymalOIIJ;eii

MOJIOp;Oro MeCHu;a B

oaepe

CHHll) , TOJIbKO 3aTeM, 'ITO-

HaCKOJIbKO

cau

paaaex CTllXOTBopeUHll OH ocyxman 6ep;HHry n03pacnpocrpaaaa co6CTBeHHYlO MeJIaIlXOJIlllO na oKpymalOIIJ;Hii ero MHp. Teneps OH cax B TaIWM }I,e nonoxceHHH. Pa3HHu;a JIHIIlb B TOM, 'ITO OH ornaer ce6e OT'IeT B ropsKoii cy6'beKTHBHoCTH csoero nocnpnaraa: TOJIbKO H3 P;YIIlH n03Ta 1I3JIHBaeTCH CBeT na MHp soxpyr Hero, TOJIbKO panocrs ero MomeT 06pY'IHTb C HHM npapony H narr, eii B npanaaoo HOByIO 3eMJIIO H aonsre nefieca. ROJIbpHp;m OnJIaKHBaeT ra6eJIb csoero Bo06pameHHH, HO B onposepzaenae ero CJIOD JII>IOTCH anoxaoaennue CTPOKH, ofipameausre K nerpy: n03T npHCJIYIIlHBaeTcH K ero «BonJIIO cxeprnoa MyKII, HCToprHYTOMy nhlTKoii». TaR me, KaK B «COJIOBbe» aecyntecrnyiomee npHBJIeKaJIOCb P;JIH KOHTpacTa C cym;ecTBylOIIJ;HM, TaK H snecs CTeHaHHH «6e3YMHoro neanai serpa npOB03rJIaIIlalOTCH 60JIee
60JIee

ra,

KOTOPhlii

YMecTHhlMH HHX

nporctansraaior nepasre IJ;BeThl. 06pa3 allMhl, npH3hlBaeMhlii nosrox, aaaaansmaerca aa napacoaanHblii anecs neii3am P;YIIlH. PeaJIbHaH secaa orcrynaer non HaTIICKOM 3HMhl CRop6H, repaaiomea nona. TaK me OTCTYP;Om,ll;eii,
IIalOT HhlMH

ymennryio

3HMHIOIO nopy,

'IeM

B MecHU;

aorna

aecen-

11

peansuae

TeMHO-KOpIl'IHeBhle 06pa3aMH

ROJIbpllp;meM MOJIHHeii 60JIbIIle MHHTCH, 06 IIX

rOJIhlX

CnaJIeHHhlX

nepeasea,

cananepen soccoanaaCKaJI, ropmax oaep,

COCHOBhlX pom;,

nycTblHHbIX

xoropsie
CJIblIIlaTCH EMY

6bI nOp;Xop;HJIH P;JIH P;bHBOJIbCKHX 3BYKOB, 'ITO 'ITO 06e3YMeBIIlHii

OT'IaHBIIleMYCHn03TY

saer
nerpa

0 MeTaHllHxpa36HToro CJIhlIIlaTCH nJIa'I H

nerpa, anrep-nerep paCCKa3bIsoacua, 0 CTOHax pacronraauax

B ,ll;llKHXnophlBax

JIIOp;eii,

ropamax panax,
KOH'IaeTCH CHHIOT Hap; ap;cI{Hii

MomeT

6b1Tb,

B 3aBhlDaHHHX

KpHKH

3a6JIYP;HBIIlerocH He

Oraxornopeaae
nartexmo
P;YIIlH, KOH TOM. H

pefienxa?
K 6e3ero

nO'ITHTeJIbHbIMII TIYCTb

CJIOBaMIl

JII06HMOiimeHIIJ;HHe; 6e3MHTelI\HOCTb,

nycrs

nOp;'IepKHBaIOT

aero 3ne3p;bI H CBeTJIhle BHp;eHIIH. IIoxoropsre OH npnasmaer pap;H nee, paaryn CHJI,; THrOTelOm;HX Hap; n0389

snaer

OHa 6YPb

'I'parasecxaa
6e30llllI60'lHO BOIIJIb CTpa}J;aHIIH,

IICIIOBe}J;b,

o606m;eHHo

IIO::JTII'leCKaH, B 06pu3aX

HO

JIH'lHUH, 06'beKTMBIIpyeTcH pOmj:J;eHHhlH CJIIIBaeTCH C BoeM

IIPMpOP;hlj

YTPUTOH B}J;OXHOBeHMH (MJIII

IIpe}J;'lYBCTBIIeM ee),

serpa.

HO::JTM'leCKIIe

BII}J;eHMHBCIIhlXIIBaIOT IIOCJIe}J;HIIH paa

II CMeHl'IIOTCH BhlMY'leH-

HhlM, TpU}J;Hn.MOHHhlM 06pa30M }J;YIIIeBHoro 6JIarOIIOJIY'lIIH II rapxonaa. YHhlHIIe, nO}J;'beM CMJI, CMMpeHHe TaKOBa cxeua CTMxOTBopeHMH. pH}J;ma,

COrJIaCHH

C fJIaBHhlM CJIymaT

npaBIIJIOM

KOJIb-

sees

ero

CTPOH II ofipaasr

rJIaBeHcTByIOm;eMY

HaCTpoeHIIIO, 'lYBCTBY IIJIII MLICJIII, COOTBeTCTBYIOT IIX pa3BMTHIO, HapaCTaHIIIO II CIIa}J;Y. TaKOBhl «roasre CKaJUiI>) (bare crag), rne witches' «OIIaJIeHHOe home), nepeno» xoropsre (blasted tree), .«O}J;HHOKIID }J;OM)} , long held the IIO}J;XOP;H«6YATO 6hl jl{lIBYT Be)J;bMhl>}(lonely house,

KamYTcHKoJIbpIIp;my nOBTOM

IIJ.IIM MeCTOM }J;eHcTBHH }J;JIH }J;bHBOJIbCKIIX YXIIlIJ.peHIIH COOTBeTCTBYIOlIJ.llXHCIIhlThlBaeMhlM HanpoTIIB, ROHTpaCTOM no MIIPHhlH n.BeTaMII pe3KHH He

serpa ,
caKa-

8}J;CKIIMMYKaM.

OTHOIIIeHIIIO K HIIM OKa3hlBaeTCH TeMHO-KOpll'lHeBhle napar H JIHCTbHMH. KOJIbpH}J;m iHeJITO-3eJIeHhlH IIepeCTaJI nncarr, CBeT CTllXH, noaafioIIOJIHaH

peaasasra,
THJICH II 0

<poH }J;eHcTBIIH -

}J;hl, C IIX p06KIIMII KOH-TO' 6ecnoKoHHO «YHhlHIIH» MOfYT

COOTBeTCTBeHHOM OCBelIJ.eHHII: aauetie

IIPOTIIBOII6-JIOiHHOCTb MHfKOMY IIOJIYMpaKY KOJIbpII}J;m co 6hlJIH MaJIO'llICJIeHHbI cpaBHIITbCH

«COJIOBbH)}.

Ilocae

HO OHII

H BpH}J; JIll, sa pe}J;KIIMII IICKJIIO'leHIIHMII, cTIIxaMR

1797-1802 rr,

* ... ...
ilo::JTII'leCKOe mee noe aanu, meHHH spaapea
KHHiHHLlX

TBOp'leCTBO

KOJIbpH}J;iHa,

npHHn.HIIlIaJIbHO

II}J;Y-

C fOCIIO}J;CTBYIOm;eHTpa}J;IIn.Hen, JIIITepaTypHaH aHfJIIIHCIWH B. reopaa

XOTH II He 'lYl-KCJIe}J;

BJIHHHHH H B03}J;eHcTBHH <pOJIbKJIOPHOH 6aJIOCTaBIIJIII fJIy60KIIH aa ·IIO::J3HlI II KpHTliKH IIOKa3aTb, BceM IIPOTH-

11 ero

B pa3BlITIIH

XIX

IIhlTaJIaCb

'ITO, XOTH IIO'lTII Bee

TeOpeTH'leCKIIe IIOJIOmeHHH KOJIbpH}J;ma HMeJIII lICTO'lIIlII{1I B <pHJIOCO<pCKO-ilCTeTlI'leCKliX CO'lllHeHlIHX ero IIpe}J;IIIeCTBeHHIIl\OB II COBpeMeIIHlIKOB; OHII, He 6Y}J;Y'lli name C<P0PMYJIlIpOBaHbI B OKOH'laTeJIbHOM nano, CKJIa}J;bIBaIOTCH, 0}J;H8KO, B 3Ha'lIITeJIbHOe TeJIbHOe, 'ITO H oparanaasnoe OIIlIpaeTCH anen, nenoe TeM 60JIee 3Ha'lHClIOlIO na OIIblT hOJIbpll}J;ma-IIO<lTa. mH3HblO, nee ero IIO::J3Hen~ ::JJIeMeHTbI n.eJIb

CTIIXH BOIIJIOm;aIOT ero KOJIbPll}J;JI{ caoea 3CTe,!n~1I: He

a H}J;eH 06JIap;aIOT 'ITO IIlfTalOTCH IIpHMHpHTb HCKYCCTBe, 06 YMeJI

JIOH H CO}J;epiHaHHeM OTTOro, scerna nOJIOmelIHe

rJIaBIIaH

40

xoroporo y,n;OBOJII,CTBHe,pe BnOJIHe COrJIaCOBaHO C MI,ICJII,IO 0 BbICOKOM ero ClTH1IeCKOM iIa4loce; Te3HC «HCKYCCTBO- nonpamaHHe BHemHeMY MHPY» He COBceM acen B CBeTe H,n;eaJIHCTMsecxoro y6ea,,n;eHHH KOJII,pH,n;ma B TOM, 'ITO peaJII,Hblil: MHp JIHmI, oT6JIeCK ncryeropcmrero.i-CJIe,n;OBaTeJII,HO,nOClT nonpamaeT ..• no,n;pamaHHIO. lI,n;eaJIH3M KOJII,pH,n;ma COOTBeTCTBOBaJI, KaK Mbl BH,n;eJIH, BamHeil:meil:cTa,n;HH.B pa3BHTHH ofimeeaponeacxoa 4lHJIOCO4lHH, aaxouoxepaoit (npa rornaunrex yponne eCTeCTBeHHOaaysnsrx H HCTOpHqeCKHX 3HaHHiI:) 4lopMe rrpeononenaa norMaTHqeCIWrO MaTepHaJIH3Ma npemnecrayiomero rrpOCBeTHTeJII,CKOrO sexa. Ha HHOil: OCHOBe HeB03MomHa 6bwa 5bI HH ero samara aKTHBHOCTli C03HaHHH, HH ,n;HaJIeKTHKa B TOJIKOBaHHH HCKYCCTBa KaK rrpHMHpHTeJIH nporaaorroaoaonrx aasaa, na ero ysenae 0 B3allMo,n;eil:cTBlili - cy6'beKTlIBHbIX H 05'beIS-THBHbIX 4laKTopoB TBOp'leCTBa, HH Tpe6QBaHlIe, 'lTo6bI B lICKycCTBe COqeTaJIHCI, lIHTeJIJIeKT H BMOn;lIH, C03HaTeJII,HOe H 6eCC03HaTeJII,HOe, 4lopMa H conepacanae, Hli cocYIqeCTBOaaaae B ero aCTeTHKe npe,n;CTaBJIeHHiI: 0 CHMBOJIHiIHOCTli H BMecTe C TeM 0 nonpaznarensnocra rr03311H. B CHMBOJIH'lIIOCTII «rr0331111HJIH HCKYCCTBa», ronopa CJIOBaMII KOJII,pH,n;a\a, rrpOHBJIH6TCH HX BbICOKoe 4lIlJIOco4lcKoe conepzeaaae. TIo,n;aTHM yrJIOM 3peHlIH OH paccsrarpaaaer npaaaryprmo Illexcnapa, B. KOTOPOil: aeanoe 11 ofimeseaoaexecxoe nonxomeao B IIH,n;HBH,n;yaJII,HO-KOHKpeTHbIx nepconamax 11 B n03TlI'leCKHX otipaaax, CHMBOJIlI'leCKH ot506m,aIOIq~X ,n;eil:cTBIITeJII,HOCTb H asrcrynaiomax B OpraHH'leCKOM e,n;IIHCTBe C o,n;'ymeBJIHIOIqeil: II WOPMHpYIOIqeii IIX H,n;eeii. BOJIbmaH 'laCT.h 9CTeTH'leCKliX B033peHlIii KOJII, pHp;ma IIMeeT aHaJIOr1Il1 B nponremnea II coapeaenaojt eMY WIIJIOCO4l1l1i HCKYCCTBa, KaK aHrJIIiRCKOR, TaK 11 IIHOCTpaHHOR, Ho pOMaHTlI'leCKaH reoparr rr0931111pacnpocrpanaaacs B AHrJIIiH He 6JIaro,n;apHilleJIJIlIHry, HOBaJIIiCY HJIIi Illaeremo, a 6JIaronapa KOJII,pll,n;my: 'lepe3 mescnaponcxae JIeKn;HH, 'lepe3 ero n09SIIIO, nepea ero y'leHHKOB JIaMa, Xa3JIIiTTa, KHTca, XeHTa. Teoperaxn H HCTOPHKII aareparypsr KOHn;a aexa, rr09TbI TeHHIICOH, BpaYHIIHr; PeCKHH, rrpepawaaJIHTbIace lICrrbITaJIII BJIIIHHHe ero MbICJIeR II CTHXOB. <1>aHTaCTII'lHOCTI, 11 MIiCTH'leCKaH CTpaHHOCTI, TBOpqeCTBa KOJII,pH,n;ma 6bwa socnpanara KaK orpaacenae peam.noTparll'leCK~X nporanope-raa ero anoxn, IW!{ cnoero pona BbI30B KOMMep'leCKoJlIY H yTlIJIHTUpnOMy J\Yxy lIOBOll 6ypmya3HOR n;IIBIIJIH3an;HII.

I'aana II

BOPJ];CBOPT
(1770-1850)

I1:cCJIep;OBaTeJIH Hp;eilfIOH HHH CBOpT PIIP;iI\, Xa3JIIITT, RIIHrCJlII, RIIIIJIIIHr, BaHpOH na He H

no

CHX

nop H

cnopar

00

aranax 0

npnpozte B

xyp;omecTBeHI-IOH B3rJIHp;OB. orpOMHoe IIIeJIJIII, B TOH

BBOJlIOU;HH nOBTa, ceHcyaJIHCTHqeCRHX RaR Ha

COOTHome-

Hp;eaJIHCTHqeCRHX OKa3aJI CROTT, XeHT

aJIeMeHTOB

CHCTeMe ero TaR II na

Bee

CXOP;HTCH TOJIhKO B OP;HOM: COBpeMeHHoe noa3HII. ,D;e RBIIHCH, aHrJIIIHCROii BaHpOH, IIHOH BpeMH 0 CTeneHH

BopneMY, ROJIhJIaM, ero XY)1;,

BJIHHHHe RIITC, HJIII

nOCJIeP;YIOm;ee pa3BIITIIe

IIClIhITaJIII

B03p;eHCTBlIe. He 6Y)1;eT

B OOJIee noannee BpaYHIIHr, yme xorna rosopa

eMY OTp;aJIII naas CTHBeHCOH,

TeHHIICOH, om1I6aJICH,

PeCRIIH,

Xap)1;II,

BTopOCTelIeHHbIX II qlITaTeJIeH.

lIIICaTeJIHX.

3aHBJIHJI,

qTO Y BOPP;CBOPTa HHKor-

lIOCJIep;OBaTeJIeH

1
llyn BOPP;CBopTa lIO TaR

me

CJIOmeH, }KaJIKOrO

RaR

H lIYTh B3rJIHp;bI

KOJIhpH)1;ma. B IOHOCTH, TpY)1;OBoro peBOJIIOU;IIII, rr.) H 06CMeHHJIHCh Ha)1;em)1;aMH lIOKa3anpan H ero

,D;eMoKpaTlIqeCRHe, aeronosaaae napona ~eHlIlo aa , npnaemnee socropaeeaaoe

peClIYOJIHRaHCRHe nOBO)1;Y lIpHHTlIe

lIOJIOJf{eHHH

cDpaHU;Y3CKOH

K noeanxe

BO cDpaHU;IIIO BOlIIOH,

(1792 -1793
lIOCTelIeHHO aKU;HH,

C peBOJIIOU;IIOHepOM

OTTaJII{HBaHHeM

OT BCHKHX nOJIHTHqeCKIIX conepureucraoaauae lITO

IIfe)1;JIeHHOe lIYXOBHoe eMY nOHaqaJIY senoaexa. yme

qeJI()BeqeCTBa. H3

BOP)1;CBOPT BlIOCJIe)1;CTBHH 06'bHCHHJI, JIaCh eCTeCTBenHOH, Ho IIPHpOP;bI HClIbITaJI no HOCTII.

peBOJIIOU;IIH

BbITeI<aIOrn;eH Bo<PpaHU;HM: 6bIJIa neCKOJIhKO 3aCTaBJIHeT

nepnue

I<OJIeOaHMH OH, nO-BHp;HMOMY, ceMhll POHJIHCTCI<OH. JIeT OCTaeo xpaaero «CTbI-

K IWHIIY AneTTbI

lIpe6bIBaHIIH BaJIJIon

B03JII06JIeHHOH eTCH npaaepareaneu

B03Bparn;eHHH 06'bHBJIOHHe

B AlIrJIHIO BOHHhl

OIl erne

peBOJII0U;HM,

XOTH H ocymnaer

cDpaHI~HH

P;llThCH HMeHH aHrJIHqaHHHa». I\aK H HOJIhPllP;lli, BOPACllOP'F 06m;aeTCH C H3BeCTHhIMII pap;HKaJIaMII (fOp;BIIHOM, ¢OCeTTOM, I1PIICTJIH, TYKOM, TeJIYOJIOM) iI aaysaer HX COqIHIeHHH. B 1793 r. B llIICb~Ie K errIIcI<ODY JIaHp;atPY BOPP;CBOPT em;e OTCTaIIBaeT PYCCOIIcTcI<IIe, D03HI\HII. Banana p;pyaeiI CBo60J1,hl, DIImeT OH, 3aKJIIOqaeTCH B TOM, qT06hI na OCHOBe sceoriutero II36IIpaTeJIbHOrO npana YCTaHOBHTh DpaBIITeJIhCTBO, OTBesaiontee HHTepeCaM aapona , KOTOPhliI DO npnpone cBoeiI P;OCTOllH BJIaCTII, XOTH H paaapamen BeKaMll 1I0KOPHOCTH H yHIIJI\eHIIH. Boauymaacs MOHapXHeiI H apacroxparnea, BopnCBOPT BOCKJIIIl\aeT: «Haxne me ycnyrn J1,OJImeu' (IeJIOneK OKaaarr, 06m;eCTB.Y, qT06hl aoanarpanarr, Hac aa oCI<op6JIeHHe, HaHOCHMoe aauresry P;OCTOllHCTBY, xorna Mhl ... ofipamaesrca K HeMY II ero 1I0TOMCTBY C YHH3IITeJIhHhlMH OKOJIIIqHOCTHMII, naasraaa ero 6JIarOpOp;HeiImllM, P;OCTODOqTeHHeiImllM, BhlCOqaiImHM, aBrYCTeiImIIM, CBeTJ1eiImHM, MIIJIOCTIIBeHIIIIIM..• Jlecrr, nopoamaer nopox, a 3HaTh yaaacaer rpyJ1,» (WPrW,

Ilen TaKoiI p;HaTpII60iI Mor 6hl nonnncarr.ca II peBOJIIOD;IIOaep TOMac Ilean, xoroporo qllTaJI H 311aJI JlIOJIOP;OHBOPJ1,CBOpT. AnaJIOrIPlHhliI xapaxrep HOCHJI H .rauu K cB060p;e (Apology for the French Revolution), KOTOPhIH aasepmaer 1I08MY «Descriptive Sketches» B OTBeT na nerononaaae otPlll\llaJIbHoiI AHrJIIIH 110 DOBOP;y Ka3HH JIIOP;OBllI<U X VI. )J,eMoKpaTIIqeCKIIe Dp"CTpaCT"H BOPP;cBopTa OT'leTJIIIBO DPOHBHJIHCh B ero D08Me «BHHa H cxopfis» (Guilt and Sorrow, 1794). 110p;BDeqaTJIeHHeM pouaaa I'onnnna «l{aJIe6 BHJIbHMC» D08T CqIITaeT COI\HaJIhHbIiI crpoa BIIHOBHhlM B DpeCTYllJIeHHII, COBepmeHHOM qeJIOBeKOM, DO CyTII cnoeji 6JIarOpOp;HbIM. BepHYBmHiIcH C BoiInhl COJIp;aT He MomeT CMIIPHThCH C TeM, KaK 6eCDOm;ap;HO ero npa pacsere 06MaHYJIO HaqaJIbCTBO. On y6HBaeT II rpafiar DYTeIIIeCTBeHlIlIKa, a sareu CKllTaeTCH DO crpane C JI<eHm;llHOiI, ODYCTllBIIIeiIcH na P;HO mll3Hll. 1108Ma KOHqaeTCH Ka3HhIO repoa H CMepThIO ero H3HypeHHoiI HIIm;eToi ,KeHhI. B npaae Bopncsopra «Ilorpaaaananai (The Borderers) Tome pa3BIIBaIOTCH KOHl\eDI\HH I'onnaaa. I'epoii ee MapaaJ1,IOK,tPHJIOcotP-II3roiI.H rnaaaps pa360iIHHTlheiI IIIaiII<H, IIJIJIIOcrpapyer rH6eJIhHOe B03p;eiIcTBIIe 6e3HpaBCTBeHHoiI p;eiICTBIITeJIhHOCTH na xapaxrepu CHJIbHhle H csreatae. B DOPHOP; pa30qapOBaHHH D08Ta B peBOJIIOI\Hll I'onaan DOpa3HJI ero CBOHMll p;OBOp;aJl1II npornn naCHJHIH H aauurroii paayua (rJIaBHOrO tPaKTopa 06m;eCTBelIIIOH Fl\H3Illl), A06poJ1,eTeJIH,

2-3).

aceofimero paBeHCTBa. Ho ynnenenae paU;IIOHaJIHCTHqeCKIIMH KOHU;enU;HHMH rOp;BHHa 6bIJIO JIHmb anaaonoa B P;yxolmoM paSBHTHII BOpP;CBopm. ,Il.eTepMIIHHSM aHrJIHnCKOro CPM.lIOcoiJla, nenonepne K BMOU;HHM,ero y6e'Hp;eHHe, 'iTO ItcTOqmfKOM rpaxep;aHCKOH H JIlIqnOH p;06pOp;eTeJIII MomeT 6biTb T()JIbKO aroncTHqeCKOe CTpeMJIeHlIe K C06CTBeHHOMY 6JIary,6hlJiII nenpHeMJIeMhlMII P;JIH nOBTa. IIocJIe nepeJIOMHbIX 1793-1794 r-r., xoropue aanepmaaa nepnua nepaon paSBHTHH Bopncsopra , npomennnra non SHaKOM peBOJIIOU;IIH, B 1795 r. nasaaaerca BTOPOH II HalI60JIee nJIOp;OTBOPHbIH nepnon, aasepmanmaaca B 1807-1809 rr-, OH CBHsaHC nepeceneaaea BOPP;cBopTa B CTpaHY oaep, B xoropoa OH OCTaBaJICH zro KOHu;a CBoeH p;OJIrOH mHSHII, a rarose C HCu;eJIJUOm;IIM, BP;OXHOBJlHIOm;IIMBJlHHHHeM na Hero cecrpu ,Il.0pOTH 1 H nOBTa Hoaspanaca. KOHeqHO, H npyr-, H cecrpa MOrJIH TOJlbKO nOMoqb BOPP;CBOPTY, HO BO BCHKOM enysae OHH 6bIJIH C HHM, xorna B CeJlbCKOM yep;HHeHHH, B 06m;eUHH CO CKPOMHbIMH TpymeHHKaMH (aTOMY Tome cnocofiCTBOBaJIa mHBaH, nofipaa, OqeHb «npocram ,Il.0pOTH) nauaJIOCb P;JIH Hero p;y~oBuoe H TBOpqeCKOe Bospomp;eHHe. Onpenenmomee aaaseaae, onaaxo , HMeJIO ero socnpaarae peBOJIIOU;HH H B TO me BpeMH peaKU;HH npOTHB peBOJIIOU;HH. TpYP;HO p;ame cxaaar s , na qTO OH pearaponan ocrpee. OP;Hjraxonoe nerononanae nuasmaer y Hero H TO, qTO eMY xameTCH xpynreanex peBOJIIOU;IIH, H TOT HpaBCTBeHHbIH saCTOH, KOTOPhlH OXBaTHJI 06m;eCTBO nocne paao-raponaaaa B' nen. YmaCHO 6hlJIO, «KaK 6bICTPO ee npaneparearna paaopenacs KTO Kyp;a IIJIII OKaSaJlHCb BO Bpamp;e6HhlX narepax; OP;HHM aanoana qeCTHaH cJlym6a,p;pyrHe 6hlJlH no6emp;eHhl, acnyransr, nosxymemr pBeHHeM 60JIee rrbIJIKHX npaaepmeanea. HacTynHJIO CMHTelIIIe, H'60JIee sepnsre BhlHYiKA'eHhl 6hlJlH CKasan, KaK BpYT cxaaan nofiponereaa: «CB060p;a, H 60roTBOpRJI Te6H, HO Thl oxaaaaacs TeHbIO»» 2 • • «OHa, nonpexa DceMY, COXpaHlIJIa MeHf! RaR noara, 3aCTaBHJIa HMeHHO B :nOM HCRaTb Moe Ha3HR'leHHe aa 3eMJIe - II HH B 'leM APyrOM» (She, in the midst of all, preserv'd me still / A Poet, made me seek beneath that name / My office upon earth and nowhere else). Ca.: Poems on the Naming of Places, III. I ... how rapidly the zealots of the cause / Disbanded - or in hostile ranks appeared; / Some, tired of honest service; these, outdone, I Disgusted t~erefore, or appalled, by. aims / Of fiercer zealots-so confusion reigned, / And the more faithful were compelled to exclaim, / As Brutus did to Virtue, «Liberty, / I worshipped thee, and find thee but a Shadel» (The Excursion, III, 770-777).

44

uynoraa: OH CKop6I1T npH MhlCJIII 060 ncexr, 'ITO HOCllT xapaI)'~ rep «OKOHtIaTeJIbHOH xaracrporpu» (The Excursion,. III, Tparaax llOJIo/HeHIIH Bopncsopra - TaK IKe, I{aK II HOJIh" pIl~lKa,3aKJIIO'IaJICH B ron, 'ITO OH C O~IIHaKOBhlM rneaosr
If iIe'IaJIbIO rJIH~eJI na npe,a;aBIDYIO CB060)W CPpaHD;llIO If na CTpeMHm;YIOCH K ee .nopafiomeunro AHrmlIO, na CKOllUIPOllHlrnponamnae B ero rnaaax ll,ll;eaJIbI II ua raryxurenae Ha~ HIfMll JlIOp;eH lIeBem:eCTBeUHbIX If lWPbICTIlLIX, Il06yn{,a;aeMhlJ( rpy60H TIfpaUllqeCKoft BJIaCTbIO. On CI\JIOJWll paccuarpasarr, q,pauD;yaCKYIO peBOJIIOIIllIO RaR BeJIllIUIH ypou llCJIOBeqeCTBy If aaxaaanae aa ero rpexn, Cnoero .repon, Onaaoxoro , BopnCBOPT aaCTaBJIHeT npatierayrr, I{ Mepe, 0 KOTOPOH Me'ITamf ~py8bH nOSTa, ROJIbPll,a;1K If CaYTIf: Onanoxaa 8l\mrpHpyeT Ii' AMepHKY H nponaxaerca auranaraea K ee q,aJIbIIIIIBbIM npeTeH3llHM .Ha CB060,a;y. BOp,a;CBOPT KaK 6hl nepefiapaer nee B03MomHOCTH - H He naxonar ~JIH Hero nasero, KpOMe OT" 'IaHHIIH (The Excursion). CaM OIl cnacenne uaruea B nocrpoenaa 8TIIqeCKOH II 8CTe,. THlfecKoH CIICTeMhl, crpaacaiouteii enancrnemnaa inII3HeHIlhln aneaa, ocy:rn;ecTBIIMbIH B 06m;eCTBe, CTOJIb HecoBeplIIeuHoM~ Paaoaapoaaamacs B Ha,a;em,a;e, 'ITO OHO 6y,a;eT nepecrpoeao Hll. OCHOBe paavxa, YCIIJIIIHMII nOJIIITIIqeCKIIX ,a;eHTeJwii:, Bop~qf BOpT ofipamaer CBOIl nOMbICJIbI K ll3Be'IHoii: npaaoreecrecag BeHHblX ,a;BllmeHllii: cepnna, K nofipore npOCTbIX nym, He no,z:(i" naBlIIIIX non paaapamaromee B.lllIHHIIe JIOnUIOH D;UBI!IJIIl3aD;Hi, On xoxer IKIITb cpena HIIX, nOCTIIrHYTb IIX 'IYBCTBa II, OCMhlCo! JIHB BX q,IlJIOCOq,CKH II n08Tll'IeCKII, onacarr, TaK, qTo6hl OHn CTaJIll HCTOqHllKOM paasrsnnaenaa Ii nvmesuoro cosepmencrBOBUHllH ,a;JIH JIIO,a;eii: ncex 3BaHHii:. Bsrxon, KOTOPbIH BOp,a;CBOPT HalIIeJI,a;JIH cefia, OHCKJIO"', HeH paCCMaTpUBaTb KaK nuxon, rrpllro,a;Hhlii: ,a;JIH scex, np1Zl JII06hlX 06CTOHTeJIbCTBax. A6COJIIOTH3HPYH ero , OH_snanaer " npeysenanenaa, nepenxo nenemae, HO ona OTpamaIOT roc~ rroncrayiomyto TeH~eHD;Ino 8nOXII BeJIlIKIIX nOJIlITll'IeCH'.Hlj paaonapoaaaaa II B pasuux , nonnac no Bll,a;HMOCTII olfeHtl OTp;aJIeHHhlX, Mo,a;I1q,I1KaD;HHX BCTpe'IaIOTCH cperra nOSTOB II q,HJIOCOq,OB I'epuaamr, (fJpaHD;HH, POCCIII!. 11H,a;HBll,a;yaJIbHhle seprsr pa3BI1THH BOp,a;CBOPTU TOJIbIW rtop;'IepI-omaJ{)T ofiiueCTBeUHYIO 3aKOlIOllJepHOCTb ero n,a;eH II nx XY;\OII,eCTDeIIJlOI'O BOnJIo:rn;eHIIH.

BMeCTe C TeM oTcTynHU'IeCTBO

naymaer

noary

He~06pLI'

778-789).

'

2
HCCJIep;OBaTeJIlI caararor CKllM ca, acreraxaa , 'lTO CBOeM q,MJIOCOq,lIeM lICKYCCTBa npemnecrnenaaaaa, OH aHrJIlIMllCXOP;llT lI3 BKynpOCBem;eHMH. BOPJ\CBOPT 60JIee BCerO 06H3aH noanaero

OCIIOBaHHOMXeTlJeCOHOM, KeMMCOM, PeMHOJIbp;COMreopaa

paccxarpanaromea
H neotixonaxyro

BKyC KaK

sepry,

nOCTeneHHO nocnarsrnOJIlIOU;eUHOM BOpp;CBOpTa lJeJIOBeKOM» B03HHnpenaenuau-

BUeMYro TaKme nYTOH

P;JIH q,OpMHpOBaHllH CBH3hlBaeT K reopna fJIaBHaH

JIll'lHOCTlI. ero

npenmecrneaannaaa aarepec xaare B

rJIy60KlIM of Man,

aCCOU;lIaU;lIH, BblP;BlIHap; MhlCJIb ee, COrJIaCHO

XapTJIlI

«Ha6JIrop;eHlIH

(Observations IWTOPOH I,aIOT orpounoe IllHPOKHH naer 'lMTaTeJIH, om;ym;eHHM,

see

1749).

nOHHTMH II Hp;eM, BKJIro'laH BCHKoe

arasecaae,

KaK

CJIep;CTBMe accouaanaa, anaxenae. Kpyr

HMeJIa P;JIH BOPP;cBopTa aCCOn;HHpOBaTb C HHM

nOaTHlJeCKOe onacaaae aBTopa

Ta OCHOBaHO Ha cnoc06HOCTH HBJIeHHHj OTBeTHYIO,XOTH

BKJIIOlJeHHe HX B onacaaae

H ne Mp;eIITHlJHYIO, no ar

uens

acCOn;Han;MH y MexaHM3MOM B. BQPP;CBQPT nQPHp;KQM. TeQPHH-

H60 -aMOn;HOHaJIbHhlH B03HHKaIOm;HX

ananeer

B COCTOHHHH BOJIHeHHH.

Haxonen,
aalIMcTByeT TQpaH Pap;HKaJIbHQ rrpeKJIQHeHHe carr, oxpyararomyro HQrQ arOH3Ma, m;eM npaso 6JIare,na

y !p~IJIOCOq,OB aCTeTHKQB XVIII H

paU;llQnaJIHCTUlJeCKQe BQCnpHHTHe UPHPQP;hl, KQnepecuarpanaa nepen cpeny, pa3yMQM, npQCBeTHTeJIbCKHe

QTQiI,p;eCTBJIHeTCH 'C BbICQKHII1 MHPQBhlM

sepy

B ,BQ3MQiKHQCTb BQ3Bhlna QC-

JIHlJHQCTb npa

yCJIQBllH npQp;YMaHHQrO BQ3p;eHCTBHH na Hp;eH Q6nQBJIeHHH rocynapcrna rpaamaa nepen Q6m;yro JIHn;QM 3aKQHa H pa3YM3a6QTY 0.6 '0.6npQCBeTHB ero Qp;I1aKQ,

,HQBe paBeHCTBa scex

rrpenycxarpanarontero BQPP;CBQPT CQXpaHHeT, no BPQiKp;eIIHyIO BQCUHTaHHH, H

TeJIbCKYIO aepy HpaBCTBeHHQro aaCJIYiKeHHblM pHHMH TparH'leCKHe, ID;MMH HX IIpHPQP;hl, 3TH

P;Q6pOTY qeJIOBeKa,

caacrr.e , B Heo6xQp;HMOCTb p;JIHTeJIbHOrO npouecca KQTOPQe cnenaer aTQ csac'n,e nee ee

nocryrrasr».
K paapsmy

Paapun

C nQJIHTHlJeCKHMH TeQpeBQJIIOn;HlO H

q,HJIOCQq,QB, BP;OXHQBHBIllHX

C TOlJKH 3peHHH BQPp;CBOpTa, nQCJIep;CTBHH, ne C HeKQTQPhlMH QCHQBQnQJIararoH npexme IIa IIHX BCerQ C nOHHMaHHeM paBeHCTBa no JIIOp;eH H K BQ3p;eHCTBHH. o'momenmo KQHn;enU;HHMH 'leJIQBeKa,

rrpHBQp;HT nosra

eCTeCTBeHHQrQ

HeQ6xQp;HMOCTbIO MQPUJIbHOro Hp;eH BQPP;CBQPTa,

KPHTHtIeCKHe

npQCBeTHTeJIbCKQH q,HJIQCOq,HHH B TO.me BpeMH lICXOp;HIn;He H3 rreKQTQPhlX ee OCIIQBHhlX nQCbIJIOK, aupafiarsmaaacs IIOCTe-

46

IIeHHO, JIeHHIO sepea ncrpen BaJIHCb (hOT 'ITO TypHoro Y

BH):IOH3MeHHJIHCb C TeIJeHHeM BpeMeHH, 6hlJIH YCTORqHBhl. npOCTeRI1IHR xepea noaue CTaJIH H Bce OHH npHMO HaRTH n083HIO, BepHeRIIIHR BOPACBopTa

HO B rJIaDHhlX BeJIH K CTpeM':' BocnHTaHHH

CBOHX 'IepTax

nYTb 1I ero

ee npHHD;HIIhl.

IlJIO):lOM 8THX pa3MbIIIIJIeHHR C 1\0JIbpHAmeM OHlI C60pHlIK HlIX B OCHOBHOM B B03BeCTHJI npHMOR noxra HlI

«Jlapaaecxae 1797 r., BhlIIIJIlI

OAIIH

npyacecxax
C03):1a-

6aJIJIa):lhl». B CBeT B aosoro ne BlIJIbHM

1798

r.

MlIPY

0 nOHBJIeHHlI 1I3 anropon

JIHTepaBJIeRK: H 0 HeM B

HaIIpaBJIeHlIH. 6hlJI

3HaJI rorna,

npe):lIIIeCTBOHHHK mrsero

OH He ony6JIlIKOBaJI Y3HaJIlI

1I3 CBOHX TBopeHHR, BJIeRI{

1860-e ronsr, Meraipopa,

JIlIIIIb

n03AHee. npoaao OHa lIX

Ilo-HaCTOHID;eMY

6hlJI OTKpbIT 6aJIJIa):laMH,BnOJIHe

aCCOD;HHpYIOID;aHCH C npeACTaBJIHeTCH lie nOApa3YMeBaeT HOBhlMlI, BORHY B., TOJIbKO TO ecrr-

«peBOJIIOD;lIJi HOR, TeM Ilona. IPOPM 1I

B n0831I1I»

Y):Iaq-

nOCKOJIbKY aaxeny aBTophl

YHlIIJTOmeHlIe

crapsrx MeiH):IY

npOTlIBOnOJIOmHhlMlI. 8nHrOHaM -

06~HBlIJIlI

n08TaM-KJIaCClID;HCTaM

BTOPOR nOJIOBIIHhl CBOHX 60JIee 6aJIJIaA

XVIII
pannax -

npOAIIIeCTBOHlIlIKOB 1:IaTTepTona,

Illexcnapa,
crapamnax JIlICb XOTH nYBIIIlIMlI D;lIaJIbHOR IIOphlBaJIH AeHD;lIlI

Anexcamrpa Cnencepa,
aaropoa 1I crpeua. OTPlIoIPH'ITO 0 TeH-

MlIJIbTOlla, HX

6e3BecTlIblx YIJlITeJIlIMlI

01I1I Ha3bIBaJIlI 6aJI.TJ.aAhl» Bpam):le6Ho 1I nOTOMY, MHorlIX

S

B03POAHTb

Tpa):lHD;lIlI.

«JIHplIqeCKlIe MeTO):lhl c KPHTHKOR CTMJIe, no BO JIeBhlX

nanncamr
6bIJIlI He

noarasm, ncrpesema

peBOJIIOD;lIlI,

OHlI

TOJIbKO

nOTOMY~'

rocnOACTBYIOID;lIMH

TorAa

npe):lCTaBJIelIHHMlI C60pHlIKa.

n08TlIJIeCKOM

'ITO peHOJIIOD;lIOHlIhllil BH):IHT B nlICbMe non C 60JIbIO BOJIe3Hb H

CKB03HJIH

CTHXOTBopenHHX

A. A.
pnr 06

EJIlICTpaTOBa

cnpaBeAJIlIBO BlIrOB

CBOPTa K JIHAepy ynanne

1:1. ,D;m.
«BaJIJIa):l»:

BopnrOBO6eATPY-

<DOKCY KOMMeHTaplIH

K COD;HaJIbHOMY cOAepmaHHIO anrJIHRCKOro JIll» 1I 1I0CTb OKa3bIBaIOTCH ):IepeBHH meHlIKlI uryro «(CaRMOH

cpepMepcTBa. Lee).

qaCTbIO COD;HaJIbIIOR rparenna Simon C ero 1'OIJKH 3peHlIH, D;eHHOCTb B

rH6HYID;eH naH60JIb06ID;ecTBe,

Heaasacmnae

3eMJIH IIpe):lCTaBJIHIOT, C0U;lIaJIbHYIO

MOpaJIbnyIO

Euucmp amoea A. A. HacJIeAHe aHrJIIIHCROro pOMaHTH3Ma n coupeMCHHOCTb. M., 1960, c. 137-138. B II03Max «l\1aHKJI» 11 «EpaTbSI», IIHlllCT BOPACBOPT <DORCY, OH XOTCJI noxaaars, RaK CllJlbHO '1YBCTBYIOT AypHO OAOTldC JIIOAII, nonsepxayr s O'fCY'fCTBnC pa3JIlI1lllII ~!(,iI\i\Y HHMH If BhIIIIeCTOHII(flMU, YRjJCflHTb pacuraranuue (JOH(Cl:TBCHlIbIC csaaa, Cl\I.: West A. Crisis and Cri tic ism. London, 1937, p. 38-39.

paar.enaeaox
repomra

H3BOH nOCrreUIHOH MH,Il;YCTpMamI3a~llR C HeOT'b-

e~1JICMbIM nee pa3pYllIHTeJIbHbIM ,Il;eHCTBMeM IJIll3M'leClmH 01' aa R ,Il;YXOBHbIH 05JIMK JIIO,Il;eH. I1MeHHo npaB,Il;MBOH, HaK /KH3Hb,

oaa

,Il;OCTOHHbI TaTb C

n0:33HM, B KOTOPOH pe'lb 01' Iwro OHR 3aBMCHT;

H,Il;eTHC 0 BTopOCTeneHHOMH BHemHeM, a 0 rJIaBHOM coneparaHIIU 6bITU'H. 0 HUX, ,Il;JIHHRX M ,Il;JIHrex,

narmcausr
8TlIMlI

«JIlIplI'leCHUe

6aJIJIa,Il;bI». POJIh BOP,Il;CBopTaB 06m;eM 0 nOBce,Il;HeBHOM,06hIKHOCBOH

MhICJIHMMonpeaeaaerca xaaae

rrpY,Il;e: on ,Il;O.TDKeH 6bIJI rosoparr, BenHOM H ncxaaarr., xaer npocreamaa

CKpbITbIe B03MomHOCTR 3aHJIIO-

rexa , «npUnO,Il;HHTaH»nooopazseaaex.

CTMJIhon CTpe~mTCH,Il;OBeCTR ,Il;0nOJIHOH HPOCTOTbI npoapaxH BOCTH, H60 TOJII,HOTaH Ha,Il;eHJICH nepenars HCTHHY, KOTOPOH, 06HameHHhIe TaK,' qT06hI He TOJIBKO OH BepHJI, COOTBeTCTBYIOT OJIhKO npocreamae, T cepnna ero mHBOil:»

CJIOBa. «l10:33HH eCTh RCTHHa, HOTOpyIO CTpaCTh ,Il;OHOCHT ,Il;0

(WPW,. 938).

OH XOTeJI nncarr, necr- onsrr anropa

ero np0I13Be,Il;eHIIH smrrnsana

BOOOpameHI1e, HO 11 COBeCTb,-

H, CJIe,Il;OBaTeJIhHO,Il;0, Y,Il;OBJIeTBOpeHlIEi,

CTaBJIHJIHOhI :3CreTII'leCKOe H upancraeaaoe CJIYII,lIJIlI 6bl csoero B033peHlIH

pona 06pa3D;OM P;JIH 'lI1TaTeJIeH. 1I3JIOmeHbI B npe,Il;IICJIOBHII KO 6aJIJIap;»

Bopncsopra

BTOPOMY M3p;aHlIIO «JIlIpn'leCKI1X MeHhllIe, 'leM

(1800).

OHO BKJIIO-

'la.lIO BTOPOHTOM «BaJIJIa,Il;», nonpaBIIBllIlIHCH

1JMTaTeJIHM eme

nepnsrii,

oc06elIHO H3-3a BBOP;HhIX paCCYII,p;eHI1H, II (<Kpai1HHX», 'leM caMII CTIIXI1.

60JIee HenplIBhI'IHbIX

maJIO npezsne scero" 3aJlBJIeHIIe, 6YP;TO«Barrmlp;hI» B KOTOPhIX acnocrsayerca of men), nOp;JIIIHHhlH H3hlI{

Pasnpananacaau
934).

c ~eJIhlO BhIJlCHHTb, MorYT JIU p;OCTaBIIThYP;OBOJIhCTBlIe CTIIXII, JIlOp;eH (real npHTHlanguage aarr. lImBO II CHJIbHO'lYBCTBYIOm;IIX (WPW, 'lTO TOJIbl\o raxne CTHXII MoryT anrepec,

BOPP;CBOPTnoaaraer,

na YCTOH'lI1BhIH (permanent)

1160 pemHTeJIbHO IIhIHe «HPKOH II C06bITlIH H BpeMH

OTJHPlaIOTCH01' CO'lIIHeHIIH, 6esBKycHOH caryamra UpU,Il;HTb

npocnaaneaasrx

<ppa3eOJIOnleH». OH X01JeT onncarr,

06hl'HlOH II<II3HII, 'lepnaH 11M KpaCI\lI

«U3 3anaCOB H3hIKa, p;eHOJIarOp;apH KOTOphIM

. CTBHTeJIbHO anyvarnero 06hI'lHOe npencraer 6Y,Il;YTIIHTepecHhI 1JeCIWH

B YCTax JIIop;ei'r, II n TO rIm aootipaaceana,

B He06hI'lnOM nOTOMY, 'lTO B

cncre» (WPW, 935). OHII onacsmaeuux C06hITHHX H

3aKOHhI lIeJIOBe-

UOJIOiKeHliIHX npOCJIemHnaIOTCH nepaasnue

npuponst.
xoropsre
BhIpamaIOTCH 60JIee

BOPP;CBOPT C'HITRCTHynmhnI 1I30opa3uTb Ce.TlbCKYIOlIm3Hb, !faK l{al{ 1I111CHHO anecs 3PCIOTcamae CIWbHhIe, He cnepxraaaeMhIe YCJIOBHOCTHMUCTpaCTliI,

Cl'IJIbHhlM l'I

npocrrau

1I3hlROM, COOTBeTCTBYIOm;HM eCTeCTBeHnpn-

HOCTl'IIJYBCTBl'I BrreqaTJIeHl'IH OT 06m;eHl'I1I C npeapacnoa BaeMhlH n03Tl'IqeCRl'IH 1I3hlR. Oc060e qYBCTBa BHl'IMaHHe BOP)J;CBopTa otipameno na

PO)J;OH: H 60JIee cB060)J;eH OT TpIIBIIaJIbHOCTH, qeM TaR naasrO e)J;l'IHCTBO

lI)J;eH II 3I1IOIJ;UII:n033l'I1I nopoaoraerca

CIIJIbHbIM )J;BHmeHlIeM npana-

raxmr,

xoropoe

llCXO)J;l'ITOT qeJIOBeRa rJIy60Ro He )J;eHCTBlilIII caryanaa

MhlCJIlIm;ero. «B 3THX craxax

IOT 3Ha~TeJIbHOCTb qYBCTBaM, a qYBCTBa nplI)J;aIOT aaanareasHOCTb )J;eHCTi311lIM cIITyaIJ;lllIlI1» II )J;OJIa~eH6hITb npocr II

(WPW, 935) .

.H3bIK n033l'I1I

06XO)J;IlTbClI 6e3

nepconatpananaa

aricrpaxrnsix
ero

rrOHlITHH,

ROTOpalI llCI~YCCTBeHHOaoanramaer

Ha)J;eCTeCTBeHHbIMpaaroaopasnr

(WPW, 936).
er.o c06cTBeHHoH npoaa, XOTlI OH, II

B <P0PMYJIlIpOBReBOP)J;cBopTa, nonpena npaHTIIRe II )J;amenpaxepax, Hoe OTom)J;eCTBJIeHHe1I3hlRa n033IIlI

lIM. IJ;HTl'IpyeMnrM,3ByqHT 113BeCT-

nO-Bl'I)J;l'IMOMY, npOTeCTOBaJi TOJIbKO npOTHB Tpa)J;HIJ;IIOHHhlX OrpaHl'IIJeHHH n03THqeCKOH pena II MeXaHHqeCRIIX npaeaon. 06hl)J;eHHoro,

Oroaopxa
mero

0 TOM, 'ITO Il03T ace me npOII3BO)J;IlT oT60p H3 06OT BYJIbrapIIOcTII n03IIIJ;HIO BOPACBOPTa. )J;eRJIapaIJ;IIlI 0 )J;eMoKpaTl'Inpenme acero Ero lJeJIOBeRH OTJIlIlJaeT xoropsre KaK OH cax. aasre,

1I3hlKa H-TaR cnacaerca

He,l\OCTaTOqHO npOlICHlIeT

Paanpaxoana
JIHIIIb ocofiaa paasnre IIoaT

RPHTHROB II ero

lJeCKOHcym;HOCTl'I n083Hl'I. IIoBT rOBopHT C JIIO)J;bMIITaKHMl'I

me,

qYBCTBIITeJIbHOCTb,3HaHl'Ie )J;YIlll'I, cnocofiaocrs lJeM re,

CHOBa Bhl3hlBaTb B ce6e crpacra HO COOTBeTCTBYIOm;IIe npapone JIlITb Y)J;OBOJIbCTlll'Ie·::horo •.

ero YBJIeRami II Bhl3hlBaIOTClI peaJIbHhlMII'C06hlTlIlIMl'I, IJYBCTB qeJIOBeqeCRHX. nocranaaroe no)J;OJImeHnOMHIITb, 'ITO ero nepBhlH )J;oJIr rpefiyer'

«apozaneanoe,

CTOHHCTBO qeJIOBeKa», ROTOPOMYY)J;OBOJIbCTBHe He06xo)J;IIMO.

Onapaacs
IICTIIHa, nmer K

na

ApHCTOieJIlI,

BOP)J;CBOPT aaauaaer Bl'I)J;OB acxyccraa.

n033H10

caMhlM <pHJIOCO<pCRIIM ncex H3

Ee IJ;eJIb-

He IIH)J;HBII)J;yaJIbHalI, no

06 ma 1I, «qeJIOBeR HaYKII

IICTIIH'y, RaR oT)J;aJIeHHbIHH 6e3BeCTHhlll: 6JIaro)J;eTeJIb; see qeJIOBeqeCTBO, panyercx ••• n03T, II I\aR yrec,

OH JIeJIeeT H JII06IIT 'ee B O)J;l'IHOlJeCTBe; n03T, nOIOm;IIll: necns, KOTOPOH rrpncoenaaaerca n:CTIIHe KaK CTOHT na H JII06BH. II' npansr,

npyr-y

H emeIJaCHOMYcnYTHHHy. TI083HlI ecrr, BClIROro 3HaHHlI ... noxpyr ce61I lJeJIOBeRa, OH nonnepxraaaer

H3bICRaHHalI cynraocrs aamare ncex , pacrrpocrpanrra

OXpaHlIeT

Ilycrr, 6y)J;YT pa3mIIJHbI crpanu JI )'JIJIlIlaThl,. 1I3hlRH saaousi II 06WIaH - ... ananne }I CTpaCTb noara
49

arsrocdiepy

npUBH3aHHOCTJI

CBJI3blBaIOT 3HaHHe,

BOep;HHO 06nIHpHYro ••• KaK

llMnepHIO ecrr, cepnue

'IeJIOBe'IeCKOro nepaoe II

06-

IIl,eCTBa BCIOP;Y H ncerna OHa 6eCCMepTHa, c06cTBeHHhlH 11TO n033HH

ll033HH

nocnenaee

'IElJIOBe'IeCIwe» nponecc,

938-939).
M3Y'laH rOBopHT, HllH, CTBHe aaer, coaepnaea TBOp'IeCI{llH csoe HaM B «aener nponcxoameaae nop,

(WPW,
OT BOJIHeMhl

BOPP;CBOPT

xoropue
caoero

BcnOMHHaIOTCH

COCTOHHHH· nOKOH: noaa no noaesraory 6JIH3KOe

CBOH npomasie

BOJIHeHHH P;O rex cnOKOHCTBHe BOJIHeHHe, paaee

BCJIep;HC'IeCBoeMY

rpona

peaxuaa B03HllKaeT 'ITO 6hlJIO

II nOCTeneHHO K TOMY,

xapaxrepy

(WPW,
BaIOT, xoro CTaTb HllHX

940).
anecs n033HH TOM, nOJIOiKeHHH P;JIH KaKOH 0

npemrerox

C03epu;aHHH»

M:fJIOmeHHbJe 'ITO H3hlK sonpoca

Bopncsopra
p;OJImHa

«Il pep;HCJIOBHH» noxaasrJIHJ1Jb 'IaCTb 6hlTb, CYIIl,eCTBa senn'IT06hl (matter) n08TH3Mhl C n033HH

P;OCTOHHOH 'IeJIOHeKa.

Ilpofineusr

CTOHT aa BCOIl1H ero 3aTeMHHIOT, 'lYBCTB. BeJIHKOH roro, no ero

paCCYiKp;eHHHMH MHeHHIO, JI3bIRa, aTHX caoe 0 ero

0 CJIOBeCHbIX nperpeureHCI{YCCTBeHllbIe 'leJIOBe'IeCKIIX P;JIH

npep;J1Je-CTBeHHHKOB: JIOmHbIe

CYTb BaiIUleHJ1JHX ynpomenne HymHhl

Peqiopaa

B COOTBeTCTBHII BOPP;CBOPTY

npOCTOTOH p;OHeCTII raioae

'lYBCTB

'l.T06bl

CJIOBO P;O 'lHTaTeJIH. npOCBeTHTeJIbCI{HM H3JIOmeHHhle paCJ1JHpeHHoMY 06'hHCHHJI 3aCTaHHTh JII06HTh aanaxaa H «,IJ,onOJIH3p;aHHIO csoea n083IIIO, ••• noar,

<DHJJOCO.pCKHM, nOp;'lHHeHhI HeHHM» pe.popMoH n60 sexa , HH «JIHpH'leCKHX (Appendix) CTHxa 60ra... II,

3TH'IeCHHM, MbICJIH K TpeTheMY,

aauxe,
RaK

6aJIJIap;»

(1802).

OH CTpeMHJJCH n033HII, P;OJIiI{lIhl CTHXII

«TOT, KTO He 'IYBCTHyeT CqaCTJIHBhlX

He MOiKeT JJI06HTh HH 'leJJOYTeJ1JHTh cTpaiI,P;YIIl,IIX ... yqHTh 60JIee naners, aKTHBHO OH aapona P;YMaTh, H yseOTCTaHBaeT H H3hlKa KpenpoII ne nanyIIX pe'III IlCKOHH H., ne-

.cp;eJIaTb penno aoofime, MaHHbIH. CThHH,

CqaCTJJHBee

qYBCTBOBaTh TaKOH H3hlK OH He

CJJep;OBaTeJIbHO, CTaTh

p;06pOp;eTeJIhHhlMII» noa3HII, He CJJIIJ1JKOMHOBhlH, BocnpOH3BOP;HT

(WL,

I,

126).
p;yxy H3hlK

KOTophlHoTBe'IaeT

He CJJHJ1JKOMcrapsra aepenxo

OTHIOP;b He Hp;eaJIH3IIpyeT

OTCTaJIhlX

CBOHCTBeIIHYIO 'ITO

npnxarnanocrs. al!l'JIHHCKoe 11TO.pIlrypbI CIIoc06Hhl 'IYBCTBa,

Ho

OH y6emp;eH, aaauenee

TOJJbKO B YCTax

CTOJJIOp;IlHOB 3By'lHT

.paJIhCIl.pHU;HpOBaHHoe, nenpan, 'lYBCTB, B n083IlIl no on

CJJOBO. BOPP;CBOPT xpacnope-raa, supaaari, crporne IlCI{POHHHX CJIOBa ero 06HamaIOT

Korp;ayTBepmp;aeT,

npIlHHThIO

XVIII
npan,

CIIIlTaH, CYIIl,eCTBO

'ITO npOCTeHJ1JIle KaK 6bI

JlYIIJ1Je nepenaior cepnnenaay.

;)0

3
XYAomeCTBeHHhIe clfJepbI II08TlI'IeCKOrO JllI'IeHllH. a IIpIIHD;llIIbI nOBJIeKJIII BOPAcBOpTa, pacmapeaae lIM

aa

C060H He1l36emHhIe II 1I3AepmKII. Ha

npeyaeAHrJIIIH-

OH CaM Ha3bIBaJI

CBOII CTIIXII PIICK

8I{CnepIIMeHTaJIbBhIMII,' (KaK II ROJIb-

axcnepmrear CKlIe xparmca

pllAma) D;eJIII OB TepneJI

IIOApa3YMeBaeT

HeAapOM 0603Ha'laIOT MHO

BOPACBopTa

MOAHhIM CJIOBe'lKOM avant

ero

onhITOB, 'Y 'IMTaTeJIH

OAIIHO'leCTBOM

nyra K TPYABOii xpaaaoorea TaR II orpaHlI IeHIIH, 06YCJIOBJIeHHhIX ero B MCI{YCCTBeHHO orropomeuaon lIM Mllpe. rae
HeYAa'lM
1

garde,

CJIeACTBMe KaK

«JIlIpll'leCKIIX

6aJIJIaA»

HepeAKO

B03HMI{aeT

omymeaae,
BOPACBOPTY, OhITb ( ••. the often HOCTb Aame RMTC, CTOIIT, Mep, KYIO, BeT.

'ITO

anenraae

D;Mil M pa3MhIllIJIeHllH «caMhIH flower deep' HO HCTO'lHllKOM meanest lie too ••• ),

onacaaaux 3AeCb 8MOCJIMIlIKOM neanaxarensuu. Ilpaana, no HH'ITOfKHhIH D;BeTOK, 'ITO pacrer, MomeT
nOBOAhI AJIH CJIIIIlIKOM blows td~ears.can rJIYOOKllX give/Thoughts Ode: Intimations AJIH CJIe3» do of TorAa JI8M II that for that

MblCJIeii,

Immortality TaKIIe

IIHorAa

rrpenaaaepenaaa
KaK 3a II HeYAa1Jll. (The

He3Ha'lMTeJIb-

CTaaOBMTCH BocnpHHIIMaIOT OAHaKO,

na30HJIllBOH, BOPAcBopTa, KaK

)J,IIAaI(TM'IeCKOii I\OJIbPllAJI{,

rrO'lIITaTeJIH

ax

8TMMII HeYAa'laMII

D;eJIaH COD;HaJIbHaH «MaJIb'lHK-llAHOT»

Craxornopeaae
RaK

arasecxaa nporpaxaa. Idiot Boy), aanpaTeM 60JIee BhlCO-

AJIH BOPAcBopTa ObI OTBe'laH

BQnJIoru;aeTJII06oBb,

'lTO OHa oeCKophlCTHa

H He MOJI(eT paCC'lHThIBaTb BOPACBOPT

OTHOIIIeHHe 3HaMeHyeT

ponareaea
BeJIlIKOe BeJIII'lHe

na

HapeKaHIIH,

aa OTnanrer, 'lTO
6ecKo'lYBCTBO

H3 H1I3IIIIIX

KJIaCCOB K AeTHM-ll)l;HOTaM 'leJIOBe'leCKoro: CMeTaIOT

TopmeCTBO JIIOOBII,

pucrae nae,

cepnna

II

CJIOBHO rrOTOK,

OTTaJIKllBaHIIH HeMYApeHoM, ROTopoe 'leJIOBe'leCTBY. JIeHllH, 'YPOK Hoil,

II orspameaaa. 'YPOK JII06BII, 3aKJIIO'leHHbIii B no-rra HeJIerrOM paccaaae, II ecrr, TO HaCTaBJIerr08T 'lYBCTByeT cefia npaanaunua npenonars B xpyr 8CTeTM'leCKHX rrOBHTIIH BCTynaIOT HBObI, JIemaII(He KaK B BBe clfJephI HX AeHCTBHH. B KOCBeHD;eJIH, KorAa lfJopMe, OB nperrOABeceH

Ka3aJIOCb AOCTHraeT

paccxaae 0 AeBO'lKe, noratimeil BO BpeMH MeTeJIH B ropax,«JIIOCII I'peai (Lucy Gray). MOJIBa nepenaer, 3aKJIID'laeT aBTOp, 'lTO JIIOCII I'pea IKMBa 1I 'lTO reneps erne ee OAHBOKaH neCHH paCTBopHeTCH B CBHCTe serpa. CTHXHII npaponsr, npanna II BbIMbICeJI CJIllBaIOTCH soeHeHaBH3'lIlBOii AHHO. B 8TOH oaJIJIaAe 0 THXOH CeJIbCROH iKH31I1I, I(aI, 0 CMepTH II OT nee

ioaoro cymecrna,

ecrecrnenaoro,

npapona,

51

HeOT.n;eJUIMOrO, BCe rOBOpHJIO aa ce6H - n03311H rJIy60RH~ npHBH3aHHOCTeH H. nOROpHOH CROPOH, HeYJIOBIIMhlH nepexo~ OT Ol>IJIlI K nereane, npOCTOTa MeTplIRH, CTlIJIH, naanora, TaKIIX CTlIXOB y BOp.n;CBOpTa HeMaJIO. Ho CJInrnROM 'laCTO-!, II 'leM nansmev re» OOJIhrne - OBJIa.n;eBaeT n03TOM .n;n.n;aKTII, 'IeCRlIH narpoc , HapaCTaIOIIJ;IIH no Mepe Toro, KaK OH OCTaB+ JIHeT noaana nepnon COMHeHHH II nee OOJIee npansncaer e-rararr, ceOH no :rvWIIhrneH srepe MeCClIe;H. ,I(orMaT1I3M, 0.n;H03HaQ" BOCTh ncex OTBeTOB uepenxo paspymaror n03TlI'lHOCT~ ero TBOpeHHH. Hafisrroaaoe nOYlJeHHe npopsmaer TRaHh craxa. , B aaxane aosoro sexa BOp.n;CBOPT nOrJIOIIJ;ell orpOMHhl~ TBOp'leCKlIM Tpy.n;OM. Hapany C<<nPOCThIMII» CTlIxaMH 06 lIllCTlIHI{THBHOH My.n;pOCTlI npOCThIX cepnen 1I npeJIeCTH nOBce.n;HeBHOCTHOH see OOJIee YBJIeKaeTCH <plIJIOCO<pCROHoan 311eH. IIepBhIM' onhITOM OhIJIO craxornopeaae «AooaTcTBo TIIHTepH» (Tintern Abbey, 1798), B KOTOPOM BocnOMIIHaHIIH CTaHOBHTCH ornpanaoa TOlJKOH .n;JIH aHaJIlI3a pemaromax nepaonon lJeJIOBelJeCI{OH aUl3H£!: '., Me.n;JIHTeJIhHLIH OeJIhIU 'CTlIX, BhICOI{aH nexcnaa, 3alIMcTBoBaHHaH H3 ,00JIaCTlI <Pll~ JIOCO<plllI, 1I3 cq,ephl 3MOD;IIOHaJIhHOH II ROHKpeTHO onacarearsHOH, e.n;llHCTBO MhICJIII II lJYBcTBa, npnCTaJIhHhIH caMOaHaJI1I3 OTJIll'IaIOT «AooaTcTBO TIIHTepH». ,I(YMaIO, OHOacnoaaaaaocs II yrnKlllly,. noma Oll nlICaJI «Bnoar, H nOCeTIIJI TOT' yrOJIOK 3eMJIH». ll3BeCTHO, 'ITO Oll lJYTaJI II onofipareasno ynonaaan Bopncaopra B craxax II np03e.' IIyrnRIIH roaopar 0 naIKHOH: lICTOPllKO-JIlITepaTYPHOH POJIH Bopncnopra II I\OJIhplI.n;ma BCTaTbe «0 n03TlllJeCROM caore», a 3nllrpa<p 1I3 Bopncaopra Scorn not the sonnet, critic - npeznrocsmaer CBoeMY conery o COHeTe. B 3TlI me ronsr C03.n;aIOTCHnecna n03MhI, onYOJIllKOBaHnOH: nOCJIe caepra asropa non aasnaaaea «IIpeJIIO.n;lIH» (The Prelude), II «Ona 06 <?TRpoBeHlIHx oeccMepTllH» (Ode: Intimations of Immortallty...). Baaepmaerca 3TOT 6YPHhIH no.n;'l>eMTBOp" lJeCI{OH aneprna HOBhIM C60pHllKOM CTllXOB (Poems, 1807) H rpaxraroa «,I(oroBop B IJ;IIHTpe» (The Convention of Cintra, 1809). IIo MHennIO OOJIbrnllnCTBa KPIITlIKOB, na aTOM II 3a" KaH'IlIBaeTCH CallfJ,JH nJIo.n;OTBOPHhIH nepaon paanaraa Bopncsopra: OH see 60JIee norpymaerca B OCTOPOJI{HhlHxoacepaae TH311I, nOJIIITll'IeCRUH II peJIlzirU03HhIH, C pacTyIIJ;IIM olKecTo~ <wIllIeM nplIHIIMaeT npoexrsr JII06bIX pe<popM II B CBoeM n03TUoi
, CM. 06 aTOM: l{bR1<O/i06a H. H. Cnopaue MaHTH3Ma. ~ «<PHJlOJIOrU'IeCKHe HaYKH», sonpocu aHrJIHHCKOro

1970,

;N2

4.

po.

52

'IeeROM .TBOpqeCTBe TOme CTaHOBHTCH MeHee CMeJIbIl\1 H BHYTpeaae Cno()O,n;HhlM. XOTH aarramnre RpHTHRH CRJIOHHhl OTPHIJ;aTb CBH3bMem,n;y yrJIy6JIHIOrr(ltMCH ROIlCepna.T1I3MOM H ynanROM noarauecsoro TaJIaHTa, OHa TeM He MeHee npe,n;CTaBJIHeTCH fieccnopnojt. IIpHHTHe oxpaHHTeJIbHOH H,n;eOJIorHH He MOrJIO He OKa3aTb cnonsraaromero BJIHHHHJI HR ero rr033HIO. OHa yTpaTHJIa. CBemeCTb H HOBH3HY. IIHcbMa H CTHXH aTHX JIeT rrOKa3hlBa1OT, qTO B nepaon OT «JIHpHqeCKHX 6aJIJIa,n;»,n;0rpaurara.o QHH'I:pe (1798-1809 1'1'.) B,op,n;CBOPT erne OCTaBaJICfl na rr03HIJ;HJlX nexoxpara, neztoBOJIbHOrO IIOJIHTHKOH H ::lKOHOMHROH crpansr, OH npananaer yqaCTHe :B mH3HH OKpeCTHhlX noceaan: sepea cecrpy )J;0pOTH OH 3HaeT scex aoxpyr, 3aHHMaeTCJI C60pOM cpencrs B no.nsay Hym,n;alOIIJ;HXCJI, 03a60qeH nonpocaun BocrrHTaHHH H ofipa30BaHHJI, opraHH3aIJ;HeH IIIKOJI; OH MeQTaeT, QT06hl ero CTHXH HOCHJIH B cyxxax Kopo6eHHHKH H nponanana ,n;epeBeHCKHM KpaCOTKaM, a re 6hl pacnesana HX. na MOTHBhl crapsrx necea, KaR CTHXH Bepaca. Erne 1802 r. I\OJIbPII,n;iR ynpexaer Bopncnopra aa 6e360mHhle BhlcKa3hlBaHHH, a Baapoa B peIJ;eH3HH aa C60pHHK. 1807 r. cnopar TOJIbKO nporan IIOaTHqeCKHX, HO He rrOJIHTHQeCRHX rrpHHIJ;HIIOB anropa (BLJ, I,

342-43).
u

TaK me, KaK H I\OJIbpH,n;m, BOp,n;CBOPT ,n;OJIrOcoxpaaaer I xpaaae KpHTlIqeCKOe OTHomeHHe R rrpaBHTeJIbCTBY H BhlCmHM KJIaCcaM. B nacsxe R <DOKCYOH C TOCKOHnepexacnaer OTTaJIxanaiomae qepTbI HOBOH lIH,n;ycTpHaJIbHOH AHrJIHlI H CqHTaeT BMRRhlM npOTlIBonOCTaBHTb lIM IJ;eHHOCTHnyxa, B «COHeTax, nOCBJlIIJ;eHHhlXcaotione: (Sonnets Dedicated to Liberty,18021807) BOp,n;CBOPT cpaBHIIBaeT 06IIJ;eCTBeHHYIO mH3Hb AHrJIHlI C 60JIOTOM 3acToHHMX BO,n;' II HanOMHHaeT coapeaeausrx rrOJIHTlIRaM npaaep BeJIHROrO MHJIbToHa. B OOJIbmeH CTeneHH, QeM Honspama, BOP)J;CBOPT B 3TlI ronsr nacrynaer KaK rnamaraa MlIpOOIIJ;ym;eHHH H1I3mlIX RJIaCCOB. Onaaao ero nOHHMaHlIe Hym,n; napona iIpHBO,n;lIT ero K lI,n;eHM, npe,n;BOCXHIIJ;aBmHM «.peo,n;aJIbHhlH COIJ;lIaJIII3M» RapJIJlHJIH H 60JIee nOB,n;HHX '.Cf)opeTlIRoB: cnaCeHHJI OT BOJI RanHTaJIHBMa OH HIIJ;eT B cearaaearansuux CBH3JIX Mem)J;Y 3eMJIeBJIa,n;eJIbIJ;aMHH apeanaropasra. OH nporan CTOPOHHlIKOB. <DpaHIJ;Y3cKOD:peBOJIIOIJ;lIlI, TaK KaK OHH nonnepamnana p;POMhlmJIeHHYIO peBOJIIOIJ;HIO,TJlJI,eJIhle nOCJIe,n;CTBHJI OTOPOD: R BOp,n;CBOPT pano CTaJI npennaners. Ero COQYBCTBlIe TOPlIHCKOH napraa nepaonaaansao nupacraer H3 HOIWBHCTH I, 6yplI,ya3HOMY CTPOIO, HO rrOCTeneUHO, JIOrH'IOCIU1 paananancs,

53

I;hITeClUIeT npouecc HeHIIH BHp;eTh BhIMli. KOBbH BhICillHX IIo3TOMY JI03YHr0l\1 .1IeHHoH pa3YMeeTCH, 3aD;IIII P;JIH

lICp;aBHIIe

p;elllOKpaTII'leCKIIe COBepmaJICH OH COXpaHHJI ornpamenae CBoeH K

npIICTpaCTIIH. mea no U nyTII

IIoKa COMK

«TOpII3aD;IIW) II KOJIe6aHIIH, Tpy,HeHllKOB B ero

II n03T

KpIITII'leCKOe p;ecnOTU3MY CB060P;HbIMII

OTHomeHIIe

,ll,eHCTBHTeJIbHOCTH,

/lWJIaHHe cpemreaen03IID;IIll C IIX

CTpaHhI

U C'laCTJIU-

B03pO,Hp;eHllH npHBJIeHaJIa OH ocyxman H

COD;HaJIhHhIX

IIHCTHTYTOB

He B03MonmOCTb YJIY'lmHTb n03IID;IUO

ynperrars

KJIaCCOB, a HaAemp;a

COCTOHHlIe HH3illIIX. ymachl npousnnXOTH,

3KOHOMIICTOB-BHrOB 'lapTHCTaM, TaKTIIKy.

«laissez-faire»
peBOJIIOD;HH, ocyxmaa HeIIMyru;HX nOJIIITH'leCKII

,
HX

nonycnaiomaa

CHMnaTH3IIpOBaJI

peBOJIIOD;HOHHYIO nOCJIep;CTBHHMII nponnauaaer

Boauymeuae
n03p;HIOIO II ee

ne'laJIbHhlMII

HHp;YCTpHaJIHp;ame 60JIee n03MY OCTanpoH HP;OJIY THCKax 11 (The

KJIaCCOB fieccnopao

KOHcepBaTIIBHYIO BpHTaHHII ropasno p;eBhl,' nonpofiaee «cnOKoHHaH IOHomH, rJIaBHOMY B

«Ilpor ynxai (1814). OIIlIcaB

IIPOMhlillJIeHHOCTH, na TeMHoH paapymaerca; BOPACBOPT HOBHJICH CTOTa» CTpaHhI. H noroporo Excursion, ero

IIpoD;BeTaHlIe II;,orpecca:

H YCIIeXH

BOPP;CBOPT CTopOHe MymlJHHhI, B H\epTBY pacyer

MaTe pa

MaJIhle AeTH npHHOCHTCH MOpaJIbHOrO

Ha,KHBe,

Mpa'lHhIe 3aMY'leHHbIX

KapTHHhI TPYP;OM,

<pH3H'leCKOrO HHru;eTOH

BhlpOIKp;eHHH, crpanator

YHhIJIOrO

pa6CTBa,

AeCHTKH ThICH'l

HeBemeCTBOM

OT rophKoHHecnpaBeAJIHBOCTH

VIII, 180-185, 255-265). Cocrpananae K 6eAcTBHHM napona, .lI1e'lThl 0 npOCBeru;eHIIH He nOKIIp;aIOT Bopncsopra II rorna , xorna OH CTaJI aKTIIBHO
xpynaux IIJIH IIHhIe p;eHTeJIeH TOPHHCKOH AnrJIIIH oseas napTHII. cpenn Ho, p;pyre CTOPOHhl p;eHCTBHTeJIbHOCT1I, nOJIOflWHHe IIp;eH AHrJIHIO anecs OH 1101'1.IICKJIIO'lHTeJIbHOe 8BOJIIOD;HH OH ocymp;aJI H caxa nexa

IIOAAepmHBaTh nopanaa sepxaaaer rHX

rocynapcrn,

JII060IIhlTHa. CTOHyru;He non

aa sane

sa TO, 'lTO OHa He XO'leT naponsr, OT Hp;eaJIOB 6paTC pe3KOH B rpaxrare IIcnaHHIO apMHIO, KPHTHKOH. 0 noroB pyK1I nop;IIHCaJIa 3aHHTO MaillHllOll, COn;HaJIbHOro IIOp,-

BhlnOJIHHTb CTBa. B nope Bepa

CBOH p;OJIr -oCB060AHTb B ee uaauaneaae

HrOM HaIIOJIeOHa, nOCJIe)J.HHH paa B :QHIlTpe

p;aJIeKO orcrynaer CO'leTaJIaCb npenana CBOIO

3TII MhICJIII IIp03BY'laJIH

(1809):
H,

AHrJIlIH OT03BaB

spoaaaoro noronop, 3a6hlBaH 'leJIOBeI<3.

p;eCilOTa 6eC'leCTHhIll 0 'leCTII,

H TPYCJIHBhlH; rocyna sees

IIpaBHTeJIbCTBO pcrneauoit II

<popMaJIbHhIM

ynpaaaenaex 'lYBCTBax KOH'laeTCH

eCTeCTBeHHoro

Onnano

3TOT npOTeCT CJIaBOCJIOBH-

eM 6pHTaHCKHM

cB060p;aM.

OP;HHM H3 P;OBOP;OBB nOJIb3y

54

AepmKII non

I1crraHIIII

II

TIopTyraJIlI1I 1I60 'Iymp;LI

CJIymlIT 3TlIX

TO,

tfl'O

TaM

HeT

orraCHOCTII

JIK06IIHCTBa, penarna,

iKlITeJIII

CTpaH

naXOp;JITCJI rrpIIH~lInOB,

BJIIIJIHlIeM XOTJI

a6CTpaKTHhlX

«1I3BJIe'IeHHLIX lI031I~IIIO, BaTeJIJI, B CKJIOHeH OTMe'IaT'b

1I3 nafioparopaa

6eC'IYBCTBeHHhlX BOPP;CBOPT 3aHHJI

q,IIJIOCOq,OB». CrrpaBe,[lJIIIByIO aanoe60JIee mapaJIBCTBeUHhl. see OH CTpaHaM, KOTOpaJI pacnanacs JIIO,[IbMII aa TO, HH 'ITO ero

B 3TOM rpaxraro nonnepacaaaa TOplIHCKlIe OHII

06m;eHapO,[lHYIO CIIMrraTlI1I AHrJIIIIO anropa B ymy6JIHIOTCH.

BOHHY rrpOTIIB BrrOJIlIe

,[IaJILHeHrneM

BOPP;CBOPT ym;ep6 ,[IpyrlIM cB060p;y.

BOCXBaJIJITL ee 60raTCTBO nepen 6LI

II rrOJIIITII'IeCKYIO B03MomHOCTbIO opranaau.

ncaer
see ueae napon MaM

crpax

peBOJIIO~IIII,

paapynrana npsaome

06m;eCTBeHHLIH aa

Bens
ceryer

(TO eCTb q,eO,[laJIbIIbIe)

CBJI31I Mem,[ly OH

II nee Bhl6porneHO rrOJIy'IIIJI HH ero BOP,[lCBOPT

PhlHOK ,[IJIJI nponaxra

rro Cal\lOH BhlCOKOH

'(WL, II, 782-784,

BJIaCTb, amer

7.4.1817).
KOTOpaJI He

COOTBeTcTByeT TIpoTIIBoBec

3HaHIIHM, TOPlI3M rnynraa HOBbIM O,[lHaKO KHX, rope I1TaJIHIO,

HpaBCTBeHHOMY HeYKJIOHHO H BeHHIIJIM npOTHB TeH,[IeH~HH: repMaHHIO

06JIHKY.

perpop3aK

B oc;{aTKaX

q,eop;aJIbHhlX cyiI\,[IeIlHJI

OTHorneHHH. II nnrepec Hero ~epKBH.

rrD3Ta

YCIIJIIIBaeTCJI, BpeMeHII.

nOCTeneHHO

BCJIKYIO caMOCTOJITeJIbHOCTb ,[IBHmeHHJIM rOCnO,[lCTBYIOm;eH

B03paCTaeT

npaaepaceaaocrr,

aHrJIHKaHCKOH xo-ry

OH pemareasao <DpaH~HIO, 6hl

pa3paCTaHHJI

3aXBaTHH'IeCKHX crpaae, O,[l06PHJI EH ayxcaa yponens, KaK

«H

MHJIHTapHCTCHa~HJIMH •••

BH,[IeTb I1cnai:IHIO,

He3aBHCHMhlMH KOTOPOH

BOeHHaJI raxoro

BJIaCTb

nenpeononaaal
HO em;e 60JIbrne BhlCOKHH MOMeHbrne HH O,[lHOH ero

He

nOJIOmeHHJI

H ,[IJIJI BeJIHK06pHTa60JIee

HHH •••

HOBaJI BOeHHaJI rrOJIHTHKa, 60JIbrne ... 6hI H B BeJIH'IHJI,

eH' HymHlJ paJIbHhlH TaK iKe

HOBaJI CHCTeMa 06pa30BaHHJI,

Bo06pameHHJI,

6eC'IYBCTBeHHOCTH napTIIH, KOTOpaJI KOH~y Ho

pacserai
nOJIHOH

(WL, I, 314, 25.4.1809).

Mepe COOTBeTCTBOBaJIa

HOJIbplI,[Im,

BOP,[lCBOPT He MOl' HaHTH

nporpasore. . Eme K
peq,0pMY»,

a K KOH~y 6bIJl

exy
01'

1800-x rO,[lOB nO:3T CTOHT aa «yMepeHHyro 1810-x rO,[lOB JII06ble peq,opMhl KamYTCJI
K 3TOMY noaana. peJIHrHH 6JIaroro ~epKBIL BpeMeHH nepaon ace OT TBOp'IeCKHX na H,[IeHX 60JIee OTXO,[lHT BO COCpe,[lOTO'IHBaJICb cepnna, Ha'IaJIa, BOP,[lCBOPT

orraCHbIMH.

caepnreana

yme

caMOYCOBeprneHCTBOBaHHJI, «ecTecTBeHHOH» KOH~err~HH rJIaBOH BeJIHKOro

naHTeHCTII'IeCKOH

pacrnopeuaoro
H Y30K

BCeJIeHHOH, Hero

601' nee 60JIee

CTaHOBIITCJI OPTO,[lOI{CaJIbHhlM ,il;orMaTM'Ien CTaHO-

aHrJIIIHaHCKOH

55

BliTCH craperonraa nax. ecrr., OH acnurraaaer meH 6hlTb non TaKaH 3aXBa'IeH cnoero

BOPP;CBOPT B CBOliX HpaBCTBeHHhIX B3rJIHII ep;llHOii iRH3HeHHOii KOHD;em~HH 'IeJIOBeKY KaK OH 0 TOM, KaKHM OH P;OJIy6hlBaIOm.HiillHTepeCK

B nOHCKaX YCTOii'IllBOii, pa3MhlIIIJIHH

npemrymecrneaao

BJIllHHHeM noara-tpnnocorpa. HeH36emHOii OrpaUll'IeHHOCThIO. npyrax pOMaHTliKOB npOTHBOpe'IHBO CXOP;CTBO nx 'ITO BOPP;CBOPT MeHhIIIe

n0311D;HHcrpanaer

Xapaxrepao,
paeaaaaromeaca npyra

IIp;eHMH llCTOpH3I11a, omymeaaea

BCeJIeHHOii. B aTOM OH pe3KO OTJIll'IaeTCH OT

Bansrepa
11 II

CKOTTa, HeCMOTpH na

nOJIl:ITH'IeCKliX B3rJIHp;OB. paaaanarsca paropaaae

sacrsmaer

Ilocrenenao
-B

BOPP;CBOp'Tnepecraer Xp1lCTllaHCHOl\l CBOIO AYXOBHYIO

rpananaonaoa

KOHcepBaTH3Me.

Henapoa

aBTo6Horpa!J>HIO -

1798 ronal .

«TIpeJIIOp;HIO)} g

OH AOBOP;1IT JI1IIIIh 11;0

IIMH BOPP;cBopTa acconnapyerca npeame scero C HOBOBBep;eHHHMH «J1HpH'IeCKHX 6aJIJIap;», no OH lIMeJI BeJIlIKHX rrpenIIIeCTBeHHHKOB IIIee ee

Bepaca

co6hlTHeM HH CTaJIH

«Banxama»,

11 BJIeiiKa. enna

l\aKHM JIll

6hl

BamHhlM MeHbIIIe.

«TIpeJIIOp;HH» 11 nop;rOTOBHB3Ha'IRJIlI

«A66aTCTBO THHTepH»

!J>HJIOco!J>cKaH rr033HH CTOJIb HPKO OKpaCRJIaCh B JIH'IHhle, cy6'heKTlIBHhle rona. TIo3Ma 1I3JIaraeT raannue CTaP;HHP;YXOBHoro pa3BRTliH JIII'IHOCTII, ee nyrs HeOC03HaHHOCTli nercnoro caMOn03HaHRH. csoa C,soeii B03paCTa aap;a'Ieii OT HeBlIHHOCTll II ceria, H 3peJIOCTH 11 HCHOCTII 11 npaotimeaaa 6aJIJIap;allm 'IYBCTB».

Bnepnue

OH C'IRTaeT 1I3y'IlITb II onrafiox

rryTh npeOp;OJIeHIIH lIJIJII03Hii

K 6JIarOp;aTll: emes TIapap;OKCaJIbHO, CIIBHOii aoeanoa

rrpep;RCJIOBHlI K «J1lIpll'IeCKlIM

BOPP;CBOPT Ha3hlBaJI n03alIIO HO no neCClIM1I3Ma n03Ta npa

«acropaea

11 HaYKoii

Mepe

soapacraaan

COD;HaJIhHOrO OH H30 ncex ClIJI

BRp;e p;lIKTaTyp:bI HanOJIeOHa 11arpecHOBOii asmepaa

nOJIIiTlIKII

~ Ilepnsre

CTPO!Jlh! noaMhI 6hIJlH BaIIHCaBh! B KOHu;e 1795 r., nepnae RHnrH B 1798-1799 rr., xorna BOPACBOPT, BAOXHOBJleHHhIH I\OJIbpHJl)ReM, Me'ITan 0 C03AaHIm o6mHpHoH .pl1JIOCO!JlCROHnoaaa «Tho Recluse». Ho OT nee OCTaJICJI TOJIbRO OTPhIBOR, H 'IaCTH'IUhIMHCnOJlHeBHeM SaMhICJla ORa3aJIaCb «TIpeJIIOAHJI», 60JIbmaJl 'laCTb xoropoa 6hIJla aanacaaa MemAY 1804 H 1806 rr., H «Ilporyaxae: B nepBYIO aaary eo B nepenenanacx BIIp;e BOmJIa JICTOPlIH «Paaopeaaoa XlllRlIHhI», 1797 r., BTQpaJl 6hIJIa C03);!aHa B 1806 r., OCTaJIbHhIO ceas RHlIl' =Memp;y 1809
II

:1:813 rr,

56

CTpeMHTCH nupatiorara B ce6e peJIHrH03HO~HpaBCTBeHHbIH (JIlTHMII3M, YKa3aTb aa I1CTHHHblH, no ero y6em,ri;eHHIO, nsrXO,!l;, B03MomHblH ,!l;JIHscex ero qHTaTeJIeH II nOCJIe,!l;OBaTeJIeH. TaK me, KaK B «A66aTCTBe THHTepH», TaK H B «IIpeJIIO,!l;HH» 11«IIporYJIKe», r,!l;e BOP,!l;CBOPTBblpa31IJIce6H B Tpex nepcoaa,I,ax (O,!l;HHOKOM, CTpaHHHKe, Ilacrope - B COOTBeTCTBHHC paaasnra acnearaxa CBOHX apaacraenaux I1CKaHHH), n03T paanaxaer TpH rana pa3BH1HH: nercrso - nopy omymeaaa, [OHOCTb - nopy qYBCTB, 3peJIOCTb - nopy pa3MblffiJIeHHH. B nepBblH nepaon - p;eTCKIIH - B03HHKaeT eCTeCTBeHHaH CBH3b·Memp;y npaponoa-aarepsio H pe6eHKOM, ee p;eTHIIJ;eM; OH 6e3p;YMHO nnarsraaer ee mHBHTeJIbHble COKH, npH06IIJ;aeTCH K MHpy. BTOPOH nepaon aacrynaer rorna, xorna 6eCC03/ nareasaae BneqaTJIeHHH nepexonar B' C03HaTeJIbHble, xorna IIHCTHHKTHBHble BocnpHHTHH nepepatiarsmaiorca B OCMblCJIeHnsre qYBCTBa, nepaae HpaBCTBeHHble npep;CTaBJIeHHH. Herrocpencraeaaoe OIIJ;yIIJ;eHHe qHCTOTbl H 6JIarOCTHOCTH npaPOP;bl, aacnaameaae npOCTopOM nOJIeH, JIeCHOH reasro, npoXJIap;OH pyqbH nepexonar B meJIaHlfe B06paTb B ce6H TO, qTO OT, npaponu HeOT'beMJIeMO,- KpaCOTY, anoponse, eCTeCTBeHHOCTb, npocrory. Ha ;nOH CTap;HH JII060Bb K npnpone OC03naerca KaK HCTOqnHK He TOJIbKO qYBCTBeHHblX, no II p;YXOBnblX panocrea, KaK aanor 3CTeTHqeCKOrO H apaacraennoro BOCnHTanHH. ¥MeHHe npHCJIymHBaTbCH K rOJIOcy qYBCTB CJIymHT KaK 6bl OTnpaBnOH TOqKOH P;YXOBHoro pa3BHTHH, aaxanoa nponecca caxonoaaanaa. HaKOHen;, na rpersex 3Tane06IIJ;enHe C npaponoa BKJIlOqaeT H TenJIOTY xenoaenecxoro 06ru;enHH co BceMII, KTO }Kl'IBeT ee mH3HblO II CJIHBaeTCH C nero, CO BceMH, KTO TPYP;HTCH, sepnaa nponwraaae H3 ee 60raTCTB. BCHKHH, KTO npOIUeJI sepea 3TH sramr, MHnOBaB cofiaaaau H 3a6JIymI nenaa roponcsoa n;HBHJIH3an;HH II ee nOJIHTHqeCKHX JIOBymeK, OKa3blBaeTCH HpaBCTBeHno 3P;OpOBhIM, a nOTOMY rOTOBblM K npeOp;OJIenHIO scex mH3HeHHhIX HCTIblT!lHHH. CqaCTJIHB TOT, y xoro nepnue BneqaTJIeHIIH csaaaau «He C /l{aJIKHMH, BYJIbrnpnuxa TBopeHHHMil qeJIOBeKa, HO C BhICOHHM, nOCTOHHHblM, C mH3HblO H rrpnponoa ... xoropue npnnaror BeJIHqHe 6HeHHHM nanrero cepnna»: Not, with the mean and vulgar works of man, / But with high objects, with enduring things / With life and nature" , .. until we recognize / A grandeur in the beatings of the heart ... (The Prelude, I, 408u

410, 413- 414).

r

Bopncnopra

«Ilpenronaar

ecrr, I1CTOJIKOnaHHe IOHOmeCI\:OM /l,H3HH B CBeTe ero n03,11;HeMrneii 3BOJIIOlJ,HH, OT 1799 ,11;0

57

1805 1'. Ilporaaopesae Mem,l1;Y aBT061I0rpatPlllleCKlIMlI nepBhlMll KHllraMlI 1I nOC·JIe,l1;HlIMlI, a6CTpaKTHblMlI n: OPTO,il;OKCaJIbHbIMlI, ronopar 06 OTCYTCTBlIlI IJ;eJIbHOCTlI, 0 HenOCJIe,l1;oBaTeJIbHOCTlI. B XIII KHlIre BOP,l1;CBOPTnsrraerca BHYI1IllTb lIlITaTemo, 6Y,l1;TO BCH noaaa YCTpeMJIeHa K YTBepm,l1;eHlIIO Bora, aooriparseaaa 1I lIHTeJIJIeKTyaJIbHOH JII06BlI. O,l1;HaKOB nepnsrx KHlIrax 0 HHX HeT pesa, H!Bor nrpaer nO,l1;lIllHeHHYIO pOJIb no cpaBHeHlIIO C npnponoa. Ilepssre nne KHllrH nOJIHbI cOMHeHlIH, HeYBepeHHocTH B ce6e. B KHHre III, nanacaaaoa nOCJIe uepepuaa, nepen HaMlI HOBhlH B OP,l1;CB OpT, Y}Ke peI1IlIBI1IllH see nonpocu, H B noaue HeT ,l1;BlImeHllH snepen - npOCTO H3JIaraIOTCH ero B3_I'JIH,l1;bI na nocnaraaae, npnpony 1I lIeJIOsexa. TOJIbKO B xaarax IX, X 1I XI C npemHeH mlIBOCTbIO 3BYlIlIT paCCKa3 0 Ha,l1;e,H,l1;ax, p06ym,l1;eHHhIX peBOJIIOIJ;lIeH, H n lIX- r1I6eJIlI. Paaoxapoaaaana non orpexaerca OT COIJ;lIaJIbHOH 60Pb6b1 1I CTapaeTC.H He Bll,l1;eTb COIJ;lIaJIbHhlX npOTlIBOpelllIH. TaK, ropecrnoe onacaaae aaaypenaoro BOHHOH COJInara (1798) ClIJIbHO CMHrlleHO npa BKJIIOlIeHlIlI B IV KHlIry «IIpeJIIO,l1;lllI)}: non paCCTaeTCH C repoea BnOJIHe cnonoaao peaKIJ;lIH HBHO ,Hea,l1;eKBaTHaHI TeMa CTpa,l1;aHlIH oCHa6HeHa, 1I3 «6ep;HOro, aec-racrnoro lIeHOBeKa)} nepsoro sapaaara OH B ,l1;aJIbHeHI1IeM npespamaerca B «repnenanoro lIeHOBeKa)} 8. TeHp;eHIJ;llH CBeCTlI aecs m1l3HeHHhlH omrr lIeHOBeKa 1I XY,l1;omHlIKa K He06xo,l1;HMOCTll npnnarr, crpanaaae, BHp;eTb B HeM acxynxenae, noaoraiomee noanarr, Bora, - K KOHIJ;Y «IIpeHIO,l1;lIlI)} CTaHOBlITCH CJIlII1IKOM 3aMeTHoH. Ocrpoe BOCnplIHTHe COIJ;lIaHbHoH HecnpaBep;HlIBOCTlI, xapaKTepHoe ,l1;HH MOHop;oro BOP,l1;cBopTa, nplITynJIHeTCH. B TOR Mepe, B KaKoH «IIpeHIOp;lIH)} 1I3YlIaeT nClIXOHorlIIO nona, noporsneaayio TPY,l1;HhlM KP1I31ICHhlM speuenex, OHa npHfIap;He,HHT K BamHeHIIIHM npoH3Bep;eHHHM pOMaHTlIlIeCKoH anoxa 1I 1I3YMHHeT rHy61IHoH caaonafinroneaaa. B TOH Mepe, B KaKoH ypox c06cTBeHHoH m1I3HlI, CBOIO cnocofinocrs nepeBecTlI cOIJ;lIaHbHhle 6ep;cTBlIH 1I CTpa,l1;aHlIH B MopaHbHopeJIlIrlI03HbIH nnaa, csoe YMeHHe OTrOpO,l1;lITbCHOT MlIpa BHeI1Iaero 1I norpY3HTbCH B MHp BHYTpeHHlIH BOPP;CBOPTnpenon6 The

Prelude, IV, 466-469. To me upOR30mJIO R C o6pa6oTIWH «Pa30peHHoH XHmIlHhD) (1795-1797). OHa IIOllTH 6e3 1l3MeHeHHll BOmJIa B I KHHry «Ilpor-yaxa». Ho CTpaHHIIK rosopar, liTO He HaAO cnopfiers 0 Mapraper - OHa MllpHO CUHT B raxoa 3eMJIe, II ee aanymeaaaa 06HTeJlb aaymaer YCIIOKOllTeJlbRble MblCJlH (B aapaaare 1815 r. oaa BblJIHBalOTCH B peJIllrH03ROe yscmaaae).

58

HOCBT B Ka'IeCTBe 06JI3aTeJII.HOrO npasrepa AJIJI 'IeJIOBe'IeCTBa,B TOH Mepe BaHpOH npan, xorna B nocnauteaaa K «IlonmyaHY» UpOHB'IeCKB meJIaJl eMY U ero APY3I.JIII1 nOMelIJITb CBOB 03epa Ha OKeaH. 8TOT COBeT ocofienno YMecTeH no ornomenmo It anropy noaMhl «Ilporynaa». IIOY'IBTeJII.HOCTI., PUTopUKa, OAHoo6paaasre paCCYiKAeHBJI, ynanox TBOp'IeCKBX CUJI cosepurernro O'IeBBAHbI. TeM He MeHee U B «II por-yaxei MHoro npeapacmax CTPOK B 06pa30B, II 'IBTaTeJIB, He3HaIWMble C «IIpeJIIOABeH)}, ony6JIUKOBaHHOH nocne CMepTH anropa , YBIIAeJIII B lIeH OAHY 1I3' rrepaux tPUJlOCOq>CKO-JllIpUTJeCltMX anrJIIIMCKHX noaa. Ee «ne'IaJII.HhlMII Y30paMII» BOCXHlII,aJICJI,r:t;mOII HUTC. H TJUCJlYaenaorax nOaTUTJeCKHXycnexon nosnaero BOPAcnopra OTHOCIITCJIero noaaa «BeJIaH JIaHI.» (The White Doe 0:£ Rylstone, 1815; nepnua napaaar - 1807 -1808). IIoaT npananan eH ocotioe 3Ha'IeHHe; CIOmeT H3 UCTOplIH KaTOJIU'Iecxoro MHTema B AHrJIIIU XVI B. aocnponanonarca C pacseTOM na nOJlHTH'IeCKHe aHaJlOrIIH. CeMbH HOPTOHOB npaaanJIemlIT K CTapHHHOM KaTOJIlI'IeCIWM 3HaTH. Bee OHII CTaHOBJITCJI jJtepTBaMH 6paToy6HHcTBeHllOH BOMHb!. B iI\HBhlX OCTaeTCJI TOJIl,KO IOHaJI 8MIIJlII. OT OTTJaHIlIIH eo cnacaer 6eJIaJI JIaHI., ROTOpaJI RamAhlH AeHI. npmieraer R nOI{lIHYTOMY 3aMKY. B ee KpOTOCTH U nOCTOJIHCTBe8MHJlII, Aailte yMlIpaJI, 'IBTaeT ypox TepneHBJI U caMOOTBepmeHHOCTH. IIepBbIH BapBaHT aToM nosxsr 6hlJI 3aKOHTJeH B 1808 r. BOPACBOPT C'IBTaJI, 'ITO 06pa3bI JIaHB H 3HaMeHII, aa xoropoe cpaaearorca RaTOJIBRB HOPTOHhl, BonJIOlIl,aIOT iI{BBOTBOPHYIO CBJIY noofipaaceaarr, 1'160 BamHhl He caMB no ce6e, a 3aRJIIOTJeHHhlM B HBX CBMBQJlB'IeCKBM CMhlCJIOM. OH YKa3hlBaJI, 'ITO noaay scerna 6YAYT'MaJIO 'IBTaTI., TaR RaR ee srraaonu UMeIOT ne peaJII.HhlH, a BHTeJIJIeKTyaJILHhlM xapaxrep. IIoaTOMY' BOPACBOPT C'IHTaJI ee JIY'IIlllIM CBOBM npOB3BeAeHBeM. IIoaT HaMepeHHO Ha'IlIHaeT no aMY C onlICaHIIJI 6eJIOM JlaHII, TaHHcTBeHHOH nOCeTIITeJII.HIIIJ;hl OAIIHOKOH MOrUJIbl; OBa BOCnpBHIIMaeTCJI, cxopee, RaR AYX, RaK JIBJIeHlIe eJJ,Ba mI He CBepX'beCTeCTBeHHoe. CJIOmHOCTI. noansr onpeneaaerca H,ueHHhlMH npOTHBOpe'IBJIMB, pa3AeJIBBIIIlIMB' ceMeMCTBOHOPTOHOB; see 3AecI. CBMBOJIU'IHO, nee pa3BHBaeTClI o,uHOBpeMeHHO B ,uBYX nnaaax: BHeIIIHeH 60pI.6e, B KOTOpyIO BTJIHYThl nee Mym'IMUbi AOMa, COOTBeTcTByeT BHYTpeHHHH 60Pb6a B nyme repo111m; npOTBBOpeTJHJIM rpamAaHCKOM BOMHhI - npOTHBOpO'lIIH IlIlYTPII KaTOJlIITJeCKOH cenr,n. Bsmmroe ~~OmlJ\OM ;lllaMJI CHMBOJIlI3lIpyeT nucuree cauoorpeucnao COa!taBIlleil: oro BO59

, npexa
TaHTa

CBOIIMnpOTeCTaHTCKIIMy6eiI'.IJ;eHIIHM 8MlIJllI

1I'1I306pa-

meHHOrO

CTRUOBHTCH erne '1eCKOrO II

pan) xpacaee, KOI',lJ;a aananaer KpOBh npOTecnx <Dp:mCHca Hoproaa, KOTOPhIll:CTaJI mepTBOll: IIOJIHTIIHeM XpIICTa. KpaCKII (HaMeCTe ero penaraoanoro ¢aHaTII3Ma, aamamaa 3HaMH B

aa

Aasre

IIaMHTh 06 OTIJ;eII 6paTe. CHMBOJlOMCTOll:KOCTII HeiImOCTH II OKa3hlBaeTCH 6eJIaH nans. y6em,lJ;elIlIeM asropa: H JlIIK Ha

Mopans

IIO:3Mhl, npHMO He BhlK'aK 6hl HII 6hlJIH BbICOII cxeprn, aa-

CKa3aHHaH, HO HBHaH, COBIIa,lJ;aeT TBep,lJ;hlM TOMY BpeMeHH C K BCHKaH 6oph6a, KII ee IJ;eJIII, IIPlIBO,lJ;lITJlHIIIh K HeC'IaCThIO,K oiI<ecTO'leIfIIIO JiHT KpOBhIO. Bce

Xpncra, CTaHOBHChnplI'IlIHOll: pasnopa Ilpeononenaa crpananae," 8MHJIlI

BonpocbI no ero ,lJ;aIOT yaaaepcansmaa :3TOT OTBeT .II MhlCJlH ero

II 6eJlaH JlaHb

OTBeT -

JII06oBh• '1YBCTBR-

•ITO:3T, KOTOPhlll: aamea '3KBIIBaJleHThl, '1ecTII II 6J1ary

CHMBOJIll'leCKlIe

BOP,lJ;CBOpTa,YCllJlIIJI

3'eJIhHOCTh'1eJIOBeKa II TeM caMbIM cIIoco6cTBOBaJl pa,lJ;OCTII,

(WPrW,

87).

(EeJIaH JlaHh» 6bIJla ony6J1lIIWBaHa B C60pHlIKe CTIIXOTBopeHlIll:

1815

r.,

KOTOPhlll: cran

IIOCJle,lJ;Hell: Y,IJ;a'lell:BOP,lJ;CBOpTa.

OH IIpO,lJ;OJliKaJIIHcaTh, II HeCIIpaBep;JlHBO6bIJIO 6hl CKa3aTh, I 'ITO KaK nO:3T OH yMep B nepBoe ,lJ;eCHTHJIeTlIe HOBOTOBeKa.

Hapacraromaa
He

KOHcepBaT1l3M ero B3rJlH,IJ;OB JllIIIIh CTIIXlI,

KOCBeHHO 'ITO CTaJI

OKa3hlBaJl B03p;ell:CTBlIe Ha yracaHlIe nop;p;epmHB3.Tb IIapTIUO ropa. lICTO'lHllK yTpaTy . meJlaHHe OTOp;BlIHyTh OT ceria II

ero TBOp'leCKOrO ,lJ;apa. IIMeJIO 06rn;1Ill:

IIOTOMY OH IIepeCTaJI IIHcaTh xopomae

TO, H npyroe TOT p;yx B

6hlJlOll: '1YBCTBlITeJlhHOCTH CTpap;aHHIO, K YCHJIeHHOrO KpIITIIHell:, <pllJIOCO¢CKoe BHYTIIp01l3Be,lJ;eHIIH.Y BJIeCY,lJ;OpOH{HOe lICKaHlIe 'lYBCTBa,

D;1I3Ma, KOTOPhlll:IIOpOP;lIJI ero aysmao '1eHHe peBOJIIOIJ;Hell:, paaoxapoaaaae OCMbICJleHlIe npH'IHH peanea ee KpYIIleHllH, nsrxona , IIOIIbITKa otipecra

ero B yrJIy6JIeHHOM' aaannae

m1I3Hll Tpe60BaJIll 60JIbIIlOrO rpaaorancxoro

pa3BHTbIX 06rn;eCTBeHHbIX :3MOIJ;Hll:>i\Or,lJ;a see :3TO6hlJlO asrrecHeHO Tpap;lIIJ;HOHHO peJIHrH03HhlM CThIO B a6COJlIOTnOMnpanore meJlanHeM BHYIIIHTh nx CTHXOB aceu, r. II3p;aHHe MbIIIIJIeHHeM, ynepennonaCTOll:'lHBhlM aarrncamroe KpOMe «II poyMepJIa. CBOIIX Hp;eM II II033HH BKJlIO'laJIO see

panee ((JIHpH'leCKHe 6aJlJlap;w) H CTHXH 1807 rYJlKH» II «llpeJIIO,IJ;IIlI». 3,1J;eCb nnepnsre

1815

r.),

CTHXH paCIIOJlOmeHbI

B TOM nOpJI,lI,Ke, KOTOPhlH npHHJIT nmx mre cepnna lIlIJI; mero lI3,l1,amIii: , toaonrecxae B ,lI,eTCTBY; CTIIXII, ljIaHTa3lIJI,

B OOJIbIIIHHCTBe nOCJIe,ll,YIO-

npOII3Be,ll,eHIIJI

i CTIIXH,
II

nOCBJIm;eH* pa3MhIllIJII~ ..

OCHOBe ROTophlX-npIIBJI3aHHOCTH 'IYBCTBa naaee. 8Ta eCTeCTBeHHO, orpaaraer 'lepe3 II TaR nOCJIe,ll,OBaTeJIb"

noofipaxreane,

CTlIXII 0 CTapOCTlI XpOHOJIOrII'leCKIIH C03HaHIIH. CJIOmHOCTbII II

HOCTb, lIeY,lI,OOHaH ,lI,JIJI'lIITaTeJIH, nplIHD;IIn, HhlX :n;eJIeH BOP,ll,CBOpTa n08TII'leCROrO KphlBaIOT ee

npennosararoO,ll,HY lI3 rJIaBofipaaoa, pacnYTH

nonaaarr,

CTHXII pa3BIITIIe TaKIIM n08Ta,

PaClIOJIOiIWH;Hhle 1I3MeH'lIlBOCTb, BOCIIIITaHIIH

OHII COCTaBJIJIIOT IICTOPIIIO BHYTpemWH 8CTeTII'leCKOrO MOpaJIbHOrO

iI-\lI3HII

OCBem;aIOT JIII'lHOCTII.

COOPHIIRY npenmecrayer npe,ll,II~JIOBIIe. ITo BOP,ll,CBOPTY, ,lI,JIJI nlICRHIIH CTIIXOB HeOOXO,ll,lIMhl uatinronarensnocrr, :b. TO'lHOCTLOnIICaHlIJI,

nenu
II

xoropue,

O,ll,HaKO, ,lI,OJImHhl OhlTb nonnayMa: 'lYBCTBIITeJILHOCTII, OT

BhlCIIIIIM

cnOCOOHOCTHM

KOTOPOH PYIO~IIM»;

3aBIICJIT

npenenu

BH,lI,eHIIH n08Ta; lI3

soofipaaceaam
paccy ... MeiI,,lI,Y YKa3aH" 11 BOC-

ljIaHTa3IIII

-«BII,lI,OlI3MeHHIOID;lIM, BhlMhlCJIY, sepnaromeay

C03,l1,aIOID;IIM II aCCOD;1I1I" HaOJIIO,lI,eHIIH;

,lI,lITeJIbHOCTII, onpeneamomea COOTHOIIIeHlIe HhlMlI 'lepTaMII (WPW, 954-955). 8TlI nOJIOmeHIIH IIHTepeClIhI BOP,ll,CBOpTa acreraxe OHII 'ITO paccyamenna ero XO,ll,HT K aHrJIlIHCKOH

MaJIO opIIrlIHaJIbHhI BTOpOH nOJIOBIIHhl 0 pa3JI1I'llIlI

Boaee
meHlIeM TOT can II083lIlI rKeH1Ie, nOCTb aaneaaer

XVIII

D.
HO 113

Mem,ll,Y aootipaI\OJIbPll;,IJ,mY, BhlpOCJIII

11 ljIaHTa3HeH. npII3HaBaJICH,

O'leHb

OJIlI3KlI onpeneaeana ero ecrr,

Bopncaopra,
no MHeHHIO no C03HaHHH npemrer eMY

nopaaanmea

B MOJIOP;OCTH.BoofipaCBOHCTBO oOJIee 66JIbIIIYIO aKTIIBOHO KpI1TIIKa

OOOHX noaron, HOO nonpasyaeaaer OTHOIIIeHIIIO

BU}KHOe, 'leM ljIaHTa3IIH,

K aocnpaaaaaeuoay. :n;IITIIpyeT

,lI,OnOmfIITeJIbHhlllUI npncynme.

CBOHCTBaMII II IIShlMaell

CBOHCTBa, JIaMa,

BOPP;CBOPT OP;YllIeBJIeHHhle

KOTOPhIH nOHCHHJI, 'ITO noofipameune co BceMII

«see

IIPI1BOP;IIT H

e.n;MHCTBY 1I 3aCTaBJIHeT npezraersr, OP;IIH nser of 1I CJIymIITb WPW,

II neO,ll,YIIIeBJIeHHhl6 'npaotiperara to the Poems

CBOIIMlI aTp1I6YTl:!-MlI ••• e,ll,I1HOH :n;eJIH» (Preface B xaxecrne K neoeeaM call'd ye Elements, you npmrepa (ero JII1pa not you,

1815.never

957).
tax

Bopncaopr
D;IITlIpoBaJi unkindness

lIPlIBO,ll,lIT 06paID;eHlIe 11 KOJIhPI1P;}K):

He pas with

«I

gave

you

kingdoms,

Daughters!»
uro uootipaarenae,

BOP,ll,CBOPT rOTOB CorJIaCHTbCH 81U1 eors cnocofinocrr, C TOR JIlIIIIb orOBopIWH,

C I\OJlhpII,II,lHeM,

<IlaIlTa:l!I·

«cofiaparexsnaa

I1 accOJ~naTIInIlaH»,~.:

'ITO TaIWDO /lW 11

H&'

II3MeHCHHH, reoropne <paHTa3HH IIPHBHOCHT B npemrer onacaB OTJIH'lHe OT H3MeHCHHH, BHOCHMbIX aoofipazaeaaen, He3Ha'lHTeJIbIlbI. IIPIIHlI,HIIbI ee ~eHCTBHH OTJIH'laIOTCH 01' nplIHlI,HIIOB aoofipaacenaa IIPOH3BOJIbIlOCTbIO,- II 3<p<peKT COOTBeTCTBeHHO nepenxo B03HHI{aeT HrpHBbIH, 3a6aBHblH HJIH TpOraTeJIbHbIH. <!>aIlTa3HH TeM CHJIbHee,' 'IeM OHa xanpaaaee II menpee: ona BbI3bIBaeT npe~CTaBJIeHHH,nO~'Iac TOJIbKO OTAaJIeHHO CBH3aHHbIe C npenaeroa onacaana, roma KaI, aoofipazaeaae HCXO~HT U3 rJIy60Ko JIemam;HX BHyTpH ero CBOHCTB. I'pans MeJl{~y HHMH, CJIe~OBaTeJIbHO, OIIpe~eJIHeTCH TeM, 'ITO Bo06paJI{eHlIe BocnpOH3BO~IIT HaH60JIee cymecrBeHHbIe CBOHCTBa npenuera H BbI3bIBaeT aCCOll,Han;HH, onapaIOm;HeCH ua BaJl.meHIIllIe CTOPOHbl C03HaHHH, Tor~a KaK <paHTa3HH suasmaer npe~CTaBJIeHHH, HHOH pae ~aJIeKO OT~TOHm;IIe, nupaacaromae He OCHOBHbIe rrpH3HaKH npemrera, a n060'IHble H BTopOCTeneHHbIe. 8TH orrpeneaeaaa Bopncsopra TeCHeHIIlIIM 06pa30M CBHaansr C OIIpe,o;eJIeHHHMII l\'OJIbpII,o;ma: «<!>aHTa3IIH C6JIHmaeT 06pa3bI, He HMeIOm;He CBH3II, eCTeCTBeHHOH II MOpaJIbIWH, HO coenaneaasre II03TOM IIO npannany CJIY'laHHOrO COBnaAeHIIR ... Bootipazseaae BH,o;OII3MeHHeTofipaau, npanaer e,o;lIHCTBO pa3H006pa3l1IO II cocpenoro-nmaer BCe B O,o;HOM; il piu nell'uno» 7. 06a noara C'IHTaIOT ero YHHBepCaJIbHhlM nYTeM K rr03HaHIIIO; B 3a'IaTO'IHOH <popMe OHOHe06xo,o;lIMO ,o;JIH npocreiimero axra BocnpHHTIIH, a B csoea BbICIIleH cPopMe nocruraer vroro rrpeotipaaceana ,o;encTBlITeJIbHOCTH, xoropoe COCTaBJIHeT OTJIlI'lIITeJIbHYIO sepry xy,o;omeCTBeHHOCTH. no BOp,o;CBOPTY, n03T cnepsa C03,o;aeT npe,o;CTaBJIeHIIe 0 cymecraeaaoa npapone cnoero 06'heKTa II JIIIIIlaeT ero ncero CJIY'laHHOrO II e,o;lIHlI'lnOrO - H B aTOM OH <pHJIOCO<p; HO, eCJIH OH npe,o;CTaBIIT iIaM narne a6CTpaKlI,lIH, on 6y,o;eT mo/tb1W <pHJIOCO<pOM; n03TOM on CTaHOBHTCH Tor,o;a, xorna npanaer CBoeH anee HH,o;HBH,o;yaJIbHOe06JIH'lHe, xoropoe nsrpaaar ee cym;ecTBeHHYIO npaporry H 6y,o;eT' 06JIa,o;aTb JItH3HbIO H ,o;YXOM, rrpacyuraaa 'lYBCTBeHHbIM rrpeznrerau. Bo06paJI\8HHe MO/KHO Ha3BaTb TeM XHMlI'leCKlIM CBOHCTBOM, 6JIaro,o;apH KOTOPOMY 3JIeMeHTbI caxoro pa3JIH'IHOrO xap_aKTepa H npoacxossneaaa coe,o;HHHIOTCH B opranasecxoe H onnoponnoe neaoe.
IlHH,

7 ,I(eiicTBHe q,aHTa31IH I\oJIbpH,llm BHAHT B CTpOKax OTBef!: «Lutes, laurels, seas of milk / And ships of amber»; 3aKOHhl aooripaacenaa OR lIJIJIIOCTpnpyeT, npHBOAf! OTQaHijHblii B03fJIaC JIHpa: «What, have his daughters brought him to this pass?» (CCW, III, 202'-203).

62

Bee
poaa

8TH paCCYiI))J,eHHH BOP)J,CBOpTa COBeplIIeHHOne npOHCKaRHM 06pa30M 8MO~HOHaJIblIaH CTOaanana. HeHC-

IIHIOT, RaKHM 06pa30M )J,aHlIbIO'1YBCTBnO)J,BepraIOTCH B03)J,eHCTBHIO aootipaaceana, coe)J,HlIHeTCHC HlITeJIJIeRTyaJIblIOH, RaK COOTlIOCHTCH B HlITyHTHBlIoe H B acce, COCTaBJIHIOm,eM )J,onOJIHeHHeK 3)J,ecb CHOBa nOHBJIHeTCHonpeneaesema

TBOpqeCTBe C03HaTeJIblIOe H lIOCTb coxpanaerca JIHe n083HH, CH ••. «IIpe)J,HCJIOBHIO» 1815 r.

«ee npHBHJIerHH H )J,OJIra paccxarpanars nocpe)J,IIHqeCTBY lIYBCTB OHa necer to the H

ne TaRHMH, RaRHMHOlIH HBJIHIOTCH, TaKHMll, RaKHMH KamYTa 6JIaro)J,apH scero CTpaCTH ••• peJIIIrHH» 944-945). ll083HH (Essay. 60JIee nepna CBOOMY60lIWCTBOHHOMYnpOHCnOROll: H YTelIIeHIIe Preface.WPW,

xom)J,eHHIO, xorrta Pa3HH~Y marsca aeanoro

Supplementary

Mem)J,Y n083HeH II

peJIHrHeH BOP)J,CBOPT KOB )J,OJIiImaofipa-

HeqHOIlf cnere BH)J,HT TOJIbKOB TOM, 'ITO nepnaa

K pa3YMY '1epe3 crpacrn II 1I0MhlCJIHMa603 'IYBCTBonJIOm;eHIIH. B 8THX onpenenenaax 60JIblIIe scero

omymaerca nyrr., npoHp;eHHhlH BOP)J,CBOPTOM BOJIbHO)J,YMOT CTBa R xpHcTHaHCRoH OPTO)J,OKCHH, OTopaH orpammana R pa3BlITHe ero TBOpqeCTBa, npnnana eMY 6e3mIl3HeHHoe aY)J,HTOcnOKOHCTBHO,0m,0 60JIOO OT)J,aJIHBlIIOe n08Ta OT ero pHH. HacMelIIKII, TeqOHHe scero TBOpqOCROrOnepaona ero mH3IIH:

HenOHHMaHHOnpeCJIO)J,OBaJIH BOP)J,cBopTa B TOJIbRO B

1820-0 rO)J,hl npHlIIJIO npH3HaHHe, KOTOPOMY cnoc06CT~OBaJIH CJIOmHBlIIHOCH TOMY BpOMeHII nOJIIITlIqOCRHe CBH31In08Ta. K CaM OH CqHTaOTCBOIOHononYJIHpnOCTb )J,OKa3aTeJIbCTBOM COBeplIIeHCTBa CBOOHn083HH: Y)J,eJIOMJIyqlIIlIX n08TOB. ny6JIHI{oBaTb «lliH3HeonHcaIIHH BTopOCTeneHHhlX aBTopOB. He npenetipeaceuae scerna 6hlJIO l\or)J,aC8MI08JIb 0 lJocepe, ,n;mOHCOH CTaJI, He 0

n08TOB», OH He)J,apOM1I36paJI

Illexcnape
parypnoa

Cneacepe
H nyraer.

nHlIIeT OH, a TOJIbRO0 rex, MO)J,e ero

KTO nOCJIYlIIOHJIHTe-

BpeMeHH. HpaBHTCH JIHlIIb TO, 'ITO npa-

Bhl'IHO, MeiK)J,YTeM KaK nee HOBoe nacropaxomaer

BOT nO'1eMY TaJIaHTJIHBhlHn08T )J,OJImeH caM C03)J,aTbRpHTepHH, HYiRHhle )J,JIHCYiK)J,OHHH HOM, H CJIOMaTbC03)J,aBlIIHeCH 0 npenpaccymoa. maer csoe to

Bens

TaJIaHT CKa3hlBaOTCHB TOM, 'ITO ofipaSupple-

Morym,eCTBO ua npe)J,MOTbI,KOTOPbIO)J,OCHX nop the Preface.WPW, - 951). llpoH3Bo)J,eHIIH HCOHH )J,OJlJHHhl nonepx-

OCTaBaJIHCb sa npO)J,eJIaMH 06hl'1HOrO 3peHHH (Essey, mentary THHHhlX n08TOB BocnpHHIIMaIOTCH C Tpy)J,OMnpeO)J,OJIeTb HOH36eiImoo nnyrpennee HOCTHO CMOJIhle)J,OXO)J,flT pU3y, C

conpOTHDJIOliHOunrare-

JIOH, lIfeFI\)J,YTOM HaK TBOPeIUlfl aucrpnnarnurnue,

603 MUJIClllIICrO YCIIJIHH.

63

He 6WIO emeanoxa, npe3pHTeJIbHO 06'bHBJIHeT BOPP;CBOPT, xorna 6bI C TaKoH OXOTOH 'IHTaJIHCb cnaepmae CTHXH. Ho, no C'IaCTbIO, OHH 6bICTPO rn6HYT, rorna KaK xopomae coxpanmorCH, eCJIH repOH'IeCKHe CTpaCTH, xapaarepasre P;JIH JIHTepaTyphl p;peBHOCTH, coep;HHHIOTCH B HHX C rJIy6HHoH MhlCJIH, CBOHcTBeHlIOH 60JIee n03p;HeMY BpeMeHH, eCJIH B HHXiI\HBeT ra BhlCOKaH rYMaHHOCTb, KOTopaH pacrer 113 n03HaHlIH npomacro H npennanenaa 6yp;yrqero. BOPP;CBOPT 3aKJIIO'IaeT ropmaa npnasmon: OH He MomeT CKJIOHHTbCH nepen MHeUHeM ny6JIHKII, HO rOTOB scerna 'ITIITb MHeHlle napona II nonepaer ero KGJIJIeKTIIBUOH MYP;POCTII. OH pemaerca ornar» ua ero cyp; CBOIl CTIIXII TOJIbKO nOTOMY, 'ITO raepno nepar - BO IIMH C'IaCTbH 'IeJIOBBKa OHII pacmapmor 06JIaCTb nocrynarax eMY 'IyIiCTB (Essay, Supplementary to thePreface.WPW,

952, 953).

Bo ncex CBOHX paccyxmeaanx BOPP;CBOPT no KOHu;a OCTaeTCH recao CBH3aHHhlM C 3CTeTHKaMII-ceHcyaJIHCTaMH XVIII B. RaK H OUII, OH He YCTaeT nOp;'IepKIIBaTb 3aBHCHMOCTb JIII'lHOCTII OT nocnpaaarsrx Bne'IaTJIeHIIH. IIpnpona 06JIap;aeT «cnoc06HOCTHMII», noropue caMII no ce6e «nopamaIOT yM HaCTOJIbKO, 'ITO Mhl MomeM narans ero, OCTaBaHCb B COCTOHHIIII lIfy.n;pOH naCCHBHOCTH»(Expostulation and Reply). l.JYBCTBa, paccynox, aoofipazaeaae, asrcmae CPYHKU;HII C03HaHIIH, op;HHaKOBO cymecrseansre P;JIH n03Ta, CPOPMIIPYIOTCH B o6rqeHIIII C npaponoa. ConOCTaBJIHH TBOp'leCKHH nponecc C nponeccosr IIHp;IIBIIp;yaJIbHoro pa3BIITIIH, BopncBOpT (BCJIe.n;aa XapTJIII) csaraer, 'ITO CyrqHOCTb otioax 3TIIX nponeccon Tomp;eCTBeHHa; nOCTeneHHO naaasre, p;06hlBaeMhle aamnaa onrymeaaaxa II IIMeIOrqlle KaK B p;eTCTBe, TaK 1I aa Ha'IaJIbHhlX CTap;IIHX TBOp'IeCTBa pemaromee 3Ha'IeHlIe, nepepatiarsraatorca Bo06pa}KeHlIeM, 1I rorna C03HaHlIe (mind) CTaHOBIITCH X03HHHOM II rOCnO,l1;lIHOM BHemHlIX 'IYBCTB 1I B CBOIO osepem, npeotipamaer Mllp. Boofipaaeenae, C'IlITaeT BOPP;CBOPT, OTKpbIBaeT BHYTpeHHIOIO mll3Hb npaponu, JIIOOOBb K KOTOPOH 6yp;eT «maJIKOH», eCJIII «He ocnameaa JII060BbIO erne 60JIee BhlCOKOH..• BP;OXHOBJIemlOH He6oM ... II YCTpel'tIJIeHHOH 1\ TpOHy BceBhlIIIHerO» 8, Jho60Bb K rrpnpone HBJIHeTCH, C TO'IKII 3peHlIH BOPP;CBopTa, onnonpesreaao CTIIMYJIOM P;JIH paanarna noofipazaeana, JII06BlI

s Unless this love by a still higher love be hallowed ... By Heaven inspired ... Bearing a tribute to the Almighty's Throne (The Prelude, XIV, 181-187).
64

OJIHlIUIeMY

Gory.

Tomp;eCTBeHHOCTb 'IeJIOBeHa M Gars

TBOp'IeCRoi'I

CHJILJ

npnponu, C03HaHHJI TOMY «TI pamonaa».

TBK811 JIMI'H03HhilII prrna A. AJIHCon3. reopernxoa

COCTaBJIHe'l'

I'JlaBlIYIO pep;.lJR

neOIIJIaTOHII'IOCKall MHpOBOCnpUlITIIell1 XVIII n.;

IWHI~eIIJ~I1l1, BOPP;CBopTa, OJIIIi:l,e 31Ia'IemIlI scex

OCJIOiIurOIIlJaH xapaxrepna K HeMY

3CTeTlII\a ,0 00

Ero

MbICJIH 0

p;eTCIWI'O DOCIIPllJITllH II noara ~iHpa II BocnpIHIMYChIIIOH

npaponst P;JIlI nocnenyroutero pa3BHTMlI 'IeJIOBeRa CBH3II sootipaaceaaa C peJmI'ne:ii, 0 He)J;OcTaTo'lHoH

'IHBOCTU UOJIbIIIHHCTBa OUH3alIHOCTII n03Ta JIJIIOIIJ,ee BJIHlIIUIO UeCCJIOAHO. XOTlI TOJIKyeT naUJlIOp;eIlHlI JIHCTII'IOCIWlI. Ha3bIBaeT MOl-I\eT pacsery. paayva, CTaTb I, J{paCOTe MaTepHaJIbIIOro aTY l,paCOTY, He

pnonpurs
npHBbl'II\H

ycrpamrn, lVUI

npouraa

BOPl~CBopTa npouecca CTBAIHI H cencyaD., on nucJIerI\O JIIiJ3KOThlY

BbICIIIYlO -

CTBlIUIO TBOIJlICCIWro ero

IIp;eaJlI1CTlltICCKH, H OnlIC<1IlHlI Ho n

rpar.ronxa
TOII\e ,

IlH31IleH XVIII

aMIlIIpH'IeCI\all IWTOPbIH

OTJIMtme 01' TeopeTHI\OB paccymry crpacreit ananae HJIH nupacraer

nenosepae pa60M II

CJIIIllmOM

IIOP;'IHIIHTbCH TOJIbIW

Hcramroo
'IYBcTBa

na ep;I1HCTBa

noofipaxcenna,

6
Bopncnopr,
MHp nero HeM nue I1IIIM K ~"CTOI'O Hal, M f\OJIbpIlAm, ennaorny, HO CTpeMHJICH He men K BCHKoro npnneorn aeuy co necs nYTHMM apeueHeKoeMY

ClillpMTyaJIU3Ma. OH C'IMTaeT n

OCHOBOH CYiHp;eHMlI aa 06pa30M,

MHAMBIIP;yaJIbTO ecr s AYXOBI'JIaBHeHXVIII B.: Y'Ie06 coo-

pa3BHTUlI ~eHHocTM, BOPP;CBOPT, Te'IeHHHM

OIIJ,YIIJ,eHlIlI,

rco'ro prae

IIpOnpaIIJ,aIOTClI

H aMO~HH, CJIeAyeT

BblxOAHIIJ,Ue TaKUM aHrJIHHcIWH ceHcyaJIM3MY , U nocrnaceaaa CO'leTaJIUCh,

npenemr

OIIJ,YIIJ,eHMH. 060HM

CPHJIOC0<pCIWH MhICJIlI XapTJIH, BCTHUbI orpaacaa H rrOJIOmeHMHM CTOJIh

3MnHpU'IeCI{olvIY HHIO 00 HHTYHTlIBHOlvl CTneHHOM cnoeotipaaao JIUHCIWH HeMe~KHX rrpUHHJI. I1UTYUTHBH3M )~eIIIWHMM mICTH'IeCRUX

B 'IaCTHOCTH ero UeOnJlaTOHHIWB I\paCOThf. pa3JIM'IHbIe

accorraauaax TBOpqeCTBe

ero

3TM ABe

CMCTeMbI P;JIH anr-

xapaxrepnoe nepennerenae

Ha~UOIIaJIhHo:ii

Tpap;H~uu B

srarepaaHAeamI3i\la HO

H Hp;eaJIUCTH'IeCKHX

HAeH. «qMcTOrO»

CPHJIOcC!cpon OIl, no I\oII~a

OTJIlI'IUe

0'1' f\OJIbPUP;fI>a,

ymuBaoTCH

Ho pncnoprn
1I

C reu-

pa~UOHaJIMCTll'leCI{HMlr:

IlaCTOHlll,l1U

rJIYOOKIIe

H. H. p;bllllOHona

65

'lYBCTBa ;:VHI nero re, IWTOPbIe nponepenu pa3YMOM (Heasonj in her most exalted mood). LJYBCTBa 11 sepa, C ero TO'Il\ ll' apenna, BbIIIIe, 'leM XOJIOAHblll COqlllCTJllIeCIUlll paCCYJ.\OK, 110 paayu KOHTpOJIllpyeT 'IYBCTna II B CBOIO onepem, B03BbIlIIaeT IIX. B nO()31Ill lJYBCTBIITCJIbllOCTb II ofiocnouaunoe cyn(p;eHIIe D3allMO,1J;eHCTBYIOT. BOPP;CBOPT lW;J\e B TeOpOTll'lCCHllX paccyxcteanax He Mor OTB.lle'IbCJI 01' ceria. Ero BblBO,1J;bI penecae 0 Ilona II npnaonaMble 11Mnpmrepu lJaIIJ;e ncero ObIJIlI 3allMCTBOBaIIhl lI3 COOCTBennux CTllXOB. Ha caxnre no-rrnrensnsre RpllTlI'IeCKIIe aauenaana BOP,1J;CBOPT OTBe'IaJI OTIlOBelIbIO, paa'sacumomea 3aOJIY,nlIeIHfJl penenaeara II ,1J;OCTOllHCTBa lIeIlOHJlThlX liM np01l3Be,1J;eHliH. CBOIO nO()311IO OIl aocnpnaaaan KaI, ()TaJIOH XYlIolHccTBeHnocrn, onaaauono YAOBJIeTBOpJlIOIII;llH ()TlllJeCRUM II acrera'leCRllM xpnrepamr. 8TO, ecrecrnenno , paanpaxtano noxra ncex , C KeM OH OOm;aJICH, no nenr.aa He YBllAeTb 3AeCb sepy BOPACBopTa B npaBOTY csoeii II031IJ~HlI II ee XYAOiI,eeTBeHHoro BOnJIOm;eHIlJl. 8Ta sepa onpCAe.TIHCT If oro nareparypnue CYIHp;eHIlJl, IIOCJIeAOBUTeJIhllhIe, XOTJI II yaxne. 1'13 IIO()TOB IIPOIIIJ!hlX BpeMeH OIl uennn qocepa, Crrencepa , Illexcnnpa, MllJIbTOHa, nacasnmx AO Toro, KaK ncxyccrsenmre orpaaaaenaa narytino OT03BaJIIICb na cYAboax n033Hll.1 IIo 0 Illexcnnpe OIl OTahIBaeTCJI ropaano cnepacanuea, '1e1l1 npyrne pOMaHTIIIUl, H yp;IIB.llJleTCJI CIIJIO reHIIJI, socropa.ecTBoBaBIIIcH HaA rpyfiocrsro II 1l0npncToHHoCTbIO COBpeJleHHOH CMY npaaarypraa. H paBCTBeHHaJl urapora Illexcnapa , Heofiyanamrocrr, ero lJYBCTB H ofipaaos He JlIOrJIll 6b1Th 6.TIll31m meneransnouy «IIpep;BHRTopHaIICKOMY) BOPACBOPTY. r opaaAO O.llHme eMY MUJIbTOH - rpaamanan, HaCTaBHHR, TeOJIOr. Y nero BOPP;CBOPT Y1J.llJICJI B IlIOJIOP;OCTIIrexuaxe COlIeTa, K HeMY B3hIBaJI, maJIYJlCb na OTCYTCTBHe eMY IlOAOOHhIX B COBpeMeIHlOH AUrJIlllI. BeJIbIH CTHX <pllJIOCOtPCKUXnoaa BOPP;CBopTa TO/He CJIeAyeT MllJIbTOnOBCKOMY, XOTH II 6e3 xapaxrepusrx P;JIJI nocaenaero narannanpoaaaaoro CUHTaKCHca H .1IeHCHKH. C MHJIbTOHOM pano CTaJIII cpamraaars nona II ero COBpeMellHIIHH. RllTC, aanpnsrep , npOTllBonOCTaB.llHJI ero Illexcnapy HMeHllO KaK nOCJIe,1J;OBaTeJIH MII.lIbTOlIa. 113 nenocpencrsemnax npenmecrnennauoa CBOHX BopnCBOPT JlIOOHJI ,il,n-;eHMca TOMcoHa - au ero BAYlIPIllBOe snaMalIHe K HeYKpaIlleHHOH npnpone , Tonaca Ilepca - H3p;aTeJIJI caxoro IIonYJISJpHoro ctiopnnsa HapOJ\HhlX OaJIJIaA, P06epTa Bepnca - nesna IllOTJIaHllCIWH llepeBHll, npespenmero ycJIOBHOCTH nO()THQeCKOro assixa (poetic diction). BOPP;CBOPT

66

ncryrraer

noneumcy
06JIIfK

C t'iIlOrpa<paMII 3a!.Ie'IaTeJIbHorO JlwiUOH n.:n3UH

;\aIOT maJIKllll:

Bepaca , HOTOPbIO C03II03Ta. Paano ncuans-

nsre JIOlIPOUHOCTll ero ('THXlI? HTo, HpOl\18

uenpoxonaaurx

rynau

nOMorYT nOlIHTb ero II Y3KO.TI06hIX

nyparan,

He 6YP;OT B YPOK?

nocropre

OT «T31m

O'Illenrepa»?

Kro

He

lIlO,I,OT IIOHHTb, 'ITO B OIIIIcaHlIII I!paBCTEeHHbIll:

rYJIHl\1l II nhHHUIJ;bI 38I\.TIIO'Ien

(WPrW, 160-162). B nareparype XVIII

TO, 'ITO Hp;eT Bpa3pC3' ElIMU IIpHUIJ;lIrraMH.

nnxaer uepea ucnpnraanayro rronepxnocrr, BeIIJ;Cll: H naxonnr panocrr, B «rrpOHBJIeHHHX npaponu H p;e.1IaX lIeJIOBe'IeCKHX»
B. BOP,ll,CBOPT rOTOB npmrrrn,
JIHUIb

Bepnc - nacroanraa

noar ,

1160 npo-

Ilepca
nepraer

rocnoncrnyrourann

IUIUCCIIIWCTll'ICCOU 0'1'CTHXH,

rlTOM T01IKH 3POHlHI 011 XllaJUIT 6aJIJlu;1,[,[ 113 aIlTHHJIaCClII\HCTOB Ero

H CTHXH qaTTcpTOHa.

Maxtpepcona. (paJlhClf<pHI\HpYIOID;He npnpony

TOJIhKO HUH lIH H KpaCOTe, naUhlIIJ;eHHOCTh, 3ILH. l'JIaBIILIM

nceanorepon-recxae
ne

H qYBCTBa,

HMeIOT OTIlOmeOTpUll,aHIIe

na

ncr'ane.

OUH 3HUMenYIOT Ty JIOlImyIO B ce6e

KOTopaH

3aK.1II0'IaeT

noa-

06'heKTOIII nananox

CHl.\HCTlu .D:pall:AeH, 3eHTHJ\IeHTaJIHCTa p;aiKe 60JIhllIHH ayerca 3aKOHbI JIeKCHKe. B

Bopncsopra HBJIHlOTCH WIUCIlon , .D:moIICOIl. I{ HUM rrpI1'IlfCJIHeT 011 II Tonaca I'pea, IWTOPblM B036ymAaeT y nero
iI,ap II 'IaUJ;e npyrax npnaepa. nepen ero IICIIOJIhOTpHll,aTeJIhlIOrO

IIOJIeMH'IeCKllll:

Ka'IeCTBe

KJIaCCliIl,1I3Ma,

XIX
«poetic

I'pea
Ilorr,

Hapyuraa
BblCOIWll:

OCTaeTCH

TOMY m:e rronynapma

B xoane .D:paHAen

B. 6bIJIH HMeHHO

anaronu
He rOTOB,

XVIII
II Aame

ua'IaJIC

cearnnearannaua cRpeIIH cepnue,

(II nx nepcna .D:moHcoII. IIX npnanarr,

d iction»),
H He 6e3

IIo:3TOMY TaJIaIIT RIiBaeT,

BOPP;CBOPT

oroaopox

,n;OIIYCTIITh, QTO OHIi UpHUeCJIli , TeM He MeHee n03T yxnntpeuaa nonuepI'-JIaCClIIl,IICTOll 6hl.1I0 nYC'fbIIlC <PO pMaJlblll,E.f , y,J\1a nOJ\MeIICI,YC-

II3BCCTllYIO nOJIh3Y

CBoeH crpane

qTO TBOp'IeCTBO

Moxa Hli'IeC IiHM, BHyTpeHHe JIHIOT B HeM cepnue CTBeHHOM H3hlKe. TaI{uH nopra,
If ero

II JIOilmaH asrrenaer

MhlCJlb H3'bHCIUICTCH na H3 BCCH cucrensr 3CTeTIIKlI. HeKOTOpyIO

KpliTIIKa

lIAell: BOPACrIm oIIpe,n;eJIIIJIa BpeMeHIIIIrpaJIO ryr

II3 ero oraourenae

pOMaIITlI'IecKoH H Mypy.

I{ CUMhllll nonynapusnr OH can 6bIJI 6eAeH,

Oua

II03TaM ero pOJIb

CROTTY, BpeMH llhIMH,

BaMpoHY

IIYBCTBO 06liP;hl:

aerrpnanan, CJIaBOH. lHlllell

OCMCHII, II TO

xarc

COUepHHI{H, xapaxrep

KOTOPhlX Oll C1Ill'faJI noora

npeycnena.nn

II HaCJIUiEp;aJIUCh cymAoulIM

sreuee TaJliUI'Lil HlIo J1PHIlliH11:J 'f01"0, HaI{

UHaJIhHbIH

3*

61

TeCIW

ona a

CBH3aHbI TaR/I,e Mype H3

C OCIIOBllbIMH

ero

3CTeTH'leCRHMH OT3bIBOB 0 6hIJI R 3THM II03Talll: a R Mypy

B3rJIHCIWTTe, CIWT'ra paBHO-

naua,
on

He3aBMCHMOCTH

ero

BaMpOHe,

0'1' JII1'IHOrO OTHOIllelII1H

JIIO6 lIJI ,

nymen, rpex , 0

ncex naxner IIapHKMaxepCHOM H napdnouepnoii JIaBlWM, 'ITO y Hero nap nponeaarr, ROJIbIW B YIllU II lIame B HOC. II033HH ero ycrpenxena I, nyCTbIM aifJifJeKTaM H JIHIllena normannoro conepacauaa. HeMIIorHM JIY'IIlle 6bIJIO xmenae BOPlIcBopTa 0 Il03aHH
B HepaBHOM HPRTHROBa,I Mype OIl rOBOpHJI, 'ITO OT ero CTHXOB CRoTTa. IIeMY IIpH BceM gpy,HecKoM paCIlOJIOi},eIUIH H ynufI,elIlIH
I{

Baapoua lIO, nycrr,

repnerr,

He MOl',

creneun,

BOPlICBOPT

1I311b IIOXBaJIbI. ygOBO.TIbC'l'BlleM XO'l'H, lUHUI BIlTb, CO CBoeH KaI{aH HCXO,[VI

ynepennyro On coofimaer , 'lTO npO'IMTaJI «Mapaaonai C H no.naraer, 'lTO IJ;eJIb anropa nocrnmyra ,
.n;ame caMOMY CKOTTY IIPHHOCIIT CTOPOHbI, HMeHHO, l!,eJIaJI C"OTT 6bl, JIeTl\O 'IT06bI MomeT 3Ta IJ;eJIb 6hlJIa ce6e

npencrana conepacauna JI qlOp~ILI (matter and manner) CO'IHHellHM canoro 130P,fl,CBOpTa (WL, I, 240, 4.8.1808).TaK n03T npOTllBonOCTanJIHeT cefia CKOTTY. TOJIbKO nocae nporn.3JIbHOM IiX scrpeua B 1831 r. OH HanHCaJI pOMaHIICTY, rorna THme.'IO 60JIbHOMY, naa 6aHaJIbHO I\OMIIJIJlMeHTaplIbIX CTllXOTBopeHHH. 3XOM MoryT BonllcaHllHx, CTBUTeJIbIIbIe . He 3aTO ,JJ;OpOTll BOPlIcBOPT, n03MbI He B HaLme, B lIO KOTopaH CKoTTa 06bl'lHO 6blJIa -

cnoero

fipara , naaunaer

ifJaJIbIllllBblMU

aaotipaxrenna
TpOIIyT

oc.nernrrr, neaeacn, cepnua. MHe

crpacreii, «Onn ecrecrsennue, 'IYB31IeCb HeT, a TO 23.2.1811). (a

maJIb,

'lTO BUJIbHMa

6r.I OH CKa3aJI BaM,

'lTO .n;YMaeT»

(WL, I,

425-526,

ocotienao

BbICOKO OIJ;eHIlBaJI BOPlICBOPT CKoTTa.

aa

HllM ,JJ;opo-

TH) H pOMaHbI BepJIU»,

HO He 01I06pHJI

On CHHCXOlIMTeJIbHO «I'aa M3IIHepMHra»,

OT03BaJICH 0 «Y3B KOTOPOM 25.4.1815, 'leM

xapax638OH,

repsr npeyaenasensr, pana /lUIBOnUClIoro

639). 3aJICH BOPACBOPTY

npIIKJIIO'leHHH 3ifJifJeKTa

CJIIIIllKOM 667,

HBHO Bbl6paIlhi

(WL, II,
aa

CJIOBOM, CKOTT,

XOTH H B HHOH nOBepXHOCTHbIM.

crenena,
CKOTT,

Myp, xanocneunro, neuoropoe

IIJIH «CY-

rOBOpUJI

nepeaocnr
BpeMH, B on

CBOM Bne'laTJIeHHH 6r.I

6YMary

CJIHlIIKOM

6ea TBOpqeCKOM 06pa60TKII,

Me,HAY Te1\1KaK cnYCTH «IIAeaJIbHYIO» He HaxOlIIIT,

cnor
npasny.

BocnpOII3BeCTII BOPlICBOPT Hero Hall 6bIJIO

r:u;eCTB8nIIYIO» TeJIbHO, pou

TBOpqeCTBe '1'01'0, 'ITO

CKoTTa lIJIH

CJIelIOBa-

rJIaBHbIM:

n03TM'I8CKoro OIl B 3TOM

Bo06pameHJIH.

Erne

penrarensnee

OTKa3bIBaeT «JIeKIICTaMU»,

Baa-

yII

aa ero

HaCMeIllI\H

aa peBOJIIOIJ;IIOH-

nue
68

aIITII~epKOBHbIe

B3rJIH,TJ;bI, aa

«6e3HpaBCTBeHHOCTb».

,'I a'man
liPUHTIW

II IIOJIl1T1PleCI,aH C'lIITaJI

HeHaBI1CTb

TOJIblW Ero

YCIIJIlIBaJIa ranaur

He-

BOPACBOPTOllI n033IIII IIOliepXIIOCTHhIM, aroro

Baiipoua. «cxsep

IlopnIf

(' eopr

CKJIOHHJ,J~1 K uoro

;:Hp<peWfUM U

Ii'iHparu;eHHhIl\I ;\oro noora

B COOTDCTCTBIIlI C JIOIEHOCTblO npaBCTDeIIHOM nnca TeJUV), 0'1' BJIlUIHlUI ou npenocreperaer 6apOHa nalipona»

I!OJIHTH'I8CIWM n03IUJ;HlI flI.TIJIHCa noro , oe3,~apIloro oapAa

Moao«Oeure-

llaron

Byron.i--

WL,

II,

712,

25.2.1816).

(bold, bad Bard «8TOT 'leJIORel, KOlI'IHT lie )l.YMaJI 0

cYlHacrucJI,HIHM,{'BOlO xa PbOpy CTHXH 0 ero TCJlbllbI BOPTa no

I1IIIlIOT BOPAcnopT,B CYMaCm8J1,TII8M r\OMC . oro thee

II, BepOHTHO,

Fl

unxorna

l!e,,1 lUPWI'O HHOI'O C CaAIOI'O nepsoro JIH'lIIbIX 'IyBCTBY ,l],eJIax (Fare 'leM II npc3peHllbI ,~!IIC OOJILTIIe JI\aJIOCTH, ocofienno

IIOflBJICIlHH B

ne-rarrr.

wel l)

DLI;,jhIBHIOT no

BO<lMYIIl,ClIHH ...

Oua

OTnpaTII-

DOPJJ;Cpaaupaacaer CTPO!>a: «Though my many faults deface me» (WL, II, 734-735, 18.4.1816). On paBHO ocya'r\aeT H3hlI{ II 'IyncTna Banpona. «3nai\I8IIHThlC CTPOCPhI 06 O;(IUIO'ICCTBe ('JaMJIh,l],- fa POJIbJJ;, II, 25- 27)... onem, n.JIOXH B n03TH'IeCKOll OTHOllIenHII, B ocotieauocra crponua: «Minions
I10 BhIilOJIlIeIllIlO». of grandeur shrinking llCHlWMY CIIIlTal,CHCY, from nrncuyrn distress», panu xoropa a, nonpexa

II, 789-790,
HOM O'leBHJJ;IIoii BOPJJ;CBopTa xapaarep:

pJI(I)w,1 (II,
na nee TUHTepW). ce

2G») (WL, IIPll

eJIHlU-

9.G.1S17).

Hopucnopr
II

nponmOIIOCTaBKpHTIIHII

.fIHeT 3TII CTPOHII CBOHM, B «A66aTcTBe npeJJ;B:lHTOCTH cymecrnenno nonsepxnyrs

OrpaUJl'IeHIIOCTH

OpraH:WIOCIUIM neOTJJ;eJIHlIlO

OCYIJ.(JJ;eHHecHCTeMLI MhICJI8M II 'IyncTB

0'[' OCYiI,JJ;eHIIH CTHJUl. BOPJJ;CBOPT 3aHBJIHeT, 'ITO c.'IeJ(OBaJIO OhI cnennansno 3aHHTbCfl II3Y'IemWl\I HaLma BaMpOIlano ero MIIelIIIlO, II3 pyx ou BOIl cxaepnoro. II CIWT'fY Ana.lIOrH'IHhle npeTemlIlII npeA'hHBJIHeT

(WL,

II, 598, 5.5.1814).

7
j IOIlpHH3IIb I\oM oaapeunoro «npaannasr, 20-TH K pHTOpIII\8 Hal>IfW II aootipaa.euaeu. BocnpOII3BOJJ;HT OT'IeTOB» siepe CO'leTaOTCH Y BOPJ~CBOPTH C r.purnOIIHCaHl1H, lIHCaJI cnona IIMeeT ... K He OH, us I\pa66a, oeJJ;HocTII <pHKTorpH<pH'IlIOCTII I\apTHHhI q,aKThI;

110 11e B BbICIlICM CMblCJIC aroro

19

npOCTO

Myaa

1lI1J\l ;lJIJI OOJlO-

('TOJIh /:I,e MaJIO OTHOllIeHHH, 1;l1K HJIII cynetiasrx 1l0PAcBopTa il,eHIIJI H H3JIIIlIIIlHH n paBHOM

CKOJIbKO K c06pauHIO

l\1e)J,ur~lIIlC-

(WL,

I, 244, 29.9.1808).
I\OTopaH

lIenpHOMJIOMl.1 CI'YI(OCTl> q)HllTaaUH,

lIuo('pa69

nhIJII\oCTb

i.aercn
crua.

necrpua

HapRA,

upornaope-ramaa

npaane ~lyn-

lI3 COBpeMCHHllKOBCHOUXBOPACHOPT, D Cyrn;HOCTII, neunr TO.'lbI{Q TeX n03TOB II n.:ca're.nCH, xoropue UhIJUl 6JIII3KM C~IY CBOHM IIOHllManMCM BOOOpa)l;CHlIH n n03TlPIeCKoro H3hllH1. 1\ HHM OTIIOCHTCH QapJIh3 Jb~.I, OT'IaCTlllUe.TJJIII M l\MTc, B IWTOpUX OIl lfYBCTBOD3JI Y'lCIIHEOB II nouarareneii. ,HamAa npoaeJIHTlI3M3 M rrpCIIHTCTBHH, IWTOPhlC OIL ncrpouan na cuo exr nYTH, YCllJIMBaJIM AorMaTM3M nO()T3; yrrpaaoe BCmeJlanne BHHKaTb B CMCTeMhI'IymAhlx e.My 00pa30B H HAeMorpauanaBaJIO KaK ero n033MIo, TaK H <pHJIOCOqllllO HCKyccTBa. TeM He MeBee 11 TeopIIH, II nparcrnxa BOPACDopTa, KOUnennaa BMAoH3MenHIOI~CM, 06'W1WIlHIOrn;CM Ii noaaasare.r s110M<pYHK~nM noofipaaceuaa, HaCTOJUIMena AIIaJleKTIII,e <popMhl H cOAepmaIIHH 0I{a3aJIM aauernoe BJIIIHIIIIe IIa pa3DlITMe 3CTeTHlfeCKMXrrOlIHTIIM D AHrJIIIu. BCJIeA au l\OJIbpUAlKeM OH Bhlp;Bll:raeT pacnpocrpannnmccca B A3JIblleMlIIeM Y'HJHne 06 opr-aaaaecxoa CPOPMC, oprannuecxoxr el~HlICTBe ( ... organic power, The vital spirit of a perfect forrn.The Prelude). Do ero y6emp;enulO, CJIOD3,CCJIlI OlIU ne BOnJIOrn;aIOT .MbICJIb,a (l'OJIbI{O OACBalOTee, npnofiperaior paanpamaronryro U P33pymUTeJIbHYIO CUJIy. QT06hI aroro ne OhVIO, 06pa3J>! nona Aomt;llhl BhlTCKaTb II3 ero lfYDeTB ·n npanuunux pa3AYMllM. TOJIbKO TorAa OHII cuoi-yr B03AeiicTBonaTb H:1 lfnT3TCJIeM. 3a Tpe60BaHHeM pe<poPMIIPOB3Th II03TIPICClmii H3hlJ\ CTOHTBepa B ~IIBHJIU3YIOrn;ylO, o6JIarOpaJ:I\IIBalOrn;yIO tI1JIY HCKYCCTBa, OTBCuaromero uaoymnua norpefinocrmr lfeJIOBC'IeCTBa. ECJIU HOBH3HaTeMaTUI<UBOPlIcBopTa 6hIJIa OTHOCllTeJlbHOM (caa non CK.TJOnCnOhlJI (lTY HOBU3BY npeysenaanaarr.), 1'0 ropaano 1I0Bee 6bIJIO 3TH'ICCIwe otMbICJIeHIIe TeMhInOIIhlTKa q,lmOCO<pC1{H 060CHoBaTb B3rJIHA na KpecTbHHuHHTpymelIHK3 IWI{ IIOCUTeJIH06rn;eo6H3aTCJIblIOrO npancrnennoro naxana. HODhIMH 6hIJIH Ii IiHTpocneKTHBIIbIM B3rJIHA n03Ta na coticrnennoe pa3BII'l'Ue, II aHaJI1l3 'l'BOp'ICCKoro npouecca, H co-reranne OTBJIClfeIUlOM MhICJIH C JIHplIlfeCKOH nenocpencrBeHIIOCTblO. J1nlfHhle 3MO~UU BOrrJIOrn;aIOTeH Hero B 06'beI{y (l'HBHpOBaHHhle ofipaasr, same ncero UMelOrn;MeCIlMBOJIU'IeCKoe ananenne. BaJIJI3Aa Tal, /I,e 3<P(PCI\TlIDHO lI1aCI{UpOB3JIa JIII'Inue 3MO~IIU, KaK H 06'beKTllDlIoe nODCCTBODaHue,aanpmrep B «(Pa30penHOH XUmHHe». HOBOBBep;CHHHBOPACDopTa nOA1IHHenbI np0P;Yl\IaHHOH cuCTeMe B3rJIHAOB, IICI,aHllHM, OC03IIaHHhIM U 1I1ymecTBCIUIJ,IM, norrpexa nenOHUM3IIMIO II IfpOIIllI1 OI\pYilW.IOrn;HX. On naurer 0

70

~lyI{aX cnona, 0 TO~I, rca II: MIloro JIeIKIlT sa np0.L\CJWMH 0]'0 J\OCflraeMOCTII H3-3a neuaa snoro OCCCI1JI1m 'leJIOBC'leClwii pe'll!:. BOP.L\CBOPTrnepno npanepaomanca npnanana: 1I30Gpn~1\aTb 'IeJIOBeKa t18pea CCTeCT3eHHbIe flBJIeHHH upapojn.i, lla }TAeH06 opraaa-recxon IlX CBH3HIICXOART ofipaasr rrODTU. nee TaK, CTIIXOTBopcmw (<R\Im lvIaJIb'IHK» (There was a boy) CTPOUTCR na conocraaneaan oaepa , orpaararoutero nefio , II ,\JaJlh'Hu.:a, nornomaromero BrrC'IaTJI8HIIH naeumero MIIpa. HeoTTopiIHIMOCTb JUl'lIIOCTlI OT oxpyxcaromero nepenaercn BOP.L\CBOPTOM IIOMOru;blOClIMBOJIOB.Oua B03HlIKaIOT yme B C paunea noane «Baua 1I cxoptis», B COOTIlCTCTBlil1Me;I';AY peansnsnr, Mpa'llIhlM rreH3ameM II «BIIYTpellIlIlM naunuratprosr nnnu», npecnenyrommr y6Hll:I~y. HanpoTIIB, notipoe na'IaJIO IIlIreeT CHMBOJIH'leCKYro napaaneas H nnecre C TeM rrOAAepmll:Y B OJlarHX CIIJIaX npIIpOAhI, nopoamennux 60mecTBenuon: BOJreiL BHIIMamm nosra cocpenoroseno na «nOBcep;HeBHOMmH~O npnpomn (Nature's daily face) nOTOil1Y, sro nee ee npoJIBJIenHfl OKa3hlBalOTCH IwppeJIHTaMIl AYillCBHbIXCOCTOHHllir. Y ClICX 11.]lIIneycnex ero npOH3np),CIIlIII 3anHCHT 0'1' roro, nnCKOJIbKO eMY YAaCTCH cosnarr, pamronecae CIDlBOJIH'IeCl';U COOTIIeceIUlhlX JIBJIeHHH npnpomr II BIIYTpeHIleii: iIUI3HII. CH~lBOJm'leCKHll: xa paxrep IIMeIOT raroxe BHOBb II BHORb n03HHJ\aIOm.lIe B ero crnxax otipaasr: nOKllHYTaH tKeUrn;HHa, oe33aru;lITHbIll:crapnx, pe6eHOK, asrpaacaiomaa BeQHYIOIOHOCTb nyxa , eCTeCTBeHlIOCTb 'IYBCTB,I\oTOpyIO OT'laCTlIAOJIlReHcoxpaHlITb U B3POCJlI.Ill:.8TII CUMBOJIbIcosnaiorca Bo06pamenlleM, xoropoe npanaer 6YIma.1JbUoMY nepenocuoe aaaaeane. Ilpeotipaacenne C ero nonontsio noncenaeeuux HBJIeHuii: COCTaB.TlHeTensa JIII He ~eHTpaJIbHYIO 3aAaQY BOPAcBopTa. OH peuiaer ee, CTPOH cnon onacanna H3 npocrejrumx 8JIeMeHTOn, lWTopbIe rrOJIYlJaIOTBMCOKIIll: MhlCJI,npoana nepea AymeBHbIH: C
ornrr

TaKoMY npeoopamenaio nonsepraerca, aanpauep, nanyI'UBlUUH MaJIhtIHKa-BOp.LICBOpTa srpanaaa xaprnaa: «naraa IIYCTOlllb» (Bare Common), «06HameHHhlll: npyn Y nonnoacaa XOJIMOB»(a naked Pool that lay beneath the hills), «MaRK IJa nepuraaei (the Beacon on the summit), a «erne 6mm(Q .tcaynnca HeCJIU I{YBillHH aa rOJIOBe II, Ka3aJIOCb, C TpyrWH ,'(BUraJIaCb rrpOTIIB nyromero nerpai (A girl who bore U pi tchoc oil her head/And seemed with difficult steps to forco hell \Iily/Against the blowing wind.Tho Prelude, XII, 24871

noara,

253). lI3 cxynux, peansnux p;OTaJIe:i1 pOIKp;aeTCH neH3al)" CllMBOJIMqeCKM nepeztaronraii OJ~IIlIOqeCTnO, crpax tIe.1I0BeIW, ero 60pb6y C Bpam,n;e6HbIMll CTMXllflMH 9. C03,n;aTb II;) TaKIIX CJIaraeMhIX «naumnadn: l~yIJn!)}, MHp o606IIl,eHHhlX nepeaomaHnH, He npnoeran K TPUJ\lll\1I01llihHI nO()T1l3~JaM,- TaKOBO 6hlJIO crpeuneaae BOPJWDOPTa. B «CTpOI{aX K COCTPC>} (To my Sister) BOCOIIIIHH PUAOCTIIOCTb npnpomr H noara socnpnHnMaeTCH TeM IIU!Bee, 'ITO 113JIHBaeTCHona na «rOJlbIO nepcn hH, rOJIbTe ropnue aepmmur H na rpany B 3e.lIelIOM none» (the bare trees and mountains bare/And grass in the green field). Harora neii3ama OCBeIIl,aeTCH npOCBOTJIeHHbIM nacrpoerraesr anropa.
B CTMXOTBopeHMB 0 CMepTlI B03m06JIeHIIOM OPIam!."0 norepa nonnepxanaerca cnOIWMnOM OTpellIeIIHOCThIO, C KaKOM BOp,n;CBOPT, npauo ne nupaacaa CBOM 'IyBcTBa, rosopnr 0 HOOTnpaTIlMOCTII <pII3H'ICCKOrO paapyureuna. Be3Ha/WiI\HOeTb 3aHJIIO'IUTO.TlhllOM c:rpolilt.) C co (iCCCTP,(CTlIhIM nope-nrcneaneu npmier CMCPTlf, IIPI1I1Yi\llDUlCii JlIOUIIMYIO senuo OCTClBa'fhCH B 3eMJIO BMeCTe C HaMlIHMM II CIWJlHMH J 0, YCBJIellU I{OHTpaCTOM C Tpa,D,Il~MOHnLIM onTMMlI3MOM BCTynlITe.lIbHoM CTPO<pbl, B HOTOPOM«OHa», KaK rpetiyer n03TH'IeCImM xanon, rrpe,D,CTUBJIHeTCH «eMY>}qy,Kp;OH scero 3eMlIOro. Crporaa npOCTOTa II cnepj[,aHHOCTh, nOJIHOe OTeYTCTBlIe Tpap;B~IIOHHoro OIII1C8HHH (XOTH 6bl I\paeOTLI B03.1I106JIeIIHoM) M (<nPMIIHTbIX)} rponon, BepeAaIOT rope, CJIMillKOM CMJIhHOe,n;JIRl,aKMX 6bl TO lIM 6blJl0 eJIOB, xpoae caMLIX 6YJ{BaJIbHbIX, JIHillb B KOIITeI\CTe ofipe'l'aJOIIl,Hx rJIy60HMM CMhJeJI. BOPP;CBOPT MaJIO eKJIOHeH K lI1eTacpopHlJeeKOIllY CJIOBOynOTpe6JIeHMIO. Penxae ero MeTacpopbI IIMeIOT CPMJIOCO<pCIwe, n03HaBaTeJIbHoe 3HalJeHMe, nnorna OKa3bIBaJOTell cnoero pona nCMXOJIOrMtIeeKMMM OTKpbITMHMM: TaKOBhI «60JIe3HeHHbIe pa,D,OCTH>} (aching joys), «roxonoapyaorreasnsre BOCTOprH>} (dizzy raptures), «rnxaa nesaasuaa My3blI\a xenoae qHOCTIf» (the still, sad music of humanity). COe,D,MHelIlIe nocpencrBOM aaarpopasecxoro COI03a «and» 3JIeMeHTOB neiiaaaca: v Cp.: ... the wind and sleety rain, / And all the business of the elements, ! The single sheep, and the one blasted tree, ! And the bleak music of that old stone wall ... (The Prelude, X II, 317-321). 10 No motion has she now, no force; She neither hears nor sees, Rolled round in earth's diurnal course With rocks and stones and trees!
(A Slumber did my Spirit Seal)

72

«CBeTa aaxonaurax COJIIJIJ;>) the light of setting ( suns), «xpyrnoro oxeaua» (the round ocean), «/HIIBOrO B03J~yxa>) (UtO living air), «cnuero nefia» (the blue sky) C «C03HUIlIleM QCJIOneua» (the mind of man), XOTH If He C03fweT rpona , npnofiperaer xapanrep ueuucxaaauuoro cpaBnOHIfJI, Tal\ RaK CO;IlIUlIUO 'IeJIOBel\a n papasnanaerca R BCeJleHHOii - COJIlIlIY, oxeany , B03iJ.YXY, ne6y (c'I'Intern Ahhey»). O'rxpsrrne CXO)(CTBa, nenocrvnuoro rrOBepXHOCTHOMY B3rJIJIAY, CBH3aHO C 110llIIMUIIIfOM rrpOTI1BOpe'lMBOCTll HBJIeIUl:i'I npnponn H Jwxa. OTCIO)la CTOJlb nHilWhlC B noaana BOPAcBopTa rapuonnsecxne coserauaa CDeTa If Th~lhI, panocra n nelJaJIII. On YTBep;],l~aeT, lITO C03JJanIfC 'lO.'IOBeRa CJIarUeTCH nonofino rnpsrouau My3hll\lf. 'I'aiiuoe, nennnauoe HC,KYCCTDO II IlIUIlI PHCT n POrnnopenanue Ha'Ia.TIa If 3aCTaDJIHCT ux npefiunarr, DMeCTC. Y BOP)lCBopTa rrOHB.JUIJOTCH raxne HOBOBBe)leHIIH, IWI{ CJI1CJIOOCJIoBoo6pa30BUHne 11, IlCCJIQ;IHIOCTb CllHTURClllIeCKIIX nocrpoenna, ynorpefinenae CJIOB D npocreamax 3HalJeHHHX, BKJIlO'taH CJIOBa 1I3 nouanmero 06IIXOAa H RpeCTbJIHCIWro 6bITa, D TOM qllCJIe II raxae, xoroprae BhI3bIBaJOT anranoorn'iCCI,liIe npencrannanna. Ho BUmBeo ObIJIO noaoe OTIIOlIIeHllO I{ C.TIOBY: OTI{a3 OT rrOWrII3MOB, aa KOTOphlMII HC eTOIlT HOBoe HHAeIIlle Mllpa, nenoaepne R npHBbllJHhIM rponan II ocofienno I{ IIX 06llJIIIIO, CMeJIO aCCOlwaTIIBHhdi xapaurep MbllIIJIenIIH, CBH3blBaIOU\IIii qYBCTBa II nOIIHTllH qeJIOBeRa C ~eJIoii BeeJlClllIOii II BMOCTe C TeM C CHMBOJIlllJeCRll nepenaiounor HX C~lhICJI pa3HOOOpa3IIeM neraneii H3 iHlI3HlI npnponu,

ltpyr lJYBCTB, 3aHIIMaBlIIHx BOPAeBopTa II onpeAeJIIIBlIIlIX e03AaHHhlii HM 1I03TII'IeeI>lIii limp, He O'IeHb BeJIllR. B n03AHHe rOAhI OH cocpenorouen aa rrpeOAOJICHIIII 'IYBcTBeHHoro «jl» II npaofimenan 1\ ra PMOIIIIII nepu H cauoorpenenaa, a B pannne rOAhl - npemrymecmenno na pOCTe coanauna II nupa60TRe HpaBCTBeUHhIX sparepaes noll. noaneiicrnaeu npnpoII,hI, C OAHOii CTOPOHbI, H crpananna U uecnpaaennaaocra, C )~pyroii. TeM ne MeBee B 3TIIX lJYBCTBax 5bIJIO HeMaJIO Ba,l\)1

Xapaxrepaae AJIR BOPACBopTa CJIoBoo6pa30BaHlIR (under-sense, under-thirst, heart-humiliating, heart-blessing, heart-experiences, soul-illumination, after-meditation, master-beings, master-light, primrose-time, soft-eyed music, slow-waving boughs). Cp.: Groom B. Wordsworth. The Diction of Poetry [rum Spenser to Bridges. Toronto, 1953, p. 175-176. 73

noro , 06w;eqeJIOBeQeCIWrO,

coxpanmoutero

aaaaenne

n no-

nune.
HeC?>IOTpfI na BOO,ll,YIIIeBJIllBIIIYIO BOPP;CBopTa Hp;eaJII1CTI1'IecI,YIO JIaTYPCPIIJIOCOCPUIO, noaann ero aysmero, TBOP'IeCxoro p;eCfITHJleTl1fI - l~e.)nn;OM aesnras , cB0601~Hall OT MHtTIUW3Ma, npOHI1ImYTU H r(paCOTOM 00 hIJ\0HlIhlX f1BJIeHl1fl )[ npOCThIX nepexomauaa. TIo-rrpCiI(HeMY lIHTepeCIIO ero ncro,nnonanne MoxaUU3Ma nnyrpennero pa3Bl1TIHI I1 TBOpqeCKOrO npouccca, oro nommanae MIICCIUI II03Ta II pemarotuero ;llIU'ICHIm aBTopCIWH n0311u.IIII ,lI,JIfi nocnponaneneuaa p;enCTBHTeJIl>HOCTII. On ncerna IIOMHIIJI, 'ITO n03TY oAHHaKoBo neofixonm:» UHp;IIBIIP;yaJIhUOe BlIp;eHl'lo, IlIIa'Ie eMY nesero CI,a3aTb JUOAfIM, II YMeHue nncarr, TaK, q1'06bI ero CTHXU rOBOpUJIU 'IyncTBa:,1 Bce06ru.ulI1 12. MOP;lI(PIIi\l'lpYIO~aR, n(HnOTBOpnall, 061>e,ll,IuUIIOru;afl, osamatomaa CPYHI\l~IIfI noofipaaeennn, 0 I\OTOpOM, KaR l'l I\oJII.pnp;iR, TBepAHT Bopncnopr, OIIpCi((~.TTfreT«TO'lI,Y apennm TO OTHOIlIeHHe anropa I\ 06 .LCKTY OIIHCalJIIH, xoropoe , no MbICJIH Il03Ta, BhlfIBJIfIeT BTOpn'lHOe ananenae 061>eIua II 0 cpaBHeHIlIO C cy61>eKTOM U nerrOBTopuMOCTbIO ero nocnpanTIIll. OTCIOp;a, ne !lieHee, 'leM I13 06rqen03TlIlJeCKOH n03Mu.HI{ BOP,lI,CBopTa, CorJlaCHO I,OTOPOM n03T ne CMeeT He 6hlTb YlJl1TeJleM U rrpOCBOTIITeJleM, BbITeKaOT sepa B BbICOKUM AyxonHhIM asropnrer n033HII, B TfII"IaHIUYIO npaBcTBeIIHYIO OTBOTCTBeUHOCTb noora. Taxoe ornomennc }, coocTBeIIHoMY peMeCJIY rrpoHiIKHYTO caxoyaazserraea II ysaaceuaeu 1\ JIIO,[vm. RaK ronopan BII.1IbHM Xa3JIUTT, Y'leHIIK, no-rarare.nr., a n n03,l1,UOHIIIIIe rona Ofl,OCTO'leHHhlM npoTIIBHIIK BOPACBOPTd, «ero CeJIbCKafI MY3a ensa orpsmaer KphlJlbfl OT 30M.1I1I On He ... npnfieraer ua K cpurypall1 rcpacuope-raa, 11M1\ cpaHTa3IIII ..• lIII 1\ nhlIllHOM MexaHliKe 1I·m:cpOJIOrllU,HU R POCIWlUIlbIM xpac!HUll n03TH'IeCKOM pesn. Ero CTMJlb paaronopnsra, OIl U3pOnaer P;OMopo~eHHble UCTHHhl. ,il;JlH nero HeT IIUlJerO 60J100 nucoxoro , '1eM Hap;mKp;I,I JIlOp;eM, oo.ilee rJIy60Koro, '!OM 'IOJ1OBO'IOCKoe cepnne .•• On fieper npocreinuae 3JIeMeHTbI npnpoAbI U C03lIaHIIfI lJeJlOBOH:a, caaue ofiurae yC.rrOBUH, HeOTp;e.TIUMbIO OT narnero cyru;OCTBOBaHlIfI, II CTPCMHTCfI COCTaBUTb na HliX HOBYIO CUCTellY rr033MII ... Ero II1Y3a - ypaBHlITeJIbHlIua ... OH aoaasnnaer IIH3Iwe aneprnea CBOI1X ycrpesoreaak, on oneaaer narury xpacoroa II neJlH'lUeM U3 sanaca C06CTBe'lUIl.IX DOClIOMIIHarmH» (II CW, X I, 87 - 90).
c

32

Owen lV. J. B. Wordsworth as Critic. Toronto,

1971, p. 233.

74

rJI8Ba

III

CKOTT (1771-1832)

naMHTII

'IIITaTeJIen

pouauu

Baasrcpa

Cnorra

3aCJIOIIIIJIII CO'lHHe-

J{al{ ero

no 8TII'leCIHre,

TaJ{ II acropaxo-nparauecnae nocaamerrnue

HH1I. Mem,LIY TeM, XOTH on lie 6bIJI reopernxosr MJlOrO'InCJIellHhle IlpOIIIJIOrO lleHIIHMll, nanaa, CTaTbII II xnarn, H naCTOHIII,ero, TaK 'ITO

HCKYCCTBa, ero aareparype

IIop;HIIMarO'l' TaKIIC aaxnnre

eLI, TaJ{ HBHO COOTHOCHTCHC ero 3aCJIYfI{llBaIOT II

xynoucecraenauaa
B3rJIHp;bI

sonponpOU3Be-

CYIII,eCTBeHHbI l\JIH npaBHJIbHOrO npIICTaJlbIIOrO aoreraxecaae

llX llCTOJII{OCIWTTa pano 0 HaH-

113Y'IeHIIH. 1I1OflUIO ronoparr, ararnr xorna

06III,eCTBeHHble CJIOII,IIJIIICb ero J!eHIIH, 60JIee l\aHLI B033peHlIHX

11 MaJIO MCHH.'IIICb. n03TO~lY B IW:IOM, HC xapaurepuayu 3UnCpJIlI1BllIel'OCH nepnona na ero poaanu.

UX CTaHOB6bIJIll C03poua-

<paJ{TwreCKU TIJIOI~OTBopHoro ero

P;O nUCTYl1JIeUIIH

a\lI3IIII,

acropasecxae
BJIIIHIllIe aHrJIIIllCKaH nnreparypaoe

Pemaroruee
Il11CTa OKa3aJIa '1eCJ{lIll pOMaH, npOHBIIBmeeCH CUHPY, JlHHM cine 'jeCTBe» a rarose

<P0pll1lIpOBaUlie KyJIbTypa

6YP;yru.ero B.npana

XVIII

peaJIllCTI1II KOMel\llH, TBOpK

ceHTlIlIWHTaJIbHaH B B03pomp;eHIIH

n033HH,

H n oc06eHHOCTII 'JeCTBY, Ii rOTHKe,

l\BllilWHHe anrepeca

KOHI~a CTOJIeTIIH, ncero,

I{ uaponaoxy

K CTapbIM noarau

II, 60JIee

IllesTBOp-

B OTlW3e 01' crpororo Il03TIIKH, !OHrOll1 B rpanrare

IIOl\'IllHeHIIH «06

npennnca-

HJIaCCHQHCTH'IeCIWll (On Original Art,

C<P0PllIYJIllpOBaIlHOM OpIIflUIaJIbHOM

8p;Bapl\0ll1

1759).

t
3CTeTHI,a 06

Bansrepa

CKoTTa

3HiHl\eTCH ua 06ru.eCTBa

npep;CTaBJIeHIIII nponecca

06 ,

JlCTOpll'IeCKOll oTpaiI,eHIIH

06YCJIOBJleHHOCTII B HeM pa3BHTIIH pa3BHTllH

aareparypaoro

II B03paCTUJOIII,e~1 COCTUBJUII01QIlMU

OCMbICJIeHHII sroro )( IH1l3HH

HHl\HBIIl\aMII,

o6ru.eCTBO. C TaKOll TO'IKH 3peHIIH CKOTT 1I0P;XOllH1', nanpuuep, H TBOpqeCTBY

J~"\ol1a

,Tl,pai11ICIHI. IIpOH:.ICeAeHlw

75

ero

IIHTepeCYIOT on

CIWTTa

KaK

cnoero « .••

pona

CJHaTaH QeJIb

IICTOpliH IICCJIeAODeK DKYCOB II

aHrJIIIHCIWH BaHIIH OOH3an HpaBOB

nareparypu
if!0PMYJIliPyeT (SPrW,

aa
TaK:

nHTbAeCHT

JIeT.

noaaaarr.,

HaCKOJIbKO

nOSTY II HaCKOJIbI,O DeRa»

nOST IICIIJ,ITaJI DJIIIHHlIe TIO<l3IIIO ,lJ,paHAeHa

I, 1).

CIWTT CTaBliT

B CBH3b C ero rJIIIHCROro onpeAeJIHBIIIHMll

nOJIOJI,eHl1eM <lnOXII

rearpa

npn nsope, C ocotieauocraxa anPecranpanaa II 06ru;HMll if!aI{'fOpaMlI,

B CTIOa pTOB. pa60TbI CRoTTa O'IepK

COCTOHHlIe HCKYCCTBa II JlIOAeH llCI,YCCTDa nOCJIeAHllX 3aMeqaTeJIbHhle Drama,

na pCTBOBaHIIe
lICTOPll'IHhl (Essay (Essay on on the

Romance,

1819) H «acce 1824). Eparxaa

«Bcce npaxsr

npaxer
na

0 PbIl~apCKOM

poxaaer
AaeTCH B

eAllHCTBe

arax pasecxoro MeTOAa, KOTOPOMY npeACTOHJIO ryposenenaa MHoro JIeT crrYCTH. CIWTT

C aBOJIIOU;lleH ItYJIbTYPhl crpananax 3aKJIaAhlBaIOTCH

H npanoa. TIollCTlIHe, OCHOBbI KYJlbTypno-licTOno6eAllTb D nOA'IepKIIBaeT,

nnrepana-

xcatrpa «Romance». psmapcxmra ponanaxa, HO BlIAolI3MeHeHHble B COOTBeTCTBlIlI C npanaaa II coCTOHHlIeM ofimecrna AOJIIImhl eCTeCTBCHHO B03HHKaTb BO ncex qaCTHX CBeTa» (SPrW, IV, 289) npn CXOAHOM YPOBHe U;lIBlITaK me OH nHIIIeT: nOAxOAllT CKOTT It H3Y'IenllIO «TIoBecTBoBaHHH, CXOAHbIe C JI1l3aU;Hll. TlIH JIlITepaTYPbI,

npmrep , 3aBllCliMOCTb Illexcnapa OT (POpl\lllpOBaBIIIeH ero anoxa. Ero OIII1l6Kll - OIII1l6Kll npeuenn, II 11M ne p;OJIJI{eH CJIeAOBaTb npaaarypr naurax AlleH (SPrW, IV, 378, 361).

onpeneamomero anaseaaa IICTOPlIlIAJIH paanna TaKJKe II npenaera JIIITepaTypbI - 'IeJIOBeqeCKHX ornomeaan, CROTT if!oPMYJIllPyeT aanaxa IICTOPll-:secxoro poxana. OH AOJIIKeH, onapaacs aa nOAJIlIHHhle if!aKTbI,
lI3 KaK «JImJIll, AYMaJIlI, qYBCTBODaJIlI a He JIIOAlI rrpOIII-

Hcxona

11306pa3IITb, JIhlX BeKOB,

noseuy nocrynann
nexa

TaK,

HlIeM 06CTOHTeJIbCTB TbI YIIIep;IIIero BMeCTe MeCTO RbI ••• Ime

II nOJIlITlI'IeCKlIX

aaase nOA AaBJIecrpacrea. ECJIlI npaxexepraaa

BepHhlMlI·lI 3aHIIMaeT II CDoeH aBTOp

Bocnpo1l3BoAHTCH

C TeM BneqaTJIHIOru;IIMlI

• • • eCJIlI

aa

CKaMbe lI3

lICTOPIIKOB llCTOPlIlI OT

cnoero upesrenn npaaos

npaaon
yIIIep;IIIlIx,

crpaOH

eMY OAIIHaKOBO nOABJIaCTUhl BeJIlIIme B OTJIlI'IlIe C mllBI,lMlI 'IepTbI

C06hlTlIH II MeJI-,

anlI30AbI 06Iu;aHCb

xoropue

npOCJIaBJIlIeT,

IIbIHe rocnO)J;CTBYIOIu;lIX. OR CllJIOH

Tecno
06ru;llX

II MepTBhlMll,

cnoero paOT (SPrW, <lUOXY II ee

3YII1enllH

OTAeJIHeT HOKa3hlBaH, SWN,

IIIIAllBllAyaJIbHO-XapaKTepHble BOCC03AaeT II rOBOplIJIll»

BII)J;OBhlX, aero

noofipanceaae

VI, 436; 70

repoen,

KaK OHlI MbICJIllJIll

XXVIII,

71-72).

CaMbIM II Ha3bIBaTb OH BHAHT HeHHH HbIX

BaJKHhIM CROTTY Ra,HeTCH mH3Hb napona B COU;HaJIbHOH nCHXOJIOrneH. B

npOHHRHOBemre TO, qTO reneps rJIaBHOe II Y3RHX BOJIOC»

npaau

AYXOBHYIO

npHHHTO OO'beAHOrpOM-

npecrynaenne

«napynreaaa
H

HCTOpHqeCROH

npannu ...
nna-rsen,

B 06ru;eM Tallu;e napHKOB

RPHHOJIHHOB

436). B

aenynpeaaux
pe3I{Q CKOTTa

(SPrW,

VI,

OAHOH H3 Hel\mOrHX penenaaii qocepa», «mH3Hb

OTpIlu;aTeJIbHhIX orsepraerca 3auHMaeT ~OMbICJIal\IH. peam.noa

H XOJIOAHO narracanaaa ue HCTHH8, XOTH PO-

npOHII'leCKliX rOABHHOM

HOO anropa

He TO, 'ITO OhIJIO na OhIJIO npOH30HTH MaHhl oro (llUH, rO~BHHa B nOJIHOM psmapa

caMOM AeJIe,

a TO, 'ITO MOrJIO HJIH noan.no na TaK HCTOPHl1», qllIJIOCO-

B COOTBeTCTBHH C ero «Hlw6hl na OCHOBaHhI H3hIKe ero

«rOBOpH'r

Ha3bIBaeMOH

neCOrJIaCHH

C BeIWl\1

H C060H»· ofipaanon

39-40).
HCnOJIb30BalIHe CTpaU;HH lIIaHHCTa, H36eraTb cro KOTOPhIH npn xYAomeCTBenUbIX HAeH CKOTT C AOJImeH OTBJIeqeHHbIX CqHTaeT oAHHaKoBoH JIIIU;,

(SPrW, VI,
AJIH HJIJIlOpo-

HeAocToHHbIM

TID;aTeJIbHOCTbIO OO'beKTHBHOC'l'H, He DhI:3blBaIOID;IIX aa IWTOPOH

ABYX onaCIIOCTeH

He~oCTaT01IJIOH

B ocofieaaocra COqYBCTBHH, yrpara CJIeAyeT crarr.e

XapUI\TepHCTHIW OU;eHKH.

H OO'heKTHBHOCTH MOpaJIbHOH

'Ipe3MepHOH,

MHcTuclJHKaTopClwil OTMeqaeT, 'ITO aBTOp H300CJIOmnOCTU

0 caMOM cefie HM rex,

CKOTT C onoripeaaex 06'bHCHHJI Hero U TeM, B 0AHHX 06

«Ilyparan»
palHeHHOH pa3UJI·HU

OTAaJI AOJIilUlOe OOPbObl, HU npyrax TO npOTHBHUIWB

ApaMaTHqeCKOH

B3aHMHoe HeH36emHOCTb, xepmax U APyrHM

nenOHUMUHHe no He H300BhIlIO-

II OmeCTOqeHUe JIblX TOHax. lIHKe CKOJIb 'leTKHM,

HJIH B OAHHX CBeTnUCaTeJIb nOJIKOB-

me

BpeMH TaK,

CHT CBOH nparonop. RJIeBepxayce, ero repoa, rrycrr,

OAHOM H3 nepcoaaacea, H rYMaHHblH

CKoTT-peu;eH3eHT pa3YMHhIH qTO, XOTH

CYAHT CTOJIb me crporo,

ROTOPbIH HCHO nOHHMaeT, CMOTPH na BHe ero

Tenpn Mopron, Kaeaepxayc PYKOBOAHTCH

qeCTU, rex, on, HemecToKuH KPOBb necr, clJaHaTHK, KTO CTOHT napon CBoeH co-

OAHOCTOPOHHHM, JIerKO H

KOAeKcoM

OJIeCK YMa H 3HaHHe

JIIOAeH,nOqTH

HenpOCTHTeJIbHO xac'na, crpansr. seraerca, l~eH3HH xayce eTBO

npOJIHBaIOID;uH xapaarepacraxa

npe3HpaIOID;HH

06'beKTHBHoCTb TaKHM otipaaou, CKOTT

RJIeBepxayca ou;eHKoH.

C HCHOH MOpaJIbHOH mHBoe

pe-

npoTHBonOCTaBJIHeT H HeHaBHCTH KpecTbHHKH,

BonJIOID;eHHbIM A06pOH,

B RJIeBepqYBBeJIUKO-

CHJIaM 60Pb6bl CJIenOH

HpaBcTBeHIlOe

«TepneJIHBOH,

~ymHoH,

00rOOOH3HeIIHOH»

(SPrW, VI, 438).

rt

JIY'IllleH

apryaearanaea

061Il;HX nOJIOmeHllH 060c06eHlroCJIymaT caua poxaasr CHOTTa. B COOTHOllleHHU C HaCeJIJIIOIIl;UX B HCHO onpe-

CTJIX lICTOpH'IeCROrO maHpa OH CYMeJI ofipaconara HCTOPH'IeCH1iIMH canaan, lllUMH ax pOMaHbI «aaropa

CB01iI nepcoaaaca

HX nopOAHBlll1iIMH H cnoc06CTBOBaB-

.p0pMHpOBaUHIO.

Ha 2800

repoes,

Yanepnn»,

enna JIll Haii:;:IYTCH TaRHe, KOTO-

pLIO Ohl ne ObIJIH nJIOTbIO OT nJIOTH CBoeH cpenu ACJleHHhlH OTpe30K BpSMeHlI. B nearpe BHHMaHHH CROTTa ero nenocpencrnenaoro nepennerenaa llllIMII, aazca OI'PYil\8HHII

B03Aeii:cTBHe na 'IeJIOBelm II OT;:IaJIeIlHOrOnponrnoro.

qYBCTBO BSa1iIM03aBHCHl.\WCTH JIIOACRIIX iK1iISHeH, HX CJIOiKHblX

nponaaaaaer Ha

pOMaHM CROTTa. Ka}K;:IhlH repoa H l\[JIa;:Ie;:IIIHOMhllllJIeHHHKaMH 1iI lI;:IeH-

COOTHeceH C asmre-

H HlIiKeCTOIIIn;IIM1iI, crapmaaa

;:IPYSbIIMH 1iI nparasra,

HbIMll npOTHBHOKaMH.

cOBoHynnOCT1:I :3TOX CBII3eH nepcoObi 4>OKYC nepeapemaaaroil,eCThl Bhl;:IaIOT naC;:IeJIaJIH ero y;:IaIOTCfI xpyry,

nsrpacraer

ero n;eJIOCTHhlH OOJIHR.

CKOTT B1:I;:IeJIB 'IeJIOBeKe I\aI, ero CJIOBa, nocrynxa, KaR 011 ecrs rex,
1.

xn;HXCII B3aHMO;:IeiicTBHH: ne3aBHCHMO OT c06CTBeHHOH BOJIH, npe;:Iyoem;:IeHUH, IloaTOMY n;UOHaJIbHOCTb, peJiUrHIO H Tpa;:IIIn;HH, xoropsre 'raKUM, rroprpersr 1\1'0 npHlla;:IJIeiKHT R

CROTTY ocotieaao saMlmYTOMY

orpam;:IeUHClMY OT BJIlIHHUH 60JIblllOrO Mupa, KOTOPhlH yrpaTUJI rpananaonaue o6wIaO II sepoaanaa (Snall,IJ;y - «YBBepJIH», ,D;aH;:III ,D;HMMOHT«faR «8;:IolloyprcRalI 'IeCKOR nOTOMY npaunaaer

reunana»).
TparlI'IeCKUH

Maauepanr»,
IIHX cansaee C 1I0BhlMH

,D;BBO ,IJ;UH3 'IyBCTBO UCTOpUOTn;OBax H xa ...

npeeacrneanocra, CTOJIRIIOBeHH@ ox

BepIIOCTII

OOWIaIIM

COJIaMH

1:ICTOPUH

paxrepu.
K

OOOPOT, BhlHBJIIIIOIn;ldt poxaaacra

BeJIH'IaiilllHM repoaaa us

TBOp'leCRHM y;:IaqaM «8;:IUJIoyprcRoR CTeneHII

npnnan,IJ;UH3,

JIemHT ofipaa

TeMHHn;hl» ,IJ;muIlH COn;HaJIbHO II

I\peCTblIHRa

3aXOJIYCTHOH 1ll0TJIaH;:ICROH ;:IepeBYIlIKUnanaoaansao nenOBTOp1:lMOIIH;:IHBH;:IyaJIbn;eHoii cecrpy, JImeCBlI;:IeTeJIbCTBa OOBHH9UHYIO B IICTOBOH Ha60il{npen-

B BhlCO'IaHllleH

OOYCJIOBJIeHHhlH B TO me apexa 1:1 HMH. ,D;mHHlI cnaCTII OT nosopnoa Ra3HH OTI,a3

,D;1iIH3 OTRa3bIBaeTCfI oaoio

;:IeToYOIIHCTBe. 8TOT

npO;:IHKTOBan

HOCTbIO,YHaCJIe;:IOBaHIIOH y ooponlllllxCfI

sa CBOlOsepy

~ Cecil D. Sir Walter Scott. London, 1933, p. 5-6, 78

Rom>. Ho H3 JlIOOBH cecrpe ,rt;mHHH nYCRaeTCJI B ~aJIeRHii R OnaCHl>IHnyn B JIOH~OH, rne OHa ~OOHBaeTCJlnpomenaa Ee ofipameaae HeBHHHO ocyaoteaaoa.

,!I,JIJI

R ROpOJIeBe, B ROTOpOM HaR otipasen IIIOTJIaH~-

CMHpeHHaH MOJIl>Oacoe~HHHeTCJI C lICnOJIHeHHl>IM ~OCTOlIH" CTBa npH3hIBOM R cnpaBe~JIHBOCTH, narnpyerca HCTHHHOaaponaoro IIpHpo~Hhlii rpouse RpaCHopelJHJI,

nonsepanyroro

CRHM ~HaJIeRTOA-I osopamea. r YM, MymecTBo H He3aBHCHMOCTb,rt;mHHH erne 3BYlJaT B ee COBeTeBCeCIIJIbHOMYrepnory

Apraansc-

ROMy: «ECJIH BaM Ror~a-HH6y~b 01J:eHb-TO BeiRJIHBOronopars BaMH, nanaare RaR l\leiR~y6e~Hoii H repnorox

npH~eTCH oece~OBaTb C TeMH,

RTO CTOHTBhlIIIe sac (XOTH C MoeH CTOpOIIM, 6l>I'fb MomeT, II He 06 9TOM), BhI TOJIbROnonyxaare, paCCTOHHHHMeiR~y HHII1H11 CeJIeHHH CB. HO H He orcrynaarecs, OTBeTa» ,rt;mHHH ,rt;HH3 H3 rpytioro 'ITO HIIHaR He MOiReTOhITb raxoro

Jleoaapm, 187).

ApraiiJIbCRHM,

~yXOM nOCJIe nepaoro

(SWN, XII,
OT~eJIHIO~aJl

HeH3MepHMaH

COn;HaJIbHaH

~HCTaHn;HH,

6e~HYIO, lI1aJIorpaMoTHYIO neJIbMOmH, He MeIIIaeT eii COCTOHHHiiHe ~Oml\HO csoero lJeJIOBelJeCROrOnonra.

~eBYIIIRy OT OJIHCTaTeJIbHOrO HanOMHHTb eMY, lJTO pa3JIHlJHe eMY B HCnOJIHelIHH ,rt;mHIIH OTRa3hlBaeTCJI B03JIe nsopua OHa

npennrcraonarr,

,n;06HBIIIHCl>OCB06oiR~enHH cecrpu, MOB». 3aTO nopona npa

OCMaTpHBaTb JIOIlp,OH. ,rt;JIH nee OH TOJIhROMeC MpalJHhIX ~OBIIp,e POCROIIIHhIX ayron rOBopHT: «BOT 9TO OTJIHlJHoe, fioraroe CROTa anecs DacT6H~e ~JIH IWpOB, II IIJIe~eT BOI'Pyr HHX,

DOMe ApTYPOBa CTYJIa, xorna Mope IliIHp,eTb TaR me npHHTHO» (SWN, YJIhI6aeTCJI, CJIYIIIaJl 9TH llhle» on;emm. IIIIH no nosony B IIIoTJIaH~IIH. ,rt;mHHII H cup. nsnne. OH acrynaer

xopomaa •••

lIO no MHe, TaR na CRaJIhl

XII, 191). 11 repnor «npoeeccaoaaasaue II lIan;HOHaJIbC ,rt;iRHHH B OOCTOJlTeJIbHhlH paa-

rOBOp H BhICJIymHBaeT MHOjHeCTBOnpOHHn;aTeJIbHhIX cYiR~eMO.IOlJHOrOX03HiicTBa II Bo BJiaCTH

xopomee

Apraana

xpecrsaacaoro
npaxon

rpyna iReHHXY

~aTb

MeCTO ee orrry,

HO HlIRTO, KpOMe nee, He HaCTOJI~Hll mOTJIaH~CRHii repOHHH II OhIJIa JIHIIIb sa nee

MOiHeT II3rOTOBHTb ~JIJI repnora CROTT CTOHT na crpaxre nacraaaaer

~OCTOHHCTBacBoeii repnoron,

na TOM, lJTO OHa aaxoro H ,n;mHHH

He HHme, a nOlJTH scex paCnJIaTHJIaCb

«MHJIOCTb», ORaaaHHaH eii

8KTOM cnpaBe~JIHBOCTH, CnOJIHa. cnocofina

BMeCTe C TeM CROTT n03BOJIHeT YBH,!I,eTb, lJTO ero repOHHJI H na MeJIRHe qyBcTBa aaBHCTH H peBHOCTH, ROTOpl>Ie

79

err

C TPYAOM

YAaeTCJI

B ce6e

IIOAaBHTb:

IIOJIY'IHB

H3BeCTHO 0

'[OM, 'ITO COCTpa CTaJIa 3HaTlIOH HH H pana , H aanera, I\ ceCTpHHCIWH reponnecaoe OTU;OM H O.IWY caoe JI106BU,

H 06pa30BaHHOH I{OTOPOH BceM OHa

AaMOH,

)l;mH-

H CaMOJI106HBaJI nocana BO HMJI

npHMomHBaeTCJI npOAIIpHHJIJIa K U;OpKBH CIIOPbI I\OTOPbIe

IIYTomeCTBHe. MynwM; B ne

Ilpa
6e3

yaancenaa
KopOBaM, Hoe

,IJ;muHH MOiI\AY ona CTb II IIM, H TJIHYT

C TPYAOM repnnr

6eCKOlIe'IHble

Aon.IaTU'IeCKIIO

pa3ApamOHIIJI CTOpOHbI. Y

nanomraaer

'ITO H CBHTbIO MorYT BepeBKY 3ApaBbIH -

ynoAoOIITbCJI

pa3HbIO

IIPOIUIIWTeJIbHOC HaHBHOCTblO

CMbICJI COeAUHJIlOTCJI penaraoanoro C BeJIHIWAYiliHOH H COU;HaJIbHbIM

orpaHU'IOHIIOCTblO

MbIIIIJIOHHJI, ilwpTBeHHOCTblO, OTHomOHHeM IIOIUlTHJIM TaK H

rpeaaua
He3aBHCH-

IIpaKTHU;H3M AWCTb qYBCTB ncero 1I0CTb

C HOKPHTHqOCKHM

K npHBHTbIM OCYil'AeHueM

OH HpaBCTBOHHbIM KaJIU30BaUHbIH MOpaJIbIIaJI

, 'ITO BbIXOAUT sa HX IIpeAeJIbI. ofipaa, C COqeTaOTCJI

C03AaeTCJI TOqHO JIOAeTepMHHupOB3ncnoeofipaaneu, nWHCIUIlIIU cnatioa

B KOTOPOM CTpOraJI HII1\UBHAyaJIhllblM C OObIKIIOneHIIbIMn

BblCOTa -

CTJIMU H JIYKaBCTBOM.

2
B
AYXO aCTOTUKU pOMaUTH3Ma OT HaQUOHaJIblIOro. 06JIOKaIOTCJI OI{paCI{Y IIpu3HaHHo BbITeI{aeT H3 B I{YJIbType, UCTOpHQeCKOO nOOTAOJIUMO AJIJI nOIIUMaJI, 'ITO OOIQOCTBOHHblO <pOpl\lbI, 06pa3Y nexonoro HCTopu3Ma He IWTOPblO MbImJIOCOU;UaJIbGRona. eMY U caMemaJI CROTTa npHAaIOT HUJI noro )l;ail{e aa

OH

ABHmOHUJI

HaU;HOHaJIbHhle BepOBaHHJIM, UX u;eHHOCTU

HapOAOB. OIIblTa rOpJI1lUH

OC060HHOCTeH crpanaaa

mOTJIaHAClmH APyrHMH B ApaBHHCKOH npyra.

naTpnOTU3M nYCTbIHO,

HlITopeCOBaTbCJI RpaIO 3eMJIH, pauaaa

H OObI'IaJIMH.

CTaJIImBaa'

mOTJIaHAu;a

«<TaJIUCMaH»), npyr

CKOTT UPOHH3UpYOT C xapaxrepnoa 66JIbmYIO «qTUT

IIO nOBOAY UX HO06'beKTHBHOCTbIO IIPOJIBJIJICBJIIQOHHHxpUCTIIaUCKOH

YMOUHJI IlOHJITb CKOTT rOBopUT, er capanmr XOTJI ,

'ITO H3 ABYX KOTOPbIH

TepilUMOCTb

OCIIOBaTeJIJI

nepsr,

OCYil'AaOT

AOI{TPHHbI,

CIIJIeTOHlIbIO

(SWN, XXXVIII, 61). Cronxnoaeaae 8TIIX f\BYX MIIpOB IIOIi.a3bIBaeT OTHOCHTOJIb~ HOCTb IIpeACTaBJIeHIIH, nupafiorauasrx BeKa¥I1 HOKpIlTHQeC~ KOH MbICJIH. B TaKOM me CBeTO pacyer CKOTT 6eceAbI IIpe3I1paIOKaMH» IQHX APyr pIlmcKIIH»). npyra caxcoana II 'ITO <ppaHI~Y3a B 060HX «<rpa<p P06epT IIa~ JII060nbITHO, Ha3BaHHbIX poxaaax

80

Kail{,n;bIH roro, HOCTU Manny XpIICTe»

113 aHTarOH1ICTOB y6em,n;aeTCH

OTKa3bIBaeTCH B ero MymecTBe

OT OCYrI{,n;emfH

P;PY-

xorna

11 6JIaropo,n;CTBe. 11 MHorOKpaCO'I3aKJIIO'IeHa KOHTaKT

HaU;UOHaJIbHOe JIUHHaH

nsrcrynaer
PII'IapP;Y -

npa

BCeD: ero

cneU;UtPU'IIIOCTU B IWTOPYIO

KaK I

060JIO'IKa,

nonco BO MY-

'IeJIOBe'IeCKaH

CYIIJ;HOCTb. flOSTOMY

,n;06JIeCTHOMY HOp«C06paTbHMII BbI]J;aTb

ropasno aerae
'IeM OH

YCTaHOBHTb

CMeJIbIM 11 MYP;PbIM CYJITaHOM, OTBoeBbIBaTb CYJIhMaHClwro JIII'IKY H 3a,n;a'IeD:

co CBOIIMH

rocynapaaa Enponsr,

BMeCTe C HIIM

HBIIBmHMIICH

rpof rocrronea.
BJIaCTH1'eJIH

naace
KaK

rOTOB -

sa

CBOIO KY3lIHY

Ha60il\HYIO

KaTO-

BJIap;eTeJIhHYIO HCToplIKa

npaaneccy.

CKOTT C'IIITaeT

xpsrrne
HOD: II

'IeJIOBe'IeCKOD: naU;HOHaJIbHOD: II 06JIlIKa

CYIIJ;HOCTII BO IIlHoro06pa31I1I 06YCJIOBJIeIIHOCTII, TaK

ofinapymenne H pacee speaenH BOCC03p;aHlIe 1I3 H nCHXOJIOrIITaKHM Me,KAY

xapaxrepa
'IeCKHX yrJIOM 3a OlIII

aapona

B u;eJIOM,

CKJIa,n;bIBaIOIIJ;HXCH

B3aIIMop;eilcTBHH 3peHlIH IIX

HaU;IIOlIaJIhnOrO

cnoeofipaaaa
CKOTT B

oc06eHHOCTeH

HHP;HBIIP;YYMOBII apMIIHMII

paccaarpanaer
nOKa3bIBaeT 1l0JIHTH'IeClOAX,

sracc. Ilon

CTOJIKHOBeHHe

aHrJIHHCIWH COU;UaJIhHhIX, 6blJIII

H mOTJIaHACKOD:

1745 r.
aa

«(¥aBepJIII»). lIO 06e TO

Bpail\p;OH,

pOMaHHCT, «I\amAaH

CTOHJIO pa3JIU'IHe

I\YJlbTypUhlX

yponnea,
CBOH

ecrr,

npenocxonno

06YQeUhI,

nan»,

B COOTBeTCTBUH He

TepOM 3UQHO, pOBaHO. XXXVIII,

(SWN, II, 164). Ilonnrae

CTaTHqHO, BOHnOll a CTOHKOCTb H ynpHMcTBO

C npHCYIIJ;HM u;eJIHKOM

eH naU;IIOHaJIbIIbIM aTO P;JIH CKOTTa HCTOpUqeCJ{II mOTJIaHAu;eB

xapax-

He MeTatPII,u.eTepMHHH-

OH 06'bHCHHeT AHrJIHH OH H 60JIee

HX AJIHTeJIhHOH

cyenepna
IIJ;eHHbIM

nero

cocenau (SWN,
oc06eHHocTII tPYHKU;HH OT

sa He3aBIICHMOCTh OT 143-144); nonporino MOTHBHpyeT CBOHX coponasea, HenOHHTHble HX

VI,

(SWN,
rpy6bIO npOCBO-

410).
II

,n;HaJIeKTHKa

HaU;HOnaJIL-

H HCTOpUqeCI{orO, B CI{QTTOBCKOH

06IIJ;ero

HIIAHBHP;yaJIbHOrO HanOJIeOHa, nOJIHTUKII, II HMnepaTopa

BaeTCH

xapaxrepacraae
H cyp;b6a

pacxpuB K01'OYMepaCCMaTpHOT ero tPpaHU;Y30B 11 HaU;HOHe BeJIHKIIX

POH JIHqHbie BaIOTCH KaK HUH

npacnocatixaaarr.ea (SPrW, IV, 120).

TaK .,n;HaJIeKTH'IeCKaH BTopOCTeneHHbIX, 3HaqeHHe TeM, TO'ml1

eaponeacxoa K xapaxrepy
CBH3b

nxycax

IIHp;uBHp;yaJIbHOrO 11 rJIaBHbIX nOJIHO B repoes HeH

HaJIbHO-HCTOpHqeCKOrO TOJIbKO C06hlTHD:. 'IepThl, pOJIU.

naxan HO

npOHBJIHeTCH

B TpaK1'OBKe

HCTOpHqeCKOH HaCKOJIbKO apcmm

JIHqHOCT1I eIO

P;JIH CKOTTa BOllJIOIIJ;aIOTCH

OIIpe,n;eJIHeTCH BamHhIe C nOH

H HylKHhle

AJIH BbIllOJIHHeMOH C[{OTT auanaanpyer

couaam.noti xapaxrepu
81

EJIJI3aneThl I, Jhononasa XI H Kapaa Bypryancaoro «(Re~ HBJIbBOPT», «RBeHTBH ,D;opBapp;», «AHHa I'eaepmreanoxaa»). BB3aHTBB CROTT nnmer: «Pa6CRBR B p;eCnOTlI'IeCRBH CTPOH, YCTaHOBJIeHHhIR B aunepna, yme p;aBHO HU'InCTO paspyman TOT p;yx rpamp;aHCTBeHHOCTB, ROTOPbIH Bp;OXHOBJIJIJI CBo60]l;HYIO BCTOPHIO PBMa ••• AJIeRCFIH I\OMHBH 6hlJI B nOJIO~ FHeHBB MOHapxa, 3Ha'IeHHe xoroporo cxopee onpeneaaerca 60raTCTBOM B nOJIOmeHBeM ero npep;rneCTBeHHBIWB... ECJIM noarosry BO BpeMH 6ecnoRORHoro cnoero npe6bIBaHHJI y BJIaCTlI na rpone Bocroxa OH 6hIJI BbIHymp;eH npanepaeaaarsca HH3KOH H JIbCTJIBOH nOJIMTBI{B ••• eCJIB on, RaK npaBBJIO, npntieran R XBTPOCTB B npBTBopCTBy BMeCTO Myp;pOCTB B R ROBapcTBY BMeCTO MYiKecTBa, ero YJIOBRM cxopee n030pBJIB ero BeH, qeM ero cauoro ••• » (SWN, XLVI, 45-46, 48-49). Taxau 06pa30M, orpanareasaae CTOpOHhl napcraosaaaa AJIeRCBH 6hIJIB, no MneHBIO CROTTa, pe3YJIbTaTOM MHOrOJIeT~ HeR CMCTeMhI ynpaBJIeBBJI B K'oHcTaHTBHOnOJIe. IIHcaTeJIb naxonnr AJIJI report erne OAHO onpaananue, C<P0PMYJIHpOBaaHoe no npaanxax p;MaJIeHTHqeCROHJIOrMRB: «RaR HM CKPOMHhl OhIJilI ero MephI, OHB 6bIJIH 60JIee nOJIe3HbI AJIJI ero asmepna, qeM MOrJIB 6b1 OhlTb xepsr 60JIee ropnoro rOCYAapJl B rex me OOCTORTeJIbCTBaX~(SWN, XLVI, 50). IIoqTH TaR me xapaxTepH30BaJI CROTT JIIOAoBBRa XI H, XOTR B B HeCROJIbRO BHOM nnane, Hapna II B pouaue «IIeBepHJI IIHW) , rne JIB'IIlble HeI:(OCTUTKHHOPOJIR He TOJIbKO nopoacneuu ::IllOXOH, HO OT'IaCTB OTBe'IaIOT ee Tpe6oBaHHRM. JIB'IHOCTb H nOBeAeHHe MOBapxa C HeB30eiKHOCTbl0 ORar 3hlBaIOTCH npOB3BOAHhIMM OT 06~eCTBeHHO-nOJIMTHqeCRoit OOCTaHOBKB B ero ~apCTBOBaHMe; eCJIH ero qepThl 06YCJIOBJIeHbI spexeaex, TO B BpeMJI, B CBOIO osepens, OOYCJIOBJIeHO 1°eM, HaCI{OJIbKO YAaeTCJI JIM~Y, CTon~eMY Y BJIaCTB, yranar» nOTpeOHOCTH sesa M nOAqHHMTb HM ceoR B CBOIOnOJIHTBKY I. O~eHBBaR BCTOpBqeCRBe nepconaxra no UX MeCTY B pe~ nraiomax ROH<pJIBRTaXCOBpeMeHHOH11Moo~eCTBeHHOH ~I{H3HH, CROTT pacyer EJIM3aBeTY TIOP;OP H MapHIO CTIOapT. IIBcaTeJIb ysepaer, 'ITO R BCTOPHH aHrJIHRCROH HOpOJIeBbI OH OOpaTHJICH non BneqaTJIeHHeM ycnexa paccxaaa 0 ee HeCqaCTHOH mOTJIaHP;CROH conepaane (<<A6oaT»). 8TB CJIOBa c03AaIOT JIOmHOe nnesaraeaae, 6YATO nOBoA K HanBC8HBIO «ReHBJI~BOpTa» 6hlJl TOJIbRO BHemHBH, rorna RaK B nepexone OT OAllOB: repoana H

~ CM. 06 aTOM:

Peusos B. r. TBOP'JeCTBO Bansrepa 1965. c. 229-231, 249-250, 263.

CKOTTa.

M.-JI.,

82

~pyroD eCTb rny60KaH 3aKOHOMepHOCTb, OpraHHQeCKaH Ann CKOTTa norpefiaocrs OCBeTHTb 06e CTOPOHhI HCTOpHqeCIWfO C06hITHH, nporasonocrasars npyr APyry 60PIOUJ;HXCHMerKJ(Y c060fi npoTHBHHKOB. CKOTT He CI{phIBaeT caoea CHMnaTlIH K MapHH; BOCXHm;emIS ee YMOM, 06aHlilIeM H TBepAocTbIO B nsmaamnx aa ee AOJlIO UeCQaCTbHX 6bmo WIH nroraaancaoro narpaora noxra HeH36etKHo. Ho OH nonnaan HCTOplIqeCI\YIO 06peqeHHOCTb nerpeHOD xopoaeaa. IIOaTOMY B oro H306pameHHH 60Pb6a Mapaa sa anacrr, 6hIna nponrpaaa AO roro , KaK aasanacs. 3a lIeR CTOHT OT;KlIBllHe CHJlhI: penaraa , cnoxnpoaerapoaaaaaa B raaaax aapona, ·MoHapxH'IecKaH HAeH B cpopMe, AJIH lliOTJIaHAlIH nenpaeaaexoa, H HenonYJIHpHaH B uapone nneumenoJIlITlIQeCKaH 0pHeHTa~HH. ¥BJIeKaeMaH crpacraaa H }l{eHCKllM Tm;eCJraBHeM, MapHH He B COCTOHHlIll oneaurr, CJrorr\HOCTb 06CTaHoBKH. HanpOTHB, Eaaaaaera caasaa nOAAepllmoii napona, ee nanacaaraa ycnenma H rH6Ka, eo nomrraxa, HeCMOTpH aa QaCThIe napymeaaa npas nHqHOCTlI, B ~enOM oraeaaer HHTepecaa rocynapcraa, IIoKa Mapna B olKlI,rtanlIlI BOJIHIWii 6HTBbI aa napcrnoaaaae 3aHlIMaCTCH 6ymlBo'moH Boihroii co cBoeH TIOpeMm;Hn;eD, Eaaaaaera yaw np0P;YMbIBaeT, HaK nocrynarr, C aeaasacraoa conepnanea nOCJIe ee nopaaceaaa. Ilotiena OCTaeTCH aa cropoae roa, KOTopaH npa MeHblleM 6JIaropop;CTBe sepnee yranana ny-mp;bI HCTOpHqeCIWrO pa3BHTlIH. IIo y6emp;eHllIO CKoTTa, cy6'beKTHBHo 6JIaropoAHhIe aaxepeaaa He scerna MoryT nOMOQb JIIOAHM CAeJIaTb npaBlIJIbHhIH HCTOpll'IecKHit BhI60p (npaaepon 'J'OMY CJIymaT 6apOH Bpenyopnan II <l>JIopa j.\faK-AiiBOP - «¥aBepJIlI»), TaK me xau OTCYTCTBHe 6JIarOpOp;CTBa He 06H3aTeJIbHO HMeeT CJIep;CTBlleM BhI60p nO}l{HOrO HCTOplIqeCKOrO nyra: anoxae paaYMHbIM nOJIlITlIKOM aaofipaacea, nanpaaep, 6ecnplIHn;lInlIhIH cap BHJI~HM AllTOH «(JIaMlI1epMYPCKaH HeBeCTa»). BJlaropOACTBO casro no ce6e He MOIl,eT cnaCTII 06peQeHHOrO !lOJIa; caMhIH TOT cpaKT, QTO CJIymHT OHO 6e3Hap;emHOH n;eJIH, HBJIHeTCH AOKa3aTeJIbCTBOM ero BHYTpeHHeii: ym;ep6HOCTH. TaK 06pllCOBaHa .n;eHTeJIbHOCTb PeArOHTJIeTa, ,r(mecpcppn IIuKa, capa I'eapa JIn «(PeArOHTJIeT», «HeBllPUJI IIHK», «BYP;CTO}{»). HanpOTUB, ecna nepcoaama, B HpaBCTBeHHOM OTHomeHRH .n;BYCMhICJIeHHhIe, npoaonar nOJIRTRKY, RCTOPH'IeCKR orrpaanaaayro, OHR TeM caMhIM K0ll1npOMeTHpYIOT nexo , KOTOP0ll1Y cayacar. MMellHO Tal{ pacyer CKOTT JIIOAOBRxa XI II ero npacneunranoa «(KBeHTUH ,1J;opBapp;»).

83

COOTHomeHHe HpaBCTBeHHhIX H COD;HaJIbHhIX <pal\TOPOB B. pa3BHTHH HCTOPHH H .n;eHTeJIbHOCTH ee repoen COCTaBJIHeT, TaRHM 06pa30M, O.n;Hy H3 BallmeumHX TeM CROTTa. ,Il;OJIrOM' HCTOpHqeCIWro pOMaHHCTa OH C'IHTaeT D <popMe YBJIeI\aTeJIbnoro BbIMhICJIa noxaaars , RaR qeJIOBeqeCTBO xepea 60Pb6y, n06e.n;hI H nopaaceaaa .n;DHmeTCH OT rpyriax npHMHTHBIIhIX HpaBOB R 60JIee BhICORHM H D;HBHJIH30BaHHbIM. II03ToMY CROTT OXOTHOH306paiI\aeT nepenoumre ,!(JIH cy.n;b6bI naponon 3nOXH. OH 06'bHCHHeT, qTO D;apCTBOBaHHe Haxona I npe)l.CTaBJIHeT 6JIarOnpHHTHhIH 06'beRT .n;JIH pOMaHHCTa, H60 «HaH60JIee mHBonHCHhIlII nepnonoa HCTOPHH HBJIHeTCH TOT, xorna rpy6hIe H .n;HRHe npansr aapnapcxoro sexa TOJIbRO na-ranaror 06HOBJIHTbCH H ROHTpaCTHpYIOT C B03pOiI'.n;eHHeM: 06pa30BanHOCTH, C npononensro nOBOH pe<popMHpOBanHOH nepu» (SWN, XXVI, 12-13). OH CqHTaeT, «qTO nepaon CHJIbHeHmHX CBeTOTeHeH naer 6JIarOpOp;Hble TeMbI P;JIHnOBeCTBOBaUHH, H60 . • • qeJIOBeqeCRHe CTpaCTH B036ym.n;eHhI H CTHMyJIHpOBaHhI caMhIMH xorymec'raeaasrua MOTHBaMH, H npanu, 06pa3 MhICJIeH, nOJIHTHqeCIme rrpHIID;HnhI 60pIOm;HXCH na pTHH OT'IeTJIHBO rrpOTHBOCTOHT npyr .n;pyry». IIo.n;06HhIe nepnonu CROTT H306pa3HJI B «Y3BepJIH», «P06 Poe», «Jlerenne 0 MOIITP03e», «IIYPHTaHax», «JIaMMepMypcROH HeBeCTe». JIHqHOe e.n;MHO60PCTBO, B xoropoe BCTynaIOT repon, orpaneaer pa3JIHqHe HX 06m;ecTBeHHhIx n03HD;HH H BhIHBJIHeT .n;paMaTH3M cauoro rexeHHH HCTOpHH. Haxono 6hI HH 6hIJIO MHeHHe CRoTTa 06 aCTeTHqeCIWH D;eHHOCTH, 3aRJIIOqeHHOH B H306pameHHH aapymenaoro otimecrnenaoro cnoxoncraaa, OH pncyer RapTHHhI 60Pb6hI B na.n;em.n;e np06y.n;HTb CTpeMJIeHHe R MHpy H nopsnxy. B «IleprcIWH spacaaane», aanpaaep , 6YPHaH HCTOPHH cpermenesosoro ropona paccxaaana C TOqRH 3peHHH peMeCJIeHHOrO HaCeJIeHHH. CI\OTT C nOXBaJIOH OT3hIBaeTCH 0 caMOC03HaHHH ropoacaa, HX qYBCTBe c06cTBeHHoro .n;OCTOHHCTBa rOTOBHOCTH 3am;Hm;aTb H ero C opymHeM B pyaax , 06 OTKa3e JIyqmHX H3 HHX nepeaeHHTb qeCTHOe nJIe6eHCRoe HMH na punapcaoe. CKOTT H306pamaeT paBHOBeCHe H npOD;BeTaHHe, napnmae B repone Ilepre , xorna KaiI,p;OMY H3 RJIaCCOB rapaarapoaansr npana H COOTnercrnyromae 06H3aHHOCTH, H yrpary scero aroro , ~ xorna rapaarna 06m;eCTBeHHoro crrOKOHCTBHH napymarorca asnneCTOHIIJ;HMH. IIHcaTeJIb supamaer uap;em.n;y, qTO ero pOMaHhI yremaror , paaaneaaror, aayuraior p;06phIe qYBCTBa. BhIcmHH ,l1;OJIrpOMaHHCTa CKOTT BH.n;HTB 06'beKTHBHOCTH, B yMeHHH H.n;THsonpexa c06CTBeHHhIII1 uaU;HOHaJIhUhIM H nOJIH-

84

TH'IeCI,HM CHMllaTlUlM a paaaarne

3,

B HCKyccTBe coserarr,

npanepaeea-

Ho.CTbTpap;H~HH C Co.3HaHHeM, 'ITO. H3MClieHHH

nenpepsmao. 'Y CJIo.BHeMaroro

neofixonmrsr,

on C'lHTaeT rrpQCB8-

m;eHHyIo. repnaaoors

Po.MaHHC'l'a. CIWTT IIHTaJI ornpamenae

xo BceM Bup;alli <paHaTH3Ma (CM. «IIYPHTane», «IleBepMJI Ilnn», «TaJIMcMaH») 4 u OhlJI 'lyn,p; POJIHrJI03HQrQ pBeHHH, XQ'l'H IIpHp;epiKIIBaJICH ro.CIIQp;CTBo.BaBIIIeii ~epKBII. IlPII oa II3BeCTllQii TepIIHM K yqHThIBaH 'l'pap;II~IIQIlHo.CTH

npascrneaaux
BIIHDBHMIWB ee

soaapenaa,

DTCTYIIJleHHHM DT IIPIIHHTDii

MDpaJIH, a HHDii paa, napyureaua

5.

rpyfisre npanu
Iwii Illeii
lID

nexa,

P;DBDJIhCTByeTcHp;D6pDP;YIIIlIOii nacxeur-

anpecy

Onnaxo
TaR,

ou ne-

naxorna

He YTpaqIIBaeT MDpaJIbHDrD HpHTCpHH H BD HMH BhICnapyumrenen. JIIOODBlIHltoB B «AHTIII\Ba PHD» H CHDTTa qYBCTBD UCTDpH'leCIWii IIpep;CTaBJIeHHii, DHo. mfKDrp;a ECJIH crpa-

CllpaBep;JIHBDCTII naxaauaaer

'la.TJbHhIH RDIIe~ IIDCTIIraeT

«ap;HH6yprcRoii TeMIIH~e». HaH HH 3aMeqaTeJIhHD y 06YCJIDBJIenHDCTH MDpaJIhllhlX JIeMhle aepnocrs ero

He sencr ero K peJIHTHBH3My: ecrr, llo.HHTHH P;JIHCKo.TTa neaufiCJIDBY, rYMaHHo.CTH II nonry. CTH JIIDp;CKIIe 3aBHCHT 0.'1' Co.CTDHHHHnpaaos CYTb nenoneaa, na paanaaasre o.CTaeTCH HeH3MeHHDii qYBCTBa, rnasnsre peJIHrH03HhlX JIHeT ero KpHTHKH. DIIpep;eJIlIeT H 3aRo.Ho.B, TO. IIeCMDTpH

IIPHPo.P;U, C TQ'IKH 3peUHH pOMaIIHCTU,

(SWN, I, 106-107);
npexeaa H

3ua'IHT,

B paaaue

npDHBJIeHHH HpaBCTBeHHo.rD HX IIDCTDHHHhJ. D6m;ecTBeHHbIx,

HpHTepHH ouenxa

CDep;HHeHHe IllIIpDThI HOHHMaHHe aanas

TBepp;DCTH B

H HpaBCTBeHHhlX B3rJIHp;aX IIHcaTeJUI onpeneHCTDpHKa H Po.MaHHCTa, ono 3IIa'IeIIHe ero aareparypnoa

me

P;DCTDHHCTBa II

a T.aR, HeCMO'rpH aa aarnnarmo R p;eHTeJIHM peDOJIIO~I10HHOH rryparauCROll naprna, Bam-rep eROTT npaanaer, 'ITO I1X nosenemre 6WJIO CJIep;CTBI1eM «crpamroro paaaootipaaan Oill1l601\ 1I aa6JIY1HlJ,CHI'lH co CTOPOHhl ROPOJIH II ero MHHlICTPOB, CO CTOPOHhl napnaucnra Hero pyxoaonarenea, CO CTOPOHhl 06'I>ep;lIHeHHbIX ROpOJIeBCTD AHrJBII1 11 IIIoTJIaHAIIII no OTHomeHlIIO npyr' R npyryi (SWN, XXXIX, 279). 4 <DaHaTllKlI, rOBapUBaJI CROTT, Y'IaT, RaR aano OTIlpaBJIHThCH H P;bHBOJIY BO CJIaBY 60lKI1IO. C~J.: Lockhart I. C. Memoirs of the Life of Sir Walter Scott, Bart., vol. IX. London-New York [so a.], p. 231. ~ OH noaecrnyer, narrpnaep, 0 COJIOMCHHOHunoaynrxe, ROTopaH B OTCYTCTBlIe MYlKa-RpecToHoc~a ponana ChIHa OT fiora peRH"TBIIA. MYlKY npmnnocs IlpI1HHTb aTO 06'I>HCHeHlIe U MJIaAeH~a, ROTOPlJM CTOJIb BeJIUROIlYillHO OAapI1JIII ero cynpyra II TBHA. IIoCJICAHlIii, BRAI1MO, peman, 'ITO onaoro aeaanoaaoro csma C aTOH '1eTbI xnarnr, 11 60JIbIlle Be TpeBOlKUJI IIX C'IaCTbH (SWN, XXXVIII, 13-14).

85

3
CBoe06pa3Me JIMTepaTypHOH n03Mn;MM CROTTa OOYCJIOBJIeHO TeM, 'ITO ero B3rJIH)J;hl 1I BRYChl, 1P0pIl1MpOBaBllIlIeCH B nepaon nosnnero Ilpocaemenaa, nO)J;BeprJIlICb B03)J;eHcTBlIIO pOMaHTM'leCKO;H anoxa 1I caaa ORaaaJIlI na nee aaaxareasaoe BJIlIHHHe. CKOTT paa)J;eJIHJI caoacraenaua npOCBeTMTeJIHII1 pannonanaCTlI'leCKlIH, SMnlIplI'leCKHii nonxon K aareparypaua HBJIeUlIHM, paCCMaTplIBaH MX B CBHaH C 06m;ecTBoM, II1aTepMaJIbHoi il\1!I3HbIO II KYJIbTYPOH. BMeCTe C TeM, coapes nO)J; npHMLlM BJIlIHHlIeIl1 npocaernTeJIbCKOii lI)J;eOJIOrHlI H OTnpaBJIHHCb 01' nee, CKOTT, KaK H npyrae poxaarana, HecoMHeHHO, onryman ee aeaneaaarHOCTb nanopy HOBhlX conaansmax H lICTOplI'leCKHX lPaKTOB. CKenTlIlJeCKH nacrpoeaaua no oraonreamo K aTMOCIPCpe panocraoro BOJIHeHlIH 1I Ha)J;emJl" np06Yil\)J;eHHbIx peBOJIIOn;neii, CKOTT, onnaxo, KaK H npyrae pOMaHTllKlI, OClIfhlCJIHeT 6YPHO MeHHIOIIl.HiiCH MHp M na Ka)H)J;oM mary lJYBCTByeT nenocra TOlJHOCTb npeacaax MeTa!f>HalI'leCKnX nOCbIJIOK. Ilpexme ncero ero OTTaJlKHBaeT BCHKaH YMoaplITeJIbHOCTb, .ace pan;lIOHaJIlICT1I'IeCRHe IIJIaIlh1 COBepmeHCTBOBaHHH 06mecrna. Ellry nperar npocaerarenscxoe COMReHHe B oomecTBeHnOM npOMbICJIe H aTelICTlI'lCCRHe TeHp;eH:qHH MhlCJIH XVIII B., npoaoaraanreaae eCTeCTBeHHoii CBo(0)J;HOH MOpaJIH B -npO'l'HBOBeC xpHCTHaHCRO-peJIHrHOaHoii. CROTT aaauaaer« aTeH3M «rHYCHOH )J;orMOH» II OTKaaLlBaeTCH )J;YMaTb, 'ITO cyru;eCTBYIOT JIIO)J;H, scepsea ero npanepzsaaasomaeca (SJ, I, 44, 10.12.1825). Heaepae H 6eaHpaBcTBeHHocTb )J;JIH Hero nO'lTH CHllOHHMhl. YCBOHB Y HCTOPHROB XVIII B. yMeHJIe~BH3hlBaTb COCTOHHHe lIll:eH, apaaon II MOpaJIH C noponanmea oHX cpenoa, yaamlITeJIbHOe OTHomeHHe R lPaKTaM H HCTOlJHlIKaM, CKOTT B TO me npeaa nOCTlIr 1I CJIOilI:HhlH xapaxrep B3a:HMO)J;CHCTBHH cpema 1I H)J;eOJIOrHn, 06m;eCTBa H llH)J;lIBH)J;a, OCB0(0)J;HJICH OT npOCBeTHTeJIbCROH «oeaOTHOCHTeJIhHOCTH»H sepnan CBe)J;eHlUl H3 JIereH)J;, cxaaaaaa, 6aJIJIa)J;, KOTOPblMH npeaetiperaaa MhlCJIHTeJIlI npomnoro sexa. CROTT nOJIaraJI, 'lT0 lICTOPHK 1l:0JImeH He TOJIbRO YCTaHOBUTblPaRTLl, HO II pacapsrrs CMLlCJI MHOrO'lUCJIeHHLlX nClIXOJIOrlllJeCRHX cHTyan;lIii, C HHMH ·CBH3aHHhlX: noaaaars. aanpaxep , KaR, C op;Hoi CTOPOHbI, cauae ropanae lJYBCTBa II oraomeaaa orcrynaior non ));aBJIeHHeM nOJIHTHlJeCRHX paaHOI'JIaCIIH, a C ));pyroii - RaR BalKHO coxpaaarr, IiI yRpeIIJIJlTl> 9TH 'lyncTBa 11 0THOmeHHJI nepeA

86

Jmn;OM OmeCTO'IaIOm;eH 06m;ecTBeHHoH 60p:b6LI. TOJI:bKO ran MOmHO HaHTlI OClIOB:bI .o;JIJIe.o;HHCTBaHHTepeCOB 11 BSaHMHOH TepnHMOCT1I. CBOlf BSrJIJI.o;hIOH HSJIaraeT B 06IIJI:bHhIX KOMMeHTapHJlX 1\ pOMUHaM. B JIHTepaTYPHOH RpIITHHe CHOTTa lfCTOPUSM BhIJIUBaeTCJI n orpauanae npoaoaraamerraoro HJIaCCHn;lfCTaMII enanoro If Be'IUOrO 3CTeTn'IeCROrO aneana. Hacraanars na TOM, 'ITO Kall,nan suaxecaaa noaaa .o;OJImHa CJIe,ll;OBaT:b nnaay d1JI1Ia)J,hI) II «3HeU,ll;hI», a Kam,ll;aJl rparenaa npaBIIJIaM ApHCTOTeJIJI,3Ha'IIlT ynO,ll;06HT:bCJIa pXHTeRTOpy, IWTOPhIH CTaJI 6bI CTPOIIT:b nee noxa C O,ll;HHaROBhIM 'IHCJIOM OROll H 3TaiUeB. CROT'!' nOJIymYTJIHBO yrsepamaer, 'ITO see MI>106H3aHI.r ,1J;paB,ll;euy II ero acce 0 npaae, <mpOTlfBOCTOHm;eMYSaCIIJIllIO raJIJI:bCIWTI RpIlTHRII, TaROR me 6JIarO,ll;apHOCT:bIO, Hal{ TeM li>aHaTHRaM, 'ITO orpaaasana necnoraax HOPOHI>1»(SPrW, I, 232-233). OH nenoyxeaaer no nOBO,ll;Y B3alIMHOH HeTepmIMOCTH li>paun;Y3CRHX II aHrJIlIBCKlfX rracarenea If aanaer xapaarepaaa sonpoc: «Pa3Be He B03MOiH:eII TpeTHB CTlfJI:b, lfs6eraIOm;lIB xax aHrJIHBCROii BOJI:bHOCTlf, TaH If li>pann;yscKoii CTporOCTH?» (SPrW, VI, 76). ,Il;ame ysaacaeaoro HM ,1J;moHcoIIa CHOTT noparraer aa npeaaepnyro Ra'feropH'IIIOCTh II peasocrs BblcI,asbIBaHHB, sa Hep;OCTaTOKrH6RocTH (SPrW, III, 143-144). ,Il;JIJI cym,ll;eHlIJI 0 paSHhIX npoaaseneaaax CKOTT npaaeI1J1eTpa3HLIe xpnrepaa B COOTBeTCTBlIlf C HX npaponoa If n;eJIJIMH anropa. TaH, OH OTBO,ll;HT OT AHIIhl Pa,ll;KJIH<P1i>6BHHeHlfe B 0 neJIenOCTlf If HeupaB,ll;ono,ll;06Hlf, H60 HeJI:b3J1 «Tpe6oBaTb OT nee roro, sero OHaCOBepmeHHO He C06HpaJIaCb nacara». HY,KHO TOJIbKO OTBCTHTb na nonpoc, otinanaer JIlf K8KHMlfJIH60 ,ll;OCTOHHCTBaMH Hs6paHHLIi eIO xY,ll;OmeCTBeHHbIB maHp. «Jlareparypa TaR me paanooepaaaa, KaK casra npaponat (SPrW, III, 195). IIoc.TIe.D;HHii BbIBO.D; ;eJllIKOM rrO.D;'IHHeHlfCTOplIlJeCKoMY 06n paay MhlCJIeii, xapaxrepnoay ,ll;JIlI BUOXlf pOMaHTHsMa. Horna CKOTT y6em,ll;aeT 'IHTaTeJIH, 'ITO ecrs CBOR OCo6hlii" CMLICJI B H.D;eaJIaX XPlICTHaHCKlfX If capan;HHCRHX psnrapea (<<TaJIlfCMao») , xorna OH HarJIJI.D;Ho ,ll;eMoHCTpnpyeT npexonamaa xapaxrep If.D;eaJIOBpsmapcraa aoofime If nOKa3hIBaeT, 'ITO 3TH HiwaJILI, CLIrpaB nOJIOmHTeJIbHYIO POJIb, OTMlfpaIOT H TeM upOJIaraIOT nyTb HOBOMY nporpeccy (SPrW, IV, 255), Oil C.TOHT na nO'IBe 1ICTOp1I3Ma, nopossneaaoro BeJIlfRlfMH noTpJlCeHlfJlMH ROHn;a XVIII B. If ocoanaaaex HJIJII030pnOCTlf a6COJIIOTHhIX xareropaa, KOTopLIe YTBepiI\.D;aJIH rrpOCBeTHTeJIII B <plfJIOCOIi>IIHH KJIaCCHI~HCTbIB n03SHn.

87

OTXO~ IIHe xax IIOMY napona menae iKH3Hb

OT RJIaCCHD;llCTl'l'IeCKOH IIIeKCIIHpy,

TeOpHH,

npOTHBOIIOCTaBJIe-.J II pa3H006pa3HOMY xapaxrep MhImJIeK e~HHHtIrnopseIIpOCToro BOIIJIOCY~bIO» nee BhlXO' ,

ee HeIIO~BHiKHhIX

RaHOHOB BeJIHKOMY ~HaJIeKTH'leCKHH ynaaeeune aapona Ral,

HHJI, nnrepec

R MeCTHOMY ROJIOPHTY H cBoe06pa3HIO, 06JIHI,Y , B oc06eHHOC1'H ecaaoro nynmero

H HH~HBH~yaJIbHOIl1Y, , B ROTOPOM CKOTT, HeHCIIOptIeHHOrO Bhlpa31lTeJIH

R HapO~HOMY BH~HT

C1'BY, R ~YXOBHOMY

H BOp~CBOP1',

C03HaHHJI,

H IIO~JIHHIIOrO 31'0 npanannexnrr ):\Hm;IIIM

naD;HOHaJIbIIOrO

xapax'repav=1'C'leHHHM,

HOBhIM lIIp;eOJIOrH'leCRHM

sa npeneasr npOCneTlITeJIhCROrO XVII l .n. Xapaxrepea, nanpnaep , anrepec CKOTTa R caepx secreCTBeHHOMY. Ilpasna , B nyxe IIpOCBeTHTeJIbCKOro pauaonaJIH3Ma JIH'lHe nenaoe anpasoro pa3BHTHH no CKOTTY, CROTT 01' B CBOHX pouanax HaxO~HT sepa HynnIhll\1 JIBJIeHHH, B napymenae pasyuno HO, B OT3aIWIIOB CTa)J;IIH B 06'hHCHIlTb onacaansie He atieppauaa, HM TaHHCTBeHHhIe P;JIH Hero He npOCBe1'HTeJIeH, CMhICJIa, CBepX'heC1'eCT-

npocroe

HO HCToplPleCRH B crporoa

06YCJIOBJIeHIIaJI COOTHomeHHH HeIIpeMeHHo

C03HaHHJI

(SPrW, III, 167). Cnepx-secrecrnenuoe,

C ~pyrHMH, ROHRpeTHHll,HCJIHmROM yrnepamaer KOHKC IIO-

~OJIiRHO 6hITb

eCTeC1'BeHHhIMH BHp;yaJIbHhIMH. MHoro

9JIeMeHTaMH I1opHn;aJI

poxana,

I1bIMH H B Ramp;OM BHHMaHHJI II

OTp;eJIbHOM

CJIY'Jae

COBepmeHHO

IIHCaTeJIeH,

ornaionrax
CROTT npHHD;HIlOB nocrararorca

THIIOBOMY

H BII~OBOMy, OHH

OP;HH H3 OCHOBHhlX CBOHX 3CTeTH'leCKHX peTH3an;HIO MOID;bIO IlYCTJImHhIX ,il;eTaJIb TaKOBO, B «Jlerenne HHp;HBH~yaJIH3an;HIO. «p;eTaJIH3aI~HH» 06CTOHTeJIbCTB» Y CKOTTa HO , H

IlOP;pa3YMeBaIOm;eH

«MHomeCTBO ROHKpeTHOCTbIO,

(SPrW,
He

III, 223).
TOJIbKO «iKHBhIX 'ITO xapaKTepHOCTbIO. nop;CBetIHHKOB» MaKOJIeH 60JIee ropnen, q,anerans rOBopHT H supaaaP;JIJI nnaneer CTOJIa ::ha naTpHOT

06JIap;aeT

iKHBOIIHCHOCTbIO, aanpaaep 0 napa

HCTOpH'leCKOH IIIOTJIaHp;CKHH 3aJIBJIJIH, OH11. B 'leM IIIIIary ceria

H306pameHHe

MOIlTp03e»:

npep;JIOiKHJI nopornaa 6paT KeJI. HX

aHrJI11'laHaM, noxpyr IIpH3HaJIH ropnocrr, aa

nop;CBe'lHHKaMH, B OP;HOH PYKe

p;ORa3aTeJIbCTBO ero 3aIKiKeHHhIH

nOCTaBllJI AHrJIH'laHe

napurecraeanoro 11 B P;PyroH

nepncamax
nepenaer

II06e'Rp;eHHhIMH. 3aBOeBaTeJIHII1. aapesan, nHCaTeJIJI HX

HHID;eTY,

H BOHHCTBeHHOCTb mOTJIaHp;n;eB,

Bpamp;e6HOCTb

R anrJIHHCKHM ponaox

11

OHH B poaanax 3HTeJIbHOM, CKOTTa POP;HOH Il03311H

CROTTa

iKHBOM

B COOTBeTCTBHH C BepOH 11 CJIOBa. p;eJIO y6ellip;eHHJI

B xpacory B pOMaHe

l1CIIOJIb30BaHHe H npaanana.

88

Bce 3TO CBH~eTeJIOCTByeT npaofimeaaa nacareaa K .3GTe0 Time P01>IaHTll3MaC ee BHIIMaHHeM K KOHKpeTHOMY, csoe06pa3HOMY, mllBorrllCHOMY, H CTpaCTHM,rrooem~alOm,llM pa3YM II BOJIIO, He BrrOJIHC OC03HaHHbIJI1 repomra H 'IaCTO CKPbIBaeMbIM llMH OT caanx cefia. TeM He MeHee CKOTT AO I\OHIJ;a coxpanaer CBH3ll C nopoxaaranecxoa acreraxoa. Oc06eHHo xapaxrepen B 3TOM CMbICJIeero Tpe3BbIH ananas npy/I\HH II MOTH BOB nocryrmon, MaTepllaJIllCTIPleCKoe TOJIIWBaHlle JIHTeparypu II: llCTOPHH, BHII:MaHHeH npeaapaenoay poaanrnsaan «3~paBOMY CMbICJIY»,paIJ;I10HaJIHCTH'IeClmHCKJIa~ ero C06CTneHIIQrO MbImJIeHHH. CIWTT pa3rpaIII.J:'IHBaeT aeecrecrneanoe, T. e. CJIY'IalI, xorna H306pamaIOTCH repon, ,n;eHCTBYIOIIJ,JIe nonpexn xapaxrepy, liM npanaanouy, llJIH uonpexa 'IeJIOBe'leCIWH npapone aoofime , II uenpaanononotinoe, T. e. cnyuan, xorna 60JIbme maHCOBrrporas onncamroro reseaaa C06bITHH, 'leM aa Hero (SPrW, VI, 311). (:lT0 paCCYiI\~eHHe - 06pa3eIJ; KpHTHKll C rr03llIJ;HH «anpasoro CMbICJIa».CKOTT OCTaeTCH aepen 3MnllpHKo-ceHcyaJIHCTH'I'eCKHM nCllXOJIOrll'IeCKHM MeTOiWM aHrmIii:cKllx 3CTeTllKOB XVIII B. C nx TO'IHH apenaa npeKpaCHLIM Monmo C'lHTaTb TOJIbIW TO, 'ITO nonpancaer ncropaa nO,[VIHHHOH, 'ITO "POH3BO~HT aa Hac BIIe'laTJIellJIe, oJIarO~apH CHJIbHbIMqYBCTBaM H CTpactHM, B036ym~eHHbIM B Hac COOWTllHMHcaMOH rlm3HU. Iloarasecxoe aoofipasseaae cofiapaer B e~HHbIH lI~eaJIbHblH npemeer 'IepTbI MHorHX peansnux npenaeron. XOTH CKOTT OTBepraJI I\JIaCCHIJ;H3M TO, 'ITO OH IICHYCCTaa neano aocxpeuraer H~eaJIbI aHTII'lHOCTII II napymaer npanny iIU:I3HII, ero co6CTBeHHoe aocnaraaas 6bIJIO Tpa~IIIJ;1I0HHOKJIaCCII'IeCKIIM, TO ecrs OCHOBaHHbIM 1I3Y'IeHHII II KOMMeHaa TlIpOBaHlIll~peBHIIX aBTopOB. BpllTaHCKaH KyJIbTypa XVIII B. B 3Ha'IIITeJIbHOH CBoeH 'IaCTII 6bIJIa rrporrllTaHa aHTII'IHbIMH BJIIIHHHHMII II orpasteaaen nx B CO'IHHeHIIHX KJIaCCIIIJ;IICTOB. He ronopa yme 0 ,n;paH~eIJe H AJIeKCaH~pe Ilone, ~ame CBII<pT H <PIIJIb~HHr, JII06llMeIJ; CHoTTa, OT~aJIH ~aHb KJIaCCIIIJ;H3My. CKOTT OTBepraJI rrpocBeTIITeJIbCKUH paIJ;HOHaJIII3MH BCH'IeCKYIO MeTa<p1I3I1KY, peaapan BOJIbTepa II Pycco He TOJIbKO n HaK MbICJIIITeJIeii:H MOpaJIIICTOB, HO II HaK xy~omHIIKOB, He IIHTepeCOBaJICH«'IIICTOH» reopaea, HO ero H~eH, JIIITepaTypnste II HCTOpH'IeCKlIe, BOCXO~HTK Hay'IHbIM rrOHHTIIHM, pacrrpOCTpaHeHHbIM B BeK npOCBem,eHIIH, XOTH H BH~Ollal\leHeIlHLTM B COOTBeTCTBIUI «AYXOll1nosoro nexa». c C6.1IliI\aHCb C poxiaarauaaa B csoea rOTOBIIOCTH 3aMeHHTb

89

HopMaTHBHhIti: MeTO.o; cym.o;eHUH 0 JIHTepaTypHhIX npoaaseneaaax MeTo.o;OM aoropaxecaaa , CROTT, B ornasae OT HUX, CtJUTaJI 3.o;paBhIH CMhICJInaxmee Bo06pameHUH. 3aAatJY KPllTR" RU, on, KaK II npOCBeTHTeJIU, BHAeJI B pa3'bHCHeHHH (elucidation). Ero oraomeane K UCKYCCTBYrozae , B OCHOBllhIX, XOTJI H He BO ncex seprax , 6bIJIO npOCBeTIITeJIbCKuM. On tJymA xapaxrepaony pOMaHTUtJeCKOMY 0601l\eCTBJIemUO n083Hll. HYJILT Do06pameHHH KaK eAlIHCTBeHHO AOCTOBepHoro cnocofia n03HaHUH Mllpa 6hIJI AJIH Hero nnmaa CMhICJIa. TI08TOMY CROTT He Cl{JIOHeH 6hlJI CMOTpeTb aa c06CTBeHHOO TBOpqeCTBO C TOii: CepLe3HOCTbIO, C KaKoii: OTHOCllJIUCb K CBoeH noaaaa npyrae n08TbI pOMaHT1I3l\1a. OH xopomo 3HaJI CBOll He.o;OCTaTIm, aaxorna He CqUTaJI cefia YTontJeHBhIM CTllJIlICTOM, HO He npUAaBUJI 9TOMY 3HatJeHUH, np1I3HaBaJICH, 'ITO namer CO crpanmoa 6hlCTPOTOH, AYMaH TOJIbKO 0 TOM, QT06hI QUTaTeJIIO 6bIJIO UHTepeCHO (SJ, I, 117, 12.11.1826). Baaroroneanua BOCTopr, C ROTOPhlM OTHOCllJIlICb K lICKyCCTBY HOJIbPllAJl~, BOPACBoPT, Illenaa, HlITC, CKOTTY HeCBOHCTBeH. «Bce U311ID;HbIeUCKYCCTBa,- namer OH,- csoea BbICmeH II aaxoaaeanrea n;eJIbIO HMeIOT B03.o;eii:cTBue aa qeJIOBOsecaae crpacra, speaeaaoe CMlIrqeHUe U ofinerxeaae c'aMLIX 6ecnOKOHHhlX COCTOIlHuii: nyxa , B036ymAeHlIe YAHBJIeHUg lIJIll YIKaca, YAOBOJIbCTBHH lIJIlI KaKUX-JIu60 npyrax 9MOn;HH» (SJ, I, 118, 13.2.1826). Qpe3MepHoroYCJIOiImeHHH n HCKYC· CTBe CHOTT He onoripaer U B MY3hlRe npeAIIOqHTaeT caxue npocrsre MeJIOAllH. JIHTepaTYPY, B OTJIU'IlIe OT APyrux poMaHTllKOB, OH He CqUTaeT caMbIM BhICOKllM npaanaaaea U OCYII~AaeT rex, RTO pana nee OTAaJIlIeTCII 01' m1I3HH. «B 6eccneprae rroasaa.s-- np1l3HaeTC1I nUCaTeJIb,BepIO xenee rnepno, qeM B 6eCCMepTue AymU» 6. 8Ta CPOPMYJIUpOBKanpaMO npOTUBOnOJIOmlIa yrRe nnrapoaaaaoa AeKJIapan;HH BOPACaopra: «TI093UR 6eccMepTHa, RaK cepnne qeJIOBeqeCKOe».

4
CKOTTa R n08TaM-JIeRUCTaM 6hIJIO ABoHCTBeHHbIM. BhlCOKO n;eHJI ax TaJIaHT, OH AaJIeRO He nee B UX TBOpqeCTBe U CPUJIOCOCPUll npUHlIMaJI. OH BOCXHID;eHHO n;UTlIpOBaJI BOp.o;CBOPra U HOJIbpUAma, rOBOpUJI 06 orpoxaoa CHIle noaasr «HpacTa6eJIb» II npU3HaBaJI CBOll AOJIr ee asropy, no BUAeJI pa3JIH· que Mem.o;y JIUTepaTypHhlMH B3rJI1IAaMU 8TUX n08TOB H CBOHMH.
6

Ornonreaae

Buchan I. Walter Scott. London, 1932, p. 109.

CROTTY OWl 'Iym~

MHCTH~H3M ROJIbPH~>Ra 1I MHO roe Ir3 nO<lTHqeCROH pexa: «ECJIlI HOBYIO

TeopHH BOPP;CBopTa00 ynpomeaaa IIIIWJIY B noaaaa, na noncxa 'foro, no

ObI HMH He BJIa~eJIa HeC'IaCTHaH MbICJIb yqpe~lITb

OHH, oe3YCJIOBHO, MOrJIlI 6bI ~aTb eH HOBbIH HO OTJIlI'lHOrO OT 7. XBaJIH snyca: CTpaCTeH, CHOl"f

lIMnYJIbC, HO MHe Ran{eTCH, OHII HHOH paa TpaTHT aaeprmo nyTH He TO, 'ITO 6bI JIY'IIIIerO, ROTOPOMYIIIJIlI BOP~CBopTa, cnoe llX ero noaaxaaae C HlIM B

noofipaaceane
nonsepaasan

rrpemrrecraeaaaxar

aecoraacae

«aonpocax

1I TeMaTllHlI CTlIXOB. «<PaHTa3llH H nO<lTlIqeCKllH H3bIK I\OJIbpnp;iHa p;aBHO ObI nOCTaEBJIll ero aume ecnn ObIOH YMeJI cnepmasars AeUHH II TBepp;OHBOJIH» 8. JIy'llllHM MeHbille ncex COBpeMeHHHKOB, CY/l{nx C nOMO~bIO anpanoro

BMeCTe C BOpp,CBOPTOMCROTT C'lllTaJI omymaerca see asrpaaaaaatomaa

npOCTbIX JIIOp,eiiI RyJIbTYPbI II

OO'beRTOM nO<lTll'IeCROrO 1I306pameHHH, HOO aa HllX cana ~JIH

OHll >I{llBee BbIpamaIOT

ananeromae

llMll

CTpaCTH, no BRJIap;bI-

BaJI B <lTO nOJIOmeHHe anoe

conepaeaaao:

Bopncnopra

HAeH 0 «caMOMCHJIbHOl\1 H3bIRe», na ROTOPOM rOBopHT npocrue JIIO~Il, aa npaxrane nopoa npernopaerca B ooe~HeHHe pesa; ~JlH CROTTa H3hIl\ IIIOTJIaUp;CKOroI{peCTbJIHCTBaHanO.1UmeTCH «aHTH'IHOH CHJIOH npOCTOTOH, H OKpameHIlOH BOCTO'IHhIM xpac-

nopesraeu Caamenaoro
ECJIll HOCTb ero omymenae

nacaaan

••• " II OHll npanaror

D.

rpora-

Te.lIbHOCTbHX CKOPOHII p,OCTOHHCTBO rHeBY» nx

BOp~CBOpT II ROJIbPH~m RPHTllROBRJIll CROTTa aa nosaaa, He noaaaan, no cefie 'ITO «ero 'IYBCTBO apexeaa,

Hep;OCTaTO'IHYIO, HX TO'lRH 3peHHH, rJIy6HHY H <pHJIOCO.pll'lc OTHOCllTeJIbHOCTH 1'1 HHCTHHRTHBHoe nOHHMaHlIe caua

>RHBOiI:iK1I3IIlI llMlI n031II\lllI

npep;CTaBJIHIOT tPlIJIOC0<pCKYIO qeJIOBeqeCTBaII CqHTaJI npeyseI,

~eHfIocTb» 10, TO CROTT He MOl' Cepb83HO OTHeCTllCbI{ 3alUl'I'OH Y'IHTeJIeH 1I nacrupea ensa npeTeH31IH JIIOp;eiI:,.JIHIIIeHHbIX lIOHlIMaHllH lICTOPlIlI, JIll'IeHHbIMll, JIH He ROMll'leCRlIMll. pOMaHTlIROB CROTT6JIlliKe acero 113 aHfJIlliI:cRllX

Baa-

8 Ibid., p. 88. D QHT. no Jack I. English Literature 1815-1832. Oxford, 1963, p. 211. $aKTIl'leCKH coreramaacs C n03RqReH IIIOTn8UACKoro poxaaacra, em,e IlymKIlH B IIIyrKy lHIC8JI npo «rpyfioro Bansrepa CXoTTa, KOTOpLtii HJfKaK He YMeeT 3aMeHlfTb npOCTOpe'IIIe npOCTOMhlCJIlfeM* (llYUtxun A .C. Onpoaepaceaae aa KpIlTHKII..Ilona, co6p. CO'l., T. VII. M., 10

, Ball M. Walter Scott as a Critic of Literature. London, 1907, p. 89.

1949, c. 186). . Renwick W. L. English Literature f 789-1815. Oxford, 1963, p. 211.

91

pony H qaCTo ronopar 0 HeM C HelI\HOCTblO H YBaIIWHHeM. Ou ueuar ero «6e3rpaUHqUhIH reHIIH», BeJIHKo.n;YUIHe, «nOJIHOe npeapenae KO BCHqeciwH JIHTepaTypHOH acpcpeKTaqllH»: rrpHMep Baii:poHa «C03)J;aJI B rr033HH cnoero pona BepXHlO1O nanarys (SJ, I, 11, 13). CKOTT nonsepxanaer OC06ylO ero aacnyry: OR 3aHHT He TOJIbKO noaaaea. 06'he)J;HlUleT CI\oTTa H BaHpOHa rpeaaoe nonananae COnpaaeuuux rrp06JIeM, /ImBoe OI.I~yrqeHMeHCTOpHqeCKoro nponecca, COOTIIeCeHHe nacronmero C npotnnsnr, OTTaJIIUIBamW 01' H)J;eaJIH3Ma neMeqI\oH CPUJIOCOCPHH HCKYCCTBa, nnrencnaaoe uyecmo rrpeeMCTBellHOCTH 110 OTHOillellHIO K 3aBoenaHHHM l,aI( 3MrrllpH~IecKoii: H cencyaJIHCTHTIeCKOH MbICJIH, TaK H XY11,OmeCTBeHIIOH narcparypu npeznnecrnyroutero CTOJIeTHH. B penenaaa na TpeTbIO rrecus «lJaHJIb)J;-rapOJIb)J;a», orry6JIHKOBamlYIO B paarap TpaBJIH asropa , CKOTT nmuor: «I{an,l\bIii: rr03T .n;OJIiHeH6h1, lIOA06HO JIOP)J;YBaHpOHY, YMeTb ... nepenars 'IHTaTeJIIO TO'IHblH, onpencnouasra, HCHhIH B3rJIflA na rreii:3am, qYBCTBO HJIH ,n;eiiCTBlIe, I{OTOph1e OIl cotinpaerca onacaris (SPrW, I, 294). B peuenaan na 'IeTBepTYIO necn s CHOTT rrpeB03HOCUT lIecpaBHeHlIYIO opHrHHaJIbHOCTb anropa , CMeJIOCTh, C KOTOPOH OIl nmner c06cTBeHHbIH noprper, rJIY6MHY U 1II0Lqb BOOAYilleBJIHIOLqMX ero qYBCTB. «CMbICJI npeofiJlap;aeT Y Hero Ha)J;3BYKaMH, ero B30p C naCJIamAeHUellI C03epnaer rrpupOAY, a cepnue C mapoM orne-raer na30B CB060AhI» (SPrW, VI, 188; cp. 184-185). C 60JIhIITOH nponanareasHOCTblO CIWTT OTMeqaeT oparopcsaa xapaxrep naponanaa Bajipona, OTJIUqUTeJIbHbIMU sepraaa xoroporo HBJIHeTCH «cUJIa» (power) U ne06Y3)J;aHHocTb Bo06pameHMH. 3aLqUTHUKOM aHrJIUHCKOro Ilapnaca , COJIHqeM aHrJIUHCKOH n033UU Ha3bIBaJI CIWTT csoero MOJIO)J;oro conepanaa. (ho He MellIaJIO eMY KPHTUKOBaTb peJIHrH03UYIO, nOJIMTUqeCI,YIO H upaBCTneIUIYIO rr03HquIO BaHpOHa. CpaBHHBaH ero «I{aHHa» C n03MOH MHJIbTOHa H CHJIHCb OTBeCTHOT asropa 06BHIIeUHe B KorqYHCTBe, CI{OTT MHrKO pa3'bHCHHJI, qTO HeJIb3H noanararr, na Hero OTBeTCTBeHHOCTbaa pesn ero repoa JIIOqHll)(.)pa, KOTOPbIH rOBopHT, KaK U nOA06aeT )J;bHBOJIY(TOqHO raJ,Me apryaenrtr npnaonaa H cau n03T!), a porror H aoaaymenae Iiaana , KaI{ H BCHKoe BOCCTaUHenpOTHB 6ora, B03HUKaeT noTOMY, qTO qeJIOBeK ne nOHUMaeT ncero 60meCTBeHHoro aansicJla B qeJIOM U nOTOMY He lIOKopHeTCH, a aeronyer (BPW, V,

206).
CIWTT ornepraer nOJIHTUqeClme H CPHJIOcocpcKHeB3rJIH)J;bI BaHpoHa (bad metaphysics and worse politics. - SPrW, VI,

92

188).
I,aR

OH

ne

nOHHMaeT BaTepJIOO,

HII

aananox

n03Ta

na

BeJIJUmrTOHa rorna

H 'ITO

n06e)l;Y

npn

HH ero R ymacaM

nonnepaom rpaacnancxoa H 6bI

peBOJIIOD;HlI, BoiIHbV).

«eMY 11 APyrHM

arnraropan

CJIep,OBaJIO 6bI nOHI1MaTb, pa)l;HRaJIH3M

OHH TOJIRaJOT CTpaHY YBepHeT, 3eH: HOIIIeHHIO

CROTT cepseno 01'HO n

'ITO nOJIHTH~IeCRHiI R rocynapcrnenaouy MHHYTY «OH no

OH YCBOHJI TOH, «yrpomaIOID;Hii:

Baapona He npeapareasnsra
CTpaUW), CTopOHe rex

CTpOIO cnoea

peIIIaIOID;YIO 3)l;eCb CROTT

cpaacanca

npHHa)l;JIe,RaJI

pOiHp,eIIHIO» 'IeM

(SPrW, I, 283-284, npaaornemrsnra

On
C'IHTaeT, MllpooID;YID;eUHH cymero MOII{eT 3TOiI na

ira

, R I\oMY

307).
B03-

HBHO npHHHMaeT 60JIbIJIe,

me.TIaelllOe 03a60lIeII

aa AeiIcTBHTeJIbHoe! H nOJIHBlIyIIlHTh 'ITO 060II npeII renoTOJIRHY'fb <pHJIOCOCReIIaa ee He06LI-

I'opasno
TH'IeCRoiI 3peUHHMH MJIa)l;IIIeMY 3peHlIH HH3Ma: R .••

OTCYTCTBHeM peJIHrH03HoiI CHJIaMH C'l'PCMHTCH OIl

OPTO)l;ORCHH, CROTT

Baapona.
n03TY sepy

BceMH

B QeJIOBC'IeC1'13o.

POTHOiI CTOPOHOiI neCCHMHCTH'IeCROrO MbICJIb 0 Hll'lTOlImOCTH npHHD;HnOB 06ID;ero scero npIIHHToiI

R JIIOp,HM HBJIHeTCH CPllJIOCO<pHHanaxypeacraa MopaJIll. 3ToiI

HapYIIIeHHIO npOTHB

«Ilporecrya
DCC naum

MOpaJIhIIoro IW'l'OpaH

HanpaBJIeHIIH 6pocaeT rem,

<PHH YHbIHHH THlJeCROiI npenenann, '1aii:uoiI snpane Ha)l;e,R)l;bI na n03Me

H Heyp,OBJIeTBOpeHHocTll, 3eMJIe H RJIaAeT MbI TeM He MeHee reHlIiI» xoaen

XOJIop,HoiI,

CPllJI CO<pll I , O I

BCHKHM Ha)l;en'AaM 3ToiI cp.

OXOTHO IIPIIHOCHM

((qaiIJIbp,-fapOJIb)l;Y».-

Tpe60BaTb ECJIH 6hl qYBCTB, ncerna

187).
6bI

Baapoa
ecrs

H./{.) naas, (SPl'W, VI, 188-189;

06ID;eHHIO C )l;pyrHMH nefiecaoro orua,

KOTOpyIO

186cofi-

He OrpaHHlJHBaJICH 'IaCTlln;a

coaepuauaea

CTBeUHbIX B KOTOPhIX TaR

a panonanca neaanen

JIIO)l;bll1H, OH He 6hlJI

6e30Tpap,HO

313).
fiyprcnaa

(SPrW, VI, 195-196; I, 3116YHTapeiI narpaamaer ,1l;mop)l;ma

l-IepTaMH

MH3aHTpOnH'IeCRIIX H xannraaa

pOMaHliCT

P,BYX CBOHX repoen, TeMHHn;a») caeprs CBOH

Pofieprcoaa ((3)l;HURJIHBJIeH)l;a (eflapar»). l1x

RaR C He06xo)l;HMOe HCBaiIpOHOM, CROTT, anoCO'lYD-

HaCHJIbCTBeHHaH RynJIeHHe.

aaofipaaeena pa3HorJIaCHH ero caMbIM IIIHpOTa

Ilonsspuaaaa
XH. TaR CTBOBaTb )l;ame cnoc06CTBOBaTb B ~HMaJI

O)l;HaRO, npOB03rJIaCHJI

BbI)l;aIOID;HMCH II03TOM YlVIa, CIIoc06HOCTh

CHOBa BbIHBJIHeTCH

CTOPOHHHRY HHOH nOJIHTH'IeCROiI TaJIaHTOM, CRa3aTb, nonce 6JIarOpOACTBOM 'ITO CROTT JIHilib ne 3aMeTHJI C'IaCTbIO qeJIOBe'leCTBa.

opaenrarraa,

eCJIH OH 06JIap,aeT n;eJIOM MomHO

H CTpeMJIeHHeM 'IaCTH'IHO RHTca H npa-

COBpeMeHHbIX

eMY II03TOB-pOMaHTHROB.

IlleaOTJIO-

JIH OH, nO-Bllp,HMOMY,

H RPHTHlIeCKll

93

CHJlCn:K TOMY, 'ITO IIpeACTaBJUIJIOCbeMY orpaaavemrocrsro xpaaaocrsro B II03H~lm KaK

Baapoaa,

TaK Hero

BpafOB-JIe-

Kl'ICTOB, oc06eHHO CaYTH. CaMOMY CKOTTY 6JIHme 6hlJIO HCKYCCTBO60JIee MHOfo06paaaoe, eMKoe, nocrpoeaaoe ua mapoxox, TepIIHMoM B3fJIHAe na MUP, aa YMeHHu xYAomHHKa TaJI UCKYCCTBO llIeI{CIIUpa xoroporo CJIep;OBaTbsa npHXOTJIHDhIM '"

p;BumeHueM mU3HH CO BceMH ee KOHTpaCTal\m. TaKHM OH C'IH«YHuBepCaJIbHOfO feHUH amaHH, napaa, B30P KOTOPOfOOXBaThIBaJIpaansre acnexrsr C oAHHaKoBhlM TaJIaIlTOM arpana na 1I0ccep;aIO~efo tPaHTa3uH 'ITO mapUT

BOI<PYf KOPOJIH,

(SWN, XLI, 62-63). B CKOTTOBCKOii: TpaKTOBKe Illexcnapa npOHBJIHeTCHABOiiCTBCHHOCTb 9CTeTH'IeCKOii MhlCJIH IIHCaTeJIH. Y nCHXOJIOTH'IeCKOU KpHTHKlI (XOYM, XeT'IeCOH, Mopraa, PlI'IapP;COH) OIl 3aHMcTByeT B3fJUIA, 'ITO rJIaBHbIM AOCTOlIHCTBOM Illexcrrapa
KaruTaHLI B pomp;eCTBeHCKOM KaMUHe» HBJIHIOTCH aepaocrs mH3HH, CIIoco6HOCTIo K IIepeBOIIJIO~emlIO 11, BCJIep; aa mexcnaponoraaa KOH~a XVIII B. CKOTT npeB03HOCUT npaxarvpra coxerarr, nraaasrei aa napynreaae

rporre,

U nepeneucxoro

«npaaan»,

BCKYCCTBO B OA12,

B3aHMOBCKJIIO'IaIO~HeCH,KaaaJIOCIo6LI, nasana MOTBBhI, JICma~Be B OCHOBe nocrynxos

HOH nyme 'IeJIOBe'leCKOU; BCJIep;sa HBMH aHaJIB31IpyeT «CMerepoes

Bxecre

C TeM CKOTT CBH3aH He TOJIIoKO TaK Ha3LIBaeMoii C

IIpep;pOMaHTB'IeCKOii, HO H co6CTBeHHo-pOMaHTH'IeCKOH KPHTHKOlZr Illexcnapa. HMOIIOHHlIiaHHII,

Xapaxrepuaa
H~l\IOTPH aa

P;JIH

nee anrepec

K conpn-

KOCHOBeHHIO aaponos

H ~HBwuI3a~Hii,

K BOtlMOmHOCTH B3a-

p·a3HOCTIo nOJIHTB'IeCKHX H B OTJIH'IHe 01' ero noxaK 113Y'IeHHe ero BocnpOB3BO-

HpaBCTBeUHO-peJIHfH03HbIX B3rJIHAOB CKa3LIBaeTCH B CKOTTOBCKOH aarepnperanaa TaTeJIeH XVIII 06~ecTBeHHoMY

Illexcnapa.

B. CKOTT BHBMaTeJIeH K anoxe npaxarypra, conepacamno ero TBOp'lecTsa.

B CBeTe HOBOfO HCTOpB'IeCKorO onsrra 1,pUTH'leCKBX rpynax

n06YiKp;aeT IIHCaTeJIII B

, a erne 60JIee B poxaaax,

AHTb, no 06pa3~Y rueKcIIHpOBCKHX XPOHBK, ~eJIOCTHh1e nano11 CM.:

KID>,
j{bIlK01tOea

l~ CM., BHYTpeHHeii: 60Pb6hl B nyme xoaaxa EBcTa¢nH «(MOHacThlpb»): OH npaaaanca a66aTY, B xaaoe cssemaoe nOJIDmeHne nonan, JIUmb TOrp;a , xorna nOHHJI, 'ITO K MOJI'IamHO ero ITO6ymp;aJIa ne 3a60Ta 0 '1eCTH ~epKBH, a crpax nepen YHHmeHHeM. A66aT, )J;aBIIO crpanasmak OT npeBOCXOACTBa OT~a EBCTa¢HH, B CBOIO osepens KOMH'leCKH KOJIe6JIeTCH Me,KP;Y HemeJIaHHeM o6up;eTb ero H eCTeCTBeHHhlM BbIpameHlleM yP;OBJICTBOpeBHoro Tm;eCJIaBIlH (SWN,

1974, .M 12. aanpaaep, aaanaa

H. H. CKOTT n Illexcnapo-- «I1>HJIOJIOfB'IeCKHeHay-

211-212, 224-225).

94

pasna ::.nOXH B nogBHmHoM aaaaaoneacrnaa npOTUBonOJIOiI{HhlX IIHTepeCOB. B nyxe UCTOpU'leCKlIX nOHHTUB, poamenmax B CO~UaJIhHLIX 6YPJIX KOH~a XVIII - HR'laJIa XIX B., nOBeJIHTeJIII AHrJIIIH, IlIOTJI3HgHH, <l>paIl~HH, Bypryanaa, BH3aHTHH rroxaaama CKOTTOM B lIX 06IqeCTBeHHO-nOJIHTU'leCKoii: nerepMHHHpOBaHHOCTH. I\oH~en~HJI npaBJIeHHJI, KOTOpOe, npn ncex ero HHAIIBHgyaJIhHO orpnnarensaux neprax, orsesaer nnrepecaa aapoaa 11. nOTOMY HCTOpHqeCKH nporpeccasno, npaaaaaae MOHapXHlI K3K opraaaayiomero II 06'begHHJIIOm;erO uaxana npa OTCYTCTBIIH IIJIJIl03Hii: OTHOCHTeJIbHO JIH'lHOCTH 1Il0HapXa TeCHO CBJI3aHhl CO CKOTTOBCI{1fM IICTOJIKOBaHlIeM Illexcnapa: OHO DhIXOgUJIO sa npegeJIhl HCTOpHqeCKHX nOHJI'ruii:, gOCTynHhIx nacareaaa npemnecrayiomea anoxa. I10cJIe llIeKcnupa CKOTT U3 noaros npomnoro 'ITIIT 60JIhme acero MHJIbToHa H ,lJ;paii:geHa, npeznrosaraa nepnoro, HO OXOTHee o6pam;aJICh K nOCJle,u.HeMY. Paaaocropoaaae JIHTeparypnae lICI,aHIIJI ,lJ;paii:geHa,el'o nOHUMaHHe 'IeJIOBe'IeCKHX oraomeaaa 6hlJIU 6m[me CKOTTY, 'IeM onaooopaaaaa BeJIHtIaBOCTh MBJIbTOHa. POMaHHcT ornaer AOJIn\Hoe ero cToH~n3MY II 6JIarOpogcTBY, HO ,lJ;paii:AeHa, noara 60JIee aenaoro , cnocofiaoro npuHecTu naas YBameHUfI Aame nOJIlITU'IeCKHM sparaM (SPrW, I, 73-74, 109), BcnOMUHaeT 'Iam;6 (B ponaaax «¥aBepJIlI», «Ileaepan I1UK» , «I1l1paT») H repaaxo OTHOCHTCJI J{ em HpaBCTBeHHhlM 11 peJIlIrU08HhlM aonrrpoaaccaa (SPrW, 'ITO 0601lx nosroa CKOTT paCCMaTpHBaeT B HX 6JIU30CTH K Illexcnapy. C TaKoii: me lIIepKoii: OH nonxogUT 11 K BeJIUKHM poaaaacrax XVIII B., nOCJIegoBaTeJIJIM mexcnapcscsoa BepHOCTlI npapone. Bsnne gpyrux CBOUX npeameorseaaaxoa CItOTT CTaBHJI <l>UJIhguHra, aaaaaas ero OT~mf aaraaacaoro poaaaa, «Toxa ,lJ;moHCa» OH C'IUTaJI 06pa3~OM npaBghl 11 KOMn03u~uoHHoii: cTpoiHOCTH, nOCKOJIr,KY Bee anJ!l30ghl cnoco6CTBYIDT pa3BHTHIO geii:cTBHH 11 xapaxrepOB. BMeCTe C TeM cpasaeaae <l>HJIhguHra co CMOJIJIeTTOM gaJIeKO He BO acex OKa3hlBaeTCJI B nOJIb3Y asropa «Toxa ,lJ;moaca»: y Hero 60JIhme raaaara, axyca, lICKYCCTBa B nocrpoeaaa poaaaa, HO CMOJIJIeTT paaaoofipaaaee H 1I300peTaTeJlbHOO (SPrW, III, 41,55,91-93). Meaee aarepecea ,lJ;eq>o, XOTlI y¥'OOT C03.a;8BaTb «BHAHMOCTb peaJIhHOCTUI) (Appearance ·of reality). Ero 6eablcKyccTBeBHocTh 11 npocronymaevaaate lWWeKThI ero MLICJIH U aaaxa npanaior nocroaepaocrs BC€MY, o 'leM oa DHIDeT (SPrW, III, 323).

I, 73-74) .. Xapasrepao,

95

5
B 3aMeTKaX 00 aHrJIlIHCIUlX POr.IaHlICTaX o-renanasr He TOJIbKO nareparypnsre ClIMllaTHH H aHTlIIIaTlIH CKOTTa, HO H ero TpeOOBaHlIH K peuecny IIHCaTeJIH, ero nopauauae HeIIpaB,n;Ollo,n;OOHH, HBHOH 1I0Y'IlITeJIblIOCTH, He,n;OCTaTO'IHOHlIH,n;HBlI,n;yaJIH3aU;lIHxaparrrepon, BbICOKOllapHOCTH pesa. B BOCXHIIJ;eHlIOM oxepxe 0 fOJIb,ll;CMHTe CKOTT OTMe'IaeT Heyoe,n;lITeJIbHble enema «BeK<pHJIb,ll;CIWrO CBHIIJ;elIHHKa», a B 1I0XBaJIe BbICOKOMY HpaBCTBeHHOMY YPOKY, 3aKJlIO'IelIHOMY B ponanax PWIap,ll;COHa, 3BY'IHT neonotipeaae CJIHiliKOM O'IeBH,ll;HOHMOpaJIH ero IIp01l3Be,n;eHHH (SPrW, III, 18, 57, 137). B HeqeTIWCTH 1I0pTpeTHbIX xapaKTepHCTHK CKOTT OOBHlUWT YOJIIIOJla, KJIapy PHB, Anay Pa,ll;KJIH<p (SPrW, III, 172, 179, MCTopHllecKHH xapaarep MhlIIIJIeHHH Bansrepa CKoTTa IIpOrJIH,n;bIBaeT H B 3THX OerJIbIX scce, On 3aIIJ;HIllaeT, aanpaMep, CBCpX'beCTeCTBeHHhIe 311H30p,bI y YOJIIIOJIa, C'lHTaH, 'ITO OlIH rapaoaapyior C H306paIKeHlIeM <peop,aJIbHOH,mOXH. BMeCTe C TeM I\pHTHI\a CKOTTa uecaofionaa OT npenpaccynxos ero npeuena. OH He IIpHeMJleT 1I0JIHTH'IeCKOH npaaarvprna WHJIhnaara H p,aIKe onofipaer 3aIWH 0 neaaype, 1I0JIOIKHBIIIIIH KOnen; ero xapsepe. OTBpaTHTeJIhHbIlI111 11 oe3HpaBCTBeHHbIMlI npep,CTaBJIHIOTCH eMY 11 «,il;monaTalI Y aHJIhp,», 11 pouanu Crepna (SPrW, III, 48, 53-54, 136, 158, 167-169). KaK pOMaHHCT, CKOTT fioaee scero 00H3aH Cr.lOJIJIeTTY H WHJIb,n;HHry. B «Y3BepJIH» 1I0HBJIHIOTCH OTCTYllJIeHHH, HBIIO CJIe,n;yIOIl~He 3HaMeHIIThlM BBO,n;HbIMrJIaBaM «TOMa ,il;IKoHca». H3 aroro poxaaa 3allMCTBOBaHO cpaaneaae IIHCaTeJIH C 11011TOBOH KapeTOH, XOTH axuenrsr II3MeHellbI. B p,yxe <l>1IJIhp,HHra H300paIKeHlIe cyna-pacnpaasr, xorna npeCTYlllIHKOB CHa'IaJIa uemaior, a 3aTeM acnpamasaior na 3TO CorJIaCIIe cy,n;eif ((fIepTCKaH xpacaaana»). B p,aJIhHeifmeM, onaaxo , CKOTT npep,1I0qHTaJI CJIep,OBaTh npaaepy CMOJIJIeTTa, ocotieano B H3otipaxcenaa 'Iy,n;aKOB H B HCKYCCTBe naHH3bIBaTb IIpHKJIIO'IeIIHH, KaK, nanpaxep, B «Iloxoxmeaaax Haif,n;IKeJIa». M3 coapeueanux eMY IIHcfiTeJIeif CHMnaTHH CKoTTa IIp1lnanaeacar npeacne ncero peaJIHCTaM 8p,IKYOPT 11 OCTeH 11 1103Ty Kpaooy. Pen;eH3II1I CKoTTa na poxamr OCTen ObIJIH B 'IJlCJIe nepaux cepseaaux oneuox ee TBOp'IeCTBa, npenynpep,HBmHX BOCXHIIJ;enHbIe OT3bIBbI 1\PHTHKOB oOJIee 1I03,n;HHX 110KOJIenJlif (SPrW, VI, 311). IIJlcaTeJIH HeH3MeHno npllBJIeKaIOT IIpOII3Be,n;eIIlIH, HCIIOJIHeHHble CHJIbl, npaaarasaa, IIpaB,n;HBo-

1(3)

96

CTH, HenOCpe~CTBeHHOCTH. OTClOp;a ero ropasaa JI1060Bb K HapO~HOMY TBOp'leCTBY, J{ MHPY CTapHHHOH 6aJIJJa~bI H K n08TaM, xoropsre, KaK BepHC, K 8TOMY MHPY 6bIJIH 6JI113KH. HanpOTHB, CKOTT ocyxmaer - 8TO 6bIJIO nOKa3aHO BbIIIICsee BH~bI nareparypsr, B IWTOPbIX OH omymaer TO HJIH nnoe oTCTynJIeHHe OT mH3ueHHoH npasma. XOTJI CKOTT npaanaer naposaaae KOpHeJiR H Pacaaa, OH 06BHHJIeT HX B paccynosHOCTHH XOJIO~HOCTH.lJam.e OIl rOBopHT He 0 xY~OJKeCTBeHIIOH npaxraxe KJIaCCHU;HCTOB,a 06 HX reopna npaau, 0 «MeXUHH'leCKOM Jl{aprOHe <ppanU;Y3Cl{OH l{PHTHIUl» (SPrW, VI, 166;

I, 30, 231).

HeHaBHcTHYIO nenpanny HaXO~HT CKOTT na crpaumtax MOP;HbIX pOMaHOB, KaK ceHTHMeHTaJIbIIbIX, Tal{ H rOTlf'leCKHX, BH~HT B HHX coseraaae 6aHaJIbHOCTH, lIIanepHOCTH U YHbIJIO nOBTopJIlOm.UXCR KJIHIIIe. Bo BCTynJIeHUU K «Y8BepJIH» CKOTT OCMeUBaeT pojramr TUna «Y ~OJIb<pCKoro 3aMKa», «BOCTO'lHOe KPbIJIO xoroporo ~OJIro OCTaeTCJIIle06uTaeMbIM, a KJIlO'lU nopysema 3a60TaM npecrapenoro nsopenxoro HJIU 8KOHOMKH, 'lbUM ~pO}I{am.UM IIIaraM l{ cepenane aroporo TOMa CYJHp;eHOYKa3aTb reporo UJIU repoHHe nyTb K paapymennouy 3~aIIUIO» (SWN, I, 103). CKOTT aponasecxa nepe'IIiCJIJIeT nenpeueuaue aTpu6YTbI raxoro poxana: KpHK COBbI, crpexor KY3He'lHKa «aa TUTYJIbHOH CTpUanne», «mYTKH rpyfioaaroro, HO sepnoro CJIyrH UJIU 60JITOBHH rOpHU'lHOH, nepecxaauaaronrea repoane xpoaanue H mYTKHe HCTOPHU, xoropsre OHa CJIblIIIaJIa B JIlO~CKOH» (SWN, I, 103). CKOTT naponapyer H urraansr ceHTUMeHTaJIbHOrO poxaaa: repOUHJI ero HeH3MeHHO 06JIa~aeT KamTaHOBbIMH BOJIOCaMHII aP<PoH, «YCJIa~OH 'laCOB O~HHO'leCTBa», KOTOpylO OHa nOBcIO~y TaCI,aeT aa C060H, ~ame xorna npuraer U3 OKHa. 3a orcrynaeaae OT npaanu CKOTT 6paHHT H TaK aaasraaeMbIe «MeTa<pu3H'leCKHe» IIpOU3Be~eHUR, B KOTOPbIX mU3HeHHbIH MaTepUaJI nonaaneu aapaaee orrpeneaeaaoa anee (SPrW,

VI, 39).

8CTeTU'leCKUM Tpe60BaHURlI1 CKoTTa COOTBeTCTBYIOTU ero Tpe60BaHHJI K JI3bIKy. On aannnnaer JICHOCTb, 06m.enoHHTnOCTb, csearecrs U ornepraer aansnneanocrs , H3bICKaHHOCTb, HaP;YMaHHOCTb. TaK, OH XBaJIHT ,n;paH~eHa aa TO, 'lTO «KaJ{ 6bI HU 6bIJIU BbICOKU U nopaaareasasr asrcaaasmaexsre UM JltbICJIU, R3bIK ero n083UU CTOJIbme ncen, CKOJIb H rapnomraen, nauraa HaTRHYTbIX aJIJI103UH, 8IIHTeTOB H MeTa<pOp, U nOBeCTBOBallIIe TaK me npOCTO, KaK eCJIU 6bI 0110 6bIJIO nanacano CMupeHHOH np030H» (SPrW, I, 215). CKOTT npOTHBonOCTaB4
H.

H.

)J;bflHOHOOU

97

JlJIeT eMY «n09TOB-MeTaqrIil3HK9B», «MaCTepOB coxerare MO~bIO HaCHJIbCTBeHHNX :iii' BhlMyqe.~HblxaeCOn;lIaD,llH HUH, Be lIMeIOm;lle

C noHBJIe-

nanero

o6m;~ro»

(SPrW, I, 4).

1I3bIRoBoe tIyTM

CHoTTa OtIeBH)l;BOHe' TOJI,bKOB

nax

U KplITlltIeCKHX

BbICKa3MmnnH1X, HO H B TOM, KaK OB

ero poxananpOC'J!Ol'bI

pO)l;llpyeT iueBlIH pOBOB

BCHtIeCKHe OTKJIOHeBlIH 01' 6JIarOpO~OH m;erOJIH :3Bq,YIiICTaIIlIPClI

H tIllCTOTbI H3bIKa. MpOHlI'IeCRlI

Bocnp01I3Be,lWBbI CJIOB01l3Bep«(MOHaCTMpb») OCT~

npanaopnoro

II YTpupODaHHO BbICOKlIe n03TH3MbI

(cl'lapar»). Ilpemrerox nananos

nesna

0pKBeHCKHX

BlIJI H3bIKOBOH HOPMbI,

Caorra xoropae

CTanOBHTCH TaRBO

aapymeas AOr:.

npOlICTeKaIOT OT O)l;HOCTOpOH-

HOCTU)l;YXOBBoro pa3BlITH1J (RaR,

«Pe)l;rOBTJIeTa»), lIJIH OT <paHuTmeC"HOHnpasepaceaaoera Me, npUBO)l;H~eH K D3BUH'IeHHOH H BhlCOKonapHoi! rllu (KaK B «IIYPIITa'Hax»
11 «BY)l;CTORe»).

narrpaaep;

y cyp;enCKl'IX

q,p:aaeOJIO-

B COOCTBeHIIOMTBOp'IOe:CBeCKOTT npliI)l;<epiHUDaeTCHnopMaTlIBOB, OOH3aTeJIbHbIX )l;JIH BaHHbIX aHrmI'IaH CJIep;yeT'npKMepy

na

aareparypnoro

py6eme

XVIII-XIX

H3MRa

ofipaao-

BB. B n0:33Ull OB

n03WIUx

CeHTKMeHTaJ1!HCTOB )l;06aBJIeHHeM C' JIeKCHKH, a TaKiHe mOT;"

JIOKaJIbBOii II UCTOpUtIeCIHl oRpameHH'0H JIaH)l;CROR OaJIJIa)l(M. CHOTTa

Tpa)l;HD,uOlIBhfX: CTHJIlICTHlJeeKRX npJleMf!JB Hapop;HOH

Illaposoe

YIIOTpe6JI(~l:Uro mOTJIaH)l;eKIIX

npOCTOpe'IHbI'X CJIOBH apXaH-3MOBBhlBOP;UTn03TR'leCRJilH H3bIK

aa

npep;eJllbI KJIaCcnD;HCTJillIeCKOrOBOHa6YJlll:rpa.

IIp<>3e

ero

roen:o,a:C'FBYl@T acnocrs,

ypaanoaemeinsocrs ,

113Hm;eCTBo,CKMMel'pnlJBOcm, CUB'l'aKCII'leCHl'f:lr l{\\lHGTPYI,D;JilB;

II )l;meHTJII>MeBOB(repoes

poxarra XVIU B. pa II nepconaarea,

aq,opHCTH''IHOCTb, ceHTeHD;II03110eTb. B ·lfYxe peam.mTII'leeK{)FO OB coxpanaer paapsm MHlli)l;'Y H3JdKOM. B1'O,. a a TaHjI,e AIICTaHD;IIIO MeiH~Y H3SKOM JIe)l;11l II

repoaue),

KaK npaB1iIJIO,

XOAYJIb-

HbIM H YCJIOBHO-KHIIil\HbIM, II iKIIBldAf, HaCl)r~eRHhlM OmOBbIM Jil MeCTBbIMIWJIOPHTOM }HJhlROMrepoeR,·<popMaJIDHOBTOpOCTeneHHbIX.

II paaenex
II

POH KOMHlfeCHllH Jil

napesna

peas.
II3

TlInU'IHbIH npaaep: KOPOJIb Haxoa I, 1'0'xapanrepasra, rOBOpHT BR mOTJIaH)l;CHOM nepecsnraer IlIOTJIRB;rJ;1l3MaMlICBOlO aHrJII!I.HcKYW mOTJIaBp;eD,HaH)l;meJI, TOJIbKO 'ITO IIpJileXRnmlIH repoio pouaaa. xapaxrepaoraxa; lIapop;Hoi

Hll~I!I.H

pO;ll;HbIX MeCT, 113'bHCHHeT<lH HS '1IICTeBmeM aBrJIllicKOM KaJ{ H nonofiaer CROTT yr;TIy6JIHeT HCI{YCCTBO peqeBOB

aasnre,

OTJIlI'IaBmee pena

YiRe

pOMaHbI <l>lIJIbAJilBra H CMOJIJIeTTRH, na llBoa 60raTCTBa

JIaJ~, PnlJapJJ;COHa. BocnpOU3seAeHIIO

COOTBeTCTByeTyoemJJ;eBlIIO CKOTTa, 'ITO' nOp;JIHHHbIMBO-:-

98

«11

CHTeJlelII rr03TJ1l'leCKOro aaaaaa XOTeJI noxaaars BaM,aa

JIBJUIeTCH TPYAOBOH napon.

CRaaaJI OH o,n;nam)'V>lBamUHrToHY HaJID'IX ,n;eHcTBUTeJIhHO aaxesaHe 311aTHhlX ~aMH rocnon,

MpillIHry,-

aexoropax

TeJIhHhlX npocrtax

mOTJIaH,lJ;D;eB -

H60 TaI\HX BhI BCTpeTHTe Beap;,eH OHH aeane O,n;HH re 1iI HHM HeJII,3JI Y3HaTh xapaxrep repoen OH npn,n;yMaJI pellI"

aaponas

me.

ITo

13. ,r:t;JIJIHCTOpUqeCKHX

KpaCO'lHyIO

1iI eCTeCTBelIHYIO. aBTo,pC1mH JI3hlK,

B Ka~K,n;OM npOH3Be;N;eH1iIU CKOTTa npH'ly,n;JIlIBO CO'leTaIOTCJI pasuopomnae BnnTaBilllIH CTHJIHCTH'leCKHtl 3JIeMeUThl: B ce6JI Tpa)1;1iID;HH KJIaCCHQeCKOH06pa30BaHHOCTH H 'CMhlCJIOBODO paBHOBeCIW, aapacranaa aHTH-

H KJlaCCH'leCKOH PUTOPHKH, BDJIOTh ,n;OCOOJIIO,n;eHHJI np1iIHD;lUIa PHTMIPleCKoro TeTH'leCKOrO nQCTpOeH1iIH, annrpaMMaTJlIlIeCROH CIWro naponaoro ,n;hI. nne aasepmenaomOTJIaHA-

CTH U, a TaK}Ke 06pa3D;I,I CBeTCIWH CaJIOIUIOH pexa,

KpaCHOpeqUJI n n03TH'leCKOrO JIahlRa 6aJIJIaanUCTOJIJIpHOro CT1iIJIJI!B MaHepe PIJllaPP;COHH, npo!}leeooOUaJIhHOrOmaprOHa, nOB8CTOOBaB nyxe onacaaae

Otipaama

napenapoaaaae

ceHTHMeHTaJIbHOH n0331:111 XVIIIB. MR, xapaxrepaaaa TaK

11 Tpa;Il;Im;lIH cpe,n;HeBEmOIlOTOpcuaaa,

,CTHJIb 6aJIJla,n;hl H )i{HBOR

IJIOTJIaHJI,'CKOH pe'lH _coe;l3;HHJIlOTCll CaHeI{,n;OTa:MH H ceHTeHD;HJI,n;JIJIaareparopos

XVIII

'B.

me:MHOrOCJIOHHa KOMD03HD;HJI pOMaHOB CKOTTa, COpOl>1aHa3rrOXH eMY COBpeM8HHOH II npenmecraypaa», aanpaaep ,COe~HJIIOTCJI H8CKO!JIbKO H pOlIIaM lIpaBOB I1Bo6pameH:IlemIl3HH paaopaiomerophlOaqbeR II H~eH

CTOHm;aJI11CJIOmHOMCOOTHOmeHH1iIC pa3JIH'lHhlMH Te'leHHHMII aurnnacsore IOrn;eH. B«AHTIIKBH TrmOBpOMaHa:1)

6l>ITa aHTHKBapHJI OJI,u;OOKa, iJIII MOHK6apHCa, U en 3eMJIeBJIllA-BJI!b:qa apa c

~3

Aprypa

¥opJI,opa

Jack I. Op.cit., p. '212. CKOTTnopenaer mOTJIaHp,cRYIO pe'ih nepcoulOReH, H806peTaTeJlhUO HClllOJIhSYII ecypch1BaD;llOBaJIbHTJX napep '11m If B TO me BpeMII Hs6erall roro, 'ITO.MOrJIO6LI 6bITh BenaHIITBO aurJIH'JauaM. CM.: Buchan J. Op. cit., p. 339, a raxaee: K.ltu.nenno E. If. Haponaas peas B poxaaax BaJILTepa CKoTTa.-B KB.: IIpo6JIeMbI CTll:JIIIB aUfJIlmCKOB aareparype nepaoa rpera XIX B. J1.,

~4

3TI!!'TeB,!I;eJW,lul 0006eB80 O'ieBHARbIB ny6JIHI~HCTHKe KoTTa: «StimuC lated by every motive, and withheld by none, Dryden composed his satire» (SPrW, I, 107). MJIH: «".on the accession of a new prince, the loyal looked to rewards, the rebellious to amnesty ... » Ilocae CMepTHR'apJIa I I II BocmeCTBHIIBanpeCTOJIJiIaKO!IIa I, (<9.11 hastened, I in sugared addresses, to lament the 'sun which had set, and hail the beams of that which had arisen» (Ibid., 132). «He lived an unprincipled statesman, a fickle projector, a wavering friend, a steady enemy; and died a bankrupt, an outcast, and a proverb» (Ibid., 59). 99

1959.

4*