TIpO$.A.T.H. MAPMH TI.

CITABOB
llon. K.T.H. PYMEH B.APCOB
B.llPAfAHOB
X. KOCTAKEBA
nOMnM
MnOMnEHM
CTAHUMM
)
o Ifr
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-
f.
ll'bP>KABHO M3nATEITCTBO "TEXHMKA"
CO<I>WI, 1989
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DPE.nrOBOP
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MP1J.
y.nK 6'28. 1 2 + 628. 29 (075 .8)
B Y4e5HHKB CB pa3rneABHH-YCTPoA
,CTBOTO, Ha AeAcTBHe H Teo
yqe6HHKbT "DOMnH H nOMneHH cTaHuHH" e npe)1HaSHa
peTH4HHTe OCHOBH Ha nOMnHTe. KORTO
qeH SB CTyneHTHTe OT cneuHaITHOCTTa H
ce M3nOIT3YBaT npM BOAOCHaO)lHB8HeTO H
Ha HHCTHTYT no apxHTeKTypa H CTPO
Me
KaHanM3aUHHTB Ha HaeeneHH MeCTB,npo-
HTerrcTBO H e C yqeoHaTa nporpaMa Ha npeu
-MHlineHH npe)lnpHRTHH, npe4HCTBaTenHH
'fa CbUl.OTO HassBHHe. Tofl HMa HepasAeITna C
CTBHUMH H )lpyrH oOeKTH. Do-nOAPo5HO
oCHOBHHTe HsyqBSBHH npeuMeTH. KaTO nOMl1eHaTa CTBH
ca HBH-4eCTO npHnar8HHTe
aHB e $YHKUHoHarrHo 4aCT OT BO;
nOMnM - H oc06eHO rpa
nocHa6)lHTenHaTa, pecneKTHBHO OT KaHanHsaaHOHHaTB,CHC
$H4HHRT HM aHBITH3.
3HS4HTenHO MRCTO eOTAeneHO 38 TeMa.
C H3Y4aBaHeTo Ha Kypca ce uenH AB ce AOOHHT CbOT
npoeKTHpSHeTO H Ha BO
BeTHHTe 3HaHHB. KOHTO saenHO snaHHBTa 0'1' APyrHTe
)locHa6AHTerrHHTe H KaHaUH3aUHOHHHTe
cneUHanHH l1penMeTH o$OpMHT l1po$Hna Ha Ta
nOMneHH CTaHUHH H HB enOMaraTenHHTe
SH cneUHanHOCT.HSY4BsaHeTO Ha Kypca npe)1nonara
TIOMeilleHHR KbM TRX, a TaKa Ha
)lo6pa nOArOTOBKB no UHKOH OOilloTeXHHqeCKH l1peAMeTH.Ka
POCM KaTO XHApaBITH4eH YABP. opa3MepH
TO XHApaBllHKa, MamHHOSHaHHe, eneKTPOTeXHHKa, CTpOH
B8He Ha DC HAP.
TerrHH KOHCTPYKUHH HAP
.na)leHM ea OCHOBHM CBe)leHMH 3a Ha yqe5HHKa ca H3110ll
3
YBaHH npeAHm
H aBToMaTH3aUH&
HHTe MY ABe H3ABHHH. npepa60TeH
H
H KaKTO H
Ta ua BOADCHB6AHTenHHTe H KaHanH3aUH
nq-HosaTa Hama H qYZAeCTpaHHa. l1pennMHO CbBeTCKa. nn-
OHHHTe nOMneHH CTBHUHH.
npegHa3HaQeH 3a cTY)leH TepaTypa.
ASTOPCKHHT KoneKTHB H3KaSBa cneUHanHa orrarogapHOCT
THTe OT cneUHaDHOCTT8 BOAocua6gRB8He
HB AHren .n.AHrenOB n XpHCTO T.BoAHcKH 3a
H KaHaITHS8UHx Ha BMAC, HO na
TexHHTe H pa3pa6oT
aHH
Ae M3nOD3YBap OT HHmeH,pHO-TeXHH4ec
saHeTo Ha qBCT, B KOHTO ca pasrnen HB
Kine Ka)1pH, KOl-ho B oon8cTTB
Kon OCHOBHH YKasaHHB S8 eneKTPoo69aBeZAaHeTo, eneKTpO
us Bo;.;:ocUaOD,.llBaHeTO II !<e)Harms8UliHTB.
CHao)lHBBHeTO H aBToMaTH3aUHHTB HB nOMneHHTe cTaHUHH.
,
H3pa3HBa CBUHTB l1PH3HaTenHocT UB peueH
3eHTHTe sa ueHHHTe TBOp4ecKH npenopbKH H HB 8CUQKU,
KOHTO CB )lOnpHHecllH sa HaBpeMeHHOTO H KaQeCTBeHOTO H9
\
gaBaHe Ha YQe6HHKB.
1\ ABTOpHTe me 6naroAapHH 3a oTnpaBeHH 6enezKH
) ,I __ I '}
H npenopbKH, KOHTO me B3eTH nO)l BHHMaHHe npH
. '
) cneAsaillo H3)1aHHe.
A B TOP H l' e
(
3<J)S/fftJ
"
DeHqeB CnaSOD
.1
BnaUHMHpOB
l
aH DparSHOB
EMHITHR XpHCTOBa 1989
JUsButor, Sofia
3
3
1
8


1. fIOMnl1
1.1.
npHnomeHHeTO Ha pa3nHqHHTe MexaHH3MH,
HH 3a Ha Bona, e H3BeCTHO ome B
npeBHOCT. KOITKOTO H npHMHTHBeH na e OHIT .Ha
mHBOT Ha qOBeKa, BOnaTa .BHHarH e OHITa mHSHeHa
HeooXOnHMOCT. rOITHMOTO pasHooopaSHe Ha npHpOnaTa He
naBa BHHarH sa HenocpenCTBeHO HsnonSYBaHe
Ha BOnaTa sa nHeHe, HanOHBaHe H np. nOpanH TOBa nORH
Kora ce e HaITarano BOnaTa na ce no MHCTOTO
Ha HSnOITSYBaHeTO H qpes HHKaKBa TeXHHKa, MaKap H npH
MHTHBHa.
I1sBecTHo e, tie erHnTHHHTe KOnaeITH KITaneHUH,
HHKOH OT KOHTO nOCTHranH no 90 MeTpa. B npeBeH KHTaH
ce cpemaT ome - 500 MeTpa.
EnHO OT npHcnoco6neHHH sa H3KaqBaHe Ha BO
e oHn KOHTO npenCTaBnHBan B
enHHHH Kpafl C (BepHra).' BonaTa ce e H3KatJBana
qpes tJOBemKa cuna. 3a na ce YBenUtJH Ha
U na ce npunaraHeTO Ha tJo
BeWKaTa CUITa, oHna e CneUHaITHa CTOHKa .no
ny4eHoTo e H3BeCTHO HaHMeHOBaHHeTO .
"I<HTaHCKa JIOnaTa" (<pHr.l.l). nOITCKU KJIa
npenCTaBITHSaT c MHoro ManKO H3MeHeHHe KHTaHCKa
Ta ITOnaTa (<pur.l.2).
YCTPOHCTBaTa, HSnOIT3YBaHU B npeBHOCTTa, ce OT
HaCH H KOITenO, KoeTO H cera HaMHpa npH
nomeHHe B MHoro CTpaHH. To ce OT HHKOITKO
(10 - 20) qepnaKa , pa3nOJIOmeHH no Ha ro
ITHMO Koneno l<pHr. 1.3).
<IlHr.l .2
<Ilu r. 1 1

<l>Hr.l.4
<IlHr.l.3
I
I
I
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t \ I I
f

<l>Hr.1 .6
<IlHr.l.5
B HamH nH
H
HsnOrr3YBaHeTo H Ha BepHmHH
Korrerra, npH KOHTO pasHoo6pa3HeTo e no-ro
n HMO (<PH r 1 4. 1, S. 1. 6)
CpaBHuTerrHo
rrSlBa T.Hap. apxHMenOB BUHT (<pur.1.7).
B Hawe BpeMe npuHUun e npuITomea npu nOCTPOH
aaHeTO aa mHeKoBHTe nOMIBi. Te UMaT mupoKO npurromeHHe
B KaHarrHsauuoHHOTO CTpoHTencTBO.
3a nBuraTerrHa CHrra Ha Te3H MexaHH3MU ce e Hsnorrsy-
Barra HnH tJOBemKa cuna, a Te ce
SHmBaT no MexaHHqeH HaqHH.
3ana3BaHeTO H HsnonSYBaHeTO aa HSopoeHUTe
sa HSKaqBaHe Ha BOAa ce OOHCHHBa c OOCTOHTerr
CTBOTO, qe pasHoo6paSHUTe HM sapHaHTH BpeMe ca
OHITH eAUHCTBeHO OCBeH TOBa Te HMaT npOCTO
.JJ
4
5
<l>ur. 1 .7
,....-
YCTPOHCTSO M Ha4MH Ha M3non3YBaHe M ca 3aAosonHaanM
Han'bITHO HYlKAUTe OT MaITKI1 BOAHM KOITM4eCTBa.
3Ha4MTenHo nO-K'bCHO M306peTeHMe e GYTanoTo. ABMlKe
mo ce B To e Morno na 6'bne OC'bmeCTBeHO enBa
ToraBa, KoraTO qOBeK'bT ce e HayqUIT na npOCBpeAnR n'bp
BOTO, 3a na ce 06pa3YBa npaBMneH (KP'broB)
n'bpSeHaTa 6YTanHa nOMna e Guna MHoro pa3npOCTpaHeHa B
npeBHHR rp'bUKH H .
IT'bPBaTa XHnpaBUHqHa nOMna e nOCTpoeHa B'bB <l>paHUHH
npe3 1606 r. TH qepnena BOna OT CeHa H 51 H3nOMnsarra
B pe3epsoap, OTK'bneTO BOnaTa GHna OTBelKnaHa AO nBOPUH
Te nYB'bp H TwHuepM.
B HaqaUOTO Ha XIX B. C pa3BHTHeTO Ha npOH3BOACTBOTO
Ha MeTanH GYTanHHTe nOMnH ca AOCTMrHanH ronHMO C'bB'bP
weHCTBO H ca ce H3non3ysanu WHPOKO 3a BOAOCHa6nHBaHe
TO Ha roneMH rpanose u npOMMwneHM npennpHHTHH. BYTan
HMTe nOMnM H8MHP8T npMnOlKeHMe M cera HaH-Be4e npu
6aBHOXOAHU nBMraTenH, HanpHMep npu napHaTa MaWHHa H B
peAHua APyrH CnY4aH.
fonHMOTO P83BUTHe Ha MaWMHOCTpoeHeTO u eneKTpOTex
HUKaT8 e nOBeno no HOBM MneM B nOMneHOTO neno, BKnw
4MTenHO H MAe?Ta 3a H3nOIT3y.BaH Ha UHTPo6lKH8Ta CM
na M nOCTpOHBaHC Ha ueHTpo6elKHaTa nOMna. n'bpBHTe UH
TpooelKHu nOMnH, u305peTHB8HeTO Ha KOHTO ce OTHaCH K'bM
1700 r., nopanH HC'bB'bpWeHCTBOTO Ha KOHCTpYKUMHTa HM
M nopanM ManKMH Ha none3HO neHcTBue B cpaB
HeHMe c 6YTanHHTe nOMnM OT OHOBa BpeMe He ca H8MepM
uu WHPOKO pa3npOCTpaHeHHe.
nO-K'bCHO c pa3BHTueTO Ha eueKTpOTeXHHKaT8 H no
RBHBaHeTO Ha 6'bp30XOnHHTe eneKTpO)lBHraTerrH ueHTpo
6eZHHTe nOMnH ce YC'bB'bpWeHCTRYBBT H npHnOlKeHHeTC HM
ce
TB'bpne 6nM3KH nc HaqHHa Ha u3non3YBaHe Ha MexaHU4
HaTa eHeprHR ca nponenepHHTe nOMnH, ncnyttUnH Hanocne
1
n'bK Macro ronRMC npHnClKeHHe. npH T03H BHn nOMnH Mexa
HH4HaTa Ha B'bpTeHeTO ce npHnaBa Ha Te4HOCTTa
qpes non8TKH, nponenep (BHTno Ha caMO
neT). Te4HocTTa cenpHnBHlKBa ycnopenHO Ha OCTa Ha pa
60THOTO Koneno nOnOOHO Ha npHABHlKBaHeTC Ha B'bSAyxa
npH BeHTHnaTOp HnH BHTno Ha caMoneT. non06pH
BaHe Ha KaqeCTBOTO Ha ueHTpooelKHHTe nOMnM e eCTecT
BeH pe3ynTaT OT MHoroopOHHHTe eKcnepHMeHTH H 3an'bn
o04eHOTO USY4aBaHe paOOTaTa Ha OTnenHMTe HM 4acTH.
EnarOAapeHHe Ha'TOBa ca H3HCHeHH HenpaBHnHHTe nonOlKe
HHR npH nO-CTapHTe MeTonH sa H KOHCTpY-
HpaHeTO HM.
3acnYlKaBa na ce OO'bpHe BHHMaHMe Ha qe O'bP30
TO H WHpOKO pa3BHTHe Ha KaHanU3aUHHTa npe)lH3BMKa H
pa3BHTHeTO Ha KaHanH3aUHOHHHTe ueHTpo6elKHH nOMnli.
n04TH BCU4KH CTpaHH c paSBHTO MaWHHOCTpoeHe HMaT
ARB B'bB Bce nO-rOITRMOTO nOAoopHBaHe HaKa4eCTBaTa aa
ueHTp06elKHHTe nOMnH.
Ha nOMnHTe
C'bmeCTBYBa pa3nH4Ha Ha nOMnHTe B
saBHcHMOCT OT npu3HaUHTe 3a cpaBHeHue.
n P H HUH n B H a A e H c T
ce pa3AenHT, KaKTO cneABa:
'-'a) M nponenepHu nOMlm, npH
Ta ce -HSnOMnBaBCneACTBHe lIB Ha
Koneno, cHa6AeHO C ITOnaTKH;
5) Q.Q.!2MHJ! nOMnH, npH KOHTO Te4HOCTTa ce
B H e nOM
KOHTO TqHOCT
paOOTHOTO
H3Ka4B8 4pe3
pepHOnH4HO H3MeHeuMe ua o6eMa, KoRTO TettHOcTTa saeMa
llKaMepilTa Ha fTOMnaTa (6YTillIHH ,nnYHlKePHH,
HM, S'b6HH, BHHTOBH, WH6'bPHH, POTOPHo-oYTanHM);
s) APyrH BHnOBe, npH nBHzeHueTC ua HsnOMDBBHa
Ta Ha nOMnaTa ce OC'bmeCTBH13a HB 6a
3'aTa Ha pa311HttHHnpH!:IUHDH (BHXPOBH, wHeKoBH, CTPYWHH,
BH6paUHoHHH, B'b3AYWHU BoJrorrC)leMHHUH).
CnopeA n p H n 0 lK e H H e T 0 HM nOMnHTe ce pas
nerrHT, KaKTO cnenBa:
a) BOAocH<ffiAHTenHH nOMnH;
6)
B) C KOHTO ce rrOnXpaHBaT KOT
UHTe C BOAa H cTpa CTeHaTa Tonna BO)la ce oTnpaBH B
CTorrrrHTenHHTe cHcTeMH, npcMHwncHHTe npennpHHTHH, 6a
HHTe, nepanHHTe H
., r) KOHTO ce H3non3YBaT B cenCKO-
TO--e'F{)flaHCTBO gBMenHOPWfHBHH uenH (HaIlOHBaHe. -
HHBaHe H np.);
A) DOMnu, KOHTO ce n HnaraT pa6oTll,
<PYHAHpaHe.l xHAPoMex8HH3aUHH 3eMlIH, l1HC'b'Uln, J\Ha(!iJ'iar
MeHH, 6eToHOBH H AP.);
7
6
e) nOMnH KOHTO ce HsnonSYBaT B MOPCKOTO petJHOTO H
sa na XOnHMOTO
BOnHO HHBO H npH runrosoBeTe;
- C MHoro BHCOKO HanRraHe
(XH.IlPOMOHHTOpH) ;
S) TpaHCnOp'l'HH nOMnH - HsnonSYSBT ce 3a TpaHcnopTH
pane Ha MaTepHami:B saxapHaTa IIH.IlYCTPIUI 3a npOMHBa
He H TpaHcnopTHpaHe Ha UBeKnOTO; B npoMHrune
HOCT sa TpaHcnopTHpaHe Ha crypHHTa; B pH6uaTa npoMHru
neHOCT sa paSTOBapBaHe Ha pH6aTa OT Kopa6HTe Ha ope
ra H np .
Cnope.Il B H n a H a e H e p r H R T a, KORTO ce
npe.IlaBa Ha TetJHOCTTa npH npeMHHaBaHeTO npes nOMna
Ta, 1I0MI1HTe ce .Ilensn Ha TPH rpynH:
a) MexaHHSMH, KOHTO HsnonSYBBT caMO eHeprHRTa Ha
H,,! Te,-!HOCTTa CTapH
sa H3KBtIEaHe ua BOna: tIepnBK. BOnOtIepnHO Koneno, ap
XHMenOB BHHT, epnHT H np.);
6) KOHTO Ha
TetIUOCTT CTaBB sa CMeTKa Ha uenocpeLlCTBeHOTO HSMeue-
HHe ua uanRraHeTO H(BCHtJKH BHnOBe H
UB TetIHOCTTB ce npe aBa KHueTHtJ

ua eueprHR, KORTO ce npeB B eue rHR UB HanHra-
HeTO; TRX ce OTHaCHT H nponenepHH
a H CTPYHHHTe nOMnH (XHLlPoeneBBTopH
H
UeHTpooe*HH nOMnH
1.3.1. Y C T P 0 H C T B 0 H n P Ii n U Ii n
H a .Il e H C T B H e
fnBBHBTa tIaCT Ha nOMna CHr.l.8) e
paoOTHOTO Koneno " 3aKpeneHO tIpes runoHKa SU Bana 2.
Pa60THOTO Koneno H ca e.IlHUCTBeHHTe
tIaCT" HU QCHTpo6c*uBTa nOMna, KOUTO noeMST
HHeTO Ha .IlBHraTenH (eneKTpHqeCKH HnH LlBHraTen)

Pa60THOTO Koneno ce .IlBB nHCKa - e.IlHHHHT C
BTynK8 sa Ha Bana, a .IlPyrHHT BHn Ha illH
POK Me*ny TRX ca nonaTKHTe 3. Ps
60TUOTO Koneno ce H3paooTBa OT tIyrYH HnH 6POH3 Ka-
TO URna OTnHBKa. H nOMOH C pa60TUH
Konena OT nRacTMaca H npyrH nonooHH MaTepHa
lUI.
Pa60THOTO Konerro e pa3nonOEeHO B aenOLlBH*Ha tIaCT .
HDpetIeHa TRno HnH Kopnyc. Ha Hero e OCTaBeu OTBOP
{lpe3 KOl1TO MHHaBa nOpa,UH npe.IlH83HaQeHHeTO MY
TRROTO HMa HaH-QeCTO oxnroeoo6ps3Ha To e
IICHO tIpe3 acollllH QaCTH (KonHlIo H .IlP.) CMy

.-.
5 11 lIanOpHHR 6 . TH
nOTO ce 113nHBa OT tIyrYH.
I.
r _.....-.
4
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(Imr.1.8
Yllll'bTUHBaHE'TO ce tIpe3 c;anHHK 7.
T03H BHLl nOMllH ce lIapHtI<;lT. U.G H T P 0 6 c * H II,
'fb11 KaTO PU60THT B1,3 OCHOBa Ha u: e H
T P 0 6 e 1I a T a C H n .a, KORTO ce
BbpTeHeTo HR pao,oTHoTO Konen6.
3a )1a ce lIycHe B ,neltCTllHe IlOMIlUT8 J .1'HnOTo {I Ii CMY-
KaTenHmlT ce C BO.Ila. npH BbpTeHe
TO liB pa60TIIOTO J<oneno RonaTa .KOHTO lWII(lnlt
TC Me*ll.Y nOn:lTKllTC, non I1CHCTBHeTO Ha uellTpo6cihl: ,iTa
CHna ce 113TnacKBa 01' liB KoncnOTO KbM ncplie
PHSITU MY, KaTO HsnH3a OT KonenOTO C ronm'1a CKOPOCT
( -;:::: 15 -rn/s) Ii B CI1!1panHUTB KaMCpu Ha KOpny
ca, a HanopHHH Tpb6onpoBoLl. npH Toaa nono*e
liKe BxonliUTa ttaCT liD pa60TBOTO Koneno ce
BaKYYM, BcnenCTBHe lIa KOaTO BonaTa ce no
CMYKUTenHMR nOMnaT8.
9
\
8 li. ____
Ha pa60THOTO KOnenO neRCTBMeTO H8 ueH
Tp06elKH8Ta CMna e H ce oonyqaBa 1l0CT051HHO
SaCM)'KBaHe H H3TIIaCKBaHe Ha BOJlaTa 01' oOMllaTa.
KaKTO ce BMlKJlB 01' YCTPOHCTI:lOTO H 01' JleHCTBHeTO HB
ueHTpoGelKHaTa 1l0MOa, 1I0naTKHTe 3a npo.
5lB51BaHeTO Ha ueHTp06elKHaTa CHIIa.
CnHpaIIHaTa KaMepa cnYlKHsa nnaBHOTC OTBelKJlaHe Ha
BOnaTa 01' H3XOAa Ha pa60THOTO Koneno AO HanopHHH
60IlpOBOn. OCBeH TOBa 1'51 nOnpHHaCH M 3a 1l0CTelleHHOTo
H8ManHBaHe CKopOCTTa Ha BonaTa npM IlpeMHHaBaHeTO Ha KH
eHeprM51 cnen pa60THOTO Koneno B eHeprHH Ha
HanSlraHeTO.
1. 3. 2. B H Jl 0 B e U e H T P 0 6 e lK H M
o 0 M n II
UeHTp06elKHHTe OOMnM MoraT na ce KnaCH$UUMpaT 110
CneJlHHTe OCHOBHH npHBHaUH.
A. C 11 0 pen poi H 8 P a 6 0 T H H l' e
K 0 n e
1) nOMOH ($lfr.l.8), KOUTO ca C eAHO
pa60THo Koneno; -
2) OOMnH ($ur.1.9). ce 01'
nOBeqeOT eAHO pa60THo Koneno KOHTO ce B'bPTSIT- ali
eJlHH Ban B o6mo TSlIIO (KOlKYX); B T51X BonaTa IlpeMHHaBa
nOCneJlOB8TenHO 01' enHO pa60THo K01IenO B APyro H Hano
H8 nOMoaT8 e paBeH H8 CYMaTa 01' H8nopHTe, kOHTO
pa60THHTe Konena, BCRKO nOOTnerrHO.
I'


<lmr.1.9
10
6. C n 0 P eJl H a q M H a Han 0 B e lK Jl a H e
T 0 BOA a l' a n 0 p a 6 0 l' HOT 0 K 0
n e II 0;
1) nOMnll C eAHocTpaHHo BTHqaHe Ha BOAaTa ($Hr.1.8);
2) noMnH crDBycTpaHHo BTHijaHe Hi BOnaTa """'""'1
lITHI TSlX CYMaTa 01' aKcHallHliTe YCHllHSl Ha Bana e paBHa
H3 Hyn8 H He ca He06xODHMH cneUHanHH BKCHanHH narepH;
3) BapH8HT 01' T03H BHn 1l0MnH ca
;,iHorocTpSHHHTe nOMnH ($Hr. 1 .11); npH T51X o6maTs
H ce nOJlaBa eJlHOBpeMeHHo 01' H51K01IKO
Konena, pa60TemH naparrenHo.
B. C n 0 P e 1n H a q H H a HaD P e B P m a
H e T 0 H a K H H e l' H q HaT a e H e P r H Sl
aTe q HOC l' l' a B x H n p a B n H q e H
Han 0 p, T.e. cnopen. HaqHHa Ha OTBClKJlBHeTO Ha Bona
Ta 01' Koneno B cnHpaIIHa!a KBMepa:
1) DOMnH !:le3 HanpaBDSlBBm anapaT (imckciHanopHH
!!OMI1H) ---- ' '
2) nOMIIH C HanpaBnSlBam anapaT ($Hr.1.12), KOHTO ce
HapHqaT U l8HCoKoHanoPHH nOMIlH);
3) nOMnH C AH$Y3bOP BHCoKoHanopHH 1l0MnH)
CQmr.1.13)
H a q H H a HaC B P 3 BaH e
r. C ,n 0 pen
Han 0 M naT a H D B H I" aTe n Sl: ,
1) &eBOnHH nOMnH lnr; 1 . 14). rlpn KOHTO qeCTOTUTe
w
.
, :-!? ! ! '-.,./ f&!:(1 Lp- I) ,-,"-1
_ .. '\r. n-,..., l 'I ..... !
elllH' 1 11
ellH'. 1 .10
11

..
,...
II:,} B'hpTeHe Ha BaDa Ha .QBHraTeDH H fla BaDa Ha nOMnaTa
ca pa3nIfl.JHHj
2J C'heAHHeHI1 (i\.YmmpaHlf) IlOMnlf. IlPIl
KQI1TO .QBl1raTenHT If IlOMnaTa HMaT oom Ban (Hr.1.15).
J/lllr.l.12
AUY3bOP
__ -AUy3bop
/

$Hr.1.13
..

$Hf'.1.14
$Hr. 1 15
'Ii!!
n. C n 0 p e.n B H .n a HaT e q HOC T T a,
K 0 H TOIl P e M H H a B a:
1) IlOMDH;
2) KaHanH3aijHoHHH Il6MIlH:
HB BaITa:
1)
2)
lK. C n -0 P e-A - -H a 11 0 P a, K 0 H T 0 C 'I> 3 A a-
BaT:
1) HHCKOHaIlOPHH IlOMDI1 (.no 20777) j
2) cpe.nHoHanoPHH nOMIlH (20 - 60 rn);
3) Blfcol<O"HanopHH Ilo"MnH (Ha.n 60 7n )

3. C D 0 p.e.n C Ten e H T a H a 0 'h P 3 0
x 0 .Q HOC T:
1) oaBuoxo.nHH nOMnH;
2) HopManHH nOMIlH;
3) O'hPSOXO.QHH IlOMnH.
1. 3. 3. n a H * e H 11 e H aBO .n a T a
BIle H T P 0 0 e * HaT a 11 0 M n a
3a Aa 6'h.ne nO.Qno*eHa Ha neHCTBHeTO Ha IleHTpooe*HaTa
CHna,.s.onSTSE'hB ECHqKH IlellTpOoe>KHH nOMnlf ce nOBe*na
AO pa60THOTO no HaIlpaBnCHHe Ha OCTa Ha Bana C
aOCOlIlOTHB CKOPOCT Co (Hr.1.16). ManKo elIen Bxoifa:
Ha MHCTOTO, K'hnCTO 3aIlOl.JaaT nOIlaTKHTe Ha pa60THoTO KO
lIello, C YBellHl.JaBaHe Ha a6colllOTHaTa CKOPOCT OT Co .no
ce IlonYl.JaBa C'hOTBeTHO Ha CTPYHTa aT C
1
OCOEO HanpaB./JeI:Hfe B _panlianH{}.. B MOMeHTB. KOraTO BOnHa
Ta l.JaCTHqKa enBa HaBnH3a B Me*.nynonaTKOBOTO npOCTpaH
CTBO C HBqaneH panHYC _r" TSI e no.nno*eHa Ha HHKonKO CH
JIH, no.n .neHCTBHeTO HB KOHTO OIlHCBa cno)l(HO ABH*eHHe.
4aCTMIlaTB 3aIlOl.JBa OTHOCMTelHIOTO CM .nBMlKeHHe B -MelKAY
nonaTKOBOTO npoCTpaHCTBO (Hf'.1.17) C'hC CKOPOCT Wt'
l.JlfHTO roneMMHa 3aBHCM 01' SOnHHH pa3XOA H OT CeqeHMeTO
ua KaHana flanpasneHHeTO H8 nBM*eHMeTO ce onpe
nelIH OT 'hf''hna Me*AY AonHpaTenHaTa K'hM n'hpBUH ene
MeHT Ha nonaTKaTa (npH ) H nonMpaTenHaTa K'hM
BXO.QH8T8 OKP'h*HOCT. B KaHana H8 MelK.nynonaTKOBOTO KO
neno qaCTHIlaTa nonYQ8Ba H nepHepH8 (oKP'hlKHa) CKO
POCT U .
f
Ype3 nocTpoHBaHe Ha napanenorpoM OT CKOpocTHTe W
f
Il u ce IIonYl.Jaa8 a6COJIIOTHaTa CKOPOCT C
1
, K8KS8TO Qa
f
XlilWTa liMa npH unll3aHe1'O Clf H KorrenOTO. bf''hn'hT 0<.1 ,
13
12
llOn KOHTO e HaKflOHeHa aOCOflffiTHaTa CKOPOCT Gil 3aBHCH
OT' CbOTHOlIleHHeTO Ha CKOPOCTHTe W, H lit, KoraTo 0(.1
0
=90 qaCTMQaTa B MOMeHTa Ha BflH3aHeTO He
nOflyqana Ynap (TrraCbK) 01' rronaTKaT&, a TH 3anOQBa Aa
g YBnHqa BbB BbPTeHeTo, KaTO nflaBHO pa3BHBa
H ABHlKeHHe.

-,-:1l
\
I

...
lHI'.1.16
lMr. 1 1 7
W,

D
"
'"
C,
-
'-'. U,
,L....,.,3...,} --, .;.;:. U
1
o
lHI'.1.18
lHI'. 1 19

B CflyqaH qe BflH3aHeTo Ha qaCTHQaTa B KOflenOTO' ce ,
npHAPYlKasa C APYI'O OTKfloHeHHe OT nbpBoHaqanHoTo H Me-
PHgHanHo (pagHaflHo) ABHlKeHHe. npegaSaHaTa HflH OTHeMa
HaTa ((j;lHI'. 1 17 Ii 19) .aT 110naTK8'J'8 c
L
saryoeHa. 3aryoeHHSlT np.H TOBa Hanol? (HIlIi eHeprHSl.oT
HeceHa KbM 1 kg npOTHqalIla Bona) e
{c coSet,) 2 c,J
1 --J
"rr = 29 - 29
(l .1)
14
a l1bflHaTa MOIUHOCT (eHepI'lHI), 3aI'y6eHa npli pa60TaTa Ha
nOMn8T8 npH nogasaHeTO Ha Boga Q npli TeSH ycnOSli5'l, e
(e
l
COS"',)
2
(1. 2)
Hf1' ::: rU' 2g .
TasH 9ary6a ce HapHqa 3 a I' y (5 aBC neg C T
B M e Hay l1. ap n P H 1:1 X 0 l1. a. OqeSHl1.HO e. qe
Qpe3 nOA6HpaHe Ha CbOTBeTHHTe CKOPOCTH B Aal1.eHO Kone
no MOlKe l1.8 ce H90erHe Yl1.apbT Ha T.e. npH oe9
ynapHo BnH9aHe Ha BCSlKa 9al1.al1.eHa qeCTOTa Ha BbpTeHe
Ha l1.al1.eHO Koneno CbOTBeTCTBYBa onpel1.eneH pa9XOl1. (l1.e
OUT), KOHTO saBUCH OT 'I' H o{)paTHO.
tIacTUQliTe ce l1.BHlKaT C OTHO,CUTenHa CKOPOCT no nonaT
KaTa. KaTO B KpaH Ha HM B KonenOTO TagH
CKOPOCT e TaHrHpa KbM nocnel1.HHH eneMeHT Ha
nonaTKaTa. a CKOPOCT e U
z
': TRXHaTa paB
e a6conffiTHaTa CKOPOCT C
21
C K05'lTO npli
H3flH9aHeTO CU OT nonaTKaTa Ha KonenOTO qaCTHUUTe OHxa
l1.a ce l1.BUlKaT npaBOflHHeHHO nO-HaT&TbK. BbH
OT KonenOTO. He ... K?--r:O , ?.ana9BaT
KUHeTUqHaTa CU eHeprHS C; B neHCTBH
9
TenHOCT TaKOBa l1.BHlKeHHe HSMa, TbH KaTO nOqTH BliHarH B
MOMeHTa Ha H3nU9aHeTO HM qaCTUQHTe ca npHHYl1.eHli Aa U3
MeHSlT HanpaBneHHeTO CM.
AKO BOnaTa, KORTO li9nH3a OT KonenOTO, nOCTbnBa B
cnHpaneH KO'lKYX (oxnffiB). 3\3. l1.a ce nBHIKU no Hero, TS
TpsroBa na ce OTKnOHH OT rtbpBQHaqanHOTO Han'[laBneHHe C
2
Ha brbn 0(2 U l1.a Teqe no HanpaBneHHeTO Ha l1.0nupaTenHa
Ta KbM BbHlIIHaTa Ha KonenOTO HKbM CTeHHTe
Ha cnupanHaTa KaMepa. Torasa a6COnffi1"HaTa CKOPOCT Ha
lHr.t.20
15
lia qaCTUQaTa e npoeKQURTa
110 TaH reHTaTa COS 0(2 ITpoeKQUHT? Ha C no C
2u
=C
2
liBnpaBneHHe Ha 'ir ::CzSiTl.cC
2
CKO
Z
POCTTa, KORTO me sary6eHa npu Ha qaCTUQaTa
B cpen(YHonOlKHaTa CTeHa, HS..Komy)Ca; ETo sall(o, 3a ce
HaMann Ta3U sary6a.
d TPH6Ba
z
e
HO He paseH Ha Hyna,
"
KaTO TOsa on
"'3 "
"U2 no C
z
r = 0 M Cl!e-/
0,
__noM
geeiu-!. .,
.. 3arY6aTa Ha HanOp

npH B pasrnelK
$ur.1._.
cnY4aA me
2
C
2r
nzr= 29 (1 .3)
ITpU4uHBTa 3a OTKnoHeHue Ha CKOPOCTTa c
2
B MOMeHTa HB U3nH3aHeTo HB qaCTHQaTa OT KonenoTO Mome
U "(., H HaK
nOHa Ha nonaTKaTa OT Ha
HanpaBITHBamHH anapaT
AKo ce qe npu pelKHM Ha paGoTa Ha
rrOMnaTa "'2 He c 3 Mem
n'bPBHH elleMeHT Ha nonaTKaTa PT
HanpaBllRBamUH anapaT U K'bM B'bHWHaTa
OKp'bmHOCT Ha KonenOTO, HanpHMep d ..t ,qaCTHQaTS,
l
3
KORTO HSllU3a OT KonenOTO C a6conIDTHa CKOPOCT TPH6
BB OTH.ue KaTO ce .c\onHpa llonaTKaTa Ha
HanpDBllHnDmHR anapDT,T.e. me nonyqH CKOPOCT S, Haco
e
qeHa no,n 'br'bIt ,,(3 H paBHa fIa ,2 -: 'T'ba KaTO C:l- C'bOT
r
Sln "
BeTCTBYBB Ha npOTHqamOTO BOAHO KORHqeCTBO (,ne6HT)Q.
3ary6aTa lIa CKOPOCT npH Ton a nonOlKeHHe ce U3pasR
Ba C oTCeqKaTa 'Zu -C
3U
:: C CO$o(z - C cos B cnYl:faH
z j
sary6eHuHT Haoop npH H3XOna liB KonenOTO e
'.2
'h :: (elt/. - CJu ) = (C
2
CO$d,t C COSoC,J) 2
3
2r 2g 29
(1 4
16
l
OctieH nOCOqeHHTe 3ary6H HB HBnop npH BXO,nB H U3XOna
pa6oTHoTO Koneno liD C'bmHTe MeCTa MOral' Aa ce nOHBH
H sary6H nopSAH nowo (XH,nPDBnHqHO He
CopMRue Ha KpaHmaTa liD cpe,nHDTa H
. ;',CT liD nOlIaTKHl'e. OpaBHItHOTO ED 110fWT
ALl !I0p,06PH K.n.p,. HD nOMnaTB C 1 - Z".ETO
lIa B11H3DfIe HD BOAaTa p pa6oT
11 6 sy):ia;JHo OT Hero TP5!OBH .aa ca
e.c\H0BpeMeHHO.
i:51"<l, i1I'e.D.B.:leHa Ha Bon:aT<t KOnen01.'O H OTHece
F3IT JBHeTO If aT Hero, 3a,HICH HC 0'1'
)JHI1C Ha ,ilt!MJKeUl3Ta ce uaCTHua, a caMO OT flCMeHTH
;1 i\13HJKeIHfCTO H')H BX:O,[l3 H 113XOz(a Ha pa60':r'K '(0
::.OWTO npH opa3McpHBaHCTO ,'e ue
:pCIJ,BHn:. B'hI:peKH T08a Xap:1KTep'bT HH
T':H1HC i'li'l! rrpCMIlHBBDHeTO ILyl npC3 KaHa:,:l }fd y"ner:':
,l:;ilJa :rCfl5!'r'.IO I:liH!HHHe B'brxy ll:H'yf;aT:i H:J CrlE'pr'!'!
Ha 'rpHeHe, a C'LlllO H15j.lX;' "ar) :,n ,'::H,,-'p3a
il mraBHOTO H3MCHCHHC Ha CKopocr::':l B T"
c;,:UJeTO lIa nOTOK3 01' CTCHllTC H C oopa3Yl;:lHeT8 ;,a
,:XPOSH 30HH, T1,H KaTO Hanpet.IHHTC Cct!ellliH Ea- K,illa,la
KonenOTO ce yoenH43BaT, T.e. K8HdTIbT ce pa3WHpROU.
,iopalJ,H Tosa CeqCHHHTa Ha !GIHanHTc Hit paGoTHoTO I<one
:'0 ,pH6Ba ce YBeJ1Hl:faB8T llOCTClteHHO qpe3 n;IaHHO H3
HB CTeHHTe HM.
KaTO ce 3HaHT HanpeQHHTe CeqeHHH !IS KaHBITHTC H ce
:-;pbCile.ll11 ,[iBUmeHHeTO Ha e,nHa QaCTHl\8 npC3 speMe Ha npe
'1l[HaBanCTO H OT ,ao l!3xon:a, l\lOJKe.ua ce HaqepTae
;lciiH8TB (tPHr.l. 22).
;\KO ,!lBHJKeHHeTO IUl Ro;\aTa nplf 13XOl:\a e 6e3Y.llapHO ,rpa-
I
C2r
C2
\'-'2
n-.: '. ".
<!lHI'.1.22
" nOMneHH CT3HUHH
17

.-::U:::::::: "'_
eKTopHHTa TpH6aa Aa cKnroqaa C AOnHpaTenHaTa KbM
OKPblKHOCTTa Ha KonenOTO HSqHClIHTelIHHH brblI "'2. .
AKO He ce cnaSBaT TeSH Ha pa60
TaHa nOMnaTa, Ha TpaeKT-OpHHTA Ha ce nOHBH
BaT qynKH, KOHTO CBHAeTenCTBYBaT sa YAapH - BHesanHH
HSMeHeHHH Ha HanpaBlIeHHeTO Ha ABHlKeHHeTO. Ha WHr.l.22
e HsoopaseHa c nYHKTHpaHa nHHHH TpaeKTO"pHHTa Ha qa
CTHua, KOSITO BnHsa B KonenOTO 6es YAap H H91IHsa OT He
ro C H9'HlcnHTeneH brbll ""2 .3a TOBa BpeMe 1I0naTKaTa ce
saBbpTa Ha .
. C TOqKOBa lIHHHH e nOKasaHa TpaeKTopHSlTa npH H9MeHeH
pelKHM Ha pa60Ta Ha nOMnaTa: YBenHqeHa e qeCTOTaTa Ha
BbPTeHe(Y' I > 'f),pa3XOAbT e KaKTO B cnyqaH, H31I0lKeH no
r.,?pe.

1. 3. 4. 0 C HOB HOY P a B H e H H e
H a U e H T P 0 (5 e lK Han 0 M n a
. .Ilor..ma ce HSBelK
Aa-Iilni-npeAnocTaiiKaT-a. "Ie nOMnaTa ttaooTH nPH-HAeariHH
" .. _"'
/a) p-aOOTaTa ce H3BbpWBa oes XHApaSnHqHH sary6H;
f 6) pa60THoTO Koneno Ha nOMnaTa HMa MHoro
TbHKH nonaTKH;
\B) ABHlKeHHeTO Ha BOAaTa e YCTaHOBeHO.
nbPBHTe ABe ycnoBHH nOSBonHBaT Aa ce npHeMe, "Ie npo
B paOOTHOTO Koneno nOTOK ce CbCTOH OT eneMeH
TapHH CTPyMKH. Ha KOHTO CbOTseTCTBysa CTporo
Ha Ha KaHana MelKAY nonaTKHTe, a CKopOCTTa BbB
BCHqKH TOqKH Ha UlnIHHAPHqHHTe nOBbpXHHHH C onpeaeneH
paAHYC e eAHaKBa.
nbpBOTO ycnoSHe, aKO pa60TaTa, npeAaAeHa
OT KonenOTO Ha TeqHOCTTa,e paBHa Ha rQHTt H ce on
peAenH sa 1 kg TeqROCT, TpaHcnopTHpaHa sa BpeMe t, .
TH ObAe paBHa Ha Hanop. HI B Tn I KOHTO
ce CbSAaBa 0'1' pa60THoTO Koneno.
AKo ce npocneAH ABHlKeHHeTO Ha BOAHaTa qaCTHua 0'1'
BnHsaHeTO B paooTHoTO Koneno Ha ueHTp06elKHaTa nOM
na no HsnHsaHeTO H 0'1' aero,we ce BHAH, lie npH Koneno
C paAHYCH CbOTBeTHO 1f H T2 23) 0'1' TOqKa a AO
TOqKS 6 TH onnCBa TpaeKTopHHTa t B MelKAynonaTKOBOTO
npOCTpaHCTBO, KaTO CTHra AO HSXOAa, npH KoeTO KorrenOTO
(nonaTKSTS) ce saBbpTa Ha brbn
CKOpOCTHTe B TOqKH;re a H 0 npH 0/, i: 90 ca ROCO
qeHK Ha lIepTelKa.
ITpenBBaHeTo Ha Ha Bana Ha
nOMna lIpes BonaTKHTe Ha pa60THOTO KorrenO Ha nOTOKa e
18
., !Ii!!l!ll
OCHOBaHO Ha TeopeMaTa sa MOMeHTa Ha KOBHqeCTBOTO Ha
ABHlKeHHeTO, KORTO sa YCTaHOBeHO ce
no cnenHH. HaqKH.
"'U2
...
4:lHr.l.23
MOIUHOCTTa e
N =rQt-t,.\{
lY:m IS ,
(1 .5)
Tbfi KaTO npH ueHTP06ezHa nOMna, KOHTO
pa60TH KaKBHTO H Aa e sary6H, npeAaAeHa
aa Bana H, H3ugnO ce npeAaBa Ha nOTOKa.
0'1' APyra ce.._.ltS.P.li!3H
lIpes MOMeHTa Ha,BbHWRHT.E-l CHnH, npHnOlKeHH KbM nOTOKa,
paBeR aa MOMeHTa ,1"1. ija
TOTBTa aa BbpTeReTO Ra.pa6oTHQTO __KQIICl19 .. --'---
_"._ ____, . ..__ ...._.....
N =.Mcu ,/11. m Is .
(1 .6)
KaTo ce npHpaBHSlT (1.5) H (1.6), nOByqaBa ce
/t1(J)
, m. (1.7)
II
T
=
f'r.;
19
./

AKO MacaTa TeGHOCT, nPOTHGama sa npes
paOOTHOTO KOlleno, ce OSHaGH c m. 3a MOMeHTa Ha KonM
GeCTBOTO Ha Ha Ta3H Maca Aa ce HanH
Ille:
npH BxoAa 11( :;
..
npH H3xo.ua 112 =m C e
z 2
Toraaa H3MeHeHMeTo Ha MOMeHTa Ha KOIIHGeCTBOTO Ha
ce nonyqaBa 01' H3PBsa
11 =)12 - 11, =ms Ii! - =mrs -C !,,).
( 1.8)
1
KaTo ce'B3eMe Ge
rrl
Tn=_
g
(1.9)
T03H H3pa3 me HMB BH.ua
rfJ 0
;11 = r(czfz -c" .
(l.10)
01' C'bOTBeTHHTe TPH'br'blIHHl1;H (<lmr. 1 . 23) e
,
11 2 MoraT
Aa ce Gpe3 -r; H r
2
e, =r; COs 0C
,
11
e
z
= '2 C05oC '
(1.11)
2
ToraBa
if!
11= -r-(c
z
"2'-050(2 -C
1
C"soC ),
f (1.,12)
AKO 113pa3'bT 3a M ce saMeCTM B (1.7), nOlIYGaBa ce
HT =- rQ (w '2Czcos"'2 -Wp, C
1
coset,) , (1.13)
.
npl1
W7'f ;;: I.I.IM W"2.:. tiz T'bpCeHoTO ypaBHeHue AOoMBa BH.ua
_ tizCZCOS",z- U, c
f
cos"',
, Hr 9 (1.14)
B TaK'bB BMA TOBa ypaBHeHl1e e OMIIO nonYGeHO 01' IllBea
l1;apcKMH YGeH rr.Oallep - GlIeH Ha neTep6yprCKaTa aKaAc
MMSl aa HaYKI1Te.
01' CKOPOCTHI1Te ce nonYGaBa C "QSoC =-?w
, Z 2
11 c coSc,=C,u,T.e. TOBa ca npoeKlJ;MMTe Ha a5comoTH11Te
CKOPOCTH no HanpaBneHHC Ha CKOpOCT.
20

CneA 38MeCTBaHe ce nonyqaBa
LJ _ U z C2u - u" C f U (1 1 5)
roT - 9
T'bH KaTO nBH oesy.uapHO Ha Te'IHOCTTa npM
BXOAa ct = 90 , T.e.coset,,'" 0, TO
t(.ZC2 COSd2 _ --' U C , rn .
(1.16)
fir = '9 -9 2 2u.
T03M M3pas npeAcTaBnSlBa T'bpCeHOTO OCHOBHO ypaBHeHMe
3a Teo eTI1'IH11H Hanop Ha nOMna.
tIe 3a Aa ce nonytIH Hanop ,co,s
oC
2 TpHoBa .ua
0
HMa T. e. "'2< 90 KonKoTo "'2 e,
nO-Man'bK, TonKOB8 HanOp'bT e no-ronHM. OOl1KHOBeHO 1'0311 'bf'bll
ce ;3eMa oT6no"1S
Q
'MHoroifi)lKO'"AC)' 20
0
TOBa 06aGe
e TeopeTa"UiWlT.
AaBa nOMnaTa, e nO-Man'bK 01' TeO.peTMQlU1H nOpaJl11 np11eT11
'Ie:
- p a e--O'r'--troT"O K 0 n e n 0 11 M a {5 e 3
6 P 0 H MHO ron 0 n 8'1' K M, a BC'bmHOCT TeXH11HT
OPOH e KpaeH 11 nopaA11 TOBa He BC11QK11 'laCT11U11 OT TeQ
HOrTTa ce OTKnOHHBaT paBHOMepHO 11 ce no npeA
nonaraeM11Te TpaeKTopM11;
,- A B H e H 11 e l' 0 e 6 e 3 x HAP a B n H 'l
H 11 C 'b n POT H B n e H 11 H,a B AeHCTBMTenHOCT Te
ca pa3ll11'IH11 01' Hyna 11 3a npeOAonHBaHeTO 11M ce 113pa3
XOJlBa 'laCT 01' Hanopa.
D'bpBaTa npH'lMHa Hanara B'bB (1.16) Aa ce B'b
BeAe KopeKU110HeH KOeQl11UHCHT 3a KpaeH OPOM nonaTKM 1:"1
Ha Hanopa fiO BTopaTa np11'lItHa ce B3eMa
npe.uBMA 'lpe3 -XHApaB:1I1'IHMH K.n.A.
CneAoBaTenHo B11,na
U
g
c
lU
m
H=k"lx (1.17)

KOeQlHUMeHT'bT fr e npe,nMeT HB nO-HaTaT'bWHO
AaHe 11 HMa CToaHOCT 0,85 - 0,95.
Koeq)HUl1eHT'bT k Aa ce onpeAenH no QlOpMynaTa
Ha aKaAeMMK
k=2 l _._1,_,
i! 1_(.!L)2
(1.18J
12
K'bAeTO r. e 6POHT Ha nonaTKl1Te;
r; M ca paJlHYCMTe Ha paOOTHOTO Koneno C'bOTBeTHO
npM BXOAa H H3XOAa;
21
0/ e KoATO SaBHCH OT H ce
onpeAenH no
If' ::0.6 ( Itsi71)3z).
(1.19)
3a ofiHKHOBeHO pa6oTHo Koneno npH
r. <Ie
--;!- as ,2 :: 8 H 1. =JD ce nonYlIaBa
'2 i!
I.p -::0,6 (I + sin jDo) ::0,9
(1.20)
H elleA TOBa
O,g .f
k
;: 2 9 . f _0.5 2 ;: {M I
T.e. nonpaBKaTa 3a Hanopa caMO 3apan;H
KpaAHHH 6poA nonaTKH e OKono 30 % OT TeopeTHlIHHH Ha
nop.
1.3. S. B H.n; Ben on a T KH Hap a 6 0 THO T 0
oneno Ha t\CHTpo6elltHa nOMna
'CLl.uCCTBCHI1RT eneMeHT. no KoATO ce pa3nMllaBaT nonaTI<;HTe Ha
ueHTP06elKlurre nOMnH, e J3 .
J3 npH eneMeHT Ha nonaTKaTa (npH r, ),
T.e. P1' ce H36Hpa TaKa, lie .n;a ee OCHrYPH 6e3yn;apHo
BnH3aHe. TOBa e =90. nOpa.n;H TO
ea aHHar'Hfi." 90
0
, HaA-lIeCTO J34 = 14 t 20
0
npH TOBa
B OCHOBHOTO ypaBHeHHe Ha ueHTpo6elltHaTa nOM
na. (1.15)sTopaTa e paBHa Ha Hyna H TO nony
lIaBa BH.n;a
.,...----:::...--- -- --,
U
2
Czu.
(1.21)
H
1
;: 9
npu H3xo.n;a nonaTKHTe MoraT Aa H3BRTH pa3nHlIHO:
- fI a n P e .n; (j3z >gO I)) ; D
- P a A Han H 0 (MepHARanHo) (j2 :: 90 ) i
- H a 3 a .n; (f3z,c 90') .
OapanerrorpaMlfTe Ha CKOpOCTHTe ca nOCOlleHH Ha
1!3MeHeHHeTO Ha BOAH .n;o H3MeHeHHe Ha C 2" ' KoeTO
BnJUle Ha H
T

OPH nonaTKH ,H3BHTH Hanpe.o (qlHr.1. 240.),)32> 90?C >U
2 ZU
H ClIe.ooBaTelIHo
...
C2
6
1
4>Hr.1.24
U
z
2
(1.22)
-g
a
C2
#1' -;..
npH nonaTKH, HaCOtIeHH pa.oHanHO (qlHr. 1.24 5 ).,A =90
H e 2
"2
Hr = -f- (1. 23) /
D:
npR 1l0naTKH, H3BHTH 1 .248) ,)32490, s,u.c U
Z1
(
/ 2 11.24),
H
r'" -r'. i
OT Ka3aHOTO e HCHO, lie H3BHTHTe Hanpe.o nonaTKH
.n;aBaT MaKCHMalleH Hanop, a H3BHTHTe Hasan; -
YBenHtIaBaHeTO Ha Hanopa (cnYllaAa) H3rnellt.oa Ha nPbB
norllen; H3rOAHO ,HO B .oeHCTBHTenHOCT ce OKa3Ba. tIe TO-\
BaHe e TaKa.H3BHTHTe HanpeA nonaTKH npH.oaBaT Ha
Ta MHoro roneMH CKOpOCTH.
npeo6pa3YBaHeTO Ha Ta3H rOngMa CXopOCTHa eHeprHH B'
Hanop B anapaT, AH$Y3bopa HnH cnHpanHa\
Ta KaMepa e e roneMH HanopHH 3ary6H, KOHTO
HaManHBaT K.n.A. Ha nOMnaTa. OCBeH TOBa H3BHTHTe Ha
npeA llonaTKH, KaKTO ce o6ycnaBHT
TaKaBa Ha xapaKTePHCTHKBTaQ-H,npH KOHTO pa6o
TaTa HB nOMnaTa neCHO MHHaBa B HeYCTOHqHBaTa 06naCT.
TOBa 06CT05tTenCTBO Hanara .oB ce npe.n;npqHTaT no
naTKH, H3BHTH Ha3aA, KaKBHTO H H3KllIDlIHTenHo ce
B nOMnHTe, T. e. L 90'. '
06HKHoBeHoPz= HO pg.oKO e no-rOllHM OT 30,
23
22
"....
1. 3. 6. Teo peT H q e H A e 6 H T
H a Q e H '1' P 0 6 e Han 0 M n a
TeOpeTHtfHH5l"T '[{e5HT Ha 1(eHTp06e.Ha nOMna ce onpe'[{el1;i
no rPopMynaTa
--"---'
Q F j'l .., t ..
T :: C 2 r , rn /.5, ' . ,",.J j
'''-
Kb,[{eTO F
e nnollna Ha .1180'1'0 cet.tCHlW lIa 113x.J,na
01'
pa50TflOTO Korreno, Tn 2 i
C.
n
" - cpeAHaT8 CKOPOCT Ha nOTOKa, HopManHa HJ
.I1BOTO Ce4oeHl1G HB H3XOl\a {) ...
neno, T.e. npoeKQI15l"'1'8 Hn a6corrWTlla
CKOPOCT b paL'HanHO
(rPlH'.1.2 ,111/5
Df-+rJ....-_.

I I
d'16!
<!ll1r.l.2S
nnom'1'a Ha .H80'1'O CetfeHHe HaH3XOAa 0'1' pa60'1'HOTO Korre
no e
:: , Tn 2,
(1 , 26
Kb'[{eTO
])2 e BbHlIIHM5l"T AMaMeTbp Ha pa60THoTO Korrerro, 7n;
C
- lIIMpOtfMHa'1'a Ha pa60THO'1'O Koneno npH M3XO
2
,na 0'1' Hero, Tn,
KaTo ce 3aMeCTH F 0'1' rPoPMyrra (1.26) M ce B3eMe npeA
BH,n, 'Ie c :: C Si71tL ,3a Q me ce nOJIY4H
2r 2 2 7
Q =nIJ
2
8 ' 771
3
/.5 (1.27)
r 2
'C
2r
if
("
'f)
["[' ,.-,
C '1'a3H rPopMyna ce ,ne5HT Ha
nOMna, KaTO He ce B3eMa npe,nBM,n
He'1'O OT'-nOnaT}(HTe 11 3ary611Te 0'1' HennbTHqcTTa
pa60THOTO Koneno M Kopnyca Ha ilOMnaTa, Bcne,nCTBMe Ha
KOHTO ce nonY'IaBa H3BeCTHa Ha 'tlaCT 0'1'
BO,nHOTO K01lH'tleCTBO.
1. 3. 7. C MY KaT e 1l H a B H C 0 q H H a
H a U e H '1' P 0 6 e _ Han 0 M n a
CMYKaTemlaTa BHCO'tlHHa e BalKeH eneMeHT _ C KoflTO npo
TPH6BB ,na ce KaTO TH e CTPO
ro OrpaHH'IeHa OT rPH3H'tleCKHTe saKOHH. HopManHaTa paGo
Ta Ha nOMneHHH arperaT saBHCH HaH-Be'tle OTnpaBHllHOTO
Ii no,nxO,nHmO no,n6HpaHe 'Ha CMYKaTerrHaTa BHCO'tlHHa, KO
TO ,n& reo,nC3HtUIa H BaKYYMMeTpH'tlHa.
reo ,n e 3 H a Ta C M Y KaT e n H a B H
_ ._""_ --------.--'.- -.' --.-.- - ._ _ ._," , __...... '
c 0 'tl H H a e pa3nHKaTa Me.,ny KOTHTe. Ha reOMeTpH'tl-
HMH Ha Bxo,nHaT.a.'tlaCT HB pa60THOTO Koneno H:].
CBo60,nH6TO-i6hH6
Boapa (H3TO'tlHHKa), OT KOHTO nOMnaTa,qepnH:aOAu! -
Ta3H ,nerPHHHQHH BalKH sa BCH'tlKH BHnOBe
nOMnH - XOpH30HTanHH H BepTHKanHH, e,nHOCTbna1lHH H MHO

flPH paGoTa Ha ueHTpo6e.HaTa nOMna ...n'bJIHa
c Bo,na) npH Bxo,r(a Ha paOOTHOTORonErllo-'ce'-'nOny'tlaBa Ba
KYYM, ROHTO "ita 'roBa MHCTo-a6coiIlOTHO Han>rraae
P4 .. B C'bittOTO BpeMe as
neHCTBYBa aTMocrPepHOHanSl:.raHe P
a
: npH._ 'r.oBa. Pa.?'P !
f
Ta3H nOCTOHHHO MelK.ID'_ PQ.. H. P..t.L
nplI pa60Ta Ha nOMnaTa, e npH'tlHHa 3a nOCTOHH
HO Ha Bo,naTa no CMYKaTenHHH
,PCisnHKaTa MClK,ny H npe,nCTaBnaBa B a :yll>l:-
MeT 'tl H aT a c M YK a T IT H a B H C 0 'tl H
H 'iioMIla ci onpaie-iiSl 'tlpe s
J13pasa
Pa -'" m
HD . =
(1.28)
OaK
r
TasH BHCOtf:HHa ce'per:HCTPHpa OT MOHTH
paH nO-BxO',naHa nor..ma.
1l0IlYCTHMaTI1Bah'"YYMMe-rpMtrHa BHCOtmHa saBUS::H 0'1' KOH
CTPYKUHHTa Ha nOMnaTa :H MOlKe npaKTU'tleCKH,na CTHrHe
,nO 8 m . 06:HKHOBeHo ce nocotiBa B Ka'fan03HTe.
I'e.o.,n.e3.UQHaTa CM,YKa Te lIHa BHCJ:ttIJllia....MillKc_....u.a.J5.l?.ru;l nono
.HTelIHa. paSHa Ha:-.iiYila --ii-qTPl'!llil.,!,enHa CB 3aBHCHMOC-T-----
0'1' KOTaTa Ha reOMc-rpH'tlHHS! HanxiJ,ili:i-lia- ilbPBOTO
24
25
paOOTHO KOnenO H OT KOTaTa ua aO,lJ,HOTO HHBO Ha
-soapa) B nOCrre,lJ,HIUl cnYQall nOMnaTa e e'CTeCTBe
HO.
BHCOqHHa Mome ,lJ,a He Ob
,lJ,e CbmHH 3HaK KaKTU oc06eHO KoraTO
CbnpOTHBneHHHTa B CMYKaTcrlHaTa JUlHIHI ca ):!OCTaTbqHO ro
neMH.
Cbm;eCTBYBa
MeTpHqHaTa CMYKaTenHa BHCOqHHS, KOWIO Mome ,lJ,a ce H3
SC,IJ,e no Cne,lJ,HMH cnymH ypaBHeHHeTO
aa oepHynH
, .,
p
v" .
-- + --=const. (1.29)
i!+ r
29
KaTo ce npHnomH Toaa ypaBseHHC sa ,lJ,Be CCqeHHHO-O
H T - r (<PHI'. 1 26) H CeqeHHe 0 - 0 ce npHeMe 3a paB
HHtia Ha cpasHeHHc, 3a CeqCHHe 0 - 0 MOme,lJ,a ce HarHf
we
R ,,,,2
(1.30)
r
Kb,lJ,eTO e HanopbT OT ('t'CMoclbcpaT8, m BO,lJ,eH CTbrr6;
r
- CKopOCTTa Ha CBoooAHaTa BO,lJ,Ha nOBbpx
Jl
o
ROCT a pesepaoapa, 7"11/.5
3a CeqCRHe 1 -1 MO

me ,rJ,8 ce HaIUlwe
P,
H 'l
rc r 2g 1" nee ,C 1 .31)
0---
p,
h:"J]CTO e aOCOlllOT
r
HMHT Hanop B CMY
<!IHr.l.26 KaTeJIH8Ta Tpb6a
HCnOCpe.IJ.CTaeHO .lJ.O
r
nOMl1aTa, m;
tJ, - CKOPOCT
Ta Ha 130.IJ.aTa Ha
TOBa MHCTO, 177/S;
ma
tl
2
_f _ HanopbT'OT CKOpocTTa B cMYKaTenH8Ta
Tpbt5a (npH BXO.IJ.8 Ha nOMnS.Ta ,.. B ceqe

HHe I - I) 171 ,
_ reO,lJ,eSHqHaTa cMYKaTenHB BHCOqHHS, 7n;
H
rc
_ Sary6aTa aa Hanop B TPb60
hec npOHO,lJ, Bcne,lJ,CTBHe HS xH,IJ,paanHqHH Cbn
pOTl-IBneHH51, 171
KaTo ce cpaBHHT nBSTa H3pasa. nonyqaas ce
/' 0 fa. '1/ Ii.. 1{2 1 /I
T .... 120= "rc+-r <t' --.,.. n (1.32)
I d CC Il2
TbM KaTO nopanH ronHMOTO CeqeHMe fla pesepBoapa T
NMa ManKa CTOMHOCT, npH nO-HBTBTbWHMTe HSBonn i
na ce npeHeoperHe.
Torsaa. KaTO ce pemH ropHOTO paaeHCTBO no OTHowe-
HHe Ha reo,lJ,eSHqHaTa CMYKaTen:ta BMCOqMHa, ce nonyqaaa
.0-
2
Hrc= Pu - PI 3'
.33)
- hC'c ' m 1
1"
F!, - p,
KbneTO e BaKYYMMeTPHqHBTB CMYKSTenHa aHCOqHHB,
r I<051TO ce 03HBqBBB C He ,rn.
Cne,lJ,OBBTenHO
1/.
2
Ii ::: Up _.-:L - h... ,m (1 .34)
rc oaK Zg
HllH
..- . v,2
Hp =H 1" -21" he ,rn ( 1 5
5
)
tla.t' rc 9 c ..
TOBa 3HBQH, qe BBKYYMMeTPMqHBTa BtlCOqMHa ce nC;':\
llY'IaBa KaTO CYMa OT reone3HqHBTB C:l.1Yl<a'1'enHB BHCOqliHS\\
c HeMHHH SHaK (+), (0), (-), OT CKOPOCTHOTO
npH XO,lJ,a 'Ill nOMna'ra n O'f tiill10pHHTe :J81'y6H B CMYKa- i
TellUHH TPboonpoaon. ....-'-/
fiOMnOCTPOH'l'enHHTe sa80nH ,lJ,aBaT OOHKHOBeHO ,lJ,onyc
T.IMBTB BaKyYMMeTPHqHa CMYKBrrenHa BHCOqUHa npH aT
MoclbepHO HanHraHe 0,1 MFa lHanop 10,3 BO,lJ,eH
CTblIO).
HanopbT BcnenCTBHe Ha HaRHraHe saBH
eN OT HaA - KOllKOTO no
ranaMa e Ha,lJ,MOpCKBTa BHcoqHHa, TonKoeB nO-MSJIKO e BT
MoclbepliOTO HBnSlraHe. ETO sam;o, B cnyqaft qe nOMnSTB ce
MOHTHpa B MeCTHOCT. Kb,lJ,CTO BcnenCTBHe aTMO
ccpepHOTO HsnSlraHe ce pasnliqsna OT HOPMUllBOTO (10 ,3m);
3a IlsopstHJTS lIOMna TPHoBa ,lJ,a ce BHccaT nonr8BKH t<bM
27
26
...
OT
(B KaTanOra)
BaKYYMMeTpHtJUa CMYKa'!'en
Ha BMcotJHHa. nonYCTHMaTa
CMYKaTen
Ha BHCOttHHa H saK
HOBHTe ycnoBHn ce
nenn OT Hspasa
..
npH
onpe
I
Hea.I('" HGa.K-IO,3t-Ib., m,C1 .36)
K'bneTO HsaK e
MaTa CMYKaTenHa Ba
KYYMMeTpHtJHa
Ha no KaTaJIOra. "1Tl;
Ha. - HanopHa
Ta BHCOqHHa OT aT

He B MeCTHOCTTa,K'b
neTO e MOHTHpaHa
nOMnaTa. HspaseHa B
m BOneli CT'bll0.
HSMeHeHHeTO Ha Ha. e
B TaoJI.1.1.
BaKYYlI<lMeTpHtIHaTa CMY
KaTcnHa BHCOqHHa saBHCH
H 9T TeMnep.iiTypa'l'a Ha
HsnOMnBaHaTa Rofi=
KOTO Ti e nO-BHCOKa, TOJI
KOBa CMYKaTeUHaTa BHCOqH
Ha e nO-ManKa. B KaTa
nOSHTe Ha nOMnOCTpOHTen
HHTe nOnYCTHMaTa
B,aKYYMMeTpHqHa SHcOttHHa
ee sa TeMnepaTypa
Ha OKono lOOe.
npH HsnOMnsaHe Ha
BOAa C APyra (paSJIHqHa
OT 20
0
C) TeMnepaTypa
CMYKaTenHa
BHCOqHHa ce no
$OPMynaTa
"..
0
0

0 CO
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28
Hrc ::: HUa.t' - it hcc -h8/1' 'fl1 J
(1.37)
K'bAe'ro hI? e HanOp'bT, Ha BOIlHliTe napH B m SOlleH CT'bn6
on npH nalleHa TeMnepaTypa Ha BOnaTa
(TaoJI.l.2).
1/;'
B TP'b60npO
Bo
n h 3ary6HTe ce HS'-l:HC
nHBaT no cc
, J'z
(1 .38)
hcc=,it.,.X
S
,m,
K'bAeTO 6 ca sary6HTe Ha Hanop OT TpHeHe 3a 1 Tn
OT TPb60npoBoAa; noeOqeHH ca
B'bB BCHqKH opasMepHTenHH Ta6nHUH sa
BononpoBonHH TP'bOH;
11'2
Sary6HTe Ha Hanop OT MeeTHH C'bDPOTHB
L52'i
neHHS! (cMYKaTenHa peweTKa, o6paTHa
Kllana, H AP.) m;
CKOpocTTa Ha B CMYKaTeJIHHH TP'b
If e
, 6onpoBOA, Tn J.5';
Ha TP'bOOnpOBon,m,
e
fllaBHOTO YClloBHe 3a HopMaJIHa paGoTa Ha
HaTA nOMna DPH HallHtJHe Ha reolle3HqHa CMY
KaTenHa BHCOqHHa e hen' hcc H HCo.K na He
Ba
npenHSBHKBaT HBlleHHeTO K a B H Tau H R. Cneno -
TelIHO CMYKaTenHa BHCOqHHa e
Ta3H, npH KORTO Bce owe He e 3anOqHana na ce
KasHTal.{HHTa.
1.3.8. K a B H TaU H H
KoraTO HaJIRraHeTo npH BXOlla Ha pa6oTHOTO Konerro
Ha DOMna cnallHe non Ha HaCH
TeHHTe BonHH napH npH pa60THa TeMnepaTypa Ha H3nOMn
BaHaTa Bona, HaCT'bnBa MHoro xapaKTepHO H TB'bPlle onae
HO 3a pa60TaTa Ha nOMnaTa HBneHHe, HapeqeHO K a
B H Tal.{ H R.
llpHqHHH 3a TaKOBa Ha HaJIHraHCTO MoraT '
Aa O'bllaT:
a) HHCKOTO HanHraHe, KoraTO nOMDaTa
ce MOHTHpa B MeCTHOCT, BoeOKO MOPCKO
TO pasHHwe;
6) rOJIRMaTaBaKYYMMeTPHqHaCMYKaTenHa SHCOqHHa
rorrRMa OT nOnYCTHMaTa sa nalleH nOMna);
B) BHCOKaTa TeMDepaTypa Ha npenOMnBaHaTa
29
( r) roneMHTe 3ary6H Ha Hanop B CMYKaTenHHH
/np0BOlJ, ;
I lJ,) roneMHTe 3ary6H Ha Hanop B Koneno
'Ha nOl'-maTa.
,/-- KaBHTaQHHTa e KOMnneKC OT HBneHHH, no
OT KOHTO ca
1. OTlJ,enHHe Ha napH H Ha pa3TBopeHH ra30Be OT
BOlJ,aTa B MHCTOTO, HanHraHeTO Ha Te4HOCTTa e
paBHO Ha HanHraHeTO HQ HaCHTeHHTe i napH.
2. YBe1!H4aBaHe Ha CKopocTTa Ha BOnaTa B MHCTOTO,
ca napo06pa3YBaHeTo H xaOTH4HOTO
Ha Te4HOCTTa.
3. KOHneH3aUHH Ha napHHTe MexYP4eTa, YBne4eHH
OT BOnHHH nOTOK H nOBeAeHH B 06naCTTa C nOBHweHO
')!anHraHe.
\
B T03H npoQec BOnaTa ce YCKopeHO QeH
TpOBeTe Ha napHHTe Mexyp4eTa. npH HM KOHneH
3aUUR--H'aCTbiIBa Ha Te4HOCTTa. TOBa
BaHe npelJ,H3BHKBa BHeaanHO nOBHwaBaHe Ha HanHraHeTO,
KoeTO AOCTHra no 3Ha4HTenHH paaMepH. KOHneH3aUHHTa
Ha Mexyp4eTaTa CTaS3 KaKTO B caMaTa Te4HOCT, TaKa H
no Ha CTeHHTe H3 pa60THOTO Koneno.
BTOPHH ClIY4afl ynapHTe ca nO-CHnHH H nOBelKnaT no Me
xaHH4HO pa3pywaBaHe Ha CTeHHTe Ha KaHanHTe H Ha no
naTKHTe Ha pa60THOTO Koneno. T03H MexaHH4eH npoQec
Ha pa3pywaBaHe Ha MaTepHana ce HapH4a e P Q,.. _ H
e Hafl-onaCHOTO cnenCTBHe OT KaBHTaUHHTa.
4. XHMH4HO pa3pYWaBaHeiii MeTana -B-:30HaTa Ha Ka-
OT KHCnOpOna paaTBopeH BbB
BOnaTa H OTnemtn ce OT HeH npH npeMHHaBaHeTO " npe3
30HaTa Ha HanHraHe. T03H npouec HOCH Ha
3BaHHeTO 3 H H. /
5IBneHHeTO na HaCTbnH He caMO B pa
60THOTO Koneno, HO H B HanpaBnHBawHH anapaT HnH a
cnHpanHaTa H nO-pHnKO.
non lJ,eflCTBHeTO Ha KaBHTaQHHTa Ha epo
3HHTa H KOp03HHTa Ha 4aCTHTe Ha nOM
naTa (oc06eHO paoOTHoTO Koneno) CTanaT nopeCTH H
rpanaBH H ce H3HOCBaT MHoro H OT HaHOCHTS (no
palJ,H owe nO-CHnHHTe YlJ,apH). .
H?a-MeYCTofl4HBHH8 KaBHTBUHHTa ca H
pOlJ,HaTa cToMaHa, a Hafl-YCTofl4HBH - CTO
t-laHa H
KaI;lUTaUlUlTa He caMO pa3pywaBa 4aCTHTe Ha nOMoa
Ta, HO HaManHBa K.n.n., Hanopa H ne6HTaH, -KaTO npH
npO}J,'bnlKHTenH& KaBHTaUH5I np-eCT3a3n3
pa60TH.
KaBHTaUHOHHHTe HBrreHHH He OCTaBaT Heaa6enH3aHH
OT onHTHHH nOMnHep: H3MeHH ce MOHOTOHHUTa paOOTa Ha
nOMnaTa;4YBaT ce oc06eHH 4YKaHHH H mYM, HanOlJ,OOHBalliH
30
i!!!!'!!jiWllm!lll
na ynap Ha MQTan MeTal1; nOMl1aTa BHopHpa; Tpen
Tl'IT C'rpenKwre Ha H
KaTo ce I1Ma npenBHlJ, onaCHOCTTa OT nOHBHBaHe H3
r;aBHTBUIHI, 3a___ga Ce
_nOMnaTa, ce cneQHaHHH xapaKTe
K a B H T, a g H H H
qaBaT 4pe3 H3nHTBaHe Ha nOMoaTa B cneUHanHa KaBHTa-
UHOHHa ypelJ,oa.
KasHTaUHoHHaTa xapaKTepHcTHKa Ha lJ,alJ,eHa nOMna npH
Q=COfJst HTI = consi npenCTaBITHBa OT KpHBHTe

Q I H I N H '2 B 3aBHCHMOCT OT npOMeHITHBaTa
KyYMMeTpH4Ha BHC04HHa ItPnr.1.27/.
0'0

N
100
o -I I ;.... Q'F F-
90
o T
o 80
I H \
oc. 70
r-----+----i----+-....L- t- -+ f-[\
60
z 50 T
1
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I' 30Ir--t--+---I--J-..L
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!:"2
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cr 10
, I I
2 3 I. 5 6 7 Hr.c ,m
5 I. 3 2 a
<1>Hr.1.27
',OH Hafl-HOBOTO npOH3BOlJ,CTBO Ha 4aCTH 3a ueHTpO-
DOMOH, 3a lJ,a ce nClJ,CHITH YCTofl4HBocTTa HM Ha
3aw
HTHH
neAcTBHeTo Ha KaBHTaUHHTa, ce H3non3YBaT no
KPHTHR _ 3anHBaHe Ha nOBbPXHOCTHTe c cnrraBH
H MeCTHa 3aKanKa (UHMeHTaUHR).
HaManHBaHe Ha KaBHTaUHHTa ce nocTHra,KaTo ce
BKapa B CMYKaTenHaTa KonH4ecTBOTO
AYx, KoeTO naBa HaR-AOObP ce onpen
enH
3a
BCHKa nOMna onHTHO. BKapBaHeTO Ha 06a4e
lJ,OBene AO Ha pa60TaTa Ha nOMnaTa.Oc
BeH TOBa 3aCMYKBaHHHT DPOH3BOlJ,HTen
HOCTTa H K.n.n. Ha nOMoaTa. 3aTOBa Tofl ce H3non
3YBa KaTO BpeMeHHO H KpaTKOTpaflHO cpenCTBO 3a 60p
6a C KaBHTaQHHTa.
H OTCTpaHHT OPH4HHH
HaH-npaBHnHO e na ce
B nOMnaTa.
Te, nopOnHnH K3BHTaQHHTa
31
npM ueHTpo6emHH nOMnM
ce Ha6m<nasa CaMO B 11 AeHCTBMTelIHO ca
MO npeOAOlIRBa HRKaKBO nOHMmeHO Ha
lIaraHe Ha sXOAa CM. ClIeABamHTe norrYt:IaBaT
BOAHMR nOTOK C npeAsapMTerreH Hanop, KOHTO e TonKosa
nO-SHCOK, KonKOTo e no-rOlIRM 6PORT Ha cneA
pa60THO Koneno. 3aTosa CHMmeHMeTO Ha TRXHaTa
npoHSBOAMTenHOCT M Ha K.n.A. e sa6enemMMO,
OTKonKOTO npM nOMnH.
CnopeA H3cneABaHHaTa Ha peAMua aBTopH KaBHTaUH
OHHOTO pasPymeHMe ce HSKl1lOtJMTenHO Ha MeXaHMtJ
HOTO (aHanOrMt:IHO Ha XHApaBl1Ht:IHHR YAap)
rrpH paspymaB'aHe HS rrapHUTe MeXYPt:IeTa. npM TOBa Ka
BHTaUMOHHHTe YAapH ce rrOBTapaT MHoro 9a URnOTO
BpeMeTpaeRC Ha KaBHTaUHRTa. CnopeA eAHH aBTopH qeCTO
TaTa Ha YAapHTe e paSHa Ha 600 t 1000 a crropeA
APyrH Ta AOCTHra 25 000 . Ha Te3H 4eCTOTH ce
CBHCTeHeTO Ha rroMrraTa, nonaAHana a KaBHTaUHR.
I1sMepBaHM ca HanRraHMa, AocTMrarnH 30 MPa.
HeHO MeCTHHTe "TOtJKOBH
II
Hal1RraHHR MoraT na MMaT Orne
nO-POl1eMH CTOHHOCTH.
ITorHtJHoe .ria ce ctJHTa, qe MHoroKpaTHo nOBTapRmHTe
ce orpoMHM.HanRraHMR .tIOBemAaT no mYM, BM6paUHR Ha ue
nMR arperaT, YMOpa ua Ha AeTafina M cneA
Tosa MeCTHOTO MY MeXaHHl.Jt:CKO pasPymaaaHe. Ta3M YMopa
ce HapMqa K 0 P 0 a H 0 H Hay MOP a Ha
H'OCTTa Ha MeTal1HMR .tIeTai1n.
KOP03MOHHaTa YMopa, a OTTaM M paspymeHMRTa ca
no-roneM14, KoraTO ce npenOMnsa BOAa, a nO-ManKM npn
npenOMnBaHe Ha Macno. KaTO cneACTBMe aa aeH ce OORC
allBa paspyweaMeTO B'hB BOAa Ha .tIeTaHllM Ha nOMnH OT
Hepem.tlaeM14 BMCOKOxpOM14paaM cTOMaHM.
. cpaaaHTenHQ BMCOK14Te qeCTOTM 14 c orpOMH14Te
HanllI"aH14ll ce OO.SlCHllBa npOH14KBaH TO Ha aOAa B
MeTana. TOBa onacHocT OT paspymeHMll rrp14
lia npoHHKHanaTa BOAa.
KaB14TBU14RTa II paspyw14TenH14Te MnOcne.tl14UM 3ae.tlHo
xapaKTepHcTHKH Ha nOMnM
aOART AO SHaqMTellHM eKcnnoaTaUMoaHH paaxOnH. Mepo
npMllTHllTU sa npe,D,OTBpaT5ID<!He aa nOllBstaaHe Ha l<aBMTl::'.
ryWR ca c rro-roneMH HaqanHH KanHTanaH
::rlil. IIpH TeXHuKo-MKOHOMMqeCKaTa npeueHKa sa nOMnMTe
TpSloBa Aa ce 14Ma npet\B14,D. M CTeneHTa Ha CHI'YPHOCT Ha
UllnaTa BOAOCHaO.tlMTenHa CMCTeMB.
ce nOHllTHeTO K a B 14 T a
U M H e H 3 a n a c, HapHqaaO ome H S 11 14 W e H
CMYKBTeneH Hanop Ah,
3a 6esKaaHTaU140HHa pa60Ta Ha nOMnaTa e He06xo.tlH
MO HallsH'aHeTO R Ha BXOAB Ii .tIa nO-I'OlIllMO OT
KPHTHtiHOTO, T. e. OT Hanopa hiJ aa HaCHTeH14Te nap14 Ha
npenOMnsaHaTa Bona (p, ') hen) . npOT14BeH cnYtiaR rrOMna
Ta KaBHTHpa pa60TaTa Hce enomasa. 3a Aa He ce CTM
ra AO TaKOBa OTHOCMTenaaTa eHeprHH aa no
TOKa npH BXOAa Ha nOMnaTa, OTHeceHa l<'hM OCTa H (npH
XOpHSOHTanHa nOMna), Tpll6sa na AOCTaT'htiHa 9a
OCHrYPHBaHe Ha Cl<OPOCTH H YCl<OpeHHSI B nOTOl<a M sa npe
O.tlOnRBaHe Ha Ges Aa cnaAa MeCTHOTO
aangraHe AO CTeneH Ha nOSlBHBaHe Ha
C TOBa pewaaamo SaatleH14e 14Ma He aGconlOTHaTa
CTOHHOCT Ha OTHOCHTenHaTa eHeprMSI Ha nOTOKa, a HeRHO
TO npeBHmeHHe Han eHeprHRTa, Ha Ha
nSiraHeTO Ha HaCHTeHHTe napM Ha Sona,
T.e.
h
P. v.
2
,
A :+ --h. ;..
r 2'J'lV'
(1. 39)
KoeTO, OTHeceHO sa npaKTH4eCKH uellH, SHatiH tie
H,.".
,,,
= tip - h
oAK cc
- tI h . (1.40)
3a BeSKa nOMna M14HHManHa CTORHOCT 4h .'
, ",.It
nOA KOgTO B nOMnaTa ce nonYtiaBaKaB14TaUHR.
He e TPYAHO Aa ce pas6epe. tleHa Mal<CHManHaTa lire
OTI"OBapg An . Hll14
mtn
H :: H -h . (1.41)
. rr:. f71Q.X "Car cC mtn
3a OnTHManHaTa CMYl<aTeIlHa reOAeSHtiHa BHCOtlHHa ce
nOnYtiaBa
H :f.l -h -.1h (1.42)
rc.opt Cc opt
A h .I.:: fiJh . .
. 01'. m,71 ,
'1= 1,1 1,5.
C'bSeTCKHHT HscneAOBaTen C.C.PYAHes e nOlIYt:IHn.iI.lop-
MYnaTa
A h ' - !'O( 'f1 Vii)%
m,n- _. (1.43)
C '
K'hneTO C e cToAHOCT, 9aBHcema OT Koe<liHl.\MeHTa 1Ia
30XOAHOCT 11$ Ha naneHaTa nOMrra, nOCOtieHa B Ta6n. 1.3.
3 nOMnM H nOMneHH CT8HUHH
32
33
12 =3
t
G571V'ii
.s Ht
(1.44)
Ta6n'Hl(a 1.3
71$
c
so - 70
--
600 - 750
70 - 80
ROO
80 - 150 r 150 - 250
800 - 100011000 - 120
n - 'leCToTa aa
npH nOMllH C ASycTpaHHo BTH'Iane ea M.!ICTOTO
ce npHeMa t//2 ..
ea Q
1. 3. 9. Han 0 p H a U e H T P 0.6 e Z H a
nOM n a
CMYKaTelIHaTa BHCO'lHHa HS l(eHTpo6elKHa noe.. C'bI'llaCHO
C'bC C'bllteCTBYBaIitHTe $IfSHt.{eH saK08H e CTporo orpaHH
'leua. ClIeAOBaTenHO HSKaqBaHeTo ea KaTO. ce HS
nOlISYBa CMYK8TeneaTa cnoco6HOCT Ha ueeTPoGe.aaTa nOM
C'bIltO e orpaHHt.{eHO. nOQTH SRear" HYEAHTe HSHCK
BaT H3nOMnBaHeTO Aa CTaBa as no-ronRMa BMCO'lHHa. sa
KO.!lTO uen ce HanOlIaY'saH cnOC06HOCT
6elKHaTa nOMna - Manop.TasH
cnoco6HOCT HMaT BCH'lKH SHnose nOMnH. 3a QeHTpo6elKHH
Te nOMnH Teop.eTH'IHO TSI e - OrpaHH'IaBa
ce caMO OT na H Ha HanopHHB
Tp'b6onpoBOA. noC C'ttl! _"a .1.( ..
C'bSAaBa Manop onpeAelIH
Iia H __- __m__' .. __ '--h'-' --._
il: _"!_.ff.8_'1'.s.JL a. f.10 P H a B 0
..H. JJ. a e ..NelltttY KotMte ltarfoMeTPHt{HHSI
l(eHT'bpIHi H3XOAHaTa lia UeU1'lH:-elKHt1Ta nOMna ..;
-kpaH-ifa- JI:oPnYca (liaIIOPHaTa ipt;lfa Ita n"MtlaTa) H
.. Ctlo60,l.:;;";OTO BOAlfQ_HH.J3CLJ3.JLe.sepSCl4pa. B KoRTO nOMIlaTa
ii'aiia" Cn)?H 3aYCTBaHe ttciE.!gba:). TUH AeqlU
HHUHH "s"axopD9'OWNUHHi H BepTHKal1lUf
IlamtH H MHOrOCT'bnanHH IleHTpo6elCHH nOMnH.
pa60Ta Ha nOMna rOlIBMaTa a6co
nroTHa CKOPOCT npeAHSBHKBa rongMa TaHreHIlHanHa CKOPOCT
u2 ' KOE70 e npHQHHa sa Ha KHHeTHt{Ha
34

Ta eHeprHH B Hanop. TaKa 'Ie C'bSAaAeHH.!IT Hanop npH HS
XOAHaTaTP'bt::Sa Ha IleHTPo6
F
lICHaTa nOMna e TpaHC$opMHpaHa
Ta KHHeTHqHa eHeprHH . A6conmTHOTO,HanHriHe UPH
H9XO)l8 ce OSHa'iaBa C. e, 9/$Hr'. 1. 28/
'''B c'.t>lItoiO::::'a:p.eM8--Ha ' . ..
cBo6oAHaT8,sO)lK8. no.- //"
BYBa
............._...:a..:
B'bPXHOC,T B .pe,gep,B.. 08.pa...A,eAcT. /r
2
npH TOBa p >R, .TasH no-
CTOHHHO :
-, "<,, ,
pa3JiHi(a MeZAr ...H Pa.'
C'bsnasaaa
Ha H npHt{H- I
P2
V
2
sa sa-nO'CTc.S!l!R!5 l'l
aae ':
r
I
p hCH
"
HanopHHH Tp1.6onpOBoA .:,
.
.......... 2
H P .. ..
a
.., -
HOM .e TP ll,tta a T a
Han 0' P R.. ae H
C 0 'l If H a aa l(eH
Tpo6elKHaTa nOMIla.KO.HTO " <l>Hr .. 1 .28
ce onpe)lenH qpes Hspasa '
=
Pz
r
- R
n , 7T2
"""
.) (1 45)
TasH BHCOqH,Ha ce perHCTpHpa OT ..l
paH'(5ll1f90"'nO"1r9xona Ha" nOMna.
M a HOM e T p 11 if HaT a H a n'''o''1S H a B H
C 0 q H H a saBHCH OT KOHCTPYKIlHgTa' H OT 6POH Ha CT'b
nalIaTa (pa6oTHHTe Konena) Ha nOMna.
06HKHOBeHO eAHO pa601':1C' }(orreno (eAHI) CT'bnano) C'b9Aa
sa Hanop OT 10 - 30 m so.o.eH cT'bn6. ..
reo .0. e 9 H RaT. e a n 0 P H a B H C 0
'I ;1 H a MO:n1e Aa o'bAe paSHa Ha Hyna H
oTPHuaTenHa s saBHCHMOCT OT BsaHMaOTO pasnonOlKeaHe
aa reOMeTpH'IHHR neHT'bp aa HSXOAHaTa Tp'b6a H BOAHOTO
HHBO B pesepBoapa. B nocneAHHH cnyqaA HanopHHHT TP'b
6onposOA AeAcTBYBa KaTO cHlpoa.
AKo HanopHHHT Tp'b60npOBOA e AOCTaT'bt.{HO A'blI'br H
no Hero HMa C'bnpOTHBneHHH, MaHOMeTpH'IHaTa aanopHa
COqHHa MOlKe Aa He 6'bne C'bmHH 3HaK KaKTO reOAeSHt{
HaTa HanopHa BHCOqHHa.
MellCAY H Map
HOMeTpHt.{HaTa HanapHa BHCOqHHa. KORTO ce -no
crre.o.HHH Hat{HH.
'.
35
3a OCRosa cnYEH ypaOHeHHeTO Ha SepHYRH
P /1'2
+ r + ---zg-:: CQn.s'/ (1.46)
.KaTo ce npHROEH TOBa yPaSHeHHe sa ABe CeqeHHSI (!of'
H 2 - 2 /cPHr. 1.28/ H OCTa Ha nOMIlaTa ce npHeMe
paBHHHa Ha cpaBHeUHe, sa CetfeHHe " - fl Moze na ce Ha
nHllle
o . ,;2,
(1.47)
K'hAeTO Jl
r1-lf
e Hanop B HanopHHSI
r
npH Ha nOMuaTa,r.n;
- CKOpOCTTa Ha BOnaTa npH HSXOna Ha nOMna
Ta"m/s;
;:,2
-1_
CKOPOCTHHHT Hanop npH HSXOna Ha nOMnaTa,m.
29
3a CetfeHHe 2 - 2
MOEe Aa ce HanDe
,
1I Pa. L
r7r + -- + --- .,.. "eN
,N r 29
(t .48)
B
KbneTO
e HanopHaTa BHCOqHHa OT aTMoccPepaoTo Ha
r nHraHe npH cBo6oAHaTa BOnHa
B HanopaHH pesepBoap, m;
l1; - CKOpocTTa lila SOnaTa s aanopHHg pesepBoap.
mls'
, .
NTH - reOAeSHqHaTa HanopHa BHCOqHHa, "";
heN - sary6aTa Ha Hanop B HanopHHH
(HanOPHH sary6H), m.
KaTO ce npHpaBHSlT AB8Ta Hspasa, ce nonyqaBa
Po /1'.2 B
0+ _l_.,.---L-= H .,. -t _:..L.,. II
r 2'1.. rll r 21J eN
(1.49)
. l';2
T'.bU KaTO' .......:.L
e MHoro ManKa SenHqHHa (nopanH 1'0
29
DSIMOTO CeqeHHe Ra pe3epBoapa B cpaBHeHHe CeqeHHe
TO H8 TH MOEe ce npeHe6perae.
KaTo ce peWH nOCOtfeHOTO paBeHCTBO no OTHoweHHe Ha
reo,neSHqHaTa HanopHa BHCOqHHa, ce nonyqasa
,,-2
H ; Ii -Pa. .,. _2__ h m
rtf r . 21 eN' I

36
l
Pi - Po.
K'bneTO I{MAN
e MaHOMeTpHqHaTa eanopHa BHCO
r qHHa.
CnenOBaTen!LQ_________--...
//---- v.,2
(1.51)
T.e. m,
1:
2
H -I{ +-2-_h m
(1. 52)
rN - HAIl 29 eN ' ,
nOJ<asBa..... __
onpeneJUI KaTO CYMa OT reo,ti.esHif.fii'fa HanopHa BHCOqHHa,
B3eTa-"C"HeftltKK SHaR ( +.--U-; -),J:I HanopHHTe B
Hanop
e '
2f "
1ary6HTe Ha Hanop B HanopHHs ce H3
qHCnSlSaT no
(h :.- ,
(1 .53)
eN .) 21_//
i. ca sary6HTe Ha HanOP sa nHHeeH OT
TP";6onpOBona (XHnPaslUNHHH HiooIoH), m j
1/
2
saryt'iHTe Ha Hanop OT MeCTHH
Zs
HHK (06paTH8 Knana, cnHpaTeneH KpaH,
KoneHa H np.), 711;
e CKopocTTa Ha SOnaTa B HanOpHHg
7n/S i
f - Ha HanopHHS 7.n.
1. 3. 10. 0 6 m Han 0 P
H a q e H T P 0 6 e Han 0 M n a
3a HSKaqBaHeTO Ha BOna nBe TOqKH c paSlIHqHa
BHCOqHHa HlIH sa Ha BOna MeE
ny nBe TOllKH, KOHTO MoraT na Ha enHa H Han
MopCKa BHCOqHHa, HO ca c
KOHTO HMa roneMH (nee H
.
he
N
',)" ce
Hsnon3YBaT H Ha qeHTP06eEHaTa nOM
na -
Ha'tlopHa
---tosif"!!anop ce, onpenenSl KaTO pasnHKa cneqHcPHq
Ha-'tae;:;eprl!Jt... (eHeprHSlTa-Hall<g- '--so;aa)'npH .'-.
H3XOna OT nOMnaTa H npH Bxona B HeR B 1n BOneH
... -" ---- ..
37
lII,;-ji'?Q
\
,
06m.aTa TettHOcTTa e
.. 2"
. .p ". II \.
e::: H 1" -_ ___ . l
r 21 (1.54)
KaTo ce npHeMeli8 paBHHHa 3a cpaBHeHHe BO}:tHOTO
HHao a ttepnaTenHHH pesepBoap, nonyttaaa ce
Ta eHeprHg H8 Bo}:taTa (sa 1 ka Bona)
eHeprHK Ha npH BXOna HanOM
naTa (ceqeHHe 1 -1) e
---......-.
2'
A
e =-E .,. -'-'i-
f f r
2g
(l.SS)
P, e aOconWT
HOTO HanHraHe
npH BXOna Ha nOM
naTa, Pa;
r -oOeMHoTo Ter
no aa TettHOcTTa,
All""' ;
Zt - reO}:te3HttHa
Ta CMYKaTenHa aH
11 ,v,
1,
P2,V2
I
-T--
11'
I
hC.H
'X...
COttHHa fire' m .
. ,
-
aa BonaTa npH
axo}:ta Ha nOMnaTa.
m/s.
eHep
rHg Ha BOnaTa npH H3XO
'<, }:ta aa nOMnaTa (cetteHHe
. /' .... I' ) e
2
<I>Mr.1.29 Vi
e -,l .". - 1" -- , (1 56)
2 -" r 2<;
A e a6conWTHo'ro Ha1l5lraae npH H3XO}:t8 aa nOM-
Z naTa, Pa;
- CKopocTTa aa .aO}:taTa nPHH3XO}:ta Ha n0Mfl8Ta, mls.
CneAoaaienHO eHeprHK.Ta, KO$lTO ce. npe}:t8aa. nOM
naTa Ha TettHocTTa, HnH OOll{HSlT Manop lI{e
2 .
II:. v.
e
.
H=e-e= Pz-P,.,. 2-1,777. (157)
2 f.r
AKO a TOSH Hspas ce npHOaS" H HsaaAM
nonyttaaa ce
H= P;-P4
r .,.
fa.
r
r
s!:.2 11:
2
Z - f
29
\
)
.I
(1.58)
KaTO
P2 -Pa_H
r . !fAN
e aa
P2-Pa
--S
_ij
ak
e Ha
7TI, }:to
r .6.HBa.. BJfnl!.
., .... 2

H-H +H .,.
- iVAH !a.x .
2g
(1.59)
Cne}:toa8TenHO 06m.H$lT Hsnop
C,06l1{aTa nOneMHa BHco'lHHal J!,asea aa CYMaTa OT OT'lH-' f\
:rj\HHRTa Ha saKXYMMeT1>pa H MOHTHP!HH npH' J :
!j00,ga '! H9XOna Ha nOMn8Ta, JI
HanopH npH H9xona . HBxona ua nOMnaTa. ./
npH npOeKTHPaHe Ha nOMneH-H CTaHIJ;HH 06l1{HSlT Hanop
ce no cnenHHB HaqHH. KaTo ce saMeCTSlT B no-
COqeHOTO ypaSHeHHe HspasHTe .
';:2
H =J.I -1- __,_.,. h
(1.60)
SQ.t rc 2j CC
H Z
v.
H =J./ - __2_.... h
/IIIall rc 2g ell
(1.61)
H KaTO ce HMa npenSH}:t, qe 06l1{aTa reOneSHqHa BHCOqHHa
Ha nOneMa e
Hr '" H
rc
... HrH '
a XHApaBltH'lHHTe HanopHH sary6H no nenHSl
OT qepnaTenHHB }:to HanopHHH pesepBoap ca
(1.63)
he :: '" helf h
ec
nonY'laBa ce
11':2 v.;2 1:.
2
..,2
H:::H .,.....:..L.,./, +H -......L+h...,. L::...!:..!.
rc a: nl 29 ell
1 (1.64)
29
Hnl1
1:1 =1-1 .,. h,m .
. r c
(1.65)
cxeMa nOMnaTa, CMYKaTenHI1B H
MOlKe }:ta paSnnttHa no OTHome
RHe ua BSaHMHOTO BHCOqHHaTa Ha OCTa
39
38
:1
-.
ea nOMnaTa, Ha eaKYYMMeTbpa H Ha Ha MaHO
MeT'bpa. Tosa pa:3HOOOpaSHe MOxte Aa ce oClXBaHe qpe3 06
aaTa cxeMa, npeAcTaBeHa Ha 1.30, B'bS OCRosa aa
KOHTO Hanop e
v.,Z _ \1.
2
Z "
#= HD + H +Z .. (1.66)
DAf( I<fAH ,
K'bAeTO r =-,zf .,. 42 I
e eepTHKaRHOTO pa3cTO
HaHe MemAY OCTa ea
BaDa H MHCTOTO ea
MoeTHpaHeTO 'Ra Ba
KYYMMeTPHqHaTa TP'b
OHqKa, KoeTO HMa no
nOZHTenea HnH OTPH
uaTenea CToAHOCT;
;
!:tl
:J:
- BepTHKaDHOTO paSCTO
HHHe MemAY KOTaTa
Ha OCTa Ha BaDa H
KOTaTa Ha UeHT'bpa
H8 ea
MaHOMeTbpa, KoeTO
C'b.O HMa
Ha HnH
CToAHOCT.
AKo B8KYYMMeT'bp'bT H
MaHOMeTbp'bT ca
no cxeMaTa. nOCOqeHa Ha
OO.HHT Hanop Ha
nOMn8T8 ce HSqHCDHBa no HS
pasa t 2
., - V
t
H= H, .,.H +L.,'" ., ,m. (1 67)
NAW' &1 ' .


....J
t
1 .31
hc.c

NI
--t
AKO pa3nonozeHHeTO e KaTO nOCOqeHOTO Ha
,il )J,u ce llonyt.m H npli V"K'bM H81/K He ce npHOaB51
!!HIl\O, a K'bM OTqeTa Ha H;fI,4f{ ce npHOaB51 (- &2> . ToraBa
H=fI '-+/1 -L (1.68)
fAK MAH 2'
AKO OCTa Ha MBHOMeT'bpa e B nOJIOZCHH 2 Uia
nYHKTHp), K'bM OTqe'!'a Ha MaHOMeT'bpa ce npH6aB51 ( i!2 i"

H= II +11 -z 1'i!1 (1.69)
CAK ;!I,4ff '2 2
B cnyqaA 'Ie BO)J,aT8
ce )J,oBcz)J,a )J,o nOMnaTa
o;:J. Hanop 1.33)
lia CMYKaTenHH51 Tp'b60
npOBO)J" npH Bxo)J,a Ha
nOMTIaTa TpH6Ba )J,a ce
He BaKYYw.w
TbP, a MaHOMeT'bp. Tora
sa 06mHHT Hanop, npe)J, /1
H3Bl1KaH 01' nOMnaTa,. me
6'b)J,e:
no ype,UHTe
I
'-I=H -H +
NAff /'I/IH
1f,2 _ r.r.
2
+i!i"- 2 f
2;; '(1. 70)
(j>Hr. 1... 33
Kb)1eTO f!"AH ca nOKasa
, Ha MaHOMeT'bp f;
pa3CTOHHHeTO Mez,Uy OCHTe aa MaHoMeTpHTe;
- no H3qHCneHHe
H::. HrH - lire + hell + hee . l1.71)
1. 3. 11. K 0 e HUH e H T H a n 0 11 e 3 H 0
,U e it c T B Ii e H Mom HOC T H -a
U e H T P 0 6 e R a nOM n a
K 0 e H n Ii e H l' H a n 0 11 e 3 H
41
40
'eHeprHH. nopaAH Toaa K,n.A. e 6eSAHMeHCHOHHa
11; I BinlarH nO-Mi-nKaOT'enHtHft{a. 'I.feCTO K.n.A .ce'
Ba B %. "_._-_. ", . .
K.n.A. Ha nOMna e AeOHTeH,
BRHtJeH, MexaHHtJeH H ITbneH.
neOHTeH Ha noneSHO
nOTOK a nOMfna MHHaBa npes nOABH*HH H
HenOABHlItHH tJaCTH (QHr. 1. 34), Melll:AY KOHTO
C'HIJ,eCTByaaT xnaoHHH (HenJI'bTHOCTH, nY4JT) - HaH-BetJe npl1
aXOAaH HSXOAa Ha paooTHoTO Koneno.
npH Toaa Ha Bxoga Ha pa
60THOTO Koneno HanHraHeTO aa
TetJHOCT (BoAa)
. e P, }a npH HSXOAa nOA
neHcTBHeTo Ha TaSH pasnHKa B
HaRflraHeTO (p
z
- P,) tJaCT OT
TeqHOCTTa C AeoHT npOTHqa
npes xnaoHHHTe no
Ha tJepTelll:a n'bT no nOCOKa OT
\ I)
P2 K'bM . ETo S aKO
t} e Ae6HT'bT, KOHTO nOMnaTa
HsnOMnB a, H q, - neOHT'bT. KOHTO
<1>H1'.1.34
UHpKynHpa B nOMnaTa npes XITa
B'bB BXOnHaTa tJaCT
l( +9 .
OTHomeHHeTo.,.J'A.= __ e__ H T e H
K. n. A. Ha nOMoaTa. KonKoTo nOMnaTa e nO-C'bB'bpmeHa,
TonKosa fA e nO-rOITHM. B C'bBpeMeHHHTe ueHTpo6elltHH
nOMnH P4 AOCTHra AO 0,995.
nOITeSHOTO neHcTBHe. B
npouecs HS pa60Ta B ueHTpOOelltHaTa nOMna ca HanHue
saryoH Ha Hanop, KOHTO HaMaDRBaT XHApaB
,ITHtJHHH Hanop, OT nOMnaTa npH npeMHHasaHeTO
Ha BOAaTa pa6oTHoTO KOITeno. XHApaBnHtJHHHT K.nA.
Px ce HspasRBa C OTHomeHHeTO
,
H
(1. 72)
fr =
tI + h
z
K'bAeTO H e Hanop HS nOMnaTa;
h ca Sary6HTe OT XHApaBDH4HH C'bnpOTHBneHHH B
oX nOMnaTa.
C'bBpeMeHHHTe u;eHTpo6elltHH nOMnH HMaT px" .OT 0,95
.0,0 0,96.
42

MexaHHtJeH Koe4JHUHeHT Ha noneSHOTO neHcTBHe. CTe
C;:J?B'bpmeHCTBO npenaBa.He
MexaH H SMHTe JLJ}.BJ5.nTAT!:l.H a yi:miTHStBam,IITe . .)!:cTpoAc!t!Ba-.c;e.,
MeiaHHqHHTe sary6H #HJ
ce A'bJIlItaT Ha TpHeHeTO B JIarepHTe H B cauHHUHTe, KaK
TO H OT TpHeHeTO Ha BOnaTa B'bB B'bTpemHHTe CTeHH Ha
pa60THOTO Koneno.
MeXaHHqHHflT ueHTpo6elltHaTa nOMna e
/
"",77 - CI .AI)
(1.73)
\ (/V
K'bAeTO At e Ha ueHTpo6elltHaTa nOMna;
AV
MJ
- H9pa9XOnBaHa sa MexaHHtJHH 9a
ry6H.
C'bBPeMeHHHTe ueHTpo6elltHH nOMnH HMaT 'fM OT 0,96
AO 0,97. .
O}5!g Koe!kHUHeHT Ha none3HOTO 8,f?HcTBHe.
K. n :1:- -JJl
qaCTHHTe (Ae6HTHHSI, XMApaBilHqHHSI H MeXaHHqHHH)K. n. n. :
'l ::: 7.4 'fx f,." .
(1.74)
06m,HflT K.n.A. Ha ueHTpo6elltHaTa nOMna onpeAenSi CTe
neHTa Ha C'bS'bpmeHCTBO Ha KOHCTPYKUHSlTa KaTO USIHO B
XHApaBITHQHO H MexaHHtJHO OTHomeHHe. B HaH-HOBHTe ueH
TpOOelltHH nOMnH n'bUHHSlT K.n.A. nocTHra f= 0,92.
ua ueHTpo6elltHaTa nOMna. eQeK
THBHaMoiiiHOCTlTeOPeTH'ti"ifan ce H9paSSlBa C
iilOPMYnaTa - ----

AV = r/}H ltv"i
II toDD" (1.75)
K'bneTO Q e Ae6HT'bT Ha nOMnaTa, mrs;
H - Hanop Ha nOMnaTa,nr;
..3
r - o6eMHoTo Terno; 9a BOAaTa r = 9.81.10 111m
3

Ha Ha ueHTpo6elltHaTa nOMna e
Iv.: - ra H tV (1.'16)
8 - lOaD? 1 ,
K'bneTO r; e n'bITHHSlT K.n.A. Ha ueHTpo6elltHaTa nOMna,KOH
TO ce naBa B KaTanora Ha 3aBOAa.
T'bH KaTO r-Q H - IV: MOllte na ce ManHme
tOOO'
f =
n

43
ITPH Ha Barra Ha nOMnaTa
Barra Ha (Hr.l.14) enaCTM4eH
Ten MOl.t\HOCTTa Ha ce no oPMynaTa

k e 3anaceH KoeHQHeHT, 4pe3 KOHTO ce B3eMaT
ce Ha H3
Ha
ce k ce npHeMa: HeMa:
npH MOl.t\HOCT 1 HI k = 1,3 'f 1,4;
npH MOl.t\HO,CT 1- 2 k'W k 1,2 'f 1,3;
npH MOmHOCT 2-5 HI k = 1,5 'f 1,25;
npH MOmHOCT 5-50 kW
k=l,25'f
1 ,15 ;
npH MOl.t\HOCT 50 kW'
k=l,05'f 1 , DB
ITPH mm
Ha nBH
lKenMeTO
;1( =j _'t_ 1
.4" PtIP

e
fl7?
1. 3. 12. X a p a K T e p H C T H K H
H a Q e H T P 0 6 e IK H a
nOM n a
KaToce 4e Ha QeH
Tpoerelliii"aTa"-nOMn"a e lla Hanop H"
:!.rracKsi-=li_?i3eC'tltQ KOnHt.feCTBo Q 1 MQl1Le.___
YliKl.UIOHanHaTa 3aBHCMMOCT Q
nOKa3aTen .-'"._
Q Ii H npH
Ha Ha pa60THOTO
x a p a K T $....P II C T
- f.1 lIB nellTpo6eIKHaTa nOMna.
ce TeopeTM4HS xspaKTepMCTMKa M PS60T
HH
3a ce 3aSHCHMOCTTS Q -H,HsnH3a ce OT
OCHOBHOTO YPBBHCHHe Ha QeHTpo6eIKHaTB nOMna (oPMynS
1.16). "
ITPM YCnOBHe,
qeCToTaTa Ha Ha pa6oTHoTO
Koneno e
nepHepHaTB CKOPOCT u e
nOCTOHHHa. 2
44
113MeHeHHeTO Ha Q npH 71 = const npBKTMt.feCKH ce M3
C H npHTBapHHe Ha cnHpaTenHHH KpaH,
MonTMpaH Ha HanopHMH
3a uenTa me Ha CKO-.
pOCTHTe npH Ha pa6oTKoTO Koneno
3a HopManeH De6HT a ce
OT CKOpOCTHTe "2 1 '11
2
H c
2
' npH KoeTO Ha Q
OTBCTCTBYBa CKOPOCT C ..
2r
I1PH H3MeHeH aX) HanpHMep HaManeR npM
TBapHHe cnHpaTcnHHH KpaH, ce YCTaHoBHBa HOBa (Ha
ManeHa) CKOPOCT C 7"X .
2
HanpaBneHHeTo Ha HOBaTa OTHOCHTenHa CKOPOCT W
2X
OCTaBa 3ana3BaHeTO Ha
OT 3aBHCHMOCTTa r; ;: C 2Jlr 8 1.27)
x 2rx z 2
MOlKe ce HanHille
ax
c
(1.77)
2rx .l!D 8
z
2
W
2
C2
___ .. U2
<1l11l'.1.3S
.llei1cTBHTenHaTa CTOHHOCT Ita C27"Z' npM
ce
B3eMa H CTeCHeHHeTO npH Ha pa60THoTO
Koneno, ce no opMynaTa
c - Oz
(1.7B)
2r.x - Jr11 t., ?
,
2 '2 2
12 e KOeHQMeHT, KOHTO oTpa3HBa BnMHHMeTO Ha
CTeCHeHHeTO npM Ha pa6oTHoTO KO
neno;
0,B7 'f 795 .
2
45
--------
.x
c
o QA
/
01' qe
"
I
Qa;. elgJi2
C =u - c
2w:r; 2 2 rx C 2 - U
2
- (1.79)

e
H = Uz (u _ Q df A ) ,
(1.80)
T i :2 Jf11 G. 'I
2 2 2
HnH
HT = Ul _u2 "9fi2 Q ,
9 t;i1tJ)282 \t'2
BCHqKH eneMeHTH ca seqe nOSHaTH.
ITPH 71 =C071.st u
2
ca nOCTOSlHHH.
ITPH Q= 0 I H ::' ::l ,KoeTO
7 ' .,
01' SepTHKanHaTa OC.
SaBHCHMOCTTa 0 - H e nHHeilHa.
0
3a TpHTe nOnaTKH . 1'. e. j3., 15 90 HA > 90
0
,
. c 2
saBHCHMOCTTa Q - H me ce C npaBH
ore C ,0'/3 H ot 1 .36) (}
, ITpencTaBnSlBa HHTepec cneUHsnHO cnyqaSlT 90
TasH xapaKTepHcTHKa, KaKTQ H xapaKTe
PHCTHKHTe H 0'8, Ha HneanHa TeqHOCT
H Ha Koneno C 6es6poil MHOro 6esKpailHo nonaT
KH.
ITPH KpaeH 6poil nonaTKH TeOpeTHqHHSlT Hanop e BH
HarH KoeTO ce BseMa qpes
Ta k Ha aKaneMHK r. ITpocKypa (QJopMyna 1 18) :
Hm
' I
B
0"

A

C 112<90
o Q,I/!o
<l>Hf'. 1 .36
1/ = Ie U2C2l(
(1.81)
T g
H,m
o

<l>Hr.1.37
TOBa OTpameHHe Mome natce HSP/sH C 01'
CeqKa, KORTO npH Q=O HMa f'OneMHHa U
z
-1 u; .Torasa
0
o T Il'S
npasaTa v ce HSMecTsa B nonomeHHe 0 'fJ. AKo Koe
Z: e nocTORHeH H He saBHCH 01' Q, nBeTe
npaBH me ce npeCHqaT Ha OCTa X B TOqKa C (B neilCTBH
TenHOCT HMa HeSHaqHTenHa pasnHKa).
OCBeH KpailHHH 6poil nonaTKH snHHHHe OKaSBaT H
paSnHqHHTe saryoH:
1. 3ary6HTe 01' TpHeHe B KaHanHTe aa pa6oTHoTO KO
neno H sary6HTe 01' paSnHqHHTe MeCTHH
(KPHBH, HSMeHeHHe Ha CeqeHHeTo).
ITopanH roneMHTe saTpynHeHHR, sa ce onpenenHT
TOqHO TeSH ce nPHeMa, qe Te ca TaKHBa, KaKBH-,
TO 6Hxa 6HnH npH HenOnBHmHO pa60THO Koneno, T.e.
" 2 '
'hi =f (f}) '. h =.s Q e napa60na C BP'bX B
J
HaqanOTO Ha KQOpnHHaTHaTa CHcTeMa (QJHr.l.38).
KaTO ce HSBanSlT OpnHHaTHTe Ha TaSH napa60na 01'
Ha npaBaTa oHe ce nonyqaBa
KPHBaTa !J .
47
i

46
2. 3aryoHTe OT
YAap npH BXOAa H H3XO
AS (HanpaSITHSamHH ana
paT) Ha pa60THOTO KO
'.m r '!" Q'
neno;
11seTe 3Bry6H CB
nponopUHOHunHH Ha BOA
HOTO KOnHqeCTSO H
raT Aa ce npeACTaBHT
C napaoona C

SPbX Ha OCTa X H C
Q.I/s
aOCIU1ca Q;I 39) ,
KbAeTO Q
A
e H3QHC
<!lHr.1.38 nHTenHHRT (6e3YAapHH
HT) pa3XOA.
KaTo ce H3SaA5!T 0j2J\HH8Tl1Te Ha TaSH napaoona OT
OPAHHaTHTe Ha KpHBaTa !J. I nonyqaBa ce KPHBBT8
r . 1 37)
H,m t
1
2
h2 = s2Q
o
QA Q.lIs
<!lar.l.39
KpHB8T8 IJ!., nOllY4eHa npH OT4HTaJleTO Ha BCHQKH
sarYOH, CBbp3aHH C ABHEeHHeTo Ha S ueHTpooeE
HaTa nOMna, ce HapHqa x a p S K T e p H C T H K a
Q-H Ha ueHTpooeEHaTa nOMnB
npM ASAeHB 4eCTOTB Ha BbpTeHe.
He ca B3eTH npeASHA 3Bry6HTe npH AeoHTa Q,
KOHTO ce npeAH3BHKSST OT npOTH4BHeTO HB BOAaTa npe3
xnB6HHHTe. TesH sBry6H npeACTBBllHBBT 2 - 5% H 3STosa
AaBaT MBm<H H3MeHeHHH Ha XBpBKTepHCTI4KBTB G- H .
TeopeTH4HoTO nOCTpOHBBHe HB xBPBKTePHcTHKBTB-Q He
CBbP3BHO C rorreMH TPYAHOCTH nopBAH MHoroopoHHHTe
KOHTO He ce nOAAasaT HB T04HO H34HcneHHe.
3aTOBa npaKTH4eCKH TH ce nonY4asB onHTHO npa Heno
cpeACTBeHOTO H3nHTBBHe Ha nOMDBTa B naEopBTopHHTa Ha
3uriona npOH3BOAHTen.
H3nHTBaHeTO ce onpeAerrHT 06mH5!T Hanop H, Kofi
cb3AaBa, H HeooxoAHMaTa MOUl.HOCT N 3a CbOT
BOAllH KOnH<!eCTBa. 1 Q H AI ce OT4HTaT C H3
DPH
;'0 nOMnaTa
eTHHTe
tIhH ..
Ype3
11
lHT
,'!Kl!
j':ldBHd
OWl' II
ypeAH.
y ___ c I1M,OC T H:r e,Q Ii... .. Q::LV1LJ{-:-7-,J'f':-.
3 aB H C HMO C T 11 ce ....':!ll.:;t.Xpalill,ll.40- .KO H TO Ce
"p-a:-5"OT H H"-'-"'-..... .
ce nOCTpOHBBT"no CITenHHH
oTBapHHe HITM 3aTBapHHe Ha cnHpaTerrHHR
aanopHHH Tpb6onpoBOn ce nonyqaBaT paSnU4Hl1 ne6HTH
cboTBeTcTBYBamHTe HB THX 06mH aaHOpl-! 1-/ npH
C011S. f[orrytleHHTe nBOHKH CTOHHOCTH Ha Q H H CI1
B eAHa KOOPAHHBTHa CI1CTeMa ( f) - H) Cepl1H OT
Ic!JHr.1.40j. KUTo cc CbeAl1HHT nonY4eHHTC 'rOtH<;;
TIHHI1H I Har.-mpa ce KpHBaTa Q- H .
3 BpeMe HB Ha 3a BCeKI1 ne-I
MOEe ,,\a ce H3MepBa 11 H3pa3XOnBaHaTa 1
H,m
T
I
N,kW
50
0\ I
LO
J:u't;l"
75
1
so
25
,
o
<!lHr.1.40
''"'
CTOHllOCTH Ha a H onpe,o;enHT B eAHa \
I<OOPAHHaTHa cnCTeMa Q- N cepHH OT T04l<H. npn CbeAH-1
HHBaHCTO Ha T04KHTe c nnaBHa nHHHH ce nonY4asa
l<PHBj
49
nOMnM M nOMnCHM CTaHQMM
48
__ HSpaSSISa 3aBHCHMOCTTa M':*AY ,ne6HTa Ha
nOMnaTa H M.0IltHOCTTa Ha Balla Ha nOMnaTa npH 71 =const.
KaTo ce 3HaSiT. a H H, MOlKe no cbOPMYlla (1 .75) ,na
ce H3ttHCl1H noneSHaTa aa nOMnaTa. 3a BCSKa
,nBOitKQ' Q H H ce SHae C'bInO #", cne,nOBaTellHO necHo'
MOlKe ,n8 ce HSttHCllH . Ha nOMnaTa:
rf}f/\,
'i'.: /II. = tOOO#. (1 .8
2
)
8. '8 Q
cecepHSI OT TOttKH -l .

nOMnaTiC-nx;n; ):(.
OT qm1'. 1.40, Ha?max (MaKcHMallHa-
Ta CTOitHOCT Ha K. n.,n. )C'bOTBeTcTDysa ,neGHT'bT f}A H
HanOp'bT J./,4
TOttKa' A Ha xapaKTepHCTHKaTa Q- N, C'bOTSeTCTSY
aa 7) HapOtta onTHMallHB paGoTHa TOttKa, T'bit
,mOJ' .
KaTO OT1'OBapR Ha onTOManHHH pa60TeH pelKHM Ha
6elKHa'T'a nOMna.
XapaKTepHCTHKaTa a-H Ha nOMna
CcbH1'.l.41) MOlKe ,na 6'b,ne:
al C MaKCHMYM (f);
61 none1'aTH (2);
sl CTP'bMHH 0) ,
H.m
Ho
...........
'-'-(
Ho
:r
Hor.
,
06AOcm Ha l-leycmOU4uOO
" paj!oma HO u.n
".
f'
11>81'. 1 .4J
CTp'bMHHHaTa Ha xapaKTepHCTHKaTa O-H ce onpe,nel1)\
ttpes - -
(110 - 1-1" ) fOO 0
kP "" Hi!. - J f (1 8 3 )
e HanOp'bT Ha nOMna npH pa-
K'b,neTO
Ho
60Ta C'bC saTDopeH cnHpaTeneH KPaH( Q:O);
riA - HanOp'bT npH MaKCHMBnHaTa cTOitHOCT Ha
K.n.,n.
.
llolle1'BTHTe xapaKTepHcTHKH HMaT CTp'bMHHHa 8 12%,
a CTp'bMHHTe - 25 30 \.
llPH HsnOllSYBaHe Ha eneKTpoHHoH3ttHCrBlTelIHa TeXHH
K8 sa onpe,nensHe pelKHMa Ha pa60Tk CTaH
e He06xo,nHMO ,na ce saae aHallHTHttHHST BH,n Ha xa
R,..aKTePHs.:n!KliT.a.. HA-. nOMJ;!lH.!ll. c_ --:=,!.:!tLc:::t__: ._.c_ "' ..... .'
Hait-TOttHO xapaKTepHcTHKaTa Q-H Ha e,nHa Bo,nocHa6
,nHTenHa nOMna ce Kspa3S1Ba aHallHTHttHO C
ypaBHeHHeTO Ha II'bllHa napa60na
..,."._-_..._.--- 2 "'\1
H ::: Ho "f at r; .,. a r; l' (1 .84)
z
........... ", . ----------/ ,
e CTOHHocTTa Ha Hanopa, KORTO C'b3,naBa nOM
K'b,neTO H(}
naTa npH 3aTBopeH cnHpaTeneH KpaH, T.e.
npH Q = O.
a, H ca KOHc:aHTH c nonOlKHTellHa HlIH OTpHuaTell
Ha CTOHHOCT, KOHTO saBHCRT OT cbopMaTa
aa xapaKTepHCTUKaTa Q H Ha nOMnaTa.
06HKHOBeHO xapaKTepHCTHKaTa r; - H ce orpa
HHttaBa B onpe,neneH HHTepBan, KoitTO C'bOTBeTCTBYBa Ha
Hait-ronHMaTa CTOitHOCT H 61lH3KHTe ,no HeR CTOitHOCTH Ha
K.n.,n. Ha nOMnaTa. B T09H HHTepBan
__ ..
... .. .. na.E.!!-60n a
f
". H = Ho - a 0
2
. (1 8 5 )
....-
3a nOBetteTQ,.Kaaa,nHs..a...!J,.HOIHHI UeaTP.QQelKHHtI0J-fnH TO
3H HHTepBan 0'1' xapaKTepHcTHKaTa MOlKe na ce H3pa3H
aHanHTHttHO C ypaBHeHHeTo Ha npaBa
.' (1. 86)
,,_.-...._- . /'
Ha KOHCTaHTaTa Ho' KORTO yqaCTBYBa B)
(1.84), ce onpe,n&IlR, KaTO OT
,neHa B ce OTtlHTaT TPH CTOHHOCTH Ha BO,nHOTO
KOnHtleCTBO Qf I Q H Q!J, aa TPH CTOH
2
51
50
,....
HOCTH Ha Hanopa lit J /-Iz H H,3' Ii ce C'bCTaBHT TPH ypaB
HeHti'H:
/.I =- H f-Q fl +a
f (1 f 1 2 f
2
H2 =f..Io '1'a
1
lii ra.
e
q2. ;
=Ho ..... a, Q,3 ra.
2

pewaBaHe HCl TeSI1 ypasHeHHH ce
sa Ho . li--f(cijicTaHTHTe a.( H a.
g
,
3a onpenellHHe Ha KOHCTaHTaTa yqaCTBysa
B (1.85) li (1.86).,e nOCTaT'bllHO na 6'bne C'bCTaBeHa li
peweHa CHCTeMa OT nBe ypasHeHliR, B KOHTO na yqaCT
BYBaT CToftHocTHTe Ha '1 If Qz H C'bOTBeTHHTe HM CTOH
t
HOCTH Ha H4 H H2 .
XapaKTepliCTHKaTa f.( - A8 MOlKe na ce H3pasH aHanH
THtlHO c aRanOI'HlIHH ypaSHeHtHI;
t, Q ,
(1.87)
..... It;.
1. 3. 13. X a p a K T e p H C T H K a
H a T p 'b 6 0 n p 0 BOn
."
XHnpaBnHqHHTe
els , MOlKe na
H 3 P a 3 H a x a p a K
T e--p If C T H KaT a HaT P 'b 6 0 n p 0 B 0 )l. B'b 3
OCHOBa Ha KasaHOTO no-rope MOlKe ./lac-e- HanHwe
h = h1 + h2 I
K'b)leTO h1 ca llHHeHHHTe XH)lpaBllHqHH 3ary6H Ha Hanop, m;
h2-MeCTHHTe 3ary6H HaHanop, m.
CTOHHOCTTa Ha h1 ce onpe)lellg S'h3 OCHOBa Ha
ypasHeHHeTO
,r;:;-;" '.il]2 1) h V
Q=F. r/':: FCvRJ =T C if' e 1 (1.88)
52
e caeTllOTO HanpetlHO CeqeHHe Ha TP'hOOnpOBon
a

K'b)leTO F,
( m2 .
I
Ha TP'h60npOBon
a
, m;
]J - AHaMeT'bp'hT
_ xHApaBllHqHHHT paAHycsa n'bnHH Kp'bI'nH
R
cetleHHH )

_ CKOPOCTHHHT -t ' B'bB
c
Ha IDe3H;
ca XH)lpaanHqHHTe 3aI'y6H 3a 1m 0'1' )l'bl1)l!lutaTa
J
Ha rOllPOBOna , mm
(J= T)'
KaTo ce pewH paBeHcTBOTO no OTHoweHHe Ha
h (B cnytlaSl TPSl6aa }J.a ce C h4),rIony-qaBa ce
61( efJ 2
(1.89)
h :: ..--2{/])5 ' m "
f
,.e N
AKO sa KpaTKOCT ce o::matlH ""ze
2
=5,(189) A06!i1
Ba BHAa 11. 1J 1
(1.90)
5 Q2
f
OTHOCHO MeCTHHTe XH}J.paBnHtlHH HanopHliI 3ary6H,KaTO
ce Hsnese 0'1' BallC6aX
Q2
MOlKe na ce HanHwe
h2=L.S2irLSZ'F2) (1.91)
.... --97_ .. 9
HITH (1.92)
,//h = 52 q2 )
z
H3pa3HTe
Cne}J.OBaTenHO, KaTO ce HMaT npeABH)l
(1.90) H }J.a ce
h (51 +S2)Q2;
(1.93)
(' h:: siji\ ....--
'" - - - -
K'hneTO C 5 i? =5, f 52 '
(1.93) e aHanHTHtlHHHT Hspas Ha saBHCH
MOCTTa h "=J
r p-a <b H tl H 0 H 3 06 P a IK eHwe--lr-a--x a
p a K T C 'T H KaT a HaT :r;L'b. 6 o. nll 0
l3 0 )l. BC'hIll.HOCT TOBa e rpaqmqHOTO npe}J.CTaBRHe sa -H9
pasa (1.93). .. . .
npe)lCTaBllSlBa OT BTop.a.-G'I'e
lIeHC----BP'liX--BIfa1:taif6To-'-HaKoop-jiHHaTHaTa CHCTeMa Q - H
,, __.... ___ __ _____p""'_ c--'
53
---
H OCHa napa6011aTa - SepTHKanHaTa OC J..J (I);>Hr.1 .42).
tIePTae ce caMO pea,llHaTa tlaCT Ha napal50naTa - qaCTTa
OT n'bpSH KBa,npaHT, H ce 09HatlaSa c E. HSMe.HeHHe.TO
__ __n.QJlYyaBa (c:Hon) napa6011H OT e.llHH H
C'bm BH,n, KOHTO MHHasaT npes HatlanOTO Ha Koop,nHHaTHaTa
CHC'reMa, HO ca pasnHtlHO CTP'bMHH (E" ,E ),
CTOHHOCTTa
2
Ha oS MO'lKe ,[I a
ce KaTO ce 51
H,m
HnH $2 '
3a ,[Ia,neH Tp'b60npOBO,[l c onpe
,neneH KoeI);>Hl.\HeHT a C'brnaCHO
/1.89/ ce HSMeHSlsa cMeTKa Ita
HeroBaTa "F -,Ha--,nHa
MeT'bpa MY HnH H Ha ,nBaTa l);>aK-
Topa e,nHOBpeMeHHO
..96.H]<JJOBeHO ,n'bn)J:HHaTa Ha TP'b-
El 60npOBo,na e onpe,neneHa OT TepeH-
HHTe ycnODHH no TpaceTO H OT
E
paSCTOSlHHeTO Me)J:,ny nOMneHaTa
cTaHUHSI H HanopHHSI pesepBoap.
nOpa,p;H TOBa H3MeHel:laeT,O Ha xa
paKTepHCTHKaTa ce.
.." Ha ,nHaMeT'bpa .1L, .
o Q I/s flPH nOCTpoeH neQEf--rP'b60npo
BO,n(t=C077"t HJ]=C/JrJS't) MO)J:e'
Hr.l.42 ,na ce H3MeHSI caMO S2' Tosa 'CTa
HaM-necHo, KaTO ce
Ha cnHpaTenHHSI KpaH tlpes paSnHtlHa CTe
'ileiI-iia nj;>HTBttpsnteTo MY. IIPH n'bllHO OTBapnHe HacnHpa
T:"enHHg--'KP8.ii--.-ripifBO,nHMOCTTa Ha Tp'b6onpOBo,na e C Hafl-Man
KHC'bnpOTHSneHHn H cne,nosaTenHO xapaKTepHCTHKaTa MY e
HaH-noneraTa. IIPH Han'bnHO saTBopeH cnHpaTeneH KpaH
ca 6eSKpaHHO roneMH, xapaKTepHCTHKaTa
ce CIUHta.CBe'pTflKanHaTa OC Ha.
npOBo,uHMOc.T.Ta e paSHa Ha Hyna.
a. Ha e,nHopO,[leH

I:lapuya ce ..e..1l.!f H H t.I. e. E... e.[IHH .KlIOH.
a e e,[lHopo,n.ea lUilla-raMY ,n'bn)J:HHa 8 ,nHaMeT'bp'bT
p e
nonO)J:eHHe 3a ,na,neH Tp'bGonpoBon e ,na
"HMB H3BeCTHa reo,neSHtlHa pa311HKa Me'lKnY HatlallOTO Ii KpaSI
MY, sa ,na ce H3KaqBa Bo,na. KoraTo Tp'bGonpOBOn'bT HSIMa
pa3HHKa S KOTHTe Ha HatlaHOTo KpaSI, qpe3 Hero l);>aKTH
qeCKH He ce npeo,nonHBa reOne3HtlHa BHCOtlHHa. no TaK'bB
Tp'b6onpOBO,n BOnaTa caMO ce npeMeCTBa. j1.93/
H npe,nCTaBllHBaT H rpal);>HtleH BHn Ha
3aBHCHMOCTTa h =J (Q) Ha XOpH30HTaneH TP'b6onpOBon,
T.e. Te ca tlaCTeH cllyqaH. .
r
B 0
____ ......
T'" -lU1I11"1I11111
::t: "" 111111111
oI,IJlllil ll
_______ "'1.)1111
lie

A o 'E' Q,ljs
. i
Q
.
H'.1.43
. T'
"yrv"
// A j.<V'" .
___--- 11/
Hr e reoneSH':-lHaTa pa311HKa Me)KnY H
K'b,[leTO
Kp.Bt Ra Tp'b6
KoraTo BOnaTa ce nBH)KH no rpaBHTal.\HSI, T.e. OTrope
Han'1l1Y (nonoc6i<ii 8Ar..--:XIi1:!aI<TePHCTiiKiiTa--ceo6p'bma KaTO
o6pa3' HS. E (I);>Hr. 1
MeTplt>iTa o "::;'''U---. Ka-alfHT1fi fHH}1'rH3pas B TaK'bB cnytr'aH
e .1 .. --- ........ - ..
H = - 5 (1.9S)
A6cl.\HCaTa Ha TOGKa C B npHeTJHI Mamao onpenenH
npOBo,nHMOCTTa Ha Tp'b60npOBona Q reOne3Ht.IHaTa BHCO
c
tlHHa Hr ce nOKpHBa OT XH,upaBnHQHHTe Sary6H Ha Ha
nop, T.e. Hr S-Q2 ,
e saYCTeH HnH e C HaqanO no,n
BOnHOTO HHBO S pesepsoapa (I);>Hr.1.44), reo,ne9HtlHaTa
BHCOtlHHa ua H3KatlaaHeTO ce MepH OT (,no) BOnHOTO HHSO,
a ,n'bll)KHHaTa Ha Tp'b60npOBo,na -U;$InaTa (1);>111".1.44 a,o,C).
-
0R.MY_l!8 (1.94) H I);>Hr. 1 .43 - ..1:.,.Ep,-e....:n...:.c_T-,-,-a-=-B_ll:.:.$I-=-B.;:..a_T
aHaJIH'THtleH H BH,n Ha xapaKTepHcTHKaTa Ha TP'b-
66iIpol!QJ.!__ . OT
;1.0ny
:--
H,m
E
54 55
DPOMHHaTa Ha HHBO S pe3epBoapa H3MeHH
H ce
nonY4asa OTMeCTeHa (TpaHcnaQHOHHa)
H,m
/E,
E
_ ............... E2
-------..
Q.l/s
15"
o
<DHf'.1.44
{). fla TPb(SOIlP..9
BOLl.
-----HaPH4a ce e LI H H H 4 e H, 3amOTO HMa caMO
KnOH,a P a 3 HOp 0 LI e H, 3amOTO T03H KnOH ce CbC
TOH 0'1' CBbp3aHH HHKODKO
POL\l-lH HK KOHTO ca H3BeCTHH reOLle3H4HaTa
BHC04HHa Hr I IWHTO npeO,lJ,OlHiBaT, .Dt" H
J.{bn:Il{lfHaT8 ei , T. e. Te ca C H3BeCTHH xapaKTepHCTHKH
(Hf'.1.4S) - C" E2 / E . KOnHqeCTBO KaTO
J
eoeM H KaTO LleOHT, KoeTO npeMHH8Ba npeg pa3nH4HHTe
Y4aCTbQH, e 'a.;t OOmaTa BHCOqHHa e
paBHa Ha CYMaTa 0'1' Ha yqaCTb
QH t T. e.
Q( ::: tl
z
=II" =q 1 t./s
(1.96)
H= fir -I- l:. S q2, 'Tn,
(1.97)
KbLieTO
, /I /II
l:.H =H +/-1 +1-1
r r r r'
2
z s r/= 5 Q'2.,. 52 n r 5 Q2=(5 r 5 ,. 5 ) 0
2
1 ,'!'.3 1 2 3 ' '
1.96) H 1 $9
7
) xapaKTepH3HpaT H onpe
CB'bP3CHiH n:b6onpOBO)lH.
cYMapHaTB xapnXTepHCTHva Ha CHCTCMBTB ce
K&TO ce cb6epaT Ha TOQKH C CLlH8K
C!llICH 0';" O"rne:UlliT X;i
,
1ClKTe['Hc'!'l-1\{l'! HH YClBCT'bUHTe
H'Te TOt.:'}.(}i (' C']'");:.J,HP.<;f'T'" DT
\:"n.QltflaT8, p Ha aT
1 J
E
H,m
:r
----.---_ 1
I, I!

.. " '.,
lilll'illllllilllP
I
Ql- Q2-Q:jaQ '
11"
I I '
- - - - i "'--Il
:r I
Ilh IiiI
Q.... IIII!
I
L
"
.::--'::::. _____
f
r-
<DHP.l.4S
B. XapaKTepHCTHKa ua ycnopellHI! (napanenHH1TPb6o
il p 0
fratlalfO'To 11 B Kpaf! CM HTIM caMO B Ha4aTlOTO n. caMO
Kpaa CH 1.46).
U5mOTO BOAHO (KaTo 06eM HUH Lle6HT),Koe-
TO npeMHHaBa npe3 CHCTeMaTa, PJHlRO. ua cyMa.:r.a-:o::r
BO,UHHTKOJ[ilqeCTBa, npervU1HaaaUH! npe3,
HH TPbQ,QIlPQBQAI1' ,HaILOp.liT.e npH C'bO,TBe.TlulT,.e ,eAHOBpeMeH
Hll AeoHTH ca eAHaKBH, T.e.
'\
Q:;, Q,
H =

=

Hz I
(1.98)
(1.99)
KbAeTO
57
56
J.I :::/-1' -to h'
f r f'
H =H
11
..,. hI!
2 r 2
YpaBHeHHHTa /1.98) H (1.99) xapaKTepH3HpaT H onpe
AengT napanenHO
E
6

IRt
:r
H,m
I:t" :r... Of f0, .;. ""
[

-- !::', '01 o. i Vis"
A
'2
r"!
0H1'.1.46
CYMapaaTa xapaKTepHCTHKaHaCHCTeMaTa ce
nonyqaBa, KaTO ce a6CUHCHTe Ha TOqKH OT OTAen
HHTe xapaKTepHCTHKH c eAHaKBH OPAKHaTH H nonyqeHHTe
TOqKH ce HanpHMep T . 3 HMa a6
cUHca, paBHa aa CYMaTa OT a6CUHCHTe aa T. 1 H 2.
H,m
E

I
r
I I
n. 1--+
Q,tjS
\
.
0H1'.1.47
58
K01'aTO HMaT eAHaKBH xa
paKTepHCTHKH E4 H 2 H ua
BOAaTa, npe3 Te3H T.e.
fJ f -=
H Q =2 f}, -= 21;2
Q
2
AKO ce H no. reo.Ae3HqHH
Te BHCOqHHH Hrl CYMapHaTa xapaKTepHcTHKa E HMa qyn
Ka H B Ao.JIHHSl Kpa:A: xapaKTepHcTHKaTa E
f
'
H,m
!
B - I I ..----op.::__" , I


.
1:11 I...... ::: i,J,1, jo;--t-t---i--
Q
',ljs
Q.ljs
0H1'.1.48
1. 3. 14. P a 6 0 Tea p e * H M
H a U e HT P 0 6 e * Ha
n 0. M n a
\,
';
CHCTeMaTa HMa TaSH
oco.5eHOC'I', qe CMYKaTenHHHT
,
BO,lUiO'l'O Ro.TInqeCTBO,KoeTo. MHHa
Ba npe3 no.MnaTii H liB CHCTeMaTa;
H AKo. ca H3BeCTHH xapaKTepHCTHKaTa Ha
BOAa Ii
CHCTeMaTace o.npeAeJISl' OTnpe-tetrlfaT3. RM TOqKa A 1.49).
B npRe'THg aa ne6HTa a6t:l{HcaTlr'-ml" TOQKaTa ) on;"
peAe n H
nop,
59
H,m
,(,'I.
Q,ljS
<l)Hr.1.49
v:.
2
_ /1:2
I
II'A::-H TN Trf- 2 j
. k",j, ...
IJAk' !'IAN 2fj
HnH
.::: fir r L
OT OpnHHaTBTa Ha T. A H Xapa1<Tepl1CTHKBTA..,Q- f ce
onpenelISI 1<.n.n. a OT Xapa1<TepHCTl11<aTaq -;V.." MOm
HOCTTa Ha Barra 11:4 .
TO'llKaTB A ce HapH'lla p a () OTH a . TO'll K a
H a'-n 0 M naT a. AKO aa HeS! oTroBapH MaKcHManeH
TSI ce HapH'lla 0 nTH Man a a p a () 0
HaT 0 'll K a, a pelKHM'bT ,;. 0 nTH Man e H pa
() aTe H p r lK' H M .npH npOMHHB Ha X&P8KTepHC'l:HKaTa
E aa TP'b60npOBona, HanpHMep 'llpe3 MBHHnynaqHH C'bC
cnHpaTenea KpaH Ha aanopHHR Tp'b50npOBOn, ce nOlIY'llaBaT
HOBH xapaKTepHCTHKH E E,. ' . 1 E H C'bOTBeTHO HOlm
f' 2 /) ..
pa60THH TO'llKH AlIAc , ... , Ao' B cnY'llaSl MaKCHMaJHIH-
SIT K.n.n. ce ,HaManHBa. niH! Han'blIHO SaTBop.elL.P!!:fpaTe
nen KpaH xapaKTePHCTHKHTe--E"l1-t(;;}{onpeneIISlT ps60THaTa
0. . " ......... .
TO'l{Ka Ao( fl =0, II .:::Ho =IImax , p-';O, . .
aHaIIH3 yneCHSlBa H oHarnenHBa pemaBSHe
TO Ha nBa BHna Sana'l{H:
a/ CHCTeMaTS e nOCTpoeHa H CB HSBeCTHH xapaKTepHC
THKaTa Q-H H xapaKTepHCTHKaTa Ha Tp'b60npOBOna E, a ce
onpeneJHIT napaMeTpHTe fl, H, IV H '? i
6/ naneHH ca Q H Hr' H ce T'bPCSlT E H q H.
nOCT'bnBa ce no ClIenHHSI HaqHH. Opa:;JMepnBace TP'b
50npOBOn'bT. CnenOBaTelIHo xapaKTepHcTHKaTa E e seqe
H3BeCTHa. OTMepsB ce no SOcnHcHaTa OC naneHHSlT ne5HT
Q H ce HSnHra sepTHKsnHS npaBa, KOSITO npeCH'lla xapaK
TepHcTHKaTa E B TO'llKaTa A . TO'llKaTa A e TOqKa OT
Xapa1<TepHCTHKaTa Ha T'bpCeHaTa nOMna. TSI TpH5Ba na 6'bne
onTHManHa pa50THB TO'llKa.
PB60THBTB TOqKa Ha nOMnBTa MOJKe na ce HaMepH H no
aHanHTHqeH HaqHH, KaTO ce Hsnon3ysaT sa
xapaKTePHCTHKHTe Q- H Ha u;eHTpofieJKHa nOMna (1.85,
1.86) H Ha Tp'b6onpOBOna 1,94).
T'bH KaTO BOnHOTO KOlIH'lleCTSO, KoeTO npeMHHaBa npe3
nOMnaTa Q H npe3 Tp'bfionpOBOna Qr, e enHO H
A
HanOp'bT Ha nOMnaTa HA e enHaK'bB C HanopHHTe saryfiH B
Tp'b60npOBOna Hr,nPHQHHeHH OT npeMHHasaHeTO npe3 Hero
Ha BonHOTO KOlIH'l{eCTBO QT,Torasa
Q
A
:::Qr=q (1. 100)
H =1-1=11
A T rt.
(1.101)
KaTo ce H3non3ysa ypasaeHHeTO Ha xapaKTepHCTHKaTa
Ha u;eHTpo5eJKH8 nOMna (HanpHMep Ha BOnOcHa6nHTenHa
(1.85) H ypaBHeHHeTO Ha xapaKTepHCTHKaTa Ha Tp'bOOnpo
s nOnOJKeHHe (1.94) H KaTO ce HMa npenSHn
ypasHeHHe (1.100), enen 9aMeCTsaHe B H9pa9a (1.101)
ce nonyqH
H - a. n
Z
= II + sq2
o <r
A
. r A 11.102/
OTTYK
Ho - He) .
=( /1.103/ Q
A
a -5
KaTo ce S8Me4TH Q
A
B ypasHeHHe /1.85/, sa H8no
pa Ha nOMnaTS HA , ce nonY'llH
61
'.1
r-
60
----------
1/ =H _aQ.2 =H. flo -Hr)
(1.104)
A 0 'A 0 a-s
no (1.87) ce
Hspas sa H& BaRa sa nOMnaTa:
pn _ 8( No -fir
f
;v, =#, TOtf
A
- T a-s I
(1.105)
a H Ha nOMnaTa
? = #" = 1''(lA
(1.106)
Ha
no aHanHTHqeH HaqHH napaMeTpH Ha nOMna
Ta ,H
A
I AS H f MoraT ce cpaBHST C'bC C'bOTSeTHH
Te xapaKTepHcTHKH, B KaTanora sa nOMnHTe.
1. 3. 15. Per y n H p a H e n p 0 H S B 0 H T e n-
SOC T T a Han e H T P 0 6 e H a
nOM n a
I a. PerynHpaHe qpes cnHpaTeneH KpaH
nOMnaTa, T.e. B HaqanOTO Ha HanopSHS Tp'b6onpo
" BHHarH ce MOHTHpa cnMpaTeneH KpaH t qpes KoRTO MO
ce Ha nOMnaTa.
npH Han'briHo OTBopeH cnHpaTeneH KpaH pa60THaTa TOqKa
Ha nOMnaTa e T. A npHTBapSHe Ha cnH
paTenHHH KPaH nonoEeHHe, B pesynTaT aa
KoeTo ce YBeRHqaBaT MeCTHMTe HanopHH 9a
ry6H, xapaKTepHCTHKaTa aa CTaBa nO-CTp'bM
Ha - E" Ez,C'bOTBeTHo H pa60THHTe TOqKH Ha nOMnaTa
Il(e A( , ,42 1 a npM Han'bnHO gaTBOpeH cnHpaTeneH
KpaH - AD .
Tps6aa o6aqe ce lJe npH perynHpaHe npo
HSBOAHTenHOCTTa Ha nOMnaTa lJpeg cnHpaTenHHH Kpaa ce
YBennlJaBa aa eHeprHH, T'bR KaTO e Heo6xonHMa
AOn'bnHHTenaa A Ai :
rflt' A hi
,lV,
.a.4;;' =
(1.107)
K'bAeTO e Ha nOMnaTa npH onpeAeneHO npH Q
i
TBopeHO aa cnHpaTenHHH KpaH,

_ K.n.A. Ha nOMnaTa npH nOAaaaHe Ka
'fJi
62 aOABO KOnHlJeCTBO Qi .

..
- nOn'bllaHTeneH Hanop, KORTO nOMnaTa TPH6
I Ba Aa T.e. MecTHHTe XHApa
BnlVlHH HanopHH Sary6H B pe9YllTaT Ha
npHTBapHl:leTO JiIfa cmpaTenHHSl KpaH, m .
'3aTosa TOSHHalJHH sa perYllHpaHe He ce npenOp'bqBa,KO
raTO TPs6B.a. qpes cnHpaTenHH.K KpaH ce 9Ha
qHTeJIHH MeCTHH lHmQPHRSary6H. '"
'PerynHpaHe'iipOH9BonHTenHOCTTa Ha nOMnaTa no
npnHnHn na ce H9B'bpmBa H qpes cnHpaTenHH.K KpaH Ha CMY
KaTenHHH (KoraTO HMa TaK'bB), HO He ce npe
nOp'bqBa, T'bR KaTO nOMnaTa MOEe na nonaAHe B Ha
KaBHTanHSl.
5. PerynHpaHe H9MeHeHHe qeCTOTaTa Ha B'bpTeHe Ha
pa60THoTO Koneno
T09H HaqHH sa perynHpaHe npoHsBOAHTenHocTTa Ha neH

KaTO .... ce _H.SMe.HH,._H.e. .. xaps
KT
epHC:r.HKal:a.....H.a..-TP'b50
.Xa.p.a.K.T.epm;..T-H*3'Jl-&-Q,, .. -...J.t.-_lIA. nOMOaT1!.:..
3a Aa ce YCTaHoBH no KaK'bB HaqnH ce xapaKTe
pncTHKaTa Q - U npH pa9nHqHH qeCTOTH Ha .B'bpTeHe Ha pa-
60.THOTO KO.!lenO Ha nOMnaTa, eHeol5xonHMo Aa ce nOCOqH
9aBHCHMOCTTa Ae6HTa, HanOpa, MOIl(BOCTTa H qeCTO
TaTa Ha B'bpTeHeHa sana. H1.3- nOMna.
3a nenTB ce napanenorpaMa Ha' cRopOCTliTe.
Ha BonaTa npKH9XOna Ha paeloTHoTO Koneno Ha nOMnaTa,
nOCOqeHH Ha 1.50.
npH lJeCTOTa Ha B'bpTeae Ha Bana Ha nOMnaTa n CKO
pocTHTe ca u
2
, C
z
,'II2 H e
2
Y" a npH qeCTOTa rtf' 7'1
I , I In'
C'bOTBeTHO U f C ' W . PH nOCTOHHHH 'brnH gi2
H
z 2 2
H C
zr
napanenorpaMHTe ca nOn06HH.
,
, .
_____.... L
c
2r
<1lHr.l.S0
63 ____ IIII1q_
----
OT TOBa nOn06He CnenBa, qW
C ".1 C
- - - --!:!L. - ...:::..w..
(1.108)
- C - - wi - Cju U
z z
C
2r
'it]} 17 I,.".P "'"
T'bM KaTO u
2
;;: k"" [,(.2:::
60
/77 < 1('9
Toraaa -.---- I. I
U2 '74.
KaTO nr0!13BO.D:HTenHOCTTa Ha 'ie i,'.I.e'!\!
npOnOpI.\HOHaITHO HB CKOPOCTTB C').r ./.:.:; !i,'-,
H3BO.D:HTelIHOCTTa npH qeCTOTH 17 11 71, me (h.. l' C ','B8'.'H ,
q:= )lJJ b
o
C
2
2
2r
i
---J] 0 I
q{ jt 2:)2 C
2r
OT OTHomeHHeTO HB ABeTe paBeHCTJ;,,-, ce .'JJi1'/tlaB
Q eRr
(1.1 1 1)
= C;".
1)1
KaTo ce HMBT npeABHA 38BHCHMOCTHTe (1.108) ,(1.1 9)
M (1.111), Aa ce YCTaHoBM, qe
Q :::, (1.112)
'., ._-.,. 1
f'
n[1onOpIJ,HOHarrHo Ha 4eCTOTaTa lIa B'bpTeHe.
.......... OCHOBHOTO e 113
BecTHo, 4e TeopeTH4HHRT HaDOp 3aBHCH OT
H C 2U (, i .16). ToraBa IIPH qeCTOTH Ha H'bpTeHe n i:! nj
Han'bp'bT me 6'bAe C'bOTBeTHO:
U2 C 2U
H ,
Jl I
(1.113)
C l. u U
z
H( =
!J
KaTo ce pa3AenHT ABeTe ypaBHeHHH M ce HMaT npeABHn
3aBMCHMOCTMTe (1.1081.H (1.109), ce norryqaBB

/(.,.
I. ''k/ 2 J'
(1.114)
.. ....,..,._,_.. __7'1[- ,.'
l
64

T.e. lIanOp'bT lIa nOMna ce H3MeHH npo
nOPIJ,HOH8rrHO "8 KBanpaTa Ha qeCTOTBTB HB )
pH qeCTOTH Ha Hlt ':"nOMnaTa--n H 721
none9HaTa MomHOCT (1.75) me 6'bne
. rQH .' .
IV== 1000 ,kW,
(1.115)
!V. ::: rl){ /If lW.
( (Ova'
OT OTHomeHHeTO Ha ABeTe ypaBHeHHH H KaTO ce HMaT
npenBHA 3aBHCHMOCTHTe (1.114), ce nonyqasa
(;11 n
J
j
\ --::: 3.J (1.116)
"#. 71,
, -L ./
T.e. MomHOCTTa Ha nOMna ce
no uitoHarr"Ho Ha TpeT:iTa CTeneH Ha qeCTOTaTa H"a /
He. . .
OTHomeHHHTa (1.112). (1.114) H (1.116) ce HapHqaT
saKOHH Ha nponopUHoHanHocTTa.
B'b3 OCHOBa HB Te3H 3aKOHH ce OCHOBaBa
3a perynHpaHe npoH3BOnMTenHocTTa Ha nOM
na qpe3 H8MeHeHHe qeCTOTaTa Ha B'bpTeHe Ha Bana.
OT saBHCHMOCTHTe (1.112) H (1.114) ce nonyqaBa
Q2
H
(1.117)
(T
H1
1
O'fTYK
H _ H{ _ k C{)nst .
(1.118)
- -;;-r-
4.
OT 3aBHCHMOCTHTe 0.112) H (1.
116
) ,Ua ce YCTaHo
BM, 4e
IV Q3
(1.119)
='{p""
1
OTK'b,neTO
=k2= C071st. (1 120)
Q3 -
(1.118) H (1.120) ce nonyqaBaT
0" $opMynH
38Bl1CHMOCTHTe
:= k q
L
!V=kQ (1.121)
!
eTC 3aBMCHMOCTH npe,UCT8BnHBaT napa60ITH
65
nOMDK K DONneHH CTaHUKK
Q,I.s
OT BTOpa H TpeTa CTeneH C B HaqaITOTO aa KOOp.
nHHBTHHTeCHCTeMH Q - H H Il - /1/. Te3H napa60
ITH ce HapHqaT K p H B H Han p 0 n 0 p H 0 _
H a IT a 0 C T Tan p H P a 3 n H q a H q e C T 0 _
T H H a B pTe H e. KaToenHOBpeMeHHO ca H KPH
BH Ha IC.n .n. DopanH TOBa KpHBHTe aa
. .
aanHOCTTa MoraT na ce H3non3ysaT 3a H3qepTaBaHe Ha xa
paKTepHCTHKHTe 111 - J./, H CIt -;v, I aKO ca H3BeCTHH xapaK-
TepHCTHKHTe Q -/I H Q -;II (qlHr. 1 .51 )
HCJBaTa xapaKTepHcTHKa Q
I
H1 MOlKe na ce nonytIH
no nBa HaqHHa. DPH
HaqHH ce H3nOIT3YBaT3aBHCH
MQC".'rHTe Q,=/Q ifi. nony-
I
tleHa OT (1.112),
\ n .)2
H HI =H ( -;:;t', nonyqeHa
OT (1.114).CToH
'HocTHTe Ha Q H H ca H3
f'
BeCTHH - TOBa ca KOOPAH
HaTHTe Ha naneHa T04Ka 01'
Frl1pH
4eCTOTa Ha. n_.. Ha
rtplf""MeP"3aT:-;r-- C TO if H0
CTHTe ca QA, H DPH
npyra tIeCTOTa Ha
4>8r.1.51
n, HOBHTe KOOpnHHaTH me

n Q nil
= "
HA =HA(-E..)2,
1 17.1
Te3H KOoPAHHaTH onpenerrHT T. A, OT HOBaTa xapaKTe
pHCTHKa Q,- Ha4HH ce onpenerrHT KOOpnHHaTH-
Te If Jla__npyrIf TOqKH 01' xapaKTepHCTHKaTa Q - H4 '
1
3a onpenenHHe aa HOBBTa xapaKTepHCTHKa Qf -H no
4
ce H3Don3YBa SBBHCMMOCTTa H=k Q;OT KOHTO
1
CnenBa, tIe T. A M T. A1 nelKaT HS enHa H napa
60rra. KOOpnHHaTHTe HS T. At ce H3QHCnRBBT no crren-
HIfH HaqHH. KUTb CTOI1HOCTHTe Ha Q M ca M3seCT
A
HM, ToraBa k4 {l}' C H3MeHeHHe 'IeCTOTaTa Ha BOmWTO
KOITHtIeC'l'SO!;[C 6-i n;e QAJ;: . ToraElB = k, {(At ,C1'OI1
66
HOCTHTe Ha Q
Af
H HAt onpenenHT T. A, . no Ha
qHH ce onpenenHT H npyrH TOqKH OT HOBaTa xapaKTepHC
THKa - H, .
AHanOrHqHO MOlKe na ce nOCTpOH HOBaTa xapaKTepHCTHKa
Q - npH qeCTOTa Ha 721 . (<bHr. 1 51), KaTO
4
ce HMarpenBHn, qe T. B H T. B1 nelKaT Ha enHa H
nBpa60na OT TpeTa CTeneH - ypasHeHHe (1.121).
npH noceramHHTe H HSBOnH ce npHeMa, qe
K.n.n. Ha nOMnaTa He ce npOMeHH. TOBa OSHaqaBa, qe
T.l H 2 nelKaT Ha enHa H BHCOqHHa. ETo sam;o
e H9MeCTeHa HanSlCHO, KaKTO ce BH)J(na OT <bHr. 1.51.
CnenoBaTenHo Ha none3HO neAcTsHe Ha,
BCH4KH TOqKH, KOHTO llelKaT Ha enHa H napa60na H='
= k1 ca enHaKBH.
Tosa cBoficTBO ce HsnonSYBa sa HscnenBaHe Ha pa60Ta
Ta Ha nOMna npH npOMeHllHBa qeCTOTa Ha

Do naneHH xapaKTepHcTHKH q - H H Q-JV qpes HSMeHeHHe
Ha qeCTOTaTa Ha 711/ 71
21
71" H T. H. MoraT na ce
nocTpoSlT HOBH xapaKTepHcTHKH. DpeKapaHHTe npes
Ha4anOTO Ha KOOpnHHaTHaTa CHCTeMa napa60nH
BaT TOqKHTe OT paSnHlJHHTe xapaKTepHCTHKU, UPH KOHTO
nOMnaTa HMa enHH H K.n.n. (<bHI".1.51).
B neA:cTBHTenHOCT <bHr..__l. 51 He OTI"OSapH Ha peanHaTa
KapTHHa;-m KaTO npH HSMeHeHHe Ha lJeCTOTaTa Ha
nOMna He sana3sa nOCTOSlHeH K.n.n.
ca CllenHHTe. C Y!3_enH4aBaHe aa
lJeCTOTaTa Ha -ZL-..1H!:Te H
nO:OK -(lip" r1;rnSiMo';n (..1.2 e I"OllSlMO, OTTaM HC
2
e roiiSi'
MO). DponOPUHOHanHO Ha KBanpaTa Ha n ce YBenHqa
BaT H XHnpaBnHlJHHTe sary6H. OT npyra eTpaHa,npH Man
Ka QeCTOTa n MeXaHHqHHTe sary6H ca OTHOCHTerrHO no
rorreMH. B pesyrrTaT Ha TOBa 77 He e nOCTOSlHHO npH
t-mM
paSnHQHH tIeCTOTH Ha 71, a npH HSlKaKBO 720 m;e
nOCTHrHe DPH npyrH (nO-ManKH.H
no-roneMH) CTofiHOCTH lia 17 7J m;e HaMarrSlBa. TaKHBa
tmax
OTKllOHeHIUI Ha K.n.n. ce nonyqaBaT He caMo sa 7lm;.x,'
HO H sa npyrHTe napa60nIf. nopanH KoeTO Te,. He ca KPH
Ha K.n.A. ETO sam;o TOQKHTe
OT xapaKTepHCTHKl-fTe Q H (c pa311HqHB lJeCTOTa Ha
TeHe).' KOHTO MMaT K.n.n., He 06pasYBaT na
paGonM, a saTBopeHH KPMBH (<bMr.l.S2).
67
H,m
,


Q-H
Q ys
cI>Hr.1.52
nonYtJeHaTa n'o TaK'bB HatJHH xapaKTepHCTHKa ce HapHtJa
Y H H B e p can H a x a p a K T e P H C T H K a
HnH liT a nor p a <l> C K a K apT a" Ha QeHTpOOeJKHa
Ta nOMna.
Ha tJeCTOTaTa Ha B'bpTeHe Ha Bana ce OC'b
meCTBRBa no pasnHtJHH HatJHHH.---
npH HenocpenCTBeHO C'benHHeHH nOMnH, T.e. npH KOHTO
Bp'bSKaTa MeJKnY nOMnaTa H nBHraTenR e HnH C enHH oom
Ban" HnH BanOBeTe ca CB'bpSaHH CT. Hap ."TB'bpna" Bp'bSKa,
HSMeHeHHeTO Ha tJeCTOTaTa Ha B'bpTeHe ce OC'bmeCTBRBa B
saBHCHMOCTOT BHna Ha nBHraTenR. npH nBHraTenH C B'bT
peWHO ropeHe. mapHH mm raSOBH TYPOHHH TO ce HSB'bpWBa
qpes nOSHpaHe C'bOTBeTHO Ha ropHBHaTa CMec, napaTa
HnH TonnHHaTa. TesH nBHraTenH ooatJe He ca HaMepHnH
WHPOKO npaKTHtJeCKO npHnOJKeHHe.
AKa nOMnaTa ce SanBHJKBa aT eneKTpOnBHraTen sa no
CTORHeH TOK, ToraBa HSMeHeHHeTO Ha tJeCTOTaTa Ha B'bP
TeHe ce OC'bweCTBRBa C K'bM eneKTpHtJec
KaTa BepHra Ha pOTopa. Ho H TeSH nBHraTenH nOtJTH He
ce HsnonSYBaT B'bB BOnOCHaOnHTenHaTa H KaHanHsaQHOHHa
Ta npaKTHKa, T'bH KaTO HKOHOMHtJeCKH e HeQeneC'bOOpaSHO
HSrpaJKnaHeTO'Ha cneQHanHO YCTPOHCTBO sa npe06paSYBa
HeTO Ha npOMeHnHBHR TOK B nOCTORHeH.
HaH-wHpoKO npHnOJKeHHe HaMHpaT aCHHxpOHHHTe eneKTpo
nBHraTenH sa npOMeHnHB TOK. PerynHpaHe Ha tJeCTOTaTa Ha
B'bpTeHe Ha POTopHTe HM ce HSB'bpWBa no pasnHtJHH HatJHHH:
npeBKnrotJBaHe OPOR Ha nBOHKHTe nonrocH; HSMeHeHHe tJeCTO-
TaTa Ha saxpaHBamHR TOK; HSrpaJKnaHe Ha KoneKTopHH nBH
raTenH; HSMBHeHHe Ha aKTHBHOTO C'bnpOTHBneHHe B'bB Be
pHraTa Hg pOTopa. PeanHSHpaHeTO Ha TeaH HatJHHH ooatJe
e CB'bpSaHO C penHQa TPynHOCTH H saTOBa Te Bce owe HR
MaT WHPOKO npaKTHtJeCKO npHnOJKeHHe.
CB'bpSBaHeTOHa BanOBeTe Ha nOMnaTa H eneKTpOnBHraTenR
MOJKe na ce HSB'bPWH H C MeJKnHHHa npenaBKa - XHnpaBnHtJHa
HnH eneKTpOMarHHTHa. B TOSH cnYtJaH tJeCTOTaTa Ha B'bpTe
He Ha nBHraTenR OCTaBa nOCTORHHa, a tJpes npenaBKaTa ce
HSMeHR tJeCTOTaTa'Ha B'bpTeHe Ha Bana Ha nOMnaTa. C HS
nonSYBaHeTO Ha MeJKnHHHanpenaBKa ce OCHrYPRBa nnaBHO
HSMeHeHHe Ha tJeCTOTaTa Ha B'bpTeHe Ha paOOTHOTO Koneno
Ha nOMnaTa H e B'bSMOJKHO nYCKaHeTO H cnHpaHeTO Ha QeH
Tp06elltHaTa nOMna npH OTBopeH cnHpaTeneH KpaH, KaKTO H
aBTOMaTHSHpaHOTO nHCTaHQHOHHO ynpaBneHHe Ha nOMnHTe.
PerynHpaHeTO Ha npOHSBOnHTenHOCTTa Ha QeHTp06eJKHa )
nOMna tJpes HSMeHeHHe Ha tJeCTOTaTa Ha B'bpTeHe Ha pa60T
HOTO Koneno ce HsnonSYBa sa nOMnH C ronRMa MOWHOCT, K'b
neTO paSXOnHTe sa YCTPOHCTBO sa perynHpaHe Ha tJeCTOTa
Ta MoraT na 6'bnaT nO-ManKH aT paSXOnHTe sa eneKTpoeHep
rHR BcnenCTBHe nOn'bnHHTenHaTa MOmHOCT npH npocenHpaHe
TO.
B. PerynHpaHe tJpes HaManRBaHe nHaMeT'bpa Ha pa60THOTO
Koneno
\
OT ypaBHeHHeTO sa TeopeTHtJHHR neOHT Ha QeHTpOOeJKHa
'ra nOMna (1.27) ,ce BHJKna, tJe oTHolIleHHeTo MeJKny neoHTH
Te npH nHaMeT'bp Ha paooTHoTO Koneno n H D1 e
Q' 11
-Q::: (1.122)
1 D1
a TaSH saBHCHMOCT H aT ypaBHeHHR (1.117) H (1.119)
cnenBa, tJe
IJ 2.,
H
H, ==
AI.ll
J
(1 . 123)
/V =nr
1 1
YCT..aHO Wl. .. C'bm-O.. _ce. HallHtJ aT saK a H H sa
.nponOPQHOHanHOCTTa 1 HO -H"a
H -7!..L "S'THX'-yqa'c"IDiiii,../lliB..Me.TPliTe Ha pa60THo'TOKOJIerro
..12__I:LCll,e1l. ,_9,t:>, c:.T_'b,P r BaH eTa
OT saBHCHMOCTHTe (1.123) H (1.122) MOJKe C'bOTBeTHO
na ce sanHwe
2 2
=.....!?L = k, =const r
H H1 (1.124)
:0 _ _ k =C077S-G
-q-- Q - 2
1
69
j)
68
2
OT YPBBHeHmi (1.124) cne,nBa, 1,H = k f)2, a 0'1'
e
TYK .. ' 2 /'
(
(1.125)
k
1
C Ha.ManaBBHe Ha ,nHaMeT'bpa Ha pa60THoTo
qeCTOTa Ha B'bPTeHe TOqKHTe OT
fi'bPBO-liaiianHBTa xapaKTepHcTHKa Q- H ce npeMeCTBaT no
KBa,npaTHH napa60nH C npes
HaqanOTO aa KOOp,nHH8THBTa cHcTeMa, T.e. C'bOTBeTcTByaa
mHTe CH T04KH DeEaT Ha ceMeAcTBO napa60nH
(qmI'.l. 53).
H,m
HJ
E
:\.,/
.'
')
,.)
Ql Q,I/s
a
I'" 0 .. I


H[

o
l1r.l.53
HoaaTa xapaKTepHCTI1Ka - H1 MOll(e ,nB ce nonY4H C'b
mo no .,nBa Ha411Ha, aHanOI'HqHH Ha TeSH npH perynHpaHe
DpOH3aOnHTenHOCTTa Ha nOMDaTa Qpe3 H3MeHeHI1e 4eCTO
TaTa Ha B'bpTeHe.
nOCTaIH! 06PBTHBTB 3a,na4B -11? ce onpe
nenH KaK'bB nHBMe'1'.'bP Tp510aB na HMB pa60THoTO Koneno, sa
na npeMHHe' xapaKTepHcTHKaTa Q- H Ha nOMnBTB npe3 on
pe,neneHB pa60THa TOqKa A1 (qmr. 1.53). 3a ll;enTa e He

OOXO,nHMO ,na ce. HaMepSiT Koop,nHHaTHTe. Ha T.- A .... .0'1' xapaK
KCfsiT9:C-bOTii"iicTBy.Ba f'/ 'Tl,i[-i{a';;
TO npH HaManeHHe Ha ,nHaMeT'bpa Ha paOOTHOTO Koneno T.A
ce.npeMeCTBa no napa60Da, ,noxaTO C'bBoa,nHe C T.A
1
.
KooP,nBHB,THTeHa .'1", A.MoraT}la ce onpe,IlenSlT'ltpe.S
onHTBaHe 4e ,na O'b,naT I1Sn'bnHeHH enHOBpeMeHHO sa
(1.122) H (1.123).
ce Hsnon3yaa pemeHHe 4pes
nOCTpOHsaHe Ha napaoonaTa, KORTO MHHasa npes
paMeT'bp'bT k Ha TaSH napa60na ce onpe,IlenSl 0'1' ypaBHeHHe
(1.125) qpes Koop,nHHaTHTe Ha T. ca npe,IlBapH-
TenHO HSBeCTHH; N '

,
TOI'aaa ypaBHeHHeTo Ha napa60naTa, KOSITO MHHaBa npes,
T. Af"lIl.e Cl'b}J;e
n
2
H -K
-
- 2 ...( ,
(1.126)

tJpes HSiKOIlKO sa,na,neHH CToAHOCTH Ha BO,ttHOTO KOIlH4eCT
BO, nQ-I'OneMH H nO-ManKH 0'1' Q 4' ce HS4HCJISIBaT C'bOT
BeTHHTe afl;nopH fl. nOIlY'IIeHHTe onpe,IleJISIT napaoo
naTa, H. npe,cH4a xapa.I<TePHCTHKa
Ta Q-HBT. A ...OT4HTaT ce HeAHHTe Koop,nHHaTH H' B C'bOT:':'
BeTCTBH'e c yp'aBHeHH,e (1.122) MOEe na ce saOHwe
f}A' =
Q
A4
I11.1
OTK'b,neTO ,nHaMeT'bp'bT Ha pa.ooTHoTO Koneno .D1 ' KOHTO
TpSloaa ,na ce nonY4H cnen06CT'bPI'BaHeTO, me 6'b,Ile
"'-- '
Q
])1 = (1 1 27) iI, .
'A '
npH 06CT'bpI'BaHe Ha paooTHoTO Koneno K.O.,n. aa nOM
naTa ce HaManSlsa, KoeTO ua npaKTHKa orpaHH4aaa CTe
neBTa aa HaManHaaHe Ha }J;HaMeT'bpa,nO onpe,tteneHH rpa
HHll;H.
KaTonOKa3aTen sa CTeneHTa HB.aaMan51saHeHa,ttHame
T1>pa cnYlKH T.Hap. K 0 e' Il! iT u 11 e}i s.Q_.
x 0 .n. HOC T.KoeqlMUUeHT'bT 118. O'i>P30X'O,nHOCT 725 ce
NapH4a 'IIeCTOTa aa S'bpTeHe aa eTanOHHO paOOTHO Kooe
no Ha ll;eHTp06eEHa nOMna, KoeTO B'bB BCH4KHTe CH
Ill{ e reOMeTpH4HO IIO,n06HO Ha pasrnell(}J;aHOTO Konerro H
H2pasxO,ttBa MOmHOCT IV = 735,5 \../ npH Hanop H 1 m H
JrJ6HT Q = 75els.
71
I
70 in.
ce no
3,65 nfl '12

Koe!bHQHeHT'bT Ha ce Hsn01l9YBa sa cpaBHe
HHe Ha pa311HQHHTe THnoBe KOllella Ha QeHTp06emHHTe H
nponellepHHTe nOMnH, npOHsseneHH sa paSllHqHH HanopH H
ne6HTH. '
B saSHCHMOC'f OT Koe!bHQHeHTa Ha 6'bp90XOnaocT nonYCTH
MaTa CTeneH Ha HaMallHsaHe Ha nHaMeT'bpa e CllenaaTa:npH
'11$ OT 6,.0 no 1ZQ - 20 \, npH 77$ OT 120 no 200 - 10 +
15\,H npH 71
S
OT 200 no, 30.0 - 7 + 10 \.
npH nOMnH, KOHTO HMaT HanpaSllRsam anapaT HllH ynll'bT
HeHHR Ha HSXOna OT pa60THoTO KOlleno, ce H9S'bpWSa 06
CT'bprSaHe caMO Ha
OOCT'bprSaT KaKTO
1l0TO.
PerYllHpaHeTO Ha
nOMna Mome na ce
TOTaTa Ha B'bpTeHe
1l0naTKHTe. a npH npyrHTe nOMnH ce
1l0naTKHTe. TaKa H nHCKOBeTe Ha KOlle
npOHSBOnHTellHOCTTa Ha ueHTpo6emHa
HSB'bPWH KaKTO qpes HSMeHeHlfe Ha qec
aa Bana,TaKa H qpes HaMalIHBaHe Ha
nHaMeT'bpS as pa60THOTO KonellO as nOMnaTS.
,n
1. 3. 16. C 'b s M e c T Hap a 6 0 T a
,\.i
Han ap a II e II H 0 C S 'b P S a H H
Q eaT p 0 6 e m a H nOM n H
npH napallelIHO CS'bpSaHH ueHTp06emHH "II.9.MnJLJ3CHKa OT
THX: acMyks'a . BOAa'qne HllH o6m-CMYKa-re
lIeH Tp'b6oniioBOAM"H 'H3npaman-o-o6m HanopeH TPb-6oni;io
son.JIoMnHT.e ,MoraT, .nafi'bnaT enus. no npyra B o6li{a M&
mHHaa salla C K'bCH c06CTBeHH HanopHH Tp'b6HH yqaCT'bUU
no 'o6ma TOqKa A (!bHr. 1 .54 Q.') HrIH Ha paSCTOHHHe entia
OT npyra B nOMneHH CTaHQHH c nOCTaT'bqtIO n'brI
"rH co6cTBeHH HanopHH Tp'b6HH yqaCT'bQH no 06maTa T. ii,
(dJHr.l.54 8 S H B npyrHH cnyqaR HanopHHRT
CllsnXOl.{K._._t1, jlT '-le
-I;:YMal'a Ha Ae6HTHTe nOMnH naBaMm1HI
ne6HT H qe.o6w..lHIT.. H3JHHL Ha CHCTeMaTa e paBeWtIa Ha
nopa; BCRKB nOMna, T.e.
Q =Q, .,. Q
'.
(1.128)
2
H =: == H2 (1.129)

HspaSHTe (1.128) H (1.1,29) xapaKTepH3HpaT napaJIenHa
paGoTa liB nBe
72
l
_
nSpSneITHa pa60Ta HS nBe ueHTp06e*HM nOMnH C pa3JJMQ
HH xapaKTepHCTI1KH. pasnOJIo*eHH no cxer-fa a; .
ce H3B'hPUlBB npH npe,[lIIOCTaBKBTa. qe 2CapaKTepH
CTI1KHTe HB I10MnHTe H Ha TR'!:60I1POBOI;!;;)._.. ca_H3BCCTHH ____
B'h3 OCHOBa Ha 113paSHTe (1.12'81--11 11.129)
CYMapHaTa xapaKTCpl1CTI1Ka Q - H _ HB nOMnwre ce norry-
I + fI
'-laBa '-lpe3 cYMHpaHeTo Ha a6CL(HCHTe HB T04KWl'e c e,[lHaKBI1
Op,[lHHaTI1 Ha ,[Ia)leHHTe xapaKTepHCTHKH' n H 11 Q -
1
OT '-lym,aTa Ha 06maTa xa-
II
paKTepHCTHKa Harope cy- -" ""'-",
MapHaTa xapaKTepHCTHKa /"',""
ce " - - ----t nOKpHBa C xapalCTepHCTlI- /
KaTa Q - HjJ:"' npH npecu'-la ! lj
HeTO HB CYMapHaTa xapaK- (I J. 3 i
TepHCTHKa Q HI +Q-H
n
:: III 1
xapaKTepHCTHKB E HB TP'h- 1 ,
60npOBO,[la ce lIonYQaaa 06
a
maTa pa60THB T.' :3 .A6::-
cuuCBTa Ha T. 3 onpe
06mOTO KOITH )leITH aO)lHO

qeCTBO Q ,BO)laBBHO K'bM
HanopHlliI Tp'b6onpOBO)l, a Op)lHHBTaTa - 06mlcH! HBnop.1L-
npaBa. npeKapaHa npe3 T04KaTa 3,npeCH
H,m
1'(, ./.
1
'.
I I i
a,lIs
<!lur. 1 .55
3 I
1-,1 ___Iv! 2, II
I 1.d
0"
73
qa ,o:a,o:eHHTe XapaKTepHCTHKH B T. L..1! 2! KOHTO ca pa6oT:-.
MHTe T(jqKH Ha ,o:BeTe nOMnH. mi' THX OT xapaKTepHcTHKHTe
Qtl H Q tVl_ C'bOTBeTcTsysaT
trtu
'f4 H
K. n ;)1. ... .ce onpe.,llenS[ no cne,o:HHH HaqHH
11# .
.. IV
, n _
r 7iiio tlf( P2
'?oq::: !V8 -
fl-tl. H{ I"QzH2 = r; ", + q 7J
(1.130)
tODD '1/, r 10001t ( 'c:t. 2 l2(
TOqKHTe H 5 ca C'bOTBeTMHTe paGoTHH TOqKH !lPM
calMkToHTeneH petmM aa paGoTa Ha nOMnHTe. Ha THX C'bOT
BeTcTBysaT Pt M '?S .
tIacTTa OT xapaKTepHCTHKaTa f) - H1 Me:IKAY T.' H1' e
pa60THHSlT 06xsaT Ha n'bpBaTa nOMna. Ha Hero C'bOTBeTCT-
-BYSa 1(, H "" Ha K.n.,o:. Ha C'bm,aTa nOMna.
tIacTTa OT xapaKTepHCTMKaTa {} - Hi' Melt,o:y T. 2 H 5 e
pa60THMSlT 06XBaT Ha BTopaTa nOMna.-Ha Hero C'bOTBeTCTBY-
Ba 06XSaT'bT Melt,o:y f M Ps Ha K.n.,o:. Ha.C'bm,aTa nOMna.
B Te3H OOXBaTM TpHosa,o:a ce HaMMpa C'bOTBeTHO .
tma:c
nO-TOqHO '!7I?a:r: TpHOBa ,!:la C'bBna,!:la C pa60THHH peltHM
(C'bBMeCTeH HnM caMOCTOHTeneH), KORTO HMa no-rOllHMa npo
,o:'bnltHTenHOCT.
AKO xapaKTepHCTMKBTa Ha Tp'bOOnpOBO,!:la npeCMqa CYMap
HBTa xapaKTepMCTMKB q - HI + II B T. K HllH nO-BHCOKO,
pa60TaTa aa nO-ManK8Ti nOMna e 6e3CMHcneHa.
3a e,!:1HBKBH nOMllH rpaHqHHSlT aaanH3 e aaanorH'l:ea Ha (IlHr. 1.55.
tIecTo B npaKTHKaTa ce npHnara C'bBMeCTHB napanenHa
pa60Ta Ha nOBeqe OT ,!:lBe e,!:lHBKBH nOMnH. B TBKHBa crryqaH
XapBKTepHCTHKaTa Ha 1Pb6onpoBO,!:la TPSl6Ba Aa no-noneraTB.
napanenHa pa60Ta Ha Ase nOMnH C pa311HqHH
xapaKTepHcTHKH no cxeMa 5 .nOMnHTe ce HBMHpaTaa pas
CT05IHu.e ..OT ,o:pyra C(j)Hr. 1 S6) H Ha;>a311H9HH KOTH,
TaKa qe TP'bOHH5ITyiiaCT'bK lHMa xapaKTepHCTHKa .Tp'1;>6
HHHT yqaCT'bK 2 e K'bC H ce npeHeoperBa. 3a ,o:a ce CBe
,!:lecnyqaaT KiM
TOBa
03HaqaSaOT op,o:HHaTHTe. Ha Q - Hz ,o:a "t-e HSBa,o:HT Op,B,HHa-
THTe aa E" nonYtIeHaTa H: ce HapH
tIr=..:.n=..JLD Ii nO-HaTaT'bK MeTO,ll{'bT aa rpaq,Hq
HHSl'aHanH9 - H Ha B'l'OpaTa nOMna KaTO napa
rrenHO CB'bp3aHM H paMHpam,H ce e,o:Ha ,0:0 ,o:pyra ce cselt,o:a
,nO' cnyqaHTe OT cxeMa a. CYMaPliaTa xapaKTepHC'l'HKa e
I I )
(Q - Hz) +( Q- Hn. ,npM npeCI1QaHeTO aa TaSH xapaKTepHCTHKa
l
74
oR'
"P'17"L1t!tl
06m,aTa pa60THa
c xapaKTepHcTMKaTa E:; ce nonyqaBa

KOSlTO'-onpe,o:en s{ OOm,Hs{ ,ne6HT Q.

H,m
.
\ 1,-
I, _
-HIl

_ill]'
IJ ' "'1
3 T ":i'
I
II I
n---t ' I
I 1
M
Y..L LL I n "'TW'I' "I' . \ 2 s
0., Q.V I
$Hr.1.56
I \1
t{f
XOPHSOHTBrrHBTa npaBa; npeKBpaHB npes T. 3, npeCHtIa
! \ \,
,na,o:eHHTe xapaKTepHcTHKH B T. " H ca paooTHHTe
I'.: i

TOqKH liB npHBe,o:eHaTa H BTopaTa nOMna. nna-
I 11 .. .
npe3 T. f I H '{ - HI onpenerrSlT.TotrRaTB
---- ----_........ .. . ..,..
. .,.J".. KOHTO e paGoTHa TOqK'aHa n'bPBaTa nOMna. KOOp,!:lHHaTM.
Te Ha paOOTHaTa T. 1 onpe,o:enHT B npHeTHTe Mam,aoH ,o:eOH-
Ta Q'H Hanopa HI! a KOOp,!:lHHaTHTe Ha T. 2-,o:eoHTa H
1
Q
2
Hanopa H
2
. Ha TeSH TOtIKH C'bOTBeTCTBYBBT '?t H "12'
npH caMocTO'HT.e.DJ:!H.K peltHM Ha n'bpSaTa nOMna pa60THaTa
aa K"O'ii'i'tJ Ctso-nre'feT1f)'lPcl:""1i,- :r'fffiiCCaMO-
Ha BTopaTa nOMna - T. 5' H C'bOTBeTHO/}'
BHltAa ce, qe nOMnHTe He pa60TST npH e,nHaKBH ycnO'BH51. '0
n'bpBaTa nOMna TpH6Ba ,!:la npeo,o:onee yqaCT'bK f H cne,o:
Tosa ,o:a ce H3paBHH C BTopaTa nOMna . B TBKHBa cnyqaH
n'bpBBTa nOMna Tpa6BB,o:a 5'b,o:ELC no-rOneMHB'b3MOiKHO
CTH. e npHBe,o:eHaTa xapal<TepHC'f'HK'8;;!la
ce nonyqH npHonH3HTerrHO e,o:HaKBB C xapaKTepHCTHKaTa Ha
BTO'paTa nOMna.
AKa cooCTBeaHTe HanopHH Tp'b6HH YQaCT'bUH H Ha ,o:BeTe
nOMnH ca ,o:'bnrH, T'bPC51T ce npHBe,o:eHHTe xapaKTepHcTHKH
H Ha ABeTe naMnH.
3a ,o:a ce onpe,o:enH peltHM'bT Ha paOOTa Ha naparrerrHO
75
(,b'bpSaHI1 ueHTpo6eiKHI1 nOMnl1 no e Heo6
XOAI1MO Aa ce SHae aHarrl1Tl1qHHRT BI1A Ha xapaKTepl1CTI1Ka
Ta Q- H Ha nOMmiTe. AKo HanplIMep xapaKTepl1CTI1KaTa ce
113pa3HBa C'bC SaBliCI1MOCTTa (1.85), ToraBS 3a m eAHaK
BI1 nOMIHi. paSIIOnOlKeHH C'brnaCHO C'bC cxeMa a, MOJKe Aa ce 3a
nHllle () 2 , ' , (,',l
H -H -a ," ":",y
lor I
1/ Jj := H- a 0; , 0
(1.133)
H .::: H -a Q2
mOm
C'brnaCHO C ypaBHeHl1e(1.129) H=H H =
H7T/ U
I II
T'bH KaTO nOMIIHTe ca eAHaKBI1,
,Q =Q :=' ,= fJ _( Ho - H ) Y2
If I II "I'm - a.
(1.132)
BOAHO KOrrl1qeCTBO npl1 C'bBMp.CTH8Ta paooTa Ha
IIOMnl1Te C'brrr aCHO C ypaBHeHl1e (1 1 28) 6'bAe
fJ = q .,. fJ- +, '+q m(
H
0
-#
)
iJ( 1 JJ.. m (l
OTTYK
2
H -==H 0
o m2!( , (1.133)
norryqeHI1RT 113pas npcAcTaBrrRBa ypaBHeHl1e Ha
xapaKTepl1CTHKa Ha m eJ(Hal{BI1 naparrerrHo
tt'brnacHo C'bc--c'wra-a-r:
3a Aa ce onpeAenRT napaMeTpl1Te Ha pa60THaTa TOqKaA,
TpHoBa Aa ce pemaT C'bBMeCTHO ypaBHcHHRTa (1.133) 11
(1.94) :
a: 2 2
H- Q=H+sfJ
o r I.(T (1.134)
T'bM KaTO pa60THaTa TOqKa e 3a CYMapHaTa XapaK
TepHCTUKa Q -H 11 xapaKTepl1CTI1KaTa Ha flanopHUR Tp'b60
npOBOLl, crreABa, qC Q:: Q ::: Qr '
a
ToraBa OT ypaBHeHl1f (1.134) ce norryql1
Q :: I, f.Ia - Hr ) V2 ,
(1.135)
:J r s +
m
l
CrreA 3aMeCJ'B8He Ha f}A B ypaBHeHue (1.133) ce I1SQHC
ITRBS IlSnOp'bT Ha.. :
Q, 2
HA - Ho - m2 t.lA '
(1.136)
76
l
BOLlHOTO KOITHQeCTBo,KoeTo nOAaBa eAHa OT C'bBMeCTHrr pa
nOMnH, ce OflpeAeITR crreA 3aMecTBaHe ua Ha B
ypaBHeHue (1.132):
:OJI='" =Qm:::(
(1.137)
AHarrorH4HO ce HaMl1paT ypaBHeHueTO Ha CYMapHaTa xa
paKTepHcTHKa Q-H U f1apaMeTpUTe Ha pa60THaTa TOQKa, KO
raTO nOMnHTe ca pa3ITU4HI1 - HaH-QeCTO nBe.
npH naparreITHa pa50Ta Ha ABe pa3nHQHI1 ueHTpo5eiKHI1
nOMnH, uaMupaUU1 ce Ha 113BeCTHO pa3CTOSIHue enHa OT LlPY
ra 11 Ha pa3ITH4HH KOTU (cxeMa 8 l,e Heo5xOAHMO nbpBO
Aa ce HaMepH ypaBHeHHeTO H8 npl1BeneHaTa xapaKTepHCTU-
I I
Ka Q - HE 3a Ta3H uen OT ypasHeHHeTO
Ha xapaKTepl1CTUK8Ta Q- HE ce I1SBeiKAa ypaBHeHHeTO Ha
xapaKTepHCTHKaTa Ha Tp'b6onpOBona, KOMTO CBbp3Ba BTO
paTa nOMna C U6maTa T04Ka M:
122
HJI (HO/l-allfl
U
) -[(i!I-ZE) + SJI fJjJi ,
(1.138) 111111
1r
I
= Hal[ -(iC] -;ljJ) - (all +sJ[) qII
2
K'bAeTO HoIl H ca KOHCTaHTHTe B ypaBHeHueTO Ha CL
IL
xapaKTepl1CTUKaTa Q- H Ha
BTopaTa nOMna;
- KOTHTe HB BOAaTa (Te4HOCTTB) B
QepnaTerrHHTe pe3epnoapH C'bOTBeT
HO Ha nbpnaTa U Ha BTopaTa nOM
na.
AHarrorU4HO ce HaMHpa ypaoHeHueTO U8 xa
paKTepHCTUKa H Ha n'bpBaTa nOMna, aKO HeHHI1RT co5CTBeH
HanapeH Tp'b60npOBon UMa 3HaQUTenHa n'bITiKI1Ha.
YpaBHeHueTO HS CYMapHaTa xapaKTepHCTHKa Q H H na
paMeTpl1Te Ha pa60THaTa TOQKa ce HaMl1paT aHarrOrHQHO Ha
C11Y4aR c eAHaKBH nOMflH, pa3nOITOiKeHU no cxeMa a,
i!I Ii II
06maTa ua eAHOBpeMeHHO pa60TemHTe nOMfll1 MO
iKe na ce onpeAenH, KaTO ce n011SYBaT ypasHeHI1R (1.87).
77
1. 3. 17. C B M e C T Hap a 6 0 T a
Han 0 C n e nOB aTe n HOC B P S a H H
U e H T P 0 6 e H H nOM n H
npH nocnenOBaTenHO nOMnH OT tIepnaTenHHH
pes-ePBOapg-acMyl<:sa- j3-o,r:(a nOMna , KORTO honailll
- HanopHHR
nOMll.HTe MoraT ,I:Ia enHa ,1:10 npyra B o6U1,a MaUlHHHa
, sana C Tp'b6HH TSlX (!pHr'. 1 .57 a.. )
HnH aa pascToSlHHe enHa OT npyra. B paSnHtIHH nOMneHH
Ha paSnHtIHH KOTH J!pHf'.1 .570 ).
L...J
Q
2 It ....
:::r::
L..
I n. // :::r::
T
a If
<!lHr.l.S7
H B e,/:\HHHR H B npyrHSl cnytIaH e,l:lHO H BO,l:lHO KOJIH
tIeCTBO MHHaaa OT nOMna B nOMna H OT nocnenHaTa - B
HanopHHSl OT Toaa cnenaa, tIe 06U1,OTO BOnHO
KOnHtIeCTBO e paBHOHa BOnHOTO KonHtIeCTBO, KoeTO H3
TnaCKBa BCJlKa nOMna, H tIe 0.6U1,HstT Hanop ce onpeneJIH OT
HanopHTe Ha neiicTBYBaUl,HTe nOMnH, T.e.
Q::.Q,,=Q2.'
(1.139)
11= -t H2
TesH HspaSH xapaKTepH3HpaT pa60TaTa Ha nocnenOBaTen
HO nOMnH.
Pa60Ta Ha nBe paSnHtIHH nocne,gOBaTenHO
nOMnH. no cxeMa a. rpadlHtIHHHT
npH npe,gnocTaBKaTa, tIe
THKHTe Q- 1-11 H Q- HII Ha nOMnHTe H xapaKTepHcTHKaTa
Ha ca HSB.i.C;.'J:HH {dlHr. 1.58). oc-
HOBa Ha HspaSHTe (1.1:39) CYMapHaTa xgpaKTePHcTHKa(Q-fl ).,
I
+(Q-Ho.) Ha nOMnHTe ce nonYtIaBa tIpes CYMHpalle Ha op

........
l111HaTHTe HaTOtIKH J:i6c.:I1HCH Ha OT,I:IenHHTe xa
paKTepHcTHKH TOQKaTa K Ha,gRciiocYMapJiaTa-xapai<
TepHcTHKa ce" nOKpHBa C xapaKTepHCTHKaTa Q - HJl,nPH npe-
CHtIaHeTO Ha CYMapHaTa (Q - HI) +( q - HlJ) C
xapaKTepHcTHKaTa E, Ha ce nonYtIaBa o6U1,a
Ta pa60THa T. 3. A6cUHcaTa Ha T. 3 onpe,genSl 06U1,OTO
BO,gHO KOnHtIeCTBO Q, nOnaBaHO HanopHHR
a op,l:lHHaTaTa - 06U1,HH Hanop H,BepTHKanHaTa npaaa,
npeKapaHa npes T. J, npecutIa ,ga,geHHTe xapaKTepHcTHKH B
T. f H 2, KOHTO ca pa60THHTe TOtIKH Ha ,gBeTe C'bBMeCTHO
nOMnH. Ha T.SIX OT xapaKTepHCTHKHTe Q- 11 'H
Q- 'Fll 'F, H '?2'
K.n.,g. ce onpenen.SI no dlOPMYnaTa
rqll
Aln foliij ii'll "It
'f0<1= = rq, fCQzH
z
::. H (1.140)
H, "tl +
. 1000r, +1000712
.- I
H,m
'I., ",
/
------------------------------------------------------------------------.....
....
::t

Q-flU
Q,VS
<!lHr.1.S8
79
78

TOtIKHTe 1; H 5. ca. C'bOTBeTHHTe paoOTHi1 TOtIKH npH ca
pelKllM Ha- nOMIIliTe '. Ha THX C'bOTBeTcTBYBa,z'
H .
llaCTTa 0'1' xapaKTepHcTHKaTa'Q - Hr MelKny '1', ! 11 If e
Q6XBaT Ha II'bpBaTa IIOMIIa,
21... Ji Ha C'blI\aTa IIOMIIa.
llaCTTa 0'1' xapaKTepHCTHKaTa "rJ - HII MelKny T. 2 H 5 e
paooTHHHT 06XBaT Ha BTopaT8 IIOMna. Ha Hero C'bOTBeTCTBY-
Ba 06XBaT'bT Me)Kny H ?s Ha K.n .n. Ha C'blI\aTa IIOMna. B
Te3H OOXBaTH TpHOBa na ce HaMHpa C'bOTBeTHOTO r! max' 00
TOtIHO W Tp510Ba na C'baIIana HITM na e no-orrH30 no TO-
t mAX
3M paOOTeH pelKHM, C'bBMeCTeH I1ITI1 caMOCTOHTeneH, KoRTO
HMa nO-rOn51Ma npOn'bnlKHTeITHOCT.
AKO xapaKTepHCTI1KaTa Ha Tp'b60npOBona npeCHQa CYMap-
HaTa xapaKTepHCTHKa (Q-HI}+lq-Hll)B TOtIKaTa Ha tIynKaTa
K Hnl1 nO-HI1CKO 0'1' He51, pa60TaTa Ha ManKaTa nOMna
e oe3CMHcneHa,
KoraTO nOMnHTe ca enHaKBH. rpaHtIHHRT aHanH3 ce H3
B'bpmBa aHanOrHqHO.
B'b3MO)KHa e C'bBMeCTHaTa nocnenOBaTenHa pa50Ta H Ha
nOBetIe 0'1' nBe nOMnH.
C'bBMeCTHa pa60Ta Ha nBe pa3nHtIHH neHTp05elKHH IIOMnH.
CB'bp3aHM nocnenOBaTenH.z,. pa3nOnO)Ke1ll1 no cxeMa
nHTe ce HaMHpaT Ha
H Ha pa3nHtIHH KOTH, TaKa tIe Tp'b6HHRT ytIaCT'bK I HMa
xapaKTepHCTHKa E{, 3a na ce CBene cnY4a51T K'bM npenXon
HHH (cxeMa a), nOMna I ce npHBelKna K'bM MHCTOTO Ha
II TOBa 03Ha4aBa 01' OpnHHaTHTe HB f} - HI
OpnHHaTHTe Ha f . DonyqeHBTa. xapaKTepl1CTHKa
QI- HI ce Hap11Qa n p 11 Ben e H a X a p a K T' e
I .. 'to, "-" . " '",,/,".,,"- "" .......... / ....
P H C l' H K a. DO-HaTaT'bK MeTOn'bT 3a rpaHqHHH aHB
Ha npHBeneHaTa 11 Ha BTopaTa nOMIIa Ka
TO nOCneljOBaTeITHO CB'bP3BHH H HaMHpalI\H ce enHa no
I'B ce CBelKna no cnytIaHTe 01' cxeMa a. CYMapHaTa xa
paKTepl1CTHKB e(Q'-H;)r(Q HiT)'
0'1' npeCHQaHeTO c E'2,. ce n-;;nyqaBB OOIl\aTa pa60TH'a
TOtIKB .3, aGcUHcaTa Ha KORTO onpenenH {}.
----.--
BepT11KanHBTa npaBa, npeKapaHa npeg 3, npeC11'4a xa-
I I J
paKTep11CTHKHT Q.-J.l 11Q-H![BT'/H2,KoHToca
1
paGoTHHTe T04KI1 Ha npHBeneHaTa H HB BTopaTa nOMna.
BepTHKanHaTa npaaa npe3 f f 11 Q-III onpenenR T. f,
80
w.
KORTO e pa60THa TO'4Ka Ha n'bpBaTa nOMna. KOOpnHHaTHTe
Ha T. 1 onpenen51T B npHeTHTe Mama611 neoHTa g {}f H
Hanopa H
f
KoOpnHHaTHTe Ha T. 2 onpenen51T ne6HTa O
2
Ii Hanopa H2 Ha BTopaTa nOMna. Ha THX C'bOTBeTcTBYBBT
K.n.n. 11 H'?2
CaMOCTORTenHaTa pa60Ta Ha K051 na e .01' T!Cl.MnJITe npH ,
TBKaBa cxeMa e HnH 111m KpaMHO HeH-3ro.n;HaH
He ce npHnara.
H,m "
1.' "10
Q'- tii+ Q
i
yj
I'u __}
V- Xl.
1-_c=. __ _
Q.l/s
lHr.1.S9
1. 3. 18. P B (5 0 T a H a U e H T P 0 6 e )K H a
\.
nOM nan p Hex e M a
C n Ban p e x 0 n H H pes e p Boa p a
I1PH BOnOCHa6miTenHa cxeMa c o(im.OTO
BonHO KOnHQeCTBO Ha nOMnaTa ce Hsnpam.a enHOBpeMeHHO
no nBa pesepBoapa 1 11 11 no naa HanopHH
1 H 2 1CB'bpSaHH' napalienHo (qmr. 1.60) t nOpan" 1<oe1'O
6 nOMnH H nOMneHH CTaHUHH
8T
T
------- ::I:
till1r.1.60
Q :: Q -f Q Q *[7 H q::;: O.
,,1 2 f 2
,\1(0 C3 113BeCTHH xapaKTepllC'I'HKUTe Ha nOMnaTB .11 lIB
TPb6ollPOBOJUiTe H 2, aHBmp ce 1i3B'bpUlBa no
cnc,tl}HnT1f::1
t
{kik i .(0). Ha npaBO'br'bnHa KOOPilliHaTHa
CilCTeMa Q 11-1 ce HaHaCHT xapaK'repHCTHKaTa Q - H Ha
r:o!'1fiwra 11 xapaK'repI1CTl:::!atTe ;I E, Ha Tp'b6HHTe Jtj&C
2
,[,bUll ;,; 2. CYMapUQT& xapaKTepMC7HKa
ilRaTa rrapanenHo CB'bP3BH TPb60D)OB0ua. 2EaTB xa
paKTer,-HCTHK<l
,-
npeCHQa -HBT.':L
I..
,;a. '1', :; B f!p,leTHH 3a ile6wrvl're,npe,u-
1l:J. nOMnaT3 il I a 0PillwaTBTil H 06-
111lUIT Hanop, 1:01'110 nOMnSTa :'PCO,L,OTHlBa.
a:UWTCi I'pal38., rrpes TO<lKaTa
CbOTBeTHO B T. 1 H 2 ,QHH
TO KOJ!w!eCTS3. Q1 H
::,iJ,UOEpe.<lCHHO C'bOTSeTH}ITe pe:Jepsoapv.: I HIT"
OT Hr. 1.60 C0 2 e no-nonernTa,
TonXOBR Do-ronaMO H R, - nO-ManKO. KaraTO MH-
,,1Pt; ['() ':,(:J.Ta lV" =(0 HT'O 2: r a ;3 '1' 3. 51 a. aT.: an 0
I
TO Ha 1 (Et), paOOTHBTa TO'lJKB aa rIoMnaTa e ff H C HeS!
ce nOKpHBB T. ,2, aT. 1ce nOKpHBa CT. EO, nOpanH TO-
f
Ba B cnY'lJa& f) I7;:Q2 H Qr ;: O. T. e._ UfIlIOTO BOnHO KOlIH'lJeCT-
BO ce H:mpama B pesepsoapa I I (HHCKH&), a pesepsoap I \
He C e n'blIHH , . ..., . ."",:;d
,-"? 3a,ua'lJaTa sa. onpenenHHe HS pasnpeneneHHeTO Ha nOTOUH
Te K'bM nSBTS ,uB ce peWH H qpe3 npyro
rpaqm'lJRO 1I0CTPoeHHe. AKO OT a6CUHCHTe Ha xapaKTepHC
THKaTa Q- /-{ Ha nOMnaTa ce H3Ba,uHT aOCUHCHTe Ha xapaK
TepHcTHKBTa 2 aa Tp'b6onposo,ua 2, nonY'lJaBa ce Ha'lJyne-
HaTa KpHsa L;VP (c]mr.1.60) C xapaKTepaa tIynKa S
T. N, TasH nHHHH ce aapHtIa npHseneHB XilpaKTepnCTUKa no
,ueoHT. Cnen TOBa nOCTpoeHHe ce CqHTa,
'lie nOMnaTa e npeMeCTeHa ycnoBHo B Ha'lJanOTO Ha Tp'b60npo
BOna /, Henocpe,uCTseHO cnen paSKnOHeHHeTO Ha Tpb6onpo
BOila 2. Pa60THaTa TO'lJKa Ha TaKa XH,upa
BlIHqH8 CHCTeMa C'bsnana C T. 1 H ce nonyqaBa n1'H npeCH
qaHeTO Ha npHBeneHaTa no ,ueoHT xapaKTepHcTHKa Ha n01'-ma
Ta L., NP H xapaKTepHCTJilKaTa E
f
Ha Tpb6on1'oBo,ua 4. A6
CUHcaTa UB TOqKaTa 1 on1'enenH BO,uHOTO KOnHtIeCTBO Q"
TpaHcnopTH1'aHO no T1''bOOnpOBona 1, a op,uJilHaT8Ta Ha T. 1
C'bOTBeTCTBYBa Ha 06mHfI Hanop Ha nOMnaTa H .npH CHCTeMa
OT ycnopenHO CS'bpSaHJil Tpb60npOBo,uH HanopHTC 9a OTnen-
RHTe Y'lJaCT'bUH B 06maTa HM TOqKa ca e,!lRaKBH. a CYMaTa
OT Bo,uUJilTe KOnH'lJeCTBa. T1'aucnopTHpaHH QT sceKH OT THX, ,
e paSHa Ha nonaBaHeTO OT nOMnaTa C O'bPSHH Jil
BTOPJil& saKOH ua KHPxom). ToraBa npenBH,u n HaGHaa aa
nocT1'oHBaHe aa npHBeneHaT8 no ,ueoHT xapaKTepHcTHKa
}la nOMnaTa J..,/VP neCHO ,ua ce onpe,uelIH BOilHOTO KO
IIHQeCTBO no Tp'b60npOBona 2. AKO npes T. 1 ce npe
Ka1'a npasa, ycnopenHa BB a6cUHcHaTa oc pa3cToHHHe
OT HeH, Ha oomHR Hanol' H), TH npeCHtI8
xapaKTepHCTJilKaTa 2 Ha T1''bOOnpOBOna 2 B T 2, a xapaK
TepHCTHKaTa Ha nOMnaTa Q - H B T .3. A6cUHcaTa aB '1'.2
oope,uenH BO,uHOTO KOnHqeCTBO Q2' TpaHcnopTHpaHo OT TP'b
oonpoBona 2, a aocUHcaTa Ha T. 3 onpenenR KO
lIHGeCTSO Qn 1 TpaH'cnopTHpaHO OT nOMnaTa K'bM ,uBBTa pe
3epBOBpa.
KaKTO ce no e,uHO H C'bmO 1'eweHHe na ce
,uOCTHrHe no nBa paSlIHqHH Ha'lJHHa. npHnaraHeTO aa Bce
KH OT THX saBHCH OT cnOEHOCTTa H Ha KOH
K1'eTHaTa sa,ua'lJa.
AKO 3a,uaqaTa e nOCTaBeHa OT rne,uHa TO'lJKa Ha npoeK
THpaHeTO, T. e. H Q2 CB npennHcaHH. a H HH
ca HssecTHH. TpHosa ,ua ce opasMe1'HT Tp'bOOnpOBonHTe H
83
32
Aa ce HaMepH nOMna. KOHTO Aa YAOBl1eTBOpHBa saAaHHeTO
Qj1::Ql-+
Q
Z'
Ha KOOPAHHaTHa CHCTeMa Q,H ce 'HaHaCHT
Q4-19
z
1LQ. no a6eUHCHaTa oc H ee HSAHraT aepTHKal1H.
nO-CK'bnH5lT TP:I>6onpOaOA <:e opaSMepHBa (06HKHoaeHO Ton
,
eno-:-.Q'bnrm!T . B TIOHKOHOMHqeCKH
nOKasaTenu. 'HaqepTaaa . ce xapaKTepHCTHKaTa MY. TH sa
eAHO C 0PAHilaTaTa Ha onpeAenSI T. 4. npes i:. ce.
npeKapBa XOpH30HTal1Ha npaBa, KOHTO e BepTHKal1HTe Ha Q
2
H Q onpeAenH T. 2 H 3 Tp'b60npOltQll'bT.2 . TpSI6Ba Aa ce
opasr.1epH TaKa, qe xapaKTePHCTHKaTa ,M.YJ a Ai MHHaBa
,npe"s"_T.,__ OqeBHAHO Ton MOJKe Aa HMa KonTO Aa
He TexHHKO-HKOHOMHqeCKH Han-H3rOAeH. 3a oT6enSIs
BaHe e, qe caMO cnyqanHO CTaHAapTeH MOJKe Aa
onpeAeJIH xapaKTepHCTHKa Ea, KOSITO Aa MHHaBa TOqHO
npe ST. Z. 06HKHOBeHO 2 ce
OT ABa C paSl1HtlHH AHaMeTpH, qHSITO CYMap
Ha xapaKTepHCTHKa TpH6Ba Aa MHHaBa npes T". 2 .JlblllKHHH
Te Ha H8.MHpaT no rpaq;Hqeii- HTIli aHal1H
THqeH HatlHH.
KoraTo elleA nOMnaTa HanopHHSIT e C AOCTa
rOJISlMa AO TOtlKaTa Ha paSKJIOHHBaHeTO MY,
rpaq;HqHHHT aHaJIHS ce tlpes npHBeAeHa no Hanop
xapaKTepHCTHKa.
1. 3. 19. P a 6 0 T a H, a 0 T A e n H 0
pas nOll 0 JK e H Hue H T P 0 6 e lKH H
nOM n H n p H C x e M a . e J H 9 K 0 JI K 0
n p e x 0 A H H .p e S e p s 0 a p a
TesH exeMH ca xapaKTepHH sa rpynosH BOAocHa6AHTenHH
eHcTeMH, saxpaHBamH rOl1SIM 6pon KOHCYMaTopH OT paSl1Hq
HH BOAOHSTOqHHUH. B 3aBHCHMOCT OT 6pOSI Ha HanopHHTe
pesepBoapH H pOMneHHTe CTaHUHH H THXHOTO pasnollOlKeHHe
rpynoBHTe BodocHa6AHTellHH CHCTeMH MoraT Aa HMaT pas
nHtlHa KOHq;HrypaUHH H C110lKHOCT. npeABHA He06xoAHMocTTa
OT onTHManHO TpacHpaHe Ha oTAellHHTe
TeXHHTe cxeMH ca OOHKHoBeHo paSKnOHeHH, OCBeH aKO
HSHCKBaHHH 3a 06eSneQeHOCT aa BOAonOAaBa
HeTO. He3aSHCHMO OT H cnOlKHOCTTa Ha
TaKHsa cxeMH rpaq;HtlHHHT HM aHal1HS ee OCHOBasa Ha eA
HH H npHHUHnH. KOHTO MoraT Aa HnroCTpHpaHH
HaH-neCHo npH aHallH3
npexOAHH HanopHHpe3
CTaHUHH (q;Hr.1.61).
Ha
epB
AonOCHa6AHTenHa
oapa. saxpaHsaHH
cxeMa
OT Ase
C TPH
nOMneHH
84

3a BOAOCHa6AHTellHaTa cxeMa, npeACTaBeHa Ha $Hr.l.61,
MoraT Aa nOCTaBeHH ABe OCHOSHH SanatlH - sa npo
BepKa Ha napaMeTpHTe H 3a Ha eMCTeMa
Ta.
3anatlaTa sa npOBepKa MOJKe Aa q;opMynMPaHa TaKa:
npH AaAeHH H AMaMeTpH Ha H
xapaKTepHCTHKH Q-H Ha nOM
flHTe Aa ce HaMepHT BOAHHTe
KOnHtleCTBa. s
HanopHHTe" pesepsoapH.rpa
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KaTa El Ha Tp'b60npOBOna 1 OT a6cUHcHTe Ha Q,- H1 .
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HSBeCTHH ca H Ha4HHH 3a 3arrHBaHe.Ta
KCBa e T.Hap. BsaHMHO sarrHBaHe Ha nCMnHTe, rrpH KoeTO
CMYKaTerrHHTe Ha paOOTemH'Te rrOMnH ca CBbP
3aHH C KoprrYCHTe Ha HepaOOTemHTe B MOMeHTa nOMnH,ocH
rYPHBaHKH THXHOTO sarrHBaHe H rOTOBHOCT 3a nYCKaHe.
3a rrO-MarrKH nOMneHH CTaHUHH MoraT ce H3norr3YBaT
HrrH pe3epBoapH, KOHTO ce MOH
THpaT CMYKaTerrHHH H nOMnaTa. C THX
rrOMrrHTe ce nOCTOHHHO sarreTH.
1. 3. 24. K a H a rr H s a U H 0 H H H
U e H T P 0 6 e JK H H nOM n H
KaHarrH3aUHOHHHTe ueHTpOOeJKHH nOMrrH ce CbCTOHT OT
CbmHTe 4aCTH,KaKTO H .8).00pa
TOBa, 4e MexaHH4HH npHMe
CH, Ha ueHTpOOeJKHH rrCMnH ca
C no-rorreMH ETO samo, cpaBHeHH C
TerrHIITe ueHTpo6eJKHH nOMnH, npH THX pa3
102

C'TO;:{HHe, . KopnYCbT, S.X9lIl>.'r H...HS.xOl1.'PT.. EPOHT
l-la ITCI1aTKI1Te .Ra paOQTI:LOT9.!S9lJ.e1lQ ...e--",x'_2.-,D;D':L
Ha. K.QpnYCa Ha rrOMnaTa HMa peBH3HCHeH CTBOP sa rrC4HCT
BaHe Ha paoOTHOTO Korrerro_
KaqeCTBaTa Ha ocooeHO Ha Herrpe
(TeMnepaTypa, BHCK03HTeT, MexaHH4HH rrpHMe
H JIP.), HarraraT crra3BaHeTO Ha HHKOH KOHCTPYKTHBHH H
eKCnITOaTaUHOHHHH3HCKBaHHH 3a HopMarreH paoOTeH peJKHM.
Hecrra3BaHeTO Ha' 113.l1p<:.BaHHHTa rrpH4HHHBa KaBHTaUHH.
Te3H H3HCKBaHHH ca: ...... ...- ..... ---.-.-
- eCTeCTBeHo sarrHBaHe Ha rroMrrHTe;
- nC-MarrKa 4eCTOTa Ha BbpTeHe;
- no-rorrHMo paoOTHO Korrerro;
- nCMrrHTe ca
KaHanHsaUHOHHHTe ueHTpOOeJKHH nOMrrH ca
XOpH30HTarrHH HrrH BepTHKarrHH, C HrrH C
CTpaHHo Ha KbM KorrerrOTO.
3a H3noMnBaHe Ha MoraT ce H3rrorr3Y
BaT H ueHTpOOeJKHH rrOMrrH. 3a uerrTa e

a) CTaHUHHTa .ua ce MOHTHpaT perneTKH, KOHTO .ua
He npcrrYCKaT MexaHH4HH npHMeCH C rorrHMa e.uPHHa - OTBO
pHTe HM .ua ca C pa3MepH, HarrorrCBHHa nO-MaITKH OT MeJK.uy
pa3CTOHHHe;
0) CMYKaTenHaTa BHC04HHa .ua He KaBHTa-
KaTO HaH-.ucOpe e ce CCHrYPHBa eCTeCTBeHC 3a
nHBaHe Ha nOMrraTa;
B) nOMnaTa ObJIe oaBHCXO,llHa H eJIHCCTbrrarrHa.
OOPaJIH MarrKHH 6POH lJQUi;lT-
KH Ha pa60THOTO Korrerro
Ha KaHarrHsaii'H'OHHif'fe'
ueHTpOOeJKHH rrCMnH pa-
Kf119 N,k
60THHTe xapaKTepHCTH- l1.
KI1 Q - H I Q -N H Q -1l,
HMaT HSBeCTHH ccooe
ROCTH B cpaBHeHHe
CbC CbmHTe xapaKTe
PHCTHKH Ha. Bc.uOCHaO
.t\HTerrHHTe ueHTpOOeJK a
HH rrOMnH, Ha KCHTC
ZII
6PCHT Ha rronaTKHTe
e rrO-rCITHM (Hr.1.71).
II'
TaKa HanpHMep xa
paKTepHcTHKaTa
j , I V ,ill
i1Ma
H CTPb 3a'
MarrKHTe, lle6WI'I:I. Cb
mOTO ce CTHaCRl1- ..-aa..
Q-N.
H r . 1 71
103
----
TOBa nOl<a3Ba. tJe B IThpBaTa n01l0BliHa HS 06XBaTa CH C3a
Manl<HTe ne6liTH) nOMnaTa e tJYBCTBiiTenH8 HS HanOpliTe
HMa MHoro orpSHHtJeHa 30Ha
....--...... .....- ...... _.... - -.
onnfManeHl<.....n.n. nopanH CTP'bMHIHI yt.IaCTbl< OKorro"/;.MIt)f
H
OCO-
Kone
HB
3a
OPO
nog
01'
MSKCliM8JIHIHIT I<.n.n. CbOTBeTcTByaa a8 HHcPnel<CHBTa TOtJ
Q -H.
ITopa.u1i Te3H oc06eIioCTHln1 paeioTHHTe xapaKTepHCTHKH
nOMnH TpHOBa na ce H30H
paT 3a CTporo onpeneneHIi napaMeTpH Q 11 H B npOTH
BeH cnytJaA I<.n.n. HRMa na Obne B 30HaTa Ha onTUManHHR
, paOOTeH
',-....
1. 3. 25. M 0 H T a HOG c n y BaH C
I{
H a e H l' P 0 0 e H Ii nOM n H
a. Ha XOpH30HTaJIHii nOMOH
ITpenH Ha nOMnHTe ce npOBepHBa TeXHHtJeCKOTO
CbCTOHHHe Ha nOCTaBeHHTe arperaTH, KaTO ce 06pbma
6eHO BHHMaHHe Ha Ii pa60THOTO
fIO. HeoOXOnHMo e na cenpoB-epj:j"ci.mo nOCTaBeHai'a -jaen-
HO C arperaTHTe TeXHHtJeCKB nOI<YMeHTaQHR: nacnopTHTe
nOMnBTa H enel<TpOnBlfrBTellR. TeXHlftJeCKHTe H3HCKBaHlfH
H eKcnlloaTaQliR Ii np.
<IlYHnaMeHTHTe TpROBa nB ObnBT H3nbllHeHH CbrnaCIIO
eI<TB. nonYCKa ce OTKllOHeHHe 01' npoeKTHHTe pa3MepH
! 15 n1 m. XOPH30HTBnHBTB nOB'bpXHOCT HB cPYHnaMCHT>ne,
B'bPXY I<O.RTO ce MOHTHpaT arperaTHTe. e c 30 - 40 rom 110
HHCl<ii aT npoeKTHaT&. TbH KaTO npH e HE'o6xonHMO
na ce nOCTBBHT nap paMBTa H1IH n1l0t.IaTa Ha arperaTB
SB XOpH30HTaITHO pa3n01laraHe HB arperaTB.
'-- np ei:{i1 -1Y'I1:l1f'TaiKa HapBMBTB -Ha-'arpera-:ra--ce-iloqj:fC TB aT
Dopine 3B BHKepHHTe GOITTOBe BbB cPYHnSMefiT3. B
HB 601lTOSeTe e OOHI<HOBeHO sao - 700 mIn , B nHaMeTbp'bT
HM e C 3 - 4 mm nO-Manbl< 01' OTsopa Ha PBMaTB.
Ha roneMM arperaTIi aHKepHIfTe oonTOBe ce 3aee
DbB __I1PH MY, 3 npl1
IlO-ManI<H arp'er:'iTli ce OCTaB5IT nynl<H3a' Oa.lITOaeTe.
PaMBTa HB arper-aT-a' He ce riocTBBHHanpaso BbPXY cPYH
naMeHTa. B Ha cneUH311HH HITH KJIHHOBe. KOI1TO
ce npe3 400 - 600rnrn .BHcotJHHaTa Ha
Kwre e 01' 2S no 70mm, a llmpOtJl1HaTa liM - 60 no 80m?yl.
f1ocpeAc'tBoM _ (l<lllfHOseTe) paMaTB HB arperaTB
ce X;OPH30HTa-llHo HB HeooXOnHMaTa
KOTa H ce 3BKpenBa KbM t.Ipe3 aHKepHHTe 000
TOBe. enen npOBepKa Ha XOpH30HTanHOTO Ii BHCOqHHHOTO
Ha paMaTa 60JITOBeTe H npOCTpaHCTBOTO non H
104
........filli:;
Kono HeH ce 3anHBBT C OeTOH. Cnen BTBbpn5IBBHe Ha oe
OHS 6011ToneTe ce npHT5IraT nonbllHHTefIHO Ii ce H3BbplllBa
:CHT!,onHa nposepKB_ HB BBnOBeTe ria
11 e:reKTpOnBHrSTcnH.
!cooeHO BlinrvraHMe ce65p'hlI\B Ha npaBlfnnOTO
BzrrOHeTC, T.e. OClfTC HM na oopa aT
,sa. 0 MOHTHpa XOpH30HTanHO If Ha
nOMrIClTa. a cnen ']"OBa- eneKTpOnSHra
., j. TOBa ce npOBep9.Ba onaBHOTO M neKO- BbpTe
ri banOBCTC,KaTO ce npeB'bpTaT C pbKa. CbenHHHTen
.:. \lyQc.l Tp1l6Ba .ua 3al<peneHU nnbTHO Ha Bano-
ueHTpUPBHe AB ce H3BbPIllH C ITHHHaKa
CbC cneuuanH8 cK05a, nOCTBBCHa HB CbenlfHHTenH2Ta
" ;!U BanOBeTe. Haa-qeCTO ce L\eHTpHpa c nOMOllJ.Ta HB
dh(a Ii Vrl1KpOMeTbp HO cnenHHH HatlHH. Ba'10BeTe ce
enHH no npyr TaK8. qe PS3CTOHHHeTO
,.C:}:.l:iHfCJIHHTe na 5b,IJ,e 3 - 5 rnm. Cn .::J TOEa ua
1 OTrope, oTAony If BCTpaHH ce onHpa nnbT
HHHBKH If ce cnenH nanH HeR H npyraTa cbenH
'Ha HMa HHKBKBO pa3CTOHHHC. AKO nHIH1J1l<aTa He
.1 lJ ,1'bTHO no nOnnO;KI<HTe pBMaTB ce upe
a B He06xonlllv,aTB 110COl<a, ,[(Ol<aTO J!I1HMAKBTB onpe
THO H AO nBeTe MYcPM. EnHO'BpeMeHUo C TOBa ce H3Mep
pa3CTOHHH5!TB B tJeTHplf ,llHaMeTpanHo
o.eRM TOqI<H. Te TpH6sa nB 5bnaT enHaKBH aa
;;;.13JUftJ:aBaT c He IlOBeqe 01' 0,02 mm. .
:1en OKOH'-!BTe.!lKO'Y-(I- raHe Ha 8RKeil.J<l,'l::e .. QOlI'rOBe H
iiu-i3an:(;I'!eTe rOPH8Ta .:I-acT Ha
!laMeHta ce nOKpl1Sa C QHMei-lTOBa 3aMa-3ii:]1.-Jf ee"Oo:;i::: .
nB e errazHj 5051, 3a naae 01' MHHepan
d MaCiw. . .
5" Ha nbllOOQI1HHlf nOMIUI
. ipenH Ha nOMnBTS ce npoBepHBa BepTMKB;[HOCTTa
nonycKa ce OTKHOHeHlfe 01' uepTHKanHoTo 00
'))!(eHne npH YClloBHe, lie nOMnaT4l ImCH cBo6onHO Ii He ,Uo
. AD CTeHHTe H8 KUBneHQHTe. DpenH MOHTaza ce H3
,:MI1B8 BOll.aa OT KJ1aneHeua ( C npyra no nbITHOTO
uaCRHe ua nHCbKB Ii YTaRKHTe.
Ha nonynoToneHHTe nOMI1H ce H3HCKBa ocwre
ia npellBnBTenHHH Bsn H BOnono,UeMHBTa Tpb6a nB 5baaT
DRnonHHeAuH H ycnopcnHM CH. M3KonbT OKono 06
Tpb6a HB KllBneHeQa ce 6eToHHpa, B nepneHnIi
KynHpHo KbM TpboaTa ce 3BKpenBa YHauMeHTHaTs nROqa
![:.1. BHCOt.IHHa 1 S - 20 ern 01' nOB'bpXHOCTTB Ba TepeHa. Pa3
c.1epHTe H3. nnOtIBTB ca C 60 - 80 mrn 1l0-rOJIeMH 01' onop
HHH Kopnyc HB erreKTpOnBHraTeRH.
CMYKBTenHaTa Tp'bOa ce CBbp3Ba C 11 ce cnyc
Ka B KnaneHeua. KBTO 110,ll rOpHH5I cPnaHeu ce nOCTaSH
OUOPB (xaMYT) I Tal<a 'Ie OCTBBa Baa
Ha 05CBnHBTB Tpb6a. TaBa C TpHHora "n"
;.
105

aBTOKpaH ce CnYCKa nOMnaTa H ce c
KoeTO

no
BOAO
onopHH
IIOA
Bana
no
nare
cnyc
TPb-
no
ce
05-
p
Ha
CMYKaTenHaTa
YaCTHTe Ha npeAaBaTenHHH Ban ce crn05aBaT saeAHO
Ha OTAenHH YaCTHTe Ha Bana
CH c a OTAenHHTe
UHH - C B MeCTaTa, KbAeTO ceKUHHTe ce CbeAHH
BaT, ce nOCTaBHT onopHHTe narepH Ha Ba
ceKUHB ce CBbp3Ba KbM Ha nOMnaTa,OT
CTpaHBBa ce onopHOTO YCTPOHCTBO (xaMYTaJ. cneA
UeAKaTa, CMYKaTenHaTa Tpb5a, nOMnaTa H ceKUHB
ce cnYCKaT B KnaAeHeua. OTHOBO ce nOcTaBB nOA ropHHB
Ha ceKUHBTa onopHOTO YCTPOHCTBO. ce
aeUbT Ha BTopaTa ceKUMB KbM Ha nbpBaTa H
TOSH HaqHH OTAenHHTe ceKUHH ce cnYCKaT AO Heo5xOAMMa
Ta Abn60QHHa Ha nOTonBBaHe Ha nOMnaTa.
npHCbeAHHBsa ce Tpb5a Ha HanopHHB
npoBOA H ce MOHTHpa B XOPH30HTanHO
BT Kopnyc SbPXY IIllOQa C IIOMOmTa Ha
H KllHHOBe. npeAaBaTenHHBT Ban ce CBbpSBa C
Ha eneKTpOAsHraTenB. Ha pa60THHTe Konena
ce perynHpa, KaTO ce IIOBAHra POTOPbT Ha nOMnaTa
CPCACTBOM CIIeUHanHa perynHpama raHKa, fiOCTaBeHa Ha
ropHH. KpaH HanpenaBaTenHHH Ban.Cnen TOBa ce IIpHTBraT
aHKepHHTe GonTOBe Ha onopHHB Kopnyc H npHTHcKaTenHHBT
npbCTeH Ha canHHKa. npOSepBBa ce nanH npenaSaTenHHBT
san ce saSbpTa CBo60AHO. HUKpaB ce MOHTHpaT TPb6HGKH
Te 3a MacnonOKa3aTenB H 3a nOnasaHe Ha BOAa KbM
pHTe.
Ha nOToneHHTe nOMnH ce B cneAHaT8
EneKTpOABHraTenHT, nOMnaTa H
Ta Knana ce CBbp3BaT CH H C ce
KaT B OTBopa Ha KnaACHeua.AOK8TO Ha 06PST
HaTa KnaDB ce HspaBHH C ropHHH KpaA Ha o5caAH&TH
6a Ha KnaneHeua. ToraDa DOA Ha KITanaTS La
CTBBR nOnnopHOTO KoeTO ce OUHPS
ua ropHMR pb6 Ha
non CAROMS ua nbpBaTU TPb6J
MOHTHpa DTOP" Tpb6aTB ce BAMra B8pTHKsnHO H
clJITaHel1bT OT AP)THH }i Iepail CC CBbP3BB C <bnaHeua Ha
paTHBTa KnanB. KbM Tpb6uTa ce npHKpcnBB eneKTpHqeCKH
flY Ka6en ua ABHraTerrH. enCA TOBa co GCDo6o_AaBs non
HlHIT X<lMYT (non !j)naHeD.a fia 06paTH..i,TB Knana) H arpeT'a
TbT, o6paTHRTa Knana K nbpBSTa AoncnOneMH3 ce
crrYCKaT B l<naneHelia I ,[(O!(:lTO ropHlHTT xaMYT onpe B Kl:<;:$l
"8 Tpb6s. Do T3KbB Ha4XE ce H3BbpfuBa MOETa
JI Ha OCTaHaUHTe BOAorroueMHH TPbGH. CneAM ce nOM
!lilTii Aa nOCTlII'He Abr:6otUllia HU nOTOn5!BaHe
Tbfi KaTO B npoTiludH cnyqaR MOEe AU H3nese 0'1'
K'lo"l nocneAHa'r a BOP')! ('.1.'(8MHa Tpb6a ce npllKpel1BZ onop-
IJ<ITa Tl1!O'W 110S.f\JU'c. l!PJIIHIT Llc'per'aT (3;,0,':\HO C
'16

Knana H BOAonOAeMHHTe TPbOH) H ce CBanB xaMY
npHKpeneH nOA rOpHH$l Ha nocneAHaTaBOAono
AeMHa Tpb6a. CneA TOBa arperaTbT OTHOBO ce cnYCKa.nO
KaTO aHKepHHTe 60nTOBe OT H3rOTseH OKono
KpaH Ha oocaAHaTa Tpb6a, npeMHHaT npe3 OTBopHTe
H3 nnOGaTa. EonTOBeTe ce H KbM
ce npHCbeAHHBBa KOITHHO Ha HanopHHB
BOAonpOBOA. HaKpaH ce MOHTHpa H eneKTpHQeCKOTO o6oPYA
BaRe.
B. nYCKaHe H cnHpaHe Ha nOMnH
3a Aa Aa ce npaBHnHO H Aa ce cnenH sa
pa6oTa'ta nOMnH c:b.ol.
CbC cneAHHTe anapaTYPli H HSMepBaTenHH ypeAH
1.72) : .. 1iE.a.:!i.. 1,
o6paTHa Knana,Me'lKAY Hero H

TbP M C:h.!=
BOAoBseMHa
KpaH Ha cMYKaTenHHB
ce MOHTHpa caMO eCTeCTBeHO
saneTH npH
H3KycTseHO 3anHBaHe Ha nOMnHTe
06pBTHa
TO ce MOHTHpa CMYKaTenHBTa
ueAKa HnH e srpaAeHa B HeB.
AKO sanHsaHeTO ce H3BbpmBa qpe3
Cb3AaBaHe Ha BaKYYM B Kopnyca
Ha nOMnaTa, ToraBa 06paTHaTa.
KITana Ha cMYKaTenHHB
BOA e H3nUlJJHa.
flYCKaH'eTOHa 110MnaTa B AeH
CTBHe 06HKHOBeHO ce HSBbpmBa
R Cnf'llHaTa
.1.72): sanHBa ce nOMnaTa;
nYCKa ce
IIOMnaTa AOCTHrHe HopManHa Ge- \l)wr.1.72
CTOTa Ha BbpTeHe,ce OTBapB
ClIupaTenHHRT KPSH Ha MaHOMeTb-
Pa M. npH nHnca Ha
cnHpaTenHHl'lT KpaH 1 ce OTBapB
06uKHoBeHo 1 - 2 MHHYTH cneA nYCKaHeTO Ha nBHraTe
OTBapBHeTO GaEno H npcTeneHHO, 3a na He
CbSnanaT yCm5S-HH 3a nORBa Ha .. XHApaBnHGeH Y-[lap ..I11;>H
Harrill/He H::rMaH'OMeTbpa c-nl1paTeiiHHHT' KpaH-1-
ToraBa KoraTO MaHOMCTbPbT nOKa_e Heo6xoJ:U1MOTO' HaJUf-'"
raKe. '
HaKpaH ce OTsapR cnllpaTenKIHIT "pal! Ha BUKYYMMeTbpa.
UeHTp06elKHHTe 110MnH ce nyc,Ki?J' np'H___ cnHpaTe
lCH KpaH Ha HanopHHH TbH KaTO i3-io:flf''"t:lrY
'!aii C Heo6xOAHMa MHHHMailH'a MOUtHOCT"''C'iJi'ii"i'-:-r.
107


....
no e nYCKaHeTO Ha
nH H npH OTBopea cnHpaTeneH KpaH aa HanopHHH TPboonpo
BOA. Heo6xOAHMO e ooatre aanHtrHeTO aa 06paTHa Knana
cneA nOMnaTa, AOCTaTbqHO ronHMo HaITHraae CITeAOOpaTaa
KIT ana H AOCTaTbtraa nYCKOBa Moru,aOCT. nYCK8He IIO T03H H
qHH e npH nOMnH C ManKa npOH3BOAHTeITHOCT.
CnHpaHeTO Ha nOMnH ce H3BbprnBa B no
cneAOBaTerrHOCT, 06paTHa Ha nYCKaHeTO.
r. Ha nOMnH
arperaT e CbC CHCTeMH 3a npHHYAHTenHO
CMaSBaHe H npeAH nYCKaHeTO aa nOMnHTe e ae
o6xOAHMO Te3H CHCTeMH Aa ce BKITmqaT. CneA nYCKaHeTO
Ha nOMnaTa ce BKITm'IBa H CHCTeMaTa-'sa XHApaBITHqHO yn
nbTHHBaHe H8 ,- " ", ',-"--"--- . "----
npe3 BpeMe aa paOOTa Ha nOMnaTa ce HaOITmAaBaT nOKas
HHHTa aa npHoopHTe - MaaOMeTpH, ,BaKYYMMeTPH, BOITTMeTp
8MnepMeTpH, BaTMeTPH, GneAH ce 3a TeMnepaTypaTa na
repHTe H canaHQHTe.sa nOHBaT8 aa MeTarrea rnYM H BHopa
QHH, sa HeHsnpaBHOCTH B apMaTYPUTe, 3a H.s.'nfl:laae lia BO
Aa HITH Macno HAp.
. B HaqaITHHH nepliOA aa . eKcnnoaTaQusr Ha nOMneHHTe.. CTaH-
QHH e Aa ee nonY'!H HepaBHOMepHO cnRraqe
_!l;JyHAuMeIlTlfTe, KoeTO ,lla npHqHHH H3MeHeHHe B QeHTPM:QHOC
_Ta Ha aanOB"eTe Ha nOMnaTa H ABHraTenR_. B pesYJITaT Ha
HeQeHTpHqHOCTTa aa OCHTe Ha BaITOBeTe ee sarpSlBaT.na-re
pHTe H canHHQHTe H ce HSMeHR pasCTOHHHeTO paOOT
KOITenp H KophycaHa .
I1epHOAHqHO ce BKn-mlIBaT- pe3epBHHTe nOMUH
Ha 10 AHH B aa 20 - 30 MHH, a npo
- BceKH ,lleH B Ha 5 - 10 MHH.
OcooeHo BHHMaHHe TpRoBa Aa ce 3a ITarepHTe H
canHHQHTe Ha nOMneHHTe arperaTH.
TeMnepaTypaTa Ha ITarepHTe He TpROBa Aa obDe nO-BHeo
Ka OT TeMnepaTygaTa Ha BbsAyxa nITmc 4S
0
C H He TpROBa
Aa npeBHmaBa 80 C. npHtrHHa 3a nperpflBaHe HS narepHTe
obne SaMbpCeHO Macno HITH HeDOCTaTbtrHOTO MY KO
nH'!eCTBO 3a'CMa3BaHe Ha TpHeru,HTe ee nOBbpXHOCTH. npeg'"
nbpBHR MeeeQ OT eKcnnoaTaQHRTa Ha arperaT
MaeJIOTO TpflOBa Da ee CMeHR npe3 100 - 120 pa60THH qa
ca, a eneA Toaa - npes 800 - 1500 q.
CanHHUHTe gOPManHo, KoraTO npes TRX
H3THqa BOAa Ha OT,llenHH KanKH H TeMnepaTypaTa HM He
npeBHmaaa 60
0
c.npeKoMepHoTo npHTsrrali_e H.a_
BO,llH DO uperPRBaH:eTO--JfM-lr1f6- YB"e"iIHQaBaHe aa HSpa3.X.O,I:t.
BaHaTa MOmlIOCT. 06HkHOBe'HO earlHHKOaaTaHaBHBKa. TPHO
Ba ,lla ce CMeHHn-PH HsnOMuaaHe lIa qHCTa BO,lla npes
500 - 600 pa60THH qaea, a Ha SaMbpCeHa - npes 150
200 tr.
108
B 3aBHCH!\!OCT OT RHJja, peIKHMa HS pa60Ta H CTcnCHTa Ha
113HocBaHe HB 1I0MJH!TC ce H3B'bplilBa TeKym, KanWI'CirreH H
aBi:lPHeH peMOHT.
;1. Bb3MOIKHll nORpe.iJ.H !ia ueHTpo6cIKHHTC 1l0MlIH npe3
pa60Ta H Ha4HB! 3a OTUpaH$IBaHeTO
npe3 BpeMe aa pa60Ta Ha HOMIlH MoraT na
pa3RH4HH nOBpenH, HaA-xapaKTepHHTe OT KOHTO
ca o606meHH B Ta6n.l.4.
T a 6 n M U a 1.4
I
Ha'lMHM 3a OTCTpaHHBalle
B'h3MOlKHM npM'lIlHIl
\ Ilell3npaBHocTM
I,: .. 1 I Z
" - lie nOAaBa
1.HenpaSHllll0 3DijHBaHe
1.3anMsalleTO ce nOBTapH
2.CMeHH ce ABMraTeijHT
HOCT Ha llsHraTenR
MOm
.3.nposepHBa ce xepMeTH'l
HOCTTa Ila CMYKaTeITHHH
TP'b60npOBOll H H31Ipas
3. fIoMna1'a He C'h3llaBa
BaKYYM
HOCTTa Ila CMYKaTell HHH
KllanaH
1.3aTsapR ce KpRH'bT. 3a
1.npH A'hIT'br HRnopeH
RHBa ce nOMnaTa H ce
nYCKaue HR
He e
nYCKR OTHOBO
ce npeK
3aTBopeH ClIHpaTeij
HHIIT KpaH
nOllasaHe
Z.nOMnaTa ce 3aijHBa OT
npoBoA H !lOMnaTa He
2. CMYKaTenHllHT TP'b60
HOBO
ca llOCTaT'b'lHO
HeHIl C BOlla
3.nposePIIsa ce xepMeTHqr
3. npOHHKBaHc nD ll'b3
HOCTTa HB CMYKaTeITHMH
llYX S CMYKaTellHIlH
Tp'h6onpOBOA . ,
Tp'b60npOBoA
CMYKRTeij
4.fipOBep!lBa ce BOAHOTP
HHBO B qepnaTeijHHH ll,e-
Ha BHCO'lHHD
3epBoap; nOqHCTBa CD
CMYKaTenHaTa
S. npOBep!lBa ce
S.HenpaBHllHa
H npH -HCODXOAHMOCT OT
Ha B'hpTeHe Ha
npOMHHa CD npeIlIW\()'lBDT
HOTO KOlleijC
Ha elleKTPOABHra
Teijll
6.CallHHK'bT ce npMTHra
6.npOHMKBaHe Ha
Illlll Ha6HBKaTa ce CMeHH
npe! callHIlUHTe
KaHa!!H J'n
7.fioMnaTa ce pa3rllo6HBR
Ii KRH'tllHTe Ha KOijeijOTO
pa60THOTO KOITene
ce nO'lMCTSaT
8.fiPOBep!lBaT ce'llSHraTe
8 HaManeHa qeCTOTD
ll!lT H C'beAIlHHTenHT"H
lIa B'bpTeHe
ce OCHrYP!lBa He06xOllH
MaTa 'leCTOTa Ha B'bp1eHe
109

Ha Ta6n.1.4
2 3
OMnaTa He
CIH'YPSIBa
e06XOAilMOTO
OAHO KOnll'leCTBO
OMnaTa lie OCIl-'
ypRBa He06xOAIl
HR lIanop ,
10MIlaTa BIl6pHpa
IlS]laBa lIe06HK
osell ruYM
OTHO ce OTBapR B
peH cnHpaTeneH KpaH Heo6xOAHMaTa CTenel:
2.YsenH4eHa 2.l1poBopllBa ce BaKYY", T
pH'IHa IlHC04HHa plI'lllaTa BHCO'lHlla i ,IPII
nOMllaT;' ce
MOHTllpa nO-HHCKO
3.YBenH4eHa 3.ilposep5lBaT ce C'bllPOTHS
pH'IHa IlIlCO'lHHa neHHRTa B HanopHHR TP'b
60npoBon H ce HaManR
BaT
4. 4.YCTaHoBSIBaT ce MecTaTa
38 C'b6HpaHe Ha
B CMYKaTenHHH H Ha H ce B3eMaT MepKH 3a
nopHHR OTCTpaH5IBaHOTO MY
S.HaManeHa 4eCTaTa Ha 5.ilpOBePRBa ce ABHrUTen5lT
H ce OCHrYPRBa He06xo
AHMaTa qeCTOTa Ila
TeHe
6.H3HoceHH nonaTKM Ha 6.Pa607HOTO Koneno ce
pa60THoTO Kanena CMeHH
qeCTO 1.ilpOBepRBa ce eneKTpo
Ta Ha Ha ASHraTenRT H ce
pa60THOTO Konena pBsa Heo6XOAHMa"', '1ec
TOTa Ha B'bpTeHC
OTHO 2.Kpall'bT co OTBapA He
peH cnHpaTenel! cTellOH
KpaH Ha HanOpl!HB

3.3aTna4BaHe Ha KaHa 3.rIoMlH1Ta co pa3rn06RBa
nHTe Ha pa60THOTO H KH' HnHTe ce 1l0'lHCT
Kanono BaT
4.AaapHHHO H3TH4al!e 4 .OTC) paHRBa ce aBapHllTa
Ha BOAa OT Ilallap flO I :mopHHB TPb6oflPO
IlIIA Tp'b6onpOBon
1.KasHTaUHOHeH ce Ha
Ha nOMflaTa pacoTa; llaMaDRBa ce
CMYKaTellHaTa lJHCO'lHHa
2.l!ellpaBHnHo UCHTpHpa 2.H3Bbpwlla ce nOBTopHO
HO Ha BallOBeTe Ha l\CHTpHpaHO
f10MllaTa H Ha ABHra
Tellll
3.CnRraHc Ha cc 1l0IJTOPHO ueH
Ta; pa3xnafr TupaHe; fonTOlJeTO ce
HH CORTOBe
1iIIIII!MIIIII!"TI:\I'II _
H& Ta6n.1.4
4.Mexa1lHQHa nOBpeAa
5.Pa3Xll&6BaHe lIa 3aK
peflBaHlIllTa Ha TP'b
60flPOBOAHTe B Ma-
IlHIHH&Ta 3aJla
4.CMCHll co nOBpeneHaTa
'1&CT
5.YKpoflBallHllTa ce npH
TlIraT
- - - --t--- --------\- ------
llpeTOBapsaJle
Ha .[(SlIraTelH!
CallHHUHTe npo
nyc KaT Bo.[(a
1.YSCllllqOHa'lCCTOTa
Ha BbpTe"e
2.rIpeyaellH'IeH ne6HT
H& 1I0MnaTa
3 ,MeX&IIH'Illa f10speAa
Ha nBllrnTCUH HDH Ha
IIOMIIBTa
l.npOBepRBa ce .[(BHra
TenRT H ce OCHrYPRBa
Heo6xOAHMaTB '1eCTOTa
H& BbpTeHe
1
'2.ilP HTB&Pll ce cnHpaTen
HHlIT KpaH H& HanopHHSI
Tp'boonpOSOA
3.0TCTpaHlIsa co f10Bpe
naTa
- - -----+---------1
1.H3HoceHa call1lHKoaa
lIaOHBKa HHII
BHRIIO IIpHTRraHC
1.H3110ceHB
co paBHOMepHO
ce CMellll;
ce pery
:; 2
CanIlHl\HTe npe
rpllBaT
npe 1 Il11H JlOUlO- 1.MacHoTo ce cMeHr!,
KaqCCTOeHO Macno cnen f1pOMHSaHe c
KepOCHI!
2.3anYUleHIl l<aHal1H 3& 2 .KaHallH'I e ce 1J0'lHCTBaT
CMH3BaHe H ce npOMHBaT c Kepo-
CHH
3.He!-1oC'raTb4Ho KonH- 3.Jo6aBR ce Hc06xoll.HMOT
4eCTBO liB MacnOTO I KO:JH'IeCTBO MaCllO
4 .l!enp311lJDHO 4.113B'bpWBa ce IlOtHopno
nOOCTe IlO UCHTpllpaHC
11 Ha llIHH'a
3.2. n p e Ll, H l\l C T B U H H e ,1..\ 0 eTa T 1, U I!
II a U e H T P 0 6 e * H H T e nOM n H
ilCHTpo6C)KHHTC nOMl1l1 UH1POKO npHlIOiKCHHC Li 06
:1aCTTa Ha BO;-roCHU6;:11ITC:IHOTO H KaHUlIH3ilUHOHHOTO C-n"11
TcrreTEo, T'Dii 1,<lTO lIMUT peiJ:I1Uu
CHHTe OT Tl[X ca:
a/ nnOCTOTB H KOMnaKTHOCT Hn KOHCTpYKlJ,I1HTU (Heo
,\0,1(11;'1:1 e Mai!:lIIlHCl 3arra);
110
t.
61 npoCTo H HenocpenCTBeHo cbenHHHBaHe c nBHraTcrra
B
c
He
ce
HS
BO
HC
BI yno5eH H 5bPS MOHTa. H neMOHTaz;
rl npocTo perynHpaHe Ha npOH3BOnHTenHOCTTa;
nl Bb3MO.HOCT 3a H3nOMnBaHe Ha saMbpceHa BOna;
el CHrypHOCT B pa50TaTa.
KaTo HenOCTaTbUH MoraT na ce nOCOqaT:
OT 3aJlHBaHe npenH nYCKaHeTO 11M
neHcTBHe;
6/ H3nanaHeTO B pe.HM Ha KaBHTaUHH.
;&
1.4.nporieJlepHH nOMnH
1. 4. 1. Y C T P a H C T B 0 H n P H HUH n
Hall e aCT B " a
YcrpoHCTBO. OponenepHaTa J10Ml1a (OJHl'. 1.7 ." C'.C
TOi1"'OT paooTHo Konerro /, Ha KoeTO co S<lKreneIH!
110nBH.HO HITH nOnBH.HO 01' TpH no meeT i1011arKJc1 2.
aeponHHaMHQH8 OJopMa R H3BRT Horope RnCH K03A. THXHOT
nOllo.eHHe Mo.e na ce npOMeHH Qpe'1 crreUHRlIl:,J.
Pa60THoTO KOITenO e CBbp3aHO C Ball 3! 01' KOilTO Ilorry
tIaBa BbpTe!lRBO nEH.eHHe. HenocpencTBeHo HBi., pa60TllOTO
KOBerro Ha BaITa e HanpaBJlHBOmRHT anapaT C 110naT
KH 51, HenOnBI1.HO CBbp3aHH C Hero. HallpaaIT5l.BamlH1T ana
paT e 3aKpeneH 3a Kopnyca (Ko.yxa) 6 Ha nOMnaTa H
ce BbPTH 3aenHO C Bana. KopnycbT HMa OTBOP, npeg KoR
TO MHHaBB BaIT'bT. YnnbTHeHHeTO ce H3B'bplllBa '-!pC3 caJll!H
Ka 7. nOMnaTa HMa axon 8 11 H3XOn g
HB neACTBHe.BbPTeITUBOTO nBH.eHue HB BaRa
apenaBa HS pa60THOTO Korreno H B cnyqaH cc B'bDTlf O(jpaT
HO Ha tIaCOBHHKOBaTa ce rnena DTK'bM nBHra
Ten.H)'. KaTO ce nBU.H BbB aOlllla cpe;:\a, BCHK<l HOllaTI<S
nnb3ra cpemaHaTa Bona H H H3nRra Harope ({pllr.l.74).Ha
BonaTa ce npHllaaa nOCTbnaTenHO nBH.CHHe (YCllOpenllO
aCTa Ha Ban.a) H BbpTeITHBO llopanB I3bpTeRHBOTO ,U13Hi!,e
HHe Ha KonerrOTO. nOITe3HO e aKCHarrHOTO ,UI3B.eHHC HB
naTa, a BbpTenHBOTO ce OTCTpaHHBa 0'1' nonaTKHTC liB
nonBU.HHH HanpSBTIHBam anapaT.
flpl1Bbp'TeHeTO lIa KOJlenOTO C Ha B'bpTeHC U)
BeRKa BonHa '-!aCTH'-!Ka, KORTO npOTHqa nOKpaR nonaTKBTa,
yqaCTBYBa B cnO.HO nBH.eHue B nBe HanpaBnCHHH: enHOTO
e OTHOCHTerrHO H e HaCOqeHO no TaHreHTBTa KbM eneMeHTa
Ha nonaTKBTa CbC CKOPOCT W, B npyroTo e
M e HaCOqeHO no TBHreHTaTO KbM OKpb.HOCTTa, KORTO
onMCBa eneMeHTbT Ha nonaTKaTa C panHYC r H CKOPOCT
U=Wr
CYMa HB nBeTe CKOPOCTH, Ha KOHTO enHO
BpeMeHHO e nOnITo.eHa BOnHaTa qaCTl1ua, naBa HeHHaTa a6
112
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:UOTHa. CKOPOCT C, Te3H CKOPOCTII
Tot{l<a'i3 Hat.iirio'ro (aTaKYBBI.l\a
a 4BCT) HS rronaTKBTB H 3a TOq
.;et " I<paH H ce npenCTaB51T c
THSp. CKOPOCTHH TpUbrbITHHUH
.1.7S), KOI1TO ca CHeTH 01'
(JI1l'. 1.74.
lllll r. 1 7 S
1. 4. 2. Han 0 p H n e 0 1I l' 1/
Han p 0 n e IT e p Han 0 M n a
OCHOBHOTO ypaeHeHRe 3a Hanop Ha nponenep

Te nOMnH:
hl- u 2 c?U-U.,C{lL ,"
r-
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113
s. it !H'lMllHU :U-Ilt,lHt
nOpaAH oco5eHOCTTa aa KOHCTPYKUHRTa
neRCTBHe Ha nponenepHaTa nOMna nepHepHHTe
Ha."u'.l.nOTO H ,B
H npHHQHua aa
CKOPOCTH
npoeKl\lUI
C
2U
e TonKORa
CKOpOCT. H
po
Mo*e
nOTOK DO OC
ua
H'1npaBl'!eiiHe
771/5 I
m 2
Kpa51 H3. nODaTKHTe caenHal(gH1 T. e :';;';;'-
CnenOBaTenHO B cnyqaR
U(C
ztt
-C,UJ
I-i
T
=----
AKO BogaTa nOCTbUBa R KonenOTO aKCHanHO,
MO.HO,KoraTO HRMa npeABapHTenHO saBbpTaHe
(CHl=O),Torasa
U
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c
2U
H
T
=
"
9
T. e. TeOpeTHqHH51T Hanop Ha nor-ma
nOPQHOHanea liB nepmj;>CPHaTa CKOPOCT U H ua
HB a6conWTHaTa B Kpa51 HB
MO AHpeXTPHcaTa Ha u. TeOpeTHqHHBT Hanop
nO-rOn51M. KOITKOTO no-ronHMa e brnOBaTa
KeTO nonBTKaTa B KpaR e nO-H3BHTa, no-6nH3Ka
peAHOCT C OCTa aa Bana,
TeOpeTHQHHHT neOHT Ha nponerrepHBTd DOMna
ce OT H3pa3a
Q;: C.Il F m.3/ s j
KbAeTO e cpeAHaTa CKOPOCT Ha BOAHHR
Ta HK pa50THOTO Keneno
aOCOrIlOTHB'l'a CKOpOCT no C
2
Ha oera Ha paOOTHOTO KO:leJlO)
F - H<lf!petIHC'TO c:c.. eHlie Ha rrOTOKa)
AKO D d ca AHaMGT1H!Te Ha ;o;eTafiDw:ce OT q,HI'. 1..73.
Ce'IeHlte'l'O HB BOAHW" nOTOK e
F
... Jl (1J 2 _ d2 1 l.
--J;-( J,m, (1.144)
Torada H3pa3bT 3a TeOpeTHQ6"R aeoHT ;o;06UBB
71 (.,.., 2. ",,/ 2 1 .3
Q:; c- .J.J ... <.<; I m I.:> ( 1 1 4 5 )
:i"!f! /1 ".
OpHeHTHpOBbQH.O C Z Mo.e Aa c e H3'lIK)1'1 tiO tiJoPMyna":'a
Xc V2gAl, (1.146)
K'bAeTO t. 0,0055 'l7 2/3 , a
c s
KoRTO e B rpaH
H

n e KOeHQHeHT Ha obpSOXOAHOCT,
5
QHTe 600 - 1200;
f1 - OOU(HRT Hanop. TTl,
....--'
C611KHOBeHo ct
1. 4. 3.X a p a K T e P H C T H K H
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PaoOTHHTe xapaKTepHCTHKH lla nponenepHHTe nOMnH B
cpBBHCHHe C xapaKTepHCTHKHTe Ha nOMnH
11MBT ocooeHOCTH CIllHr.1.76).
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a. Q -/{ HMa CTpbMeH yqaCT'bK 3a
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Ha M<li<:cl!M.?-nJI!!a... K.1f.p. JjanOp'bT H npH AeOHT q=7J (3a
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1,5 '+ 2 nbTH Do-ronHM OT Hanopa B T. A,
6. XapaKTepHC'l'HKaTa () -; HMa MaKcHManHa cToRHOCT
IIPH ..' .'5.
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tJ,nAX
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ManKH OTKITOHeHHH Ha ,n:eGHTa K.n.,n:. ObPSO HaMarrRsa.
r. PaOOTHHTe xa aKTepHCTHKH Ha oponerrepHHTe nOMDH
MoraT ,n:a ce npOMeHRT c H3MeHeHHeTO Ha
1l0naTKHTe OT gO ,m;o 20
0
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H3MeHeHHeTO Ha qeCTOTaTa Ha BbpTeHe Ha paooTHoTO
II e IT 0 (tPH r. 1 7 7)
$HL 1.77
OT nOCOqeHHTe ocooeHocTH Ha paGoTHHTe xapaKTepHCTH
KH cne,n:Ba, qe nponenepHaTa oOMna TpaGBa ,n:a ce
B ,n:eACTBHe np" Han'brrHO OTsopeH cnHpaTeneH KpaH, npH
KoeTO MOlltHOCTTa e HaA-ManKa.
ilpHHUHnbT Ha ,n:eACTBHe Ha oponerrepHaTa nOMna HSHCKBa
TR ,n:a e BHHarH eCTeCTseHO 3anRTa. KOlIKOTO HanOp'bT H
Ha 5bPSOXO,n:HOCT ns ca no-rorreMH; TOlIKO
sa nOMnaTa TpRosa ,n:a 5b,n:e nOBeqe nOToneHa.
ilopa,n:H npocTaTa HM KOHCTPYKUHR nponenepHHTe nOMOH
HaMHpaT mHpOKO BbB BOAoCHa6AHTelIHHTe H Ka
HarrH3anHOHHHTe 006KTH npH roneMH AeoHTH H MalIKH Hano
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H9BbpmBa eAHH XOA C S HaASI'CHO H eAHH xon C
5 HalIRBO. ilPH Ha 5YTalloTo a8nRCHO a
npen6YTanHaTa KaMepa ce C'b3,n:aBa HanRraHept,
nO-ManKO OT Pa. HaA CBoGo,n:HaTa BOAHa 00
B'bPXHOCT B qepnaTerrHHR pe3epBoap. HepaBeHCTBOTO PI .(Po
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npe,n:GYTarrHaTa KaMepa ce Cb3AaBa HanRraHe, KoeTO npHqH
lHIBa ,3aTBapRNe .. iralmana: H 113
TrraCKsaHe Ha BonaTa no HanOPHHR' TPi60rtpoBon . T03H [(11
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CMYKaTenHaTa BHCOQHHa Ha 6YTanHHTe, K8KTO H Ha APY
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TCMnep8TypaTa aa TeqHOCTTa, OT nnbTHOCTTa " OT qec
TOTaTa H8 BbpTeHe.
116
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3
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cp - 60 :30
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MeTO H ce OT ayna I1PH KpaHHHTe M'bPTBH no
MaKCHMYM no cpenaTa. KaKTO e H3seCTHO OT sa
nBHmeHHeTO lia 6YTanOTO, CKopOCTTa MY e
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(1.149)
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CnenOBaTenHO 3a ne6HTa na ce aanHille:
Q = F. tt ::= F . r (j) , si?? at, 'Tn 3/S
(1.150)
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CH OT of. 3aKOH'bT Ha H3MeHeHHeTO e CHHYCOHnarrea 11 rpa
$H4ao ce I1penCTaBH C OpnHaaTHTe Ha CHHYCOHnaTa, 110
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(npH HeCHHxpOHH3HP8HH nOMnH) - He)J,onYCTHMO.
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l<JIanH H HB 5YTanOTO, ce B QIHlHH)J,'bP. npHna
raHeTO 11M 3a H!ilnOMnBaHe Ha OTna)J,'bqHH BO)J,H He e ll,erreC'bo(5
paSHO.
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a/ HMaT roneMH ra6apHTHH pasMepH H
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B/ KnanHTe 6'bpsO ce 113HocBaT;'
r I nOAaBaHe'PO
nOpa)J,M TeSH He)J,ocTaT'bQH Te Bee nOBeqe ce H3MeCTBaT
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121
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BbsnYillHH BOnonOneMHHuH (ep11H$TH)
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ce H3Ka
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pa3noDoleHHe Ha BOAonoAeMHaTaTp'bOa HBb3AyxOnpOBOna
MOllCe Aa 6bne pa3DHtIHO, KaKTO e nOKa3aHO Ha
a I aI 8, r.
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C eElIHT. Cn<;lpen enHa OT THX !?,<:en!,llllCH ua !
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s
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HHBO B KnaneHeua CDBH)
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a h1 e BepTHKanHoTo paSCTOH
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TO o6pasYBa KOHTO
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Ta H CbrnaCHO 9aKOHa
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nr.l.84 tIaT Harope. TaKa no
122
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k ==
h + h.,
h
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OT npOQeHTa Ha nOTanRHeTO TI. TaKa HanpHMep:
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ce HaManRBa C 22 I;
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npOQeHTa Ha nOTanRHe, T.e.
h ----E!!.
1 - 100-77
124
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npaKTHlieCKaTa (o6maTa)
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nopanH cpaBHHTenHO
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ce H9nOIT3YBa 9a npeoQo
15 - 30 66 - 60
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120 - 150 40 - 38
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ce H3non3YBaT
HH nOMnH, KoeTO Hanara
na ce OTnenR OT BonaTa. TOBa ce nOCTHra
lIpe3 npecToH Ha BonaTa B llepnaTenHHR pe3ep
Boap aa BTOPHR noneM HnH KaTO ce H3non9YBa
AenHTen. npaKTHKYBa ce cHcTeMaTa, nOCOlleHa Ha $Hr. 1.84
c pe$neKTop HnH c cenapaTOp. 3a na ce no
AaBa KnaneHeQa no-nnaBHO, cnen KOMnpeco
pa ce KOTen ($Hr.l.86). B Hero ce
OTQenRT MacneHHTe KanKH, nonanaanH OT neH
CTBHeTO Ha KOMnpecopa. 06HKHoBeHo ce MOHTHpa
OT MaWHHHaTa 3ana Ha OTKPHTO, no Ha
CRHKa.
OnpenenHHe Ha OTHOCHTenHOTO
KOTIHlleCTBo B epnH$Ta.OT
HOCHTenHHHT pa3XOn Ha e
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e Heo6xonHMO sa HsnOMnBaHe aa
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Vf
V
o - Q (1.157)
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m
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npH KOHKpeTHO YCTPOMCTBO
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llalIHH.
Ha none3HO neM
(TORe H& YCTpoAcTBOTO ce Qe$H I
IlHpa C OTHoweHHeTO 'I .86
125
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A
K'b.o.eTO At e noneSHaTa pa60Ta 3a RsnOMnBaHe Ha BO.o.
HOTO KonHlIeCTBO Q Ha BHCOllHHa
h, nopa.o.H
KoeTO
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4
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A e pa60TaTa. sa CBHBaHe Ha oGeMa B'b3
nyx OT HarrsH'aHe f1 no P2 .
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DT saKOHa Ha BOHrr-MaPHOT e HSBeCTHO, lie
p V :':1'1 V, =const
DTTYK
v=- P
4
V4
'P
He e TPy.o.HO na ce npocne.o.H, lie
dA =pd P ;
A=- Jf$ P1 V,
. dp =- DV 1 dp v.ln 2
(1 .. 159)
D
rfl P p,
? P
If 1
C1jenoBBTelIHO
rQh
(1.160)
p= V tn 0
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(1.161)
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I
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IIYlJaBB
rh
v .
(1.162)
o - Q "Ip,tn :2
KaTo ce RMa npenBHn. lie B 3BnkcHMocT OT CTeneHTB Ha
nOTanRHe Ha $opcYHKaTa
J?L - H - h + fO I
f1
r
-= 10m BoneH cT'bn6;
r
H= It h
H r = f ,
.o.a ce HanHwe
h h
v- (1.163)
0
'
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2,3! lj
h a-I )"10
126 ({/
1. 6. 2. X a p a K T e P H C T H K H H a e p n H $ T a
3asHcHMocTTa nOnaBaHH. B'b3nYX V H BOnHOTO 1<:0
ITHlJeCTBO Q) KaKTO H 3aBHCHMOCTTa V H ca noco
lIeHH Ha 1.87. OT HeH ce lie eplIH$T'bT sanoll
sa na nOnaBa, BOna npH onpeneneHa CTOHHOCT Ha V.
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4
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2 4 6 14- 16 18 20 V, 'Is
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xapaKTepHCTHKH He C'bBna.o.aT H B 3aBHCHMOCT OT
YCTPOHCTBOTO TpRGBa .o.a paGoTH npH qmox. , nPR'max HIIH
npH
1.6.3. n pen H M C T BaH Hen 0 C TaT 'b U H
H a e p n H $ T H T e
CTpaHH Ha ca:
a/ npOCTO YCTPOHCTBO;
6/ neCHO
B/ nHllca ua lIaeTH B KrraneHeua;
r/ Ha HRKonKO KnaneHeUa OT enHa KOMnpe
copHa CTaHUHR;
.0./ sa Hsnon9YBaHe RPH lf3KpHBeHH TP'bOHH
Kn8.o.eHUH;
e/ H9nOMnB8He He caMO Ha qHCTa BOna. 8 H Ha BOna,
KORTO C'b.o.'bplKa npHMeCH.nopa.D.H KOeTO tvI))Ire .o.a ce HsnOUSYBa H
npH K8HaUH3aUHOHHH npeqHCTBaTenHH CTaHUHH.
127
r
Ha ca:
a/ - OT 0,25 AO 0,35;
6/ Heo6xoAHMOCT OT BTOPH nOAeM Ha BOAaTa;
B/ Heo6xoAHMOCT OT rOITHMa Ha BOAaTa B
KrraAeHeua.
4" 1.7. BOAO!.PYHHH nOMn!:L (!!!.APoeneBaToPH)
. 1.7.1. Y C T P 0 H C T B 0 H n P H HUH n
H a A e H C Tan e
Ha XHAPoeneaaTOPHTe ca:
CTPYHHHK 1,CMeCHTeITHa KaMepa
j , CMYKaTenHa , BOAonOAeMHa 5
...
n HanopHa 6,
+
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+

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6 4 1 2 3 '5
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41
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CKOpOCT. HaBnHsa B CMeCHTeJISl H npes ce
OTnpaBSl no BOAonOAeMHaTa o. HenocpeAcTBeHo npeA
CMeCHTen$i 2 ce (saKYYM), KORTO
npHqHHSlBa saCMYKsaHeTO no CMYKaTeJIHaTa It Ha
nOlIeSHOTO HsnOMnBaHO no so.o:ono
.o:eMHaTa .5 npOTHqa KOJIHqeCTBdq!n KoeTO e
paSHO HaQi tQZf. .
AKO ce npHJIOlKH ypasHeHHeTo Ha BepHYlIH. KoeTO
128
eHeprHS!Ta Ha SOAHHS! 110TOK e nOCTOS!HHa H e paSHa Ha
(l'b:IH1HI Hanop
P &2
Ht-- + -2-- == cons-c,
r g .
H pa3JH!tIHH CeqeHHSl no H'a pa6oTHoTO KonH
eCTBO ce nonyqaBa Ha HanopHTe. TOH MOlKe
i1onYl.ll1 H no om'ITeH Qpe3 nHe30MeTpH, nOCTaBeHH
" Cblll,HTe CeqeHHH. Bpe3YJITaT Ha PS!3KOTO YBeJI.!1.'laBaUe. lIa
..TT.a.B. ni'iieH Hanop II Ha
, rail P B CMecHtenHa'ta KBMe.pa.2..... SHaJ,HITel1HO. HaMa:.:
,::IB8 H CTaBa nO-ManKO 01' (OTPHuaTenHaTa
as ToraBa AeRcTBHeTO Ha
-iOTO Han5lraHe ce HSKa'ma no CMYKaTemnrfa Tp'h6&
nOMrraTa. B KoeTO IfMeHHo ce c'bc'rokll He.
BOJIOCTPyHHHTenOMnH.
rIPHHlI.IWHaT8 cxeMa Ha Ha XHAPoeneBaTopa e
Ila qmr"".. 1. 89. P'a6oTHOTOBO}lHO KOITI1t{eCTBO
{'/f' no 1!
npX4UH5IBa 3aCMYKBalle BOAO
cTpyf!HaTa nOMna 2. TIO}l neHCTBHe
1'0 Ha 3aCMYKBaHeTO 11 Ha aTMO
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e no CMYKaTenHaTa J
npOTHqa norre3HOTO KOJIHqe Qdi
CTBO Q
2
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CT'hlma B pe3epBoapa III Q. + Q =0
3
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2
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crpYHHaTa DOMna e
Al :: r tl2 H (1.164)
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(1.165)
=rill h
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2
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f .
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OTHOmeHHeTO *-c ce HapHqa K 0 e tIl If U H e H T
9 flOMflH H flOMneHII cTallll.HH 129
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HaC M e C BaH e TO, a OTHOlUeHl1eTO T=.J3 ce Hapl1
4a K 0 e H U 11 e H l' H a Han 0 p a.
CneAOBaTenHO K.n.A."".,<' . J3 ,T.e. Ha
XI1APOeneBaTopa 3aBHCH 01' KOe$MUHeHTHTe Ha CMeCBaHeTO
H Ha Hanopa.
Pa60THOTO BOAHO KOITM'IeCTBO M HanopbT cneA
Ha DOMna ca B ODpeAeneHa saBMCHMOCT,AaH
HM sa KOHTO MoraT Aa ce nonY'IaT DO onMTeH DbT.
CHMOCTMTe Q- H 11 Q- 'Tl ca nOKa3aHH Ha <pHr. 1 .90. Xa
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paKTepHCTI1KMTe I1MaT HHKOH oc06eHOCTI1. npH onpeAeneH
MHHHMarreH Hanop CITeA xHAPoeneBaTopa,B nOMnaTa ce nOH
BHBa K8BHTaUHH 11 npOMSBOAHTenHOCTTa M He ce YBerrH'IaBa.
npM TOBa H ABeTe xapaKTepMCTHKH I1MaT BepTH
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3a Ha HHBOTO aa nOASeMHI1Te BOAH. BOAOCTpyfi
HHTenOMnl1 ca YA06HH 3a CbBMCCTHB nOCl1eAOBaTel1Ha pa
60TU C ueHTpo6eZHH nOMnH "PH H3nOMnBRHe Ha BOAa 01'
Ablt60KH KrraAeHUI"I. Te rvJOraT All lIOBL\lU'HUT BOAaTa 01' Krra
.o;eHeU8 un BI1CO'lHlHl 30 - 40 m) ClleA KOOTO UCHTp06ell\Ha
1'8 [lOMl1a 51 2aCMYI\Ba B paMKHTC HB CMYK8Tel1HaTa CI1 Bb3
MOlKHOCT. no TaKbB Ha'lHH Qpe3 nOHHzaBaHe HU J:(HHaMH'lHO
TO HHBD Ha BOASTa B Kl1BpeHeua ce YBenUqaBa ,n,e6HTbT MY.
CxeMB Ha TaKOBa CbOpblKCHHe e nOCO'leHB HB
BOAoCTPyRHHTe l10Ml1H H8MHpaT lliUPOKO B K3Ha
lIH3aUHHTa H OCOGCHO B KBHBllH3aUHOHHHTe npeQI1CTBaTClIHH
CTBHUHH. npanaraHeTO HM e ueneCb06pa3HO H
3a H3l10MnBBHe HR YTaRKHTe 01' neCbK033AbpZaTel1HTe, 01'
I1bPBHQHI1TC YTBHTClIH, a CblliO TaKa 9a pU3MeCBaue Ha
YTaAKHTC B MeT3HT8HKCBeTe
130
ManKHTe BO.o;OCTpyRHn nOMnn (e_eKTopHTe) co npHl1araT
"38 BUKYYMHpaHe (Cb3A8BaHe H8 aaKyyM, H3CMYKBBHe Ha
Bb3.o;yxa) npH 3UlIHBBHeTO Ha ueHTPo6e.HMTO nOMnM npeAI1
nYCKBHeTO HM B .o;eACTBHe.
B MarrKH BOAOCTPyAHH nOMnH, H3n0lt3YBaHH CbBMeCTHO
paSCT05lHHeTO Me_.o;y CTPyRHMKa H rbplIOBH
HaTa ce npHeMa paBHO Ha ,llHBMeTbpa HU CTPyAHHKa, a .o;bR
_HuaTa ua rbp110BHHaTa - OKono lUeCT nbTH AHaMeTbpB
OnTHMarrHHTe CToRHOCTH Ha Te3H pa3MepH ca pa31IH'lHH sa
pa3RHQUHTe YCTPoRcTBa. nOpaAH TOBa ce CTpOHT H BOAO
CTpyAHH nOMnH C peryRHpam ce CTpyAHHK.
<1lHr. 1 :;..:
npH CbBMCCTl-13 paGoTa Ha BOAOCTPY}!
UB C ueHTP06e_H3 nOMna H C npHl1BraHe
Ha perYRHpam ce cTpyRHHK ce pa3lUHpH
<Dldr.l.91 Ba 06XBaTbT Ha .lle6HTa 3a AaAeHa ,llblI-
60'lHHa, YBeRH4aBa ce K.n.A., HaMalIH-
Da ce MomHOCTTa Ha enCKTpOABHraTerrH.
BO.llOCTPyAHHTe nOMnH, KaKTO H ueHTP06e.HHTe CB 3a
cTpalUeHH 0'1' KaBHTaQHH. KaUHTaQMHTa orpaHH'IBaa MBKCH
ManHHH Bb3MozeH AeGHT npH AuueH3 CMYKaTel1Ha BHC04HHa
HC3aBHCHMO 01' HBMaRHoaHeTO Ha Hanopa npH H3xoAa.
KaBlITal(IHI'TB BbB BOAOCTPYHHBTe nOMrIH ce CbnpOBo-na
01' nmH'leH l!IYM H H3HOCBaHe aB rbplIOBMHaTa.
XHAPoeneuaTopHTe ce H3nbl1HHBaT HsA-4eCTo 0'1' 'IyrYH
llITH 6POl:i3 .
1. 7. 2. n pen H MeT BaH H e ,n, 0 eTa T b U H
H a x HAP 0 e 1I eBB l' 0 P H T e
nonOZHTelIHHTe HM CTpaHH CB crreAHHTC:
a/HHM<1T nOnDn.HH 'laCTH, llopaAH KoeTO cn YA06uH 3a
;
61 pa60THT 6e3111YMHO;
s/ AonycKaT ce MexaHHttHll npllMecli BbB BOAaTa;
rl He ce 3aT113403T;
131
J1,! He ce HY)!(J1,a$lT OT salHlBaHe;
el 3aJ1,eHCTBYBaT ce BeJ1,Hara cneJ1, nYCKaHeTO
HOTO BOJ1,HO KOnHQeCTBO.
t
-
TeXHH$lT e cpaBHHTenHO HHCKH$lT
40 t, H SHatHtTenHaTa-cToHHOCT lia OTHoweliHeTO
=1 ,5 J1,O 3.
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IlIHeKOBHTe nOMI1H ce H3nonSYBaT 3a lf3nOMnBaHe
BH If npOMHwneHlf BOJ1,lf J1,O rpaJ1,CKlfTe KaHanlf3aQHOHHH
)!(H, B npe1mcTsaTenHHTe CTaHQlflf If
ce Hanara ua ClfnHO TeqHOCTHlKOH
TO If CJ1,PH MeXaHHqHH npHMeCH.----
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ce npe,lJ,BH_nB, KoraTO H3pa3XOnBBHeTo Ha BO,lJ,BT&
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e:OBCYMalt:l:i5t l;!a
141
5. liOnasaHe Ha BOnaTa B pescpsoap
AKO SOnaTa nOCTbnBa s qepnBTeneH pesepnoap Ha
DamaTa n6MneHa CTaHQHR, Torasa ne6HTbT H ce
onpenenHT npH QHnOCTHO ua pa60TaTa ua BCHq
KH nOMneHH CTaHQHH B CHCTeMaTa OT BOnOHSTOqUHKa no
HanopUHR pesepBoap Ha BOnOCHa6URBBUUR 06eKT.
KoraTo BOnaTa ce HsnOMnBa KbM HanopeR pesepBoap, ne
6HTbT H HanopbT ceOnpeneTIHT B saBHCHMOCT OT BHna ua
pesepBoapa - npexOneH HTIH KORTpapesepBoap.
liPH BonOCHa5nHTelIHa cxeMB
Boap ( Hr. 2. ne6HTbT Ha nOMneHBTB CTBUQHHCe H3Me
ii1IB saBHOIMOCT OT Ita pa60TaTa H npes
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YCTBHOBRBa enen TeXHHKO-HKOHOMHqeeKH HSCne)l
BbPXY QRTIaTa CHCTeMa, TbH KaTO
OKaSBB paSITHqHO snHHHHe OTUeTIHHTe
nBTeTIHIHI pesepBoap, DOMneHaTa CTaHQIHI, CMYKaTerrHHH H
HaDopHHH Tpb60npoBon, HBnopHHH pesepsoap, BbHlliHHR BO
)lOnpOBOU erren pesepBoapB H BouonpOBOnHaTa Ha BO
nocHa6uRBBHHH 06eKT.
BITHHHHeTo, KoeTO OKassa Ha pa50Ta
Ha DOMneHaT8 CTaHQHH BbPXY perynHpamHH 06eM Ha HB
nopHHH pesepBoap. ce OT cPHr. 2.3. C lIHHHH1 e
nOKasaH HHTerpanHIUIT rpacPHK Ha BouonOTpe5TIeHHeTO BbB
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KoeTo ce Hspa3XOnBa OT Hyna qaca UO qac.
liPH HenpeKbCHaTa pa50Ta Ha nOMOHTe (T = 21( h ) HHTer
panHHHT rpacPHK Ha HsnOMoeHOTO BOUHO KOITHqeCTSO me 6b
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100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
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0 fi 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 '-laco!>e
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obue CbmHBT, a OOeM'bT HS pesepBoapa me 6bne
OT MBKCHManHHH )leHOHomeH pa3XOn Ha BO)la.
143
142
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Ha 2.3 e nOKa3aHa H HHTerpanHaTa nHHHH H3pa
3HBama 16-4acoBaTa Ha pa60Ta Ha nOMITH
Te OT 6 22 4aca. Ha nOMnHTe B T03U cnY4aH
e q 6, 2S 4aCOB 0'1' M-aKCHManHOTO ,ae-
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perynHpamHHT 06eM Ha HanOpHHH pe3epBOap
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144
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nOlKapH ce C'hxpa:-JHBa rrpH rpaBHT8UHOIIHO 80,nOCHa6,nRBaHe
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KoraTo rrpOTHBorrOlKapHHRT 3anae 0'1' Bo,na ce CbxpaHHBB E
qepnaTerrUHH pe3epBoap, nOMrrHTe TpH6aB SaAOBOJIHBaT
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146
noTpe61IeHHe. AKO 80 OCHa6nHTerrHaTa cxeMa e C n exo eH
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nOMnH na ce nYCKaT B .L\elicTBHe 5 - 10 min
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3a Aa ee npOBepHBa THXHaTa H3npaBHOCT.
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147
5/ 01' CneUHanHH nOMnH.
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H Ha .C?:!_.J'l;'l.llcJ<
HBHHRTa 3il. cl1"ryp}:J.()CT ..
c BOAa. Pe3epBHMTe nOMnH ca B C'hCTOHHHe
MOMeHT ,[(a ce BKlliOttaT B Ae:rTBHe. \

LOMna e eAHa, .
PC3epBbT e 100 t. AKo paooTHHTe nOMnH nae e,[(HaKBH
Ii ce pe3epBHa-noMna, pe::re-j:lBbTe' soL
Y
TpR6Ba Aa qe He e'ii'SKrIiOqeHO'- - iie3ePB
HaTa nOMna ,[(a e HeOOXOnHMa B KoraTO paOOTHaTa
e B nITaHOB peMOHT. B TBKbB crryqaA a8 OTrOBopHH 06eKTH
co ABe pesepBHR nOMaH ::: eAH3.K3H MOIIU10CTH.
140

CT0HHOCTTa Ha nOMneHHH arperaT B cpaBHeHHe
CTOHHOCTTa Ha uenHH BOnonpOBOn e TODKOBa HeSHaqHTenHa,
qe HKOHOMHHTa OT Hero e HeonpaBnaHa npH OOHKHobe
HH oOeKTH.
Cnopen HamHTe HOPMH sa npoeKTHPaHe Ha BOnOCHaOnH
TenHH CHcTeMH OPOHT Ha pesepBHHTe nOMneHH arper8TH ce
npHeM8 TaOn. 2.1.
SPOH Ha pa60THHTe arperaTH
B enHa nOMneHa CT8HUHH
OT Z no 6
OT 7 no 10
Han 10
Tao n H U a 2.
SPOH Ha pesepBHHTe arpe
raTH, MOHTHpaHH B nOMne
Ha'T'a CTaH
KaTeropHH Ha BOnOCHaOnH
TenHaTa CHCTeMa
I
2
2
Z
II
1
2
III
KaTeropHHTa Ha BOnOcHaOnHTeuHHTe CHCTeMH ce onpenenH
cnopen
sa nHTeMHo-oHTOBO BOnOcHa6nHBaHe Ha
HaceneHH MeCTa OT I H I I q,YHKUHoHaneH THn H npOMHW
neHO BOnOCHa6nHBaHe Ha eneKTpOCTaHUHH H npennpHHTHH,
npH KOHTO ce nonYCKa HaManHBaHe Ha nonaBaHaTa BOna
no 30 % OT opa3MepHTenHHH pasXon sa BpeMe no 72 qacaj
QKl!.,TeroJ!HH - sa nHTeMHo-OHTOBO Ha
HaceneHH MeCTa OT III M IV q,YHKUHOHaneH THn, rpynoBH
cenCKOCTonaHCKH o6eKTH H BOnOcHa6nHBaHe Ha
npennpHHTHfl, npH KOHTO ce nonYCKa HaManHBaHe Ha nona
BaHaTa Bona no 30 % OT opa3MepHTeUHHH pasXon sa BpeMe
no 10 nHH MUH Ha BotiocHaonHBaHeTo no 6 qa
ca;
- 3a nHTeMHo-oHTOBO BOnocHa6nHBaHe Ha
HaceneHM MeCTa OT V, VI H VII q,YHKUHOHaneH THn H MaD
KI1 npOMHwneHH npennpHHTluI, npH IWHTO ce nonYCKa HaMa
URBaHe Ha nonaBaH8Ta BOna no 30 , OT op8SMepHTenHHH
pasXon sa BpeMe no 15 nHH HDM Ha BonOCHa
nABaueTO no 24 qaca.
Ha Bc'eKH 10 OPOR TP'bOHH KIIaneHl\H ce npenBHlKna no en
Ha pe3epBH8 nOMna H8 CKITan.
150
2.6. TexHOnOPHqHO npoeKTHpaHe H8 BonocHaonHTenHa
n0.MUruta ..t::raHUH.Il
OCHOBHHTe q,YHKUHH Ha crpanaTa H8 nOMneHaTa CTaHUHH
ca na nooepe nOMneHHTe arperaTH H
T8 HM eI<CnnOaTaUH1!' . o6enl1H..IlBa_OCBeH
HHTenpen.Jil\a cnOMaraTenHH nOMem;eHH.Il H c'bOp'bli\eHHH.
ID

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Ha q,Hr.2.5 e npenCTaBeHa npHMepHB q,YUKl\HOHarrH8
Ha enHa BOnOCHaOnHTenHa nOMneHa CTaHl\HH, C'bn'bplKam;a
oeROBHHTe H cnOMaraTenHHTe nOMem;eHHR H CTonaHCTBa H
BP'b3I<HTe MelKny T.IlX.
151
I I
X
I
X
I
><
2. 6. 1. M a m H H H a 3
TOBa e OCHOBHOTO TeXHOrrOrMtIHO <KoeTO
H pa3MepHTe Ha BCHtIKH

3arra..
me fI66Hpa TfI H,KBKBO me pa3fI0110lKeH11eTO
IlHTe HHcTariaivm 11 arperaTli. HMaT ce
arperaTH, CMYKaTenHHTe H HafIOpH11Te
Te Taorra) MOHTalKHaTa nrrOmanKB,
MH 11 KaKTO 11 CBOOOnHOTO
sa y.o;OOHO H oesonaCHO oocnYlKSaHe Ha arperaT11Te.
AKO CTaHQHRTa HfIMa cfIeQ11arrHO
3arra,S MBlIIHHuaTa sarra
Taorro, ce pa3fIonaraT
Tl'IHHTe- ype"AH;'nYCKOSHTe MexaHH3MH
HaA-ManKOTO OT
TaonOTO TpfIoBa e 1,5 m ..
PB3cTofIuHeTo MelK,ny fIOMneHHTe
raTHTe H CTeH11Te ,na 5'b):le TaKoBa, tIe
crrYlKBaHeTO ua fIOMfIBTB 11 ,nBHraTeDH.
MepHTe H8 arperaTHTe. HS TP'b50npOBOA11Te
lKeHHeTO B MJ)elKaTa .3axnaHBam,a enelcrpollBHra'remrre .B'bfl
qaH TOBa pa3CTO>1HHeTP5IOB8 ):Ia oCHrYPsIBa
T11P,He H ):IeMOHTHpaHc Ha Bana Ha
,nB11raTeJIfI.
TpfIoBa ,na 11Ma B'b3MOlKHOCT 38
3aDa npH YBerrl1tIaBaHe Ha OPOfI l1DU
Te arperaTH 11 C'bOTBeTHOTO cnOMaraTeITHO
BCeK11 nOMneH arperaT TPfIOBB MOlKe
BCHqKH CTpaH11. npOXO,nHHTe n'bTeKH
T11 Ha H elIeKTpHtIeCKHTe
TpO):lBHraTen11Te TpaOBa,na o'b,naT C
K8 OT 1,"02n_<...
hllo':"13lili'Gm (:xeM11 3a pa3ijorrOlKeHHCTO
ClIe,nHHTe: '
1. EAHope,nHo Ha
EAeknnpogbuearneA

C0
nOMna
<llur.2.6
<l>l1r.2.7.
152
a IT a
0
OCTBHarrH tIaCTH
3aBHC}iT ...QT TOBa,
Ila C'bOT
nOMneH
TP'bOH, eJIeKrp
nOBnHraTerrHHTe Mex
npOCTpaHCTBO, Heo6xon
nOMemeHMe 3a KO
s
H eneKTpOH3MepB
Ii
nOMneH
arperaT11 H MelK):IY
,na e Y):IOOHO
To gaB11CH OT pa3-
H OT Hanpe
BCel<H ClIy
Bll3MOlKHocTa8.MQ
fIOMnaTa 11ITH pOTopa H
pa3m11pHBaHe HaMam11HHa
pa3Mep11Te Ha fIOMneH
060Py,nBBHe.
,na ce 05XOlK):Ia
MelK):IY 113):1B,neHHTe tIae
Taorr8 11 eneK
Ha .aXJlCraTHTC ca
arperaT11Te ):10
C0
.2.6 _,I raSH cxeMa ce llorrY'1aBaT CPBSH.,H.::
.-flY f'
\1DnKll p;<lMep.j a ;:naTa II 1'51 e )',[(06_Hq a o5cnyw.
TA c nO;:lxog,!UU1 3a 1<OH30IlHOMOHTMpaHH
3M pasTIOrraraT OTKbM CTpa
d, a -
e)JJ1H ,-;le,U
H K 2 q a Hd
rrc ,;;X )I1 >1:i! a iO,\111H c B)' dP-
0 ,'j Ll.
KBKTO 01'
:1<1 liMa
, .'
h.
'>CT '1'1!K'bT ;'-ia
,1" riO
f'a';'H ce nor 1"(:4
: elY P,2 [( HOI) a:'lI1l1 Jl OJ!( '." i!d
l
, <,;Hih ,.w ;rpy
C\ '<,
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pa HJi
'l :r--,
I
M
k
tx\






ilJHl.":.8 4l1!1'.2.9
11 AseTe ce nplnraraT. KoraTO ce nperfBHiK;la j151M
nOMnCH11 arper-aTI!, a C'bmO H KoraTO arpCJ"HTHTC
eft c pagn11QHa MomHOCT. TOBa naBS B'b3MOBHOC1 nO-KOMnnKT
HO Aa ce pa3UOITOBaT Tp'b50npOBO):lMTC. BTOPMHT peLI Md)l(e
'La 6'b):le pa3MeCTeH Cnp51MO l1'vPBHH, T. e. paSHOnO;1(CHHCTO
na 6'b):le maXMRTHO.
Al<O ca MBJIKlf. CfIOMaraTenHHTe I10Ml!H (;J;peHallmM; BUKYYM
HM MAP.) ce nOCTsBHT Ha cDo6oAHHTe MeCTS ):10 CTeHaTa.
TaKa tIe Aa HC C Heo6xo):lMMO pa3mMpHBaHe Ha MamHHHaTa
3a, HO ):Ia He saTPY):IHABBT 06cnYlKB8HeTO Ha nOMfI11Te. AKO
Te ca c pasMcpH npHoDH311TcnHo KOllKOTO rioMneHHTe arpe
raT11, no-y):l05HO e ):18 ce npC):IBU):IU 3a TfIX MaCTO Hape):l C
OCHOBHHTe nOMnH.
05HKHOBeHO Ha nOMnCHHTe arperaTH ce 113D'bpm
Ba B MaruHHHaTB 3ana Ha CneUl1aDHQ npenBH):IeHa MOHTalKHa
nrroma.o;KB. OT):IenHH nOMemeHHH 38 peMOHT ce fIpe):lB11lK):IaT ca
Me npH C'taHQHH C KanaUHTeT, no-ronHM OT 25t/$ j
Pa3Mep11Te ua MOHTalKHaTa nrroma):lKB "
cne.o;H11Te
153
1. Ha nnOmanKa na na ce nooHpa HaH
nOMneH arperaT Ha H OKono Hero
nPOXon C WHpOqHHa, He nO-ManKa OT 0,7 rn.
2. Ha nrrowanKa na MoraT na ce
BanbT, Ha nOMnaTa H pOTOPbT Ha eneKTponBHraTenH.
3. I1pH BKonaHHTe nOMneHH nllananKa
e Ha HHBOTO Ha TepeHa.
4. MawHHHTe ce nOCTaBRT HnH ce BseMaT OT
Ta C KaMHOH. 3a TpHoBa na ce OCTaBHT
BpaTH. npe3' KOHTO na MHHaaa KaMHOHbT. AKO nOMneHHTe
arperaTH ca ManKH H MoraT na ce BHaCHT PbqHO (c ponKH
HnH C llocToBe). apaTHTe TpHosa na ca WHPoKU?KorrKoTo e
nufl-wnpoKnHT arperaT nmoc 0,30 m ,HO He nO-TeCHH
OT 2 m.
5. Ha nrrOmanKa TpHoBa na ce npenBHnH MHC
TO 3a paOOTeH TesrHX. aKO KbM llHnCBa nOMeme
HHe 3a paOOTHllHHua.
3a na ce OCbmeCTB5!Ba neCHO H ynOOHo Kan'HTunHHRT H
TeKYmHRT peMOHT, KaKTO H 3a ObP30TO MOHTHpaHe H neMOH
THpaHe npH aBapHfiHH CllyqaH. e HeOOXOnHMO na
e C nOnXOnHmH nOB HraTenHH
BHnbT H nOneMHaTa cnOCOOHOCT aa nOBnHraTenHHTO Mexa
I!H3MH 3aBHCHT OT MacaTa Ha nOMneHHTe arperaTH. a cbmO
TaKa H OT 3a YnOOCTB3 Ha
AKO MacaTa Ha arpe1'aTHTe naBa 3a PbqHO
TpaacnopTHpaHe H MOHTHpaHe, Toraaa He e HeOOXOnHMO C
OOOPynBaHe. B npOTHBeH cllyqafi ce
rpena C HnM MOCTOB lnopTa
neH) KpaH.
4 BHCOqHHaTaHa MaWHHHaTa 3ana TpHOBa na Obne TaKaBa.
/10qe na n03BOllHBa yno6HO nOBllHraHe H npeHaCHHe Ha nOMne
ar'pe1'aTI1, HO He TpHOBa na e nO-ManKa OT 3,0 m
2. 6. 2.e M Y KaT e IT e H T P bOO n p 0
< \ CMYK8TeITUl1>lT TPbOOnPOBOn e HaH-YH3BHMOTO SBeHO OT
CbopbEeHHHTa Ha nOMneHaT8 Hecna3HBHeTO na MH
ro6poAHHTe H 113HCKBaHHH cnpHMO Hero OKa3Ba
3Ha4HTelIHO BnHHHHe BbPXY pa60TaTa Ha arpe
raTH. I
OCHOBHHTe U3HCKBaHHH KbM CMYK8TerrHHH TpboonpOBOu cal
npOHHKBaHe lla B'b3nYX B HerO;
2/ aKO Bce rraK B TPbOOnPOBOna npOHHKue Bb3nYX HnK C
OTnellH OT npOBeEnamH! 110 lIero BOnCH nOTOK, na ce nane
Ha B'b3uyxa .os ce nPHnBHEK KbM nOMnaTa H
rrpe3 HeH na ce OTnpaOI1 KbM HanOpHI1H Tp'b6cinpOBOn;
3/ na Obne opa3Mepeil H CbOp'blKeU TaKa, qe .os He
H3BHKBa npeKOMepHH HanopHH 3ary6H.
B 3BBHCHMOCT OT ooWaTa BonOCHaOnHTenHa cxeMa CMYKa
TenHH
HT
TpboonpOBon na 3aCMYKBa BOna OT qepnaTe
neH pe3epBoap HITH OT CMYKaTeneHa KaMepa (asaHKaMepa).
CMYKaTenHHHT TPbOonpOBon na 3anOqBa C XOPH30H
Ta
neH
HllH C BepTHKBlleH yqaCTbK.
3a nB ce nonyq!l c:urypJia xepMeT!lqHOCTHa TPb60npO
Bo
n
a
),
'l'p510Ba na ce ynoTEe6f1Ba't--CBMO CTOMaHeHH TPbOH H
HeHIUITa 11M na ca
npenopbtiBace canHHUHTe Ha cnHpaTenHHTe KpaHOBe na
ell C BOnHO ynllbTHRBaHe.
3a na ce H30HrHaT 3aCMYKBaHeTO Ha Bb3nYX npH HaqanO
'l'0 HB CMYKaTenHHH TPbOOnPOBOn Bpen
HHTe
BHXPOBH):\BH
l!(CHl1fI Ha BOnaTa OKono CMYKaTellHHSl Korn H3aCMYKBaHeTO
HI1 YTaAKH OT nbHOTO, TpROBa na ce cna3BaT
Ta. nocOqeHH Ha 2.10, KaTO e na ce
OCHrYPH nOCTaTbqHa nbnOOqHHa Ha nOTanfIHe h?- 1 f -1';5m.
AKo TOBa ycnoBHe He cna3H ,SaCMYKBaHeTo-iia'
Bb3nYX na ce Bb3npenfITcTBYBB qpe3 T.Hap.
parMH
YBenHQaBa qaCT Ha BOnHaTa
nODbPXHOCT OKono BXOna Ha CMYKaTenHHH TPbOOnpOB
O
n.
HH3
-
XOnHmaTa CKOPOCT Ha BOnaTa HaManHBa H 06pB3YBaHeTO Ha
Bb3nYWHH ce Bb3tlpenflTCTBYBa. HaonroneHHHTa nOKas
BaT. qe TpHOBa na e HanynqeHa H na ce YK
pennBa nOOpe. 3a na He ce H3KpHBH OT nBHaeHHeTO ua
3aCMYKBBHBTa BOna H 3a na He BHOpHpa.
BOnHaTa CTPYH Ha BllHBaHHH TPbOOgpOBon na He nana
6nl130 B npOTHBeH cnyqafi BO
naTa OKono
3aCMYKBa H Sb3nyx, HapywaBaT HopManHH
Te ycnoBHR Ha nOMnaTa.
d d
"
o
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(j
Q
0111'.2.10
155'
154
'
ycnOBH5! 3a _9QJ;!.a.sy.B.aH..eIQ.H,.a

EeR
16,
DBpa
cC
3
3yOB
HHe
!lUTe
pHtIHB
neH
aa
ManKO
MOlKe
or
HITH
MMH
ce
Ta
MOlKe
ceM,
Hero
HHTC
ao, r
8Ma
-c. Hap .'i3i3,nYWHH B'b3r'nB.BHHUH-13 CMYKaTe'iiiuu; <rp'bOorrp1'lBOA
(Q:i!lr. 2 .12) .I<aKTo 110 ,a;'blIlKHHaTa MY t TaKa H no !paCOHHHTe
" .. .'
/ Bo,a;aTa, HaBJIH31Ia B CMYKaTelIHH5! Tp'bOOrrpoBo,a;. rropa,a;H
noHHlKeHoTo HansraHe OT,a;eIT5! pa3TBopeHHH H CMeCeHH5! B
'1'[, //
/
B'b3,nyX. HHTeH3HBHocTTa Ha T03H npouec e TOITKOBa no
:rir:il '\ "I " rOJHMa, KonKOTO nOBeqe BOnaTa ce npH6nHlKaBa ,no 110Mna
r- . AuoCPPQu",u
T'bH, KaTO TaM BaKYYM'bT e HaH-rOlI5!M. B'b3nYX'bT ce rpy
Ha Bce nO-enpH MexypH, KOHTO, YBITHqaHH OT BOA8Ta,
ABHlKBT B CMYKaTeITHH5! TP'bOOnpOBOn K'bM nOMlIaTa. AKa
f j 0 1\11 ,[@' Jf. 0 EJ;,r
TOBa ,a;BHlKeHHe B'b3AYX'bT HaMepH nOnXOn5!IDO M5!CTO, oopa
_L
B'b3nYWHH B'b3rnaBHHUH, KOlfTO HaMan,maT lKIlBOTO ceqe

Ha BOnonpOBOna,C

KOCTO ce HaManHBa
rrpOBonHMOCTTa H ce
YBCTIHQaBaT XHnpaBlIHq
<DIU' 2 11
3ary6H Ha Han6p
H Q5!ITaTa BaKYYMeT
I3HCOQHHa .


Ha uenHH CMYKaTe- )
(C D1>:JgywHQ h32AOOHUU.a)
1
TP'b6011P"OBon TPHO
na ce OCHrYPH Ha
KITOH K'bM nOMnaTa Hai'f-
O,OOS,. 3a na ."'yll....Ji'--___
\. [ )
OT,o;enHlIHHT ce
BOnaTa pa3TBopeH
eMeceH B'b3AYX
,na ce npH
nBHlKH K'bM HeH. .

B HanopHHH Tp'b60
$

..,.,
npOBOn rone
d
R
,.
Hanop B'b3nYX'bT
N
ur CBUBa, MexypqeTa
tV
! ' J;...
HaMaITHBaT H nopH
:s:
e
KoeTO Ha
na H3Qe3HaT C'bB
-)

anqHeTO Ha B'b3Ayxa B
He e TOlIKOBa ___ ->
onaCHO. '-'::::--
EPORT Ha CMYKaTerr
Tp'b6onpOBOnH e
paaCH lia T03H Ha ar
peraTHTe C!pHr.2.13

) HITH Ha OPOH fia
paOOTemHTe nOMnH
1
r. 2 1 3 !, ,4 ).
KoraTo BCHKa nOMna
caMOCTOHTeITHa
I
<1>Hr:2.12 I t
CMYKaTeITHB Tp'b6a,He
_J
156
157
"
10
"' .... 1 ____-L.-'
'"
J
-....,
I
I
I
I
",L..J
e Heo6xonHMO Ha HeH na ce npenBHlKna cnHpaTeneH K.pa!l...l
OCBeH aKa TH e aanHTa eCTeCTBeHo. B nocnenHHH cnyqaA
cnHpaTenHHHT KpaH naBa B'b3MOlKHOCT ::3a-neMoH'rHpaHeT?
Ha' nOMnaTa.
He OHBa na ce npeKanHBa c epoH Ha cnHpaTenHHTe Kpa
HOBe no CMYKaTenHHH Tp'b6onpOBon, T'bH KaTO canHHQHTe
HM ca MecTa, OTK'bneTO MOlKe na cc saCMYKBa B'bSnYX.
nHaMeT'bp'bT Ha CMYKaTenHHH TP'bOOnpOBon TpHoBa na O'b
BOnaTa na npOTHqa C'bC CKOPOCT, KOHTO,Jl?
He np.c:nH3BHKBa roneMH XHnpaBnH'IHH3arYOH. nonYl>'-')HMH-
Te C, K, sa nHliMeTpH 0, > ,',C, ;l,OT,,', .0,",
9a nHaMeTpH OT. 177
m
..... - OT 0
I;trmH sa nHaMe'lpH - OT, 1.Z-:Uo ,ilPH
opa3MepHBaHeTO Ha CMYKaTenHHH Tp'bOOnpOBOn TPH Ba na
ce HMa npenSHn CMYKaTenHaTa xapaKTepHCTHKa Ha nOMna
Ta. ilo-ManKHTe XHnpaBnHqHH saryoH Ha Hanop nOBelKnaT
no nO-ManKa CMYKaTenHa BHCOqHHa, C KoeTO ce H30HrBa
KaBHTaUH5ITa.
ilPH opaSMepHBaHeTO Ha CMYKaTenHHH Tp'bOOnpOBOn'ca OT
SHaqeHHe HanMopCKaTa BHCO'lHHa, Ha KOHTO ce HaMHpa nOM
neH8Ta CTaHUHH H TeMnepaTypaTa Ha HsnOMnBaHaTa BOna
(Taon.J.1 H 1.2).
ilpenOp'bqBa ce CMYKaTenHHHT TP'bOOnpOBOn Aa ce MOHTH
pa B npOXOnHMaTa ranepHH HnH B MOHTalKeH KaHan B'bPXY
onopHH oeTOHOBH OnOKqeTa sa neCHa npOBepKa H peMOHT.
llpeMHHatl8HeTO Ha CMYKaTenHIUI Tp'b50npOBOn npes
Ta Ha CTaHQHHT8 ce OC'b.eCTBHsa qpes canHHKOBO ynn'bT
HHBaHe.
TP'bOOnpOBOn TpH6Ba na ce H3nHTBa Ha C'b
OTO HanHraHe, KaKTO H HanopHHHT.
KoraTo BMeCTO qepnaTeneH pesepBoap ce npenBHlKna CMY
KaTenHa KaMepa, BOnaTa B HeH ce nOBelKna no
HaqHH. ilon06HO Ha qepnaTenHHR pesep
Boap CMYKaTenHaTa KaMepa e qaCT 0'1' nOMneHaTa CTaHQHH.
CMYKaTenHaTa KaMepa OKaSBa 3HaQHTenHO BnHRHHe B'bP
xy HopManHaTa paOOTa Ha nOMnHTe. ETO 3a.0 TH TpHOBa
na ce H3rpalKna no TaK'bB HaqHH, qe BOnHHHT nOTOK na
K'bM CMYKaTenHTe, KaTO 06ycnasR no
ManKH XHnpaBnHQHH HanopHH 3ary6H npH BXOna Hna He ce
saCMYKBa B'bSnyx.
3aCMYKBaHeTO Ha ce nonY'Iasa B pesynTaT Ha
B'bpTenHSO MeCTHO nBHlKeHHe Ha BonaTa,npenH3BHKaHO 0'1'
enHOnOCOQHO H enHOCTpaHHO Ha BOnHHR nOTOK,
HaCOqHn ce CMYKaTenR.
B'b3UYX'bT,.KOATO npOHHKBa B nOMnaTa, HaMaHRBa XHn
paBnHQHHTe H napaMeTPH: ne6HT, Hanop H K.n.n.
3a ua ce npenOTBpaTRT TegH BpeURH B'bSneficTBHH>TPHO
sa ua ce cnasBaT npHHUHnH, KOHTO ce OTHaCRT no:
1( U'bn60QHllaTa HB nOKpHTHe);
2/ PB3CTOHHHeTO no n'bHOTO Ha KaMepaTa H no CTeHHTe

3/ Ha BOnHHH nOTOK H xapaKTepa Ha pa3npene
l1 HHeTO MY;
4/ pasnonOlKeHHeTO Ha arperaTHTe cnpRMO KaMepaTa;
5/ pemeTKHTe sa npennaSBaHe Ha nOMnaTa OT nanHanH
BOnHHH nOTOK npenMeTH.
nO!!nHHeTO ce YCTaHOBHBa C
ornen na ce npenOTBpaTHT B KaMepa BOnOB'bpTelKH H
saCMYKBaHe Ha B'bSUYX OT nOMnaTa. TOBa saBHCH OT $OpMa
TB Ha KBMepaTa, CKopOCTTa Ha BonaTa B HeH, OqepTaHHH
Til lIB pa3wnpeUHeTO nB HaqanOTO HB CMYKaTemiaTa TP'b5a,
anHRHHeTO Ha C'bCenHHTe nOMnH H np.
rIPH HopManHa p'a60Ta nOTanRHeTO He TPHOBB na 6'bne no
ManKO OT 1,5 1J , ilPH ManKH CKOPOCTH aa SOnaTa np" pas
WHpeHHeTO (0,6 - O,9 rnls) nOTanHHeTO MOlKe na ce HaMa
lIH' no .If 1 K'bneTO 1J e nHaMeT'bp'bT Ha pa3WHpeHHeTO ,KoATO
TpR6Ba ua 2 n'bTH no-ronHM 0'1' nHaMeT'bpa Ha BXOna
s pa60THoTO Koneno.
AKO BHXPH ce nORBHBaT Ha C'b.eCTBYBa.a cTaHQlul, C
THX TpH6Ba Aa ce BOnH Gop6a qpe3 nOnXonH.H nperpanH
B nOnBOUR.aTa KaMepa.
PascToHHHeTo no n'bHOTO TPR6sa na 06ycnaBR UHnHHupHq
Ha nno.,paSHa HnH no-ronaMa OT nnOWTa Ha pas
WHpeHHeTO. OT TOBa cnenBa. 'Ie paSCTORHHeTO MelKny Pgs
WHpeHHeTO H n'bHOTO TpH6sa 6'bne He nO-ManKO 0'1'
Ooaqe S TaK'bB cnyqafi nOTOK'bT ce USBusa 4pes PR3'bK saBofi
npH Bxoua Ha pa3wHpeHHeTo .
YCTaHoBeHo e, 'Ie paSCTORHHeTO
.JL no Ha K8
.3
MepaTa e nOCTaT'b4HO sa HopManHa pa60Ta Ha DOMDaTa. HR
KOH H3cnenBaHHH ca nOKa3anH, 'Ie YBenHqaBaHeTO Ha Tosa
paSCTORHHe MOlKe na" BnOWH pasnpeneneHHeTo Ha CKOPOCTH
Te npH BXOna Ha paswHpeHHeTo Ha HaqanOTO Ha CMYKaTen
HUTa Tp'b6a.
Ha ca nOCOQeHH cxeMH Ha nOTOKa npu BXOnHO
TO pasWHpeHHe. OPH pa3CTORHHe f no n'bHOTO Ha KaMepa-
Ta pasnpe.neneHHeTO ua CKOpOCTHTe B paallmpeHHeTO e paB
HOMepHO. AKO TO e D HnH no-ronRMO, 3a.non06pHBaHe ua
pasnpeneneHHeTO HB CkOPOCTHTe npe.n Bxo.nHaTa Ha
JlbHOTO Ha KBMepaTa ce nOCTBBH HanpaBnHBa. KOHYC. $Op
MaTa H3. 3aKp}fBflBaHC Ha BXOnHaTB ce npHeMa, KaK
10 e nOCOqeHo Ha
HanpaBRRoa. KOHYC e DoneseH H npH QepneHe
0'1'
KBHanH, B KORTO SOnaTa npOTH4a c roneMH CKOpOCTH.
PSSCTORHHeTO OT pssillHpeHHeTO no CTeHHTe Ha
TPH6na na 6'bne He nO-ManKO OT
2
AKO nonnona.aTa KaMepa nOnxpuHBa HHKonKO nOMnH,pa3
CToHHHeTO Mezny THX TpR6Ba .na O'bne panHO Ha 2D
.2.16).
159
158
C(' pa3npene
arperSTH
a
f7ZZ77ZZZZ<7ZZZZ7-..n:zzz
..

nOMOHTe B

nOTOK8 H B3a
HMHO BJlHHHHe Ha HRKonKO arperaTa. HaA-nowo paGoTH ar
KOHTO ce HaMHpa BXOna Ha KBMepBTa.
DOtITH e neAcTBHeToHa arperaTHTe aT cxeMBTa Ha
<!Jur. 2.19.
3a npennasBaHe Ha nOMnHTe OT enpH npenMeTH, nonanHa
Ou EbB BonaTa, nOMneHH cTaHUHH.oc06eHO
nO-f'OrreMHTe. C
He. TOBa peweHHe BHHarH TpROBa na ce npennOtIHTa npen
ueA
KB
(CNYKBTerreH KOW) sa SCRKa nOMna, KaTO uenKa
TB liMa 3HatIl1TenHH MeCTHH XHnpaSDHqHH HanopHH 3ary0I1.
KoraTO He e sanpbCTeHa.
AKO uenKaTa e 3aTnatIeHa, HBpaCTBaT
H npenH3BHKB8T K8SHTaUHR. CKOPOCTTB Ha BonaTa npes
uenK8TB He Tp5l0Ba na npeBHUlaBB 0.3 mls .
roneMH nOMneHH CTaHUHH ca XHnpaB
DHqHH MOneDH" H3cnegoaHHH Ha KaMepBTB H Ha OCHOBHHR
Ha 2.20 e nOKB3aHa KaMepa Ha 90
0
OT
OCHOBHHR nOTOK. nOCOtIeHH ca TOKOBHTe nHHHH. KOHTO He
---J)
a
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Q 6
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1 I riOl-mll II llOMnelm CTaHUl1ll
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en, ::allan) MllOf'O e BalKHO nOTOKhT .LW
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.17), aKO Te ea enH<tl(Bl!, HEll
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1 f f I f
Hf'.2.16
Hr.2.17

Hr.2.18
11f'.19
nOKa3aHOTO Ha aa
McpaTa, OPH KORTO BonaTa nOCTbDsa
npeAH3BHKBQ HeenaaKBO pa3npenenaHHe Ha
WEr.2.14
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cnCACTBH
"U ',";:'bT 'e ;]0 CCPH 110-I<K!JHOMlltCCll. }lorry;:-;';,r.HlTC
3a T,[:-vOH C i-lHUMeT'l;p Cmm cc .
2.,0 rp/s, (:
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G '>,Om!s II c -";a,,,le,!'l:;J HiJLI SOOmm
4, Om/s ' TeJl' :Ill, ,;H.1 CK0pO,;T:r JiOl);};,H
:,\;lH a Tp'H5Hl!T('YQ"C'J'bl.\!i He (;:D:H3!3HKB;}T
'J.3Tlll'-!HVI 3arYCii " cpaBEOHlle CbC 3arY0I11";
rp'boorrpOE "", 0'1' (>rat1 2
',"" y q aCT'lK I!KSC E! e ao '( wren H a ;rbl\ iKflH a
:) " 4. C no M a raT e n h
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nOME::U(CH
0
cnOMaraTenHHTe nOMemeKH>! HB rrOMneHBTa
!'[[lAUT:
a. fle.YPHa CTaR (KaHQerrapHH). Tf! TpH5Ba
3ana H ua e
HeH c rOITHM np030peu HITH CTbKneHa
Ha CTeHa. OT HeR Tps6Ba Aa 8Ma Ao6bP OG30p
MaWUHHB sana, KaTO CbmeBpeMeHHO TR TpHGBa Aa
De.ypaBTa sana e CBbpsaHa
ili,IP04H


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CKO
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no
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ua 6bue
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163
Tene$OHHa nMHMH C 06eKTa, KOHTO BOnOCHa6nHBa, MnM C
rnaBHMH nMCneqepCKM nYHKT.
6. B HeH ca erreKTpopas
npenenMTenHMTe Ta6na, KOMaHnHMHT nYHKT M BCMqKM CMr
HanHM ypenM sa HopManHa pa60Ta Ha CTaHQMHTa. npM no
ManKH nOMneHH CTaHI:(MH $YHKI:(MMTe Ha KOMaHnHaTa3arfa
ce noeMaT OT ne)!fYPHaTa 3ana, KaTO eneKTpopasnpenerrM
TenHHTe aTa 3 ana, aKO TO
Ba e BbSMOJKH:.J.
B. TH ce ToraBa, KoraTO CTaHI:(MH
Ta e OTnaneqeHa OT 06eKTa, KOMTO BOnOCHa6nHBa. B
ce n'bpJKaT MHCTPYMeHTM, pesepBHM qaCTM, MaTepManH H
np. 3a CpOqeH peMOHT Ha arperaTMTe. TH TpH6Ba na MMa
BpaTa K'bM MaWHHHaTa 3ana. KbM pa60TMnHHQaTa ce npen
BMJKna CKnan.
r. C'bCTOH ceOT
HMK, KnoseT H 6aHH C nyw.
.1lPyrH cnOMaraTenHH nOMemeHHH?KaTO
HaBeCH M ,!lp., ce npe,!lSHJKnaT
n. TpaHC a MaTopHH nO,!lCTaHI:(HH H T
cTOBe. paHC$OpMaTOpHMTe nOnCTaHI:(HH
ce-cTPOHT OTnenHO HnH B 06mH crpanH
QMH B saBHCHMOCT OT 06maTa MomHOCT
npe,!lBepHe C YMMBan
CKnan 3a TonnMSO,
no npeQeHKa.
aHC 0 MaTopHH no
H Tpa$OnOCTOBeTe
C nOMneHaTa CTaH
Ha arperaTHTe. Hs
HCKBaHHHTa, npe,!lHBHSaHH KbM TeSH eneMeHTH Ha nOMne
HHTe CTaHI:(HH, ca pasrnenaHM no-nonp06HO B OT,!lenHa
qaCT Ha yqe6HHKa.
..
2. 6. S . X n b.p a TOP HOC Ton a H C T B 0
npn SCHKO QeHTpanHO nHTeHHo-6HTOBO BO,!lOCHa6nHBaHe
6e3 ornen Ha npOH3XOna Ha SO,1laTa M pe3ynTaTa OT 6aK
TepMOnOrHqHOTO H3cne,!lBaHe ce npe,!lBHJK,!la HHcTanaI:(HH sa
06e33apa3HBaHe Ha BonaTa npe,1lH 3a
o6essapaSHBaHe ce H3nonsysaT xnop, cbe,!ldHeHHH,
030H, ynTpaBHoneToBH n'bqH H ,!lp. " "
HaqHHbT Ha 06e33apaSHsaHe ce Hs6Hpa BbS OCHOBa Ha
TexHHKo-HKOHOMHqeCKH aHanHS npH CnassaHe Ha caHHTap
HHTe HSHCKBaHHH. 3acera Y Hac HaH-WHpOKO ce npHrrara
06essapa3RBaHeTO C XITOP HITH xnopHH C'be,1lHHeHHR.
XrropaTopHHTe CTaHUHH ce C'bCTORT OT: xrropaTopHO no
MemeHHe, B KoeTO MOHTHpaT XITOpaTOpHTe H 6YTHITKHTe,
OT KOHTO ce qeprrH xnop; Upe,1l,!lBepHe xrropaTopHO-
TO nOMemeHHe; CKrra,!l sa Ha TeqHHH XITOp;BeH
THnaQHOHHO-,!lCra3aQHOHHO nOMemeHHC H nOMemeHHe sa ne
JKYPHMH rrepCOHan cepBH3HH nOMemeHHR. XnopaTopHaTa
CTaHUHH ,!la 6'b,1le HsrpaneHa caMOCTOSTerrHO HnH
MeCTHO Crpa,1laTa Ha nOMneHaTa CTaHI:(HH.
XnopaTopHO nOMemeHHe. XnopaTopHTe ce nOCTaBHT B'
nOMemeHHe c nnom B 3aBHCHMOCT OT Z 6POR
MM. KaTO ce He nO-ManKO OT 3 m sa
BCHKa ,!lBOHK8 xnopaTopH H 4 m
2
3a TernHllKaTa Ha 6y
THllKMTe. B HSKOM cnyqaH TernHnKHTe C pa3XOnHMTe 6YTHn
KH MoraT na ce MOHTHpaT B CbcenHOTO CKITa,!lOSO nOMeme
HHe. MHHHManHaTa nnom Ha XITOpaTOpHOTO nOMemeHHe e
7m
2
BHCOqHHaTa Ha nOMemeHHeTO He Tpsosa ,1la 6'bne no
MaITKa OT .2,6 m.
XITOpilTOpHHTe nO"MemeHMH ce CTPOHT no npHHl\Hn HSBbH
HaceneH"o MHCTO HaH-ManKO Ha 1SO m OT Hero.
AKO ce HanOJKM nOCTpOHBaHeTO Ha xnopaTopHOTO nOMeme
HHe B HaceneHo"MscTO, KOMHCHS aT 3aHHTepeCOBaHH se
,1l0MCTBa H30Hpa MeCTOnOrrOJKeHHeTO MY npenH H3rOTBRHeTO
Ha 3a,1laHHe 3a npoeKTHpaHe, KaTO Ha6enS3Ba H MepKH sa
gamHTa Ha HaceneHHeTO.
XnopaTopHOTO nOMemeHMe MOJKe na 6bne B OTnenHa HITH
B oDma crpana C nOMneHaTa CTaHI:(HH. HITH C npeqHCTBaTen
Hll C'bOp'bJKeHHR. To TpHoBa na ob,!le HanpaBeHO caMOCTORTen
HO, C OTneITeH BXOn H ,!la HRMa nHpeKTHa Bp'bSKa C OCTaHa
nHTe nOMemeHHS. BXOn'bT 3a xnopaTopHOTO nOMemeHHe e
npe3npe,1l,!lBepHeTO ($Hr.2.S). ,!lbITJKHHaTa Ha nOMeme
HHeTO e 10m H nOBelle, npenBHJKna ce enHH asapHeH H3XO,1l
AHpeKTHO HaBbH, KORTO ce pa3nonara OT CTpaHa, npOTH
Bono"!IOJKHa Ha sxona K'bM" npe,1l,!lBepHeTo.
CrpanaTa Ha XITOpaTOpHOTO nOMemeHHe ce npoeKTHpa Ma
CHSHa OT HeropHMH MaTepHanH. CbC CTOMaHo6eTOHHa nOK
pHBHa nnoqa. BbHwHHTe CTeHM ce npaSHT OT "SH,1lapHH C
AeoenHHa 2Scn7, a aKO ce Hsnon3ysaT saMecTHTenH,Te
TpsoBa ,!la HMaT TonnOTeXHHqeCKH CBoHcTBa,pasHocToAHH
Ha SH,!l ZScm. nO,!l'bT TpHoBa ,1la HMa TonnOHSOnaI:(nH, ,!la
OKonHHH TepeH H Ha 1 Tn OT MaKCMManHOTO HH
BO Ha nO,1lnOIlSeHHTe SO,!ln, KaTO ce BseMaT MepKH cpemy
npOHHKBBHe Ha Bnara OTB'bH. ce nOKpHsa C UHMeH
TOBa saMa3Ka, TepaKOTHH nnOIlH HnH M03aAKa, KOHTO TPSO
sa ,1la ce TaKa, qe Aa ce H30erHe Xll'bSraHeTO.
CTeHHTe Ha nOMemeHHeTO ce 60SI,!lHcBaT c KHcenHHoycTOH
'l.HBa 60H.
xnopaTopHOTO nOMemeHHe ce npe,!lBHJK,1la
C mKS$ npOTHBorasH, 3amHTHO 06neKno, XHMHKanH 3a
npeHOCHMa anTeqKa C MeAHKaMcuTH sa nbpsa
Me,1lHQHHCKa nOMOm H B'b3rnaBHHQa C KHcnOpO,1l H ,!lHXaTen.
B npen,!lSepHeTO MOJKe ,!la ce H3rpS,1lH ,1lerSSSIlHOHHa 5rMa,
PU3MepHTe Ha K05rTO ce onpe,!lenHT OT roneMHHSTa Ha
5YTHnKaTa, KOSTO ce nOCTaBS B Heg, H OT 06eMaHS HeYTpa
nH:lHpamMSl: PSSTBOp. }lMaTa TpH6Ba ,1la BOnOCHa5,!leh<l
H KaHanH3HpaHB. Bpb3KaTB C KaHanUSaI:(HHTa ce OC'bme
CTBSBa C'bC cnHpaTeneH KpaH. B npe,1l,!lBepHeTO ce npe,1lBHJK
:1<1 II nHTeHHa IPOHTaHKa sa npOMHsaHe Ha OqHTe.
165
164
? H;.. I!}: ': e9HeTO ce . '..- _,I ,-I T ;- ,,>:' T J, 11
ll,I<acjJa, BO ;,:e :,10[,0'" ,'"\a 0';' ,'1 2,crn}
e;J.)J,BGpHeTO TP5l0:3d ,.J.E :L"r:-l ,-:2SbH. .t-:8.
.\1eJIC.IJ,Y Hero H :1 ..... \"''3f-F,:-S 1-'
\!ex-(il,Y ce 1 IB:
r
iK,;l.3. y, -_;:1TE(,PC_iO
Ha6ITw:'::arel1HO llp03GIFi':' "'::',,'. y 2ac:e
rrpeIILll1KlJ,U >ia D'J13pe.IJel-"1 ,:J:OPH:i .,1 :KE ;(a
ce C r&3TBOp '!'i IVa ON ", ,;;,
HH B CTlJ,eJIHO LOMemeHHe E C1"ce,n:CT"(i C",C ..
;:2HO 'f,,:: (2
npelJ,BHZnaT H cnCijVaUHH
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\la.
flo:--'emeliHe ":'p/16'32. ):r,:'l 111";,, ,r:;,)6pc' 2CTeCTBe
r:o H l' 3K:'lCT3eH 'J O':",B e'T':U'}h Me" B or E
ce-Oc'iiii;e(.:-T'il;rn-a--c-'-rl:7C>ioprTiT-c[]IOW; pnQil<1 H2. 1/ 1 f) tIaCT
IJT lL1011!,Ta it ,l :;cr! a:. ;' (-: a En pa31IO
rrO;ZCCFH H3. ceBepHaT::-;. CTr;aHCl} ::1 J1,3. ce 1"86sf'uc f:i-:HKO
HarpH:!3He !--:a 6Y"I'FJrh'\i':-'e.. -':)'1' CJ}'Ddl!,eTO ,KaKTO
E 3POTHT, Tp>16BG. )1;:J o'b;1a'T !I ,r:,a CC OT
BUPJ1:T HaB'bH, KaTO Ha ce YCTpc:'1CTBa
3 a c 3 aTR ap5IH {; <' 3'1 I) l) ce nO,:'T(=l_n .:H 2 TO H 2. >lpeJKH
H pe1ll8TKH :,a np030pLJ,;ITC 0
Yl3KYC'TBeHOTO OCReTi1CH:'ie TlJ516F3.iJa 6'l--)lc CaYIO cnCKTpH
tIOCKO.
'f'
1 l!3411Cne1-llin C8 ;<3BbPWB3T TaKa,
lie __ 'leI 6b;'Je 1
1I 22 C 11 ;\3 He rrpeB;IlIl::tBa :)S C. 3ac'paHHBa ce
ynoTpeoaTB Ha OTonrrw;:'ej1H;1 ypeilH C OTJ<r>IT l1ITBMbK. OTon
ITl1TenHHTe TeITa He T'p::r6Ba Da 6'bJIaT 110-'O;eI130 0';' : rn lJ,0
., 6YTHITKHTe II XTIoponpOBO,!]H1'e.
XITOpa'iOpHOTO TIOM()l1\eHHe Tp5l6Ba )lil )l06pa eCTeCT
ReBa 11 H3KYCTBeEa BeHTHnaUH5I. EC1'eCTBeHaTa
H ce pa3110rraraT
Ha CTeHH. H3KYCTEeHaT3 BeHTHITaUHH 'ce
Jl3Bbpmna c BeHTl1naTOp, KoilTO TP510BB ,DJ: CCH['YP5!B3 DBa
DeceTKpaTeH OOMeH H3 Bb3Dyxa B qac. 3aCMYKBaHeTO Ha
'iB!\fbPCfCHH5I Bb311YX ce H3Bbpll1Ba 01' t1ilCT Ea
nO\lem,eHHeTO. f1PE:CCH Bb311YX ce ll!(upBa HB BHCO'll1Hi1
2,25 m 01' nOlJ,a cpel1\ynonoEHO Ha 3aCMYKBBHeTO. AKO
ce HarrOEl1 nOCTrJHBdHe Ha xnopaTopHOTO ITOMCl1\eHHe B HB
ceneHO MHCTO, H3XBbpnHHeTO Bb3lJ,YXbT TpH6Ba
ce 06e3BpeElJ,a.
B XITOpaTOpHOTO nOMemeHHe HTIH B npenlJ,BepHeTO ce npe,!]
BHE,!]a KpaH C XOITeHlJ,bp. T03H KpaH ce H3non3YBa 3a no
CTaB5!He Ha MapKY4 H 06ITHBaHe Ha XJIOpHaTa 6YTHJIKa npH
ManbK nponYCK HU xnop.
KaHaITH3aUHHTa tpH6Ba lJ,a 6blJ,e HanpaBeHU 01' YCTofitIH
BH Ha KOP03H5! Tpb6H. npenOpbtIBa ce nbpBH5IT Y4aCTbK Ha
BbHlliHH5! KaHaIT no ITbPBOTO nOCTOHHHO BITHBaHe Ha CTpaHH
16.t:i
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T;t13T3jP E OL);.hH(;BeHO :,,;';lE
0 : -::.' ,: T l' i',J !-I [.. B \)1), I) np0 '-3" i,-J.l\::-I ,:. f. jl,1') ,
r . . .."HT'2 H;j,',,:r- ,)'f:,[1,2.'I-' P )-l,r:Eih:<u C-:' r:p:.
:e cr..' ;::E a p .. opa Topa CJ.1, :/:;:.. i:": '.J.' ?
, [j'
C,::
;'"A e H Ct pJ .D,O 2 u j, O'T' I.::': cF2"f',? j
)],0 /'""f"" .. ('.3.. ce h3:.. ..!rc:;
u Hj\" ;U,C CTChc \)
-: )J,D., f;-0P,":; ;)'!. C 7 .7 1,C 1} 2 r:-: . I:'PE Xi! C:p,aTrJpy. r.:',::)c
MOETanC Tp516Ba c:,) CCHf'YPH 0':
{:; ,.Q,O CT8HaTc- -..2-i"'f-r.::3JIKC C): 2 IT/. ,
HIl 1(1-1'1' 8 C T:2 J'{ C '2; 1: 0 C ':-' (; L S:'--' :Tb; lXY' C r 11 8. !
La ce KOHTpOnl-fp2."r 112. :xx::.op !:: rI'H::,
:M2cnaHeTO Ha xnopa c E rpb5c
---c',",lO)lB HITI1 B QepnaTCI1BlIH pe3cpBoap :t('bM llOMllSH2';"_ CT3L
,'i.'. T1PO'!]bJIZMTenHOCT'i'2 Ha KOl-lTai<T2, E2 X;}OP'\ C ;:lCilJ,:l'jc.
,','"Z KOHCYMl1paHeTO H He Tp5l6Sii lJ,3 ,5bMC 0';
7., _
lf.I1HYTH, a rrpl1 C'bBMeCTHO XITOpHpaHC !1 UMOHI13alili5" ','pell-
S nu e HaM-ManKO 1 "{ac. 11Pl1 TOBa X:[OpllpaHeTO TPJ!OB8
,a ce H3BbpmBa,KOITKOTO e nO-6ITH30 DO HRCEue
aTO M5ICTO. llHpeKTHo.xrropHpaHC C ra3006pa3eH He
cec npenOpbtIBa.
e rrOCTaB5IHeTO Ha aUTOMaT, cnv
',')2 113THtIaHeTO Ha XITOP BbB BOlJ,OnpOBOlJ,a npH cn;1pcdC '-!CJ
HB Bo,!]a KbM KOHCYMUTopHTe. npH nOMnei. C'lE
u
LHH aBTOMaTbT Tp5!6Ba lJ,a ce KOMaHI1Ba 01'
0POBO,!] HenOCpClJ,CTBeHO CITelJ, nOMnaTa. npH rpaBHT2U.. ; 0
}'OAOCHa6,!]5!BaHe KOMaHlJ,BaHeTO Ha aBTOMaTa ce H3Bb;JiiU,_
rnaBHRH Bo,!]onpOBO,!].
EYTHJIKHTe H XITOpaTOpbT ce 4pe3 Me,!]Ha
167,
c yXO. paSTBOp ce TpaHcnopTHpa qpes ryMeHH,
e60HHTOBH HnH nnaCTMaCOBH Ha KOPO
B roneMH xnopaTopHH ce HH
Hspa60TeHH OT GesmeBHH
Ha KOHTO ce OT KOP09HOYCTOUQHBH
MaTepHanH.
CKnanpBeTe sa TeqeH xnop ca GaSHeHH, npKo6eKTHH H
p83XOnHH.
EaSHCHHTe CKnanOBe ce npoeKTHpaT 3a o6cnymBaHeTO H
OTneneH paHOH. npHo6eKTHHTe CKnanOBe
ce npenBHmnaT B paHOHa Ha roneMH npeqHCTSaTenHH CTaH

PaSXOnHHTe CKnanOse ce YCTpOHBaT Ha TepHTopHHTa Ha
xnopaTopHaTa
3a nemYPHHS nepCOHan ce npenBHmna nOMemeHHe B crpa
naTa Ha xnopaTopHaTa HsonHpaHO OT
nOMemeHHSlTa, B KOHTO ce paGoTH C xnop HnH ce CbxpaH
Ba xnop, C OTneneH H3XOn HSBbH, KaTO ce OCT8BH H
naTenHO npOSopqe xnopaTopHOTO nOMemeHHe.
AKO xnop8TopH8Ta CT8HUHH ce HaMHpa B paHOHa Ha npe
qHCTBaTenHaTa HnH Ha nOMneHa CTaHUHSl, KOHTO 0
cnymsa, OTnenHO nOMemeHHe 3a
He ce
npH npoeKTHpaHeTO Ha sOnonpOBOna MPema C
XHnpaHTH, TaKa qe na HMa sa OPO
CSBaHPTO' Ha BceKH HsxOn npH eBeHTyuneH CHneR nponyc
I.... ,!!-a xnop.
G:5!.
2. 6. 6, 0 C BeT n e H H e, 0 Ton n e H H e
H B e H T H n 8 H Sl Han 0 M n e HaT a

npenH BCHQKO TpSOBa na ce OCHrYPH
BeHO Ha MamHHHaTa sana.
06HllHa TPSl6Ba na O'bne H CBeTnHHaTa
TO OCBeTneHHe. npH OTrOBopHH nOMneHH e He
nHMO na ce npenBHnH pe3epBHO aBapHHHO OCBeTneHHe qpes
aKYMYnaTopH.
OTonneHHeTO Ha nOMneHHTe CTaHUHH BsaBHCHMOCT OT yc
BHSIT8:'" MOlKe .i:iaobne paSnHQHO. 3UMHO BpeMe TeMnepaTbpaTa
B MamHHHaTa sana He na nO-HHCKa OT 5 C, a
B cnOMaraTenHHTe - OT 16C.
nOMneHHTe KbM npOMHmneHHTe
3H, KOHTO ce HaMHpaT B HaceneHO MSlCTO. MoraT na
BKnroqaT B OTonnHTenHa CHCTeMa Ha npennpHSlTHeTO
HaceneHOTO MHCTO. aKO HMa TaKaBa. OTnaneqeHHTe
ce OTonnHBaT C eneKTpBQeCTBO HnH 06HKHOBeHH
neqKH.
168.
HCnpeK'bCHaTa pa60Ta Ha CTaHUHSlTa Il51.Ma onaCHOCT
SaMp'b3BaHe, T'bH KaTO BO,[laTa e B ,[IBH)iQiI)I(eHHe
J
a 11 arpe
raTHTe OT,[ICnHT TonnHHa.
C Ha ManHlHHaTa sana ce I.Jll1enH)la ce OTBe
'" neHa OT arperaTHTe. na ce ocsemH
Cb,[lbP)!<a 3Ha4HTE'neH npo[]llI;eHT BOnHH l1a
RCCKH tlaC a Aa ce OCHrYPHBU TPHiQlKpaTeH oGeM Ha
3Ayxa E McUlHHHaT8 gana H eAHo-nBYKpaTf'Ten OOMeH B MOH
KaH&nV, ranepHH H ,[Ip.
B M8nKHTe nCMneHH cTaHQHH ceOCbweCTBR
a QpC3 CCTec1BeHa UHpKynaluul Ha BbS)ly:x:tX
a
, KaTO ce
OTBSPHT np030PUH U1H! OCTaBe
ilwre BCHTl1naUHOHlHf OTBOPH HnH KaHS!1I:1.
3a nO-CHDDS Ha BbS,[Iyxa Ha "SIRon 01' np030p
c\HTe HnH HB BeHTl'1fl8UHOHHIUI ce MoC)llTlipa eeHTl1lIa
TOpa
i1o-roneMwre nOMl1eHH CTaHUHH H ocooeuctJ BKonSHHTe ce
IiYJK,[I8S1T 01' CIlCUHanHB BeHTlmaUHOHHa HHCTifarralJ,IHl.
i.. 6 .7. B 0 )l 0 C H a () il H B aU H e
K 8 HaD H S a U H 51 Han 0 M n e HaT B
C T a HUH H
CrpB,[IaTa Ha nOMneHaTa ce BonoOCHaOilRBa OT ce
;IWIU-lBT8 BO)lOnpOBO)lHa Mpema. aKO CTBHUH5llf1'a e onHSO ,[10 Ha
::erreHO MHCTO/ HIT I{ 01' cO{)CTseHHSl HanopeHl'PboonpOBQ,[I
!le,[l oopsTHaTB Knana. no nOCOI<A Ha HanoOPHl:l51 pe3epBoap,
OHOT co6CTseH BOPOHSTOqHHK.C BOna ce 3 axpaHBaT caHH
E'b3en. pa60THnHMuaTa H xnopaTOp HATe anapaTH
(aKO ea B CbWBTa crpana).
rIpoeKnipaHeTO Ha Crpa,[lHaTa KaHarrHsauHc:JlfHa Mpema TpRO
sa )lS 6bAe cb06pa3eHO C KOHKpeTHHTe ycnoBHH,
JI'bllGOtum8Ta fiB epYHAaMeHTHTe Ha crpBIlaT&1. KOTBT8 H
p:; 3nOJIOJKeHUeTO H8 npeMHHK<i U8 OTna)l'b40HTe BOnM. B
K'aHaJIHSaUHOHHaTa Mpema ce OTBelKnwr oTu&1Ab'IHHTe BO)lH
0T CBHHTSPHHR Bb3en H pa60THnHHuaTa. K&1kTO H U3THQa
BO)la OT nOMneHHTe arperaTH. nona)l0&na B nO)lOBHTe
CRepOHU B MaWHHHaTa sarra H B MOHTamHHTe KaHanH 3a
TPb6onpOBO)lHTe H eDeKTp0l<a6enHTe. OTlla,Cl'hqHHTe BO)lH OT
xnopaTopHOTO nOMeweHHe ce OTBeJKnaT OT)lenHO B HeYTpanH-
maXTa 3a 06e3Bpem)laHe.
169
2. 6. 8. K 0 H C T P Y K T H B H HOC 0 6 e HOC T
Hac r p B A a T a Han 0 M n. e HaT a
eTa H l.l; H H
CrpaAHTe Ha BOnOCHa6AHTeITHHTe nOMneHH CTaHl.l;HH ce
npoeKTHpaT OOHKHOBeHO npaaObrbnHH B nnaR. B nOCITeAHO
BpeMe Te ce H3nbnHHBaT OT crnOOHeMH CTOMaHooeTOHHH
eITeMeHTH, KaTO ce cna3BaT CbOTBeTHHTe OCOBH pa3CTOH
HHH (MoAynH) HocemHTe KOHCTPYKTHBHH eITeMeHTH H
nperpaAHHTe CTeHH. TesH pa3CTOHHHH CbrITaCHo npHeTaTa
Aa
3a crnOOHeMH nPOMHillITeHH crpaAH MOAYITHa CHCTeMa MoraT
na (hAaT 6, 9, 12 H 15 em.
BHCOQHHaTa Ha crpanaTa Cbmo TPHoBa na obne cboopa
seHa CbC CTaHnapTHO HsrOTBeHHTe naHenH, qHHTO paSMepH
ce pasnHqaBaT CbC CTbnKa 60cm . MHHHManHaTa BHCOqHHa
Ha crpaAaTa ce npHeMa 3,60rn . B 3aBHCHMOCT OT BHna
Ha nOBAHraTenHHTe MexaHH3MH H raoapHTHTe Ha nOMneHHTe
arperaTH BHCOqHHaTa Ha crpaAaTa Aa Obne 3,60;
4,20; 4,80 H T.H. no 12 m.
Ha nOMneHaTB CTaHUHH ce H3nbITHHBBT OT
ceToH HnH cToMaHo6eTOH.
CTeHuTe Ha ManmHHaTa sana ca OT TyxneH SHn Ha eAHa
Tyxna (2Scm ) HITH OT naHeITH C TonnoH30nal.l;HoHHH Ka
qeCTBa Ha 25cm TyxneH 3H.u.
np030pl.l;HTe ca C MeTaITHa KOHCTPYKl.l;HR.
OCTBHanHTe nOMemeHHR ce CTPORT CbrITaCHO H3HCI<BBHHH
Ta sa OOHKHoBeHoTo CTpOHTenCTBO.
nOn3eMHaTa qaCT Ha crpanaTa npH BKonaHH nOMneHH CT
l.l;HH ce HsnbnHRBa OT oeToH HnH CTOMBH06eToH. npH HaITH
qHe Ha nOAnOqBeHH BOAH nbHOTO H CTeHHTe Ha BKon8HaTa
qacT TPHoaa na ObnaT XHnpOHsonHpaHH Ha BHCOqHHa, He
nO-ManKa OT 0,5 m Han YCTBHOBeHOTO Han-BHCOKO HHBO
Ha nOnnOtlBeHHTe 111I11 nOB'bpXHOCTHHTe BOo):lH. KOHCTPYKQH$lTa
Ha crpanaTB TPR6B8 na ObAe npOBepeHa HO npH
Han-BHeOKO HI1BO Ha nOnnoqBeHHTe BOAH.
MOHTamHHTe H rarrepHH. K8KTO H Ka
HaITH sa errCKTpOKa6errHTe ce H3M83saT CXHDPOHsorraUHOHHH
CTpOHTCrrHI1 MaTcpHarrH.
Oco6eHH rpH.a TpHOBa ):la ce OT):lell$lT Ha XHnpOH30rra
UHOHHaTa SBMa3KS Ha nOKPHBHaTa nnoqa, a CbmO H HB HeA
HUTe TonnOH30naUHOHHH KaqeCTBa.
OrHeYCTOAqHBOCTT8 Ha crpanaTa e I H II CTeneH.
Ha crpanaTB Ha DOMneHaTa cTaHQHH K8KTO KbM
MaillHHHaTa sana. TaKa U KbM .uPyrHTC DOMeru.el:J.Hsr TpHOBa
c npl1BeTlIHBa 11 B Bpb3Ka C OKOITHaTa cpeAa.
vo
2.7. HanopeH Tpb6onpoBoA H3BbH nOMneHaTa CTaHl.l;H$I
2. 7. 1. H 3 H C K BaH H $I K b M
H B n 0 p H H T e T P bOO n p 0 BOA H
qecTo nbTH Abnbr HanopeH TpboonpOBOD CTPYBa MHoro
nOBeqe OT nOMneHaTB cTaHUHR. KonKoTO H MOnepHO na e
nOBpena Ha HanopHHH Tpb60npo
BOA TH H31IH3a OT CTPOR, nopanH KoeTO sa Hero TpHOBa
no ce BseMaT MepKH npH npoeKTHpaaeTO H CTpOHTenCTBOTO
MY.
TpaceTo Ha HanopHHR TpboonpoBOn TpHOBa Aa MHHaBa no
no SApaB TepeH, KaTO ce H30RrBaT CBnaqHma,
onSTHCTH BOAHH npenHTCTBHH H np., a npH cpaBHH
TenHO paBHHHeH TepeH TpHoBa Aa ce TbPCH HaH-KbcoTO
pascTo$IHHe. npH CTpbMeH TepeH HanopHHHT TpboonpoBOn
TpHoBa Aa H3nHsa OT nOMneHBTa CTaHUHH CTpaHHqHO, a He
qenHO, TbH KaTO B cnyqaH Ha apapHH HSKonbT MY CTaBa
KOPHTO Ha nopoH, onaceH sa
KoraTo
HMB paSnHqHH no SHaK HaK
rroHH, Hanara ce na ce npen-
DHnHT aBTOMaTHqHH Bb3DYillHH
H H3npa3HHTenHH ruaxTH.
---"
'
AKO HanopHHHT Tpb60npo
BOA e OT eTepHHTOBH TPb5H,
Bpb9KHTe HM Tpa6aa Aa ea

THn
rIpeAH nonaraHeTO Ha TPb
8'
OUTe AbHOTO Ha H3Kona ce -g 50
:r g---
rrOAPSBHHBS Ao6pe H ee no 0.10
9-'0
KpHBa c nnaCT nRCbK, KaTO
ce B3eMBT H npyrH npen
rra3HH Mepl<l1 CboopaSHO C
TepeHHHTe ycnoBMH.
.. I'

2. 7. 2. X H ):l P a B n H q H 0 0 P a 3 M e P R BaH e
H a B b H ill H H T e Han 0 P H H
T P bOO n p 0 BOA H
BbHillHHTe HanopHH TpboonpOBODH B nOBeqeTO cnyqan ce
CbCTOHT OT enHa TpbOHa nHHHH, 3axpaHBaHa OT OTDenHa
nOMneHa rpyaa, HO npH rpynoBHTe BOAOCHaonHTenHH CHCTe
MH MoraT Aa HMaT H reOMeTpHqHB
H XHApaBnHqHH Bpb3KH. TIPH CHCTeMH OT HanopHH
171
TPb60rrpOBOAH. rrOMrreHH CTaHUHH H HanOpHH peSepBOapH
cnyqaA na ce TaKODa pa3rrpeAene
B
C
CBe
HHe Ha BOAHHTe KOITHqeCTBa H CbOTBeTcTBysamHTe HM AHa
MeTPH Ha OTnemllne TPWHH yqaCTbUH, KoeTO OCHrypHBa Hem
Ka oOma CTOHHOCT Ha XHApaBnH4HaTa CHCTeMa,npH rrOAaBa
He KbM KOHCYMaTopHTe Ha orrpeAeneHH BOAHH KOnHqeCTBa
06eSrreqeHOCT. Ha rrpaKTHKa TaKaBa 3aAaqa ce
Aa no pemaBaHe Ha CHCTeMa OT 3HaqHTerrCH 6poA AHepeH
UHBrrHH ypaBHellluI, !<OflTO oTpa3}'!sa ycnoBHeTO 3a MHHHMYM
Ha pa3xo,c{IITe npH eAHoBpeMeHHo YnOBrreTBOp5!SaHe Ha 3a
KOHHTe Ha KHPXO sa Tpb6Ha CHCTeMa. TaKHBa XHn- .
paBrrHqHH CHCTeMH ce xapaKTepH3HpST CbC cneUH<pHqHH 3a
BceKH oTAeneH 06eKT reOMeTpHqHH H xHAPSBrrHqHH BPb3KH,
HO OOHKHoBeHo MoraT Aa ce cBeAaT AO ABe OCHOBHH cxe
MH: A -CAHa HnH nOBeqe nOMrreHH rpyrrH, 3axpaHBamH qpes
paSKITOHeH HanopeH Tpb6orrpOBOA H},!KOITKO HanopHH pe3ep
Boapa; 5 - eAHa HITH HHKorrKO rrOMrreHH rpyrrH, 3axpaHBBmH
qpe3 cKnroqeH HarropeH TPboonpOBOA H CboTBeTHH pasKnOHe
HHSI OT Hero H$OITKO HarropHH pe3epBoapa. B HaA-ooumH CITY
qRA pemaBaHeTO Ha TRKHBR onTHMH3aUHOHHH 3BAaqH e Bb9
CRMO C EI1M. tIacTeH crryqaw us A e cxeMa'ra C e):tH
HHqeH DbHmeH TpboorrpoBo):t, KOHTO TpaHcnopTupa Bo):taTa
AO OT):teITeH HanopeH pe3epBoap. XHAPaBnHqHHTe cHcTeMH,
no TaKaBa cxeMa, ce Muoro 4eCTO BbB
BOAocHaOnHTenHaTa rrpaKTHK8 H 3a T}'!XHOTO TeXHHKO-HKO
HOMHqeCKO opa3MepSBBHe e He HO
uerreCboopB3eH H npaKTHqeH orrTHMH3aUHOHCH MOAen, KOW
TO ce rrpeAC'raB51 B BHaIlHTHqeH HnH B rpa<pHqeH BH)l.Mo
Ael1bT necPHHHpa T.uap. HKOHOMH4eCKH HaA-H3rOAeH AHaMeTbp
Ha TpboonpOBona lHIlH CbOTBeTCTBYBamaTa MY Cpe)lHa HKO
HOMHqHa CKOPOCT), np" KoATO cYMaTa OT
HHHTa H CKCrrITOaTaUHoHHHTe pa3XOAH 3a CHCTeMBTa 3a
onpenerreH HopMaTHBeH nepHOA e HaW-ManKa.
3a u3rpa*AsHeTO Ha HarropHHH TPb
60rrpOBOA ce onpeAerrHT OT MY e H OT CTOW
HOCTT8 Ha 1 m OT Hero - C. CToi'!HOCTTa C saSHCH OT nHaMe
Tbpa D, MaTepHarra, Ae6el1UHaTa Ha CTeHUTe, AbnOOqHHa
Ta Ha rronaraHe, KaTeropHHTa Ha n04BaTa, HanHqHeTO Ha
rrO)lrrOqBeHH BOAH, TepeHHHTe ocooeHOCTH Hap. U ce orr
penenA eMrrHpHqHO CbC CTPYKTYPHa <POPMYJIa OT BHAa
i 0(
C=-Q+b.n ,.AI/In, (2.6)
KbneTO a
,
b H D ca eMnUpHqHU KoecPHUHeHTH,
'
cnOMeHaTHTe aKToPH.
KaKTO e H3BecTHo, AHaMeTbpbT Ha TpboonpoBoAa E 3a
BHCH OT TpaHcnopTHpaHOTO BOnnO KOITH4eCTBO Q H cpeA
HaTa CKOPOCT Ha rrOTOKa &. TexHOnOrHqHHTe napaMeTpH
D ,Q H if orrpeaenHT oomwre XHApaBJIl1qlUi HarropHH 3a
ry6H h, KOHTO ca CBbpsaHM c eHeprHllHMTe paSXOAH 3a
TPSHcnopTHp8HeTO Ha BOAaTa.
ITPH XH)lpSBnHqeCKM nbnrH HanOpHI1 TpboonpOBOAH MeCTHH
HsnopHH S8rYOH ca Haw-MHoro 10 % OT HanopHHTe 3ary
011 no h. Ha rrpaKTHKS npl1 HsnopHH TPb60npoBollH
HaA 500 m c AOCTaTbqHa TOqHOCT lla ce
npHeMe saSHCHMOCTT8
h = 1,1 h1 1 m . (2.7)
3aBHCHMOCTTa HanOpHHTe 3sry511 no h1
BOAHOTO KOItMqeCTBO Q (pecrreK'IHBHO CpeaHaTa CKOPOCT
if) ce onpeneltB OT XHApaBRUqHHR pe*HM, T.e. OT 06naCT
'-.l. ua XHnpaBItHtIHHTe cbnpoTHBneHHR, KbM KoeTO ce OT
paCK TeqeHHeTO. B H8W-06mHS cnyqsfi npH paBHOMepuo Te
l!GHHe HarlOpHHTe sary6H no ce onpeAenHT no
(j;opMynSTS Ha ,UapCH
lJ'C
h - J.L.
.8)
1 - n
Tn
2CJ
! Y'blieTO g
e 3eMHOTO YCKopeHHe. m /s 2,
- KOe<Pilll;HeHTbT He;! HanOpHHTe saryoH rro ;:J,bTI-
A

HapaMeTbpbT ce orrpe)leIT5'! no paSJIWIHH CMIDrpWIHH <PoPMYJIH 3a
DuexOAHaTa H KBanpaTHqHaTa oOrraCT HS
:bnpOTHOITeHHR npH TypoyrreHTeH 3a TPbOH OT pas
-'WIeH MaTepHsn.
ypaBHeHHCTO 9a HerrpeKbCHaTOCTT8 Ha rrOTOKa a F&
(2.8) Aa ce npeAcTaBH BbB BHAa
h=E,q'lm
(2.9)
I JJm ,
P
_ 811 .D _J,+ho,
"b.D,e'l'O
- ,m- 7 u, 9
7t
?
rr - eMrrUpHqeH KoecPHuneHT.
Koc4lHuneHTbT (! 3aBHCH OT M8TepHana Ha Tpb6HTe i.
sGlacTTa Ha XHnpaBfinqHHTe cbrrpoTHBneHH},!. KbM KOflTO
OTHac}'! rrOTOK.
OT H3pa3HTe (2.6) H (2.9) ce 4e C HaMarr}'!sa-
Hc' Ha AHaMeTbpa Ha TpboonpoBoAa ce H8MarrHBaT K8I1HT8rrO
3a HerOBOTO HO ce ysenHqaBaT
el!eprHllHHTe pa3XOAH sa npeOnOR},!BaHe Ha HapaCHanHTe
d'JJ,paBnHqHH CbI1pOTHBneHHH H 05paTHo - c yaenHqaaBHe
Ha AHaMeTbpa eHeprHwHHTe P83XOAH HaMonHoaT, a KanHTa
HspaCTBaT. CnenOB8TenHo CbmeCTBYB8 eAHH
sa KoRTO CYMaTa OT paSXOAH 3a CHCTe
MaTa e MHHUManHa. T03H AHaMeTbp ce HapHqa H K 0 H 0
H q e C K 11 Haw _ H S r 0 A e II no OTHOmeHl1e Ha
BOAHO KODHqeCTBO H ce onpeAenH C U3pa33
173
172
" 3 (2.10)
D = 11;;u:m n t>C+m m
. "( "
KbneTO e T.Hap. H K 0 U 0 M H G e C K H a K
TOp.
HKOHOMHGeCKHHT III ce onpenCJIH no
36S.T.l000
8.p.m.c .1,(,
11.'"
(2.11)
102
"/.'"
KbneTO
e
e ueHaTa Ha elIeKTpoeHeprHRTa, lIB/kWh;
3a neHOHOWHO paooTeWH arperaTH T.e.
T=24 h , 6 = O,!>26 TlB/ k Wh cpenHO
CbrlIaCHO onpeneneHa C DMC
It 53/1985;
8 - 3a HepaBHOMepHO H3pa3XOnBaHe
Ha eTleKTpOeHeprHRTa npe3 eKcnlIoaTaUHOH
HHH nepHOn; 8 = 0,7 - 0,9;
- K.n.n. Ha nOMneHHTe arperaTH;
HopMaTHBeH Ha
Ha KanHTanHHTe BTiOlKeH1HI; e = 0, 1ron
Q - GaCTTa OT KanHTanoallOlKeHI1RTa 3a aMopTM
1
3aUl10HHH OT"lHCneHHSI:a
1
0,035.
napaMeTpHTe m H p 3aBHCflT OT oonacTTa Ha XHnpa
BJIH"lHHTe cbnpoTHBneHHSI. KOSITO ce onpenenSI rnaBHO OT
cpenHaTa CKOPOCT Ha
3a a30ecToUHMeHTHM TPbOH, paooTeWH B npeXOnHaTa 06
nacT, IIapaMeTbl'lbT p IIPH H3MeHeHHe Ha rJ OT 0,5 no
',5/17/S MOlKe na ce IIpHeMe cpenHO 0,0012 IIPH m =5,19.
CpenHaTa CTofiHOCT Ha p 3a MeTanHH TPbOH, paooTemM B
IIpeXOnHaTa oonacT. eO. 00 18 6 UPH m '" 5.3, a 3a KBan
paTHQHaTa oonaCT - 0,00173 npH In = 5,3. 3a cToMaHooe-
TOHHH TPb6H, paooTemH B KBanpaTHttHaTa oonacT. Tn H P
HMaT CTOHHOCTH CbOTBeTHO 5,34 H 0,001/6.
H3pa3bT (2.10) MOlKe na obAe npenCTaBeH no OTHoweHHe
Ha aOAHOTO KOnl1QeCTBO Q liTiH cpeAHaTa CKOPOCT BbB
BHAa
I
Q =nft. t1 J
(2.12)
.(
lY= , JjJ3-2.
Jf
"j
:Jl
(2 13)
Kb,ueTO .fl = d + m
J
CKopocTTa lY,onpe,ueneHa no cPopMyna (2.13), ce HapHGa
owe C p e ,u H a 11 K 0 HOM H Q Hac K 0 P 0 C T.
DapaMeTbPbTfi ce 3a pa3JII1QHHTe BHAOEe TPbOH Y
Hac B rpaHlUU-I OT 2,19 ,uo 2,71. KaTO cpeAHHTe MY CTofi
HOCTH ca: 2,28 - 3a a30ecToUHMeHTHH TPb6H; 2,25 - 3a
..
CTOMaHeHH TPbOH; 2,28 - 38 "lyrYHeHH TPbOH; 2,70 - 3a
npeABapHTenHo HanperHaTH cToMaHooeToHHH TPbOH.
Ha cPHrYPH 2.23, 2.24, 2.25 H 2.26 ca npenCTaneHI1 R
SH,u 3aBHcHMOcTHTe OT BHna (2.13,c KOHTO
E 400
350
g- 300
..
"
1 250
g 225
0\
:::r 200

<;
v
n
0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1,4 1,5
Ckopocm ',m/s
<l>m'.2.23
E
E
0'
g- "
'"

0
"
"
I
..J
0
<
u
:n
100
&0
0,7 0,& 0,9 1,0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1,4 1,5
Ckopocm ',m/s
<l>l1r.2.24
174
175
-
700
I
1000+
p=2.70
500 .
;;L!_. JtZ1tZfIV!yt!
ci 300
:l
250
225
g 200'
01
" I
.0
o
"
u
:n
I
0.1 0,6 0,9 I,D 1.1 1,2 1.3 It- 1,5
Ckopocm v,
<I>Hr.2.2S
....
no ce orrpenerrHT orrTHMorrHHTe B TeXHHKO-HKOHOMHqeC
KO OTHomCHHe cpenHH CKOPOCTH (cpenHHTe HKOHOMHqHH CKO
pOCTH), Ha ycnoBHuTe cTaHnapTHH nHB
NeTpH P H HKOHOMHqeCKHH SKTOP 3a a35ec
TOUHMeHTHH, cToMsHeHH, qyrYHeHH H npenaapHTerrHo Ha
nperHaTH cToMaHo6eToHHH Tpb6H. Cnen Ha
cpenHHTe HKOHOMHqHH CKOPOCTH C nOMOmTS Ha CbOTBeTHHTe
opa3MepHTenHH Ta6nHUH neCHO Moze na ce orrpenerrH HKO
HOMHqeCKH nHBMeTbp Ha HanopHHR Tpb60rrpo
Bon.
2,7.3. Y K pen BaH e carr 0 P H H 6nOKOBe
OnopHHTe 6nOKOBe CB KOHCTPYKTHBHH eneMeHTH OT GeTOH
HnH CTOMBH06eTOH, npenHa3HaqeHH na noeMaT H npenanaT
H8 3eMHaTa aCHOBa HaTOBapBaHeTO OT HanopHHH Tpb6onpo
BOn. Te ca OT 3amHTHHTe MeponpHRTHR npOTHB
(HnHTe, Bb3HHKHanH B Tpb6onpoBona, KOUTO MO
r-aT na HapymaT HerOBaTa YCTofiqHBOCT HJJH UHHOCT.
cnenHHTe:
- TeMnepaTYPHHTe paSITHKH, nopamnamH HanpemeHMB B Ma
TepHana Ha TpbDHTe;
TernOTO HS TpbDonpOBOna H BonaTa B Hero;
- lIaITBraHeTO Ha BOnaTa B Tpb60npOBOna (pa3nHqHO npH
HOPM8nlla paGoTa H npH XHnpaBHHqeH
nb3HlIKBBHCTO Ha pa3pYWIlTeITHI1 CHHI1 Bcne,r,cTBl1e
pa3nllKH B MeTanHl1Te TpboonpOBOlll1
ce npenOTspaTHBB Qpe3 MOHTHpaneTo Ha TeMrrepaTYPHI1
KOMneHCBTopH npes onpcncneliH pa3CTOHlIHH(Hr.2.27).
836ecTOQI1MellTHI1 TpboonpOBOnH apb3KHTe MezllY OTllcn
I1Te TPb6u ea CilaCTl1qHH H llonYCKClT 3.KCHamm npCMeCTBa
11IiJI. nOp::lLHI KOOTO cnCUHanHI1 TeMncpaTYPHH KOMnCHCBTOPI1
He ca Hco6xonHMH.
ClIHI1Tf: I B'b311HKHaflH CJT t>laca
n lIa EOllonpOBOna H DOnaTa B
HCPO "PH ManbK HaKilOH lIa Tpa
,'PTO j co nOCM<lT 01'
OCHOBa. OPB !IO-rOJHIM

i;;"'ICI0H (OOHKHonCHO HaLl 30
0
)
(, e npenBl1ZnUT onopllH 0:10KOBC,
KOHTO nOOMa') nO-rOITHMaTa
'!aCT OT lIapaCHaTl:1T8 OCOBa Cll
a, CTpeMHma ce na xnb3He TPb
Hr.2.27
Dna no lIaKDOHa. OCTaH8
J8Ta QaCT OT HeB ce YPSBHOBeCHB8 01' Cl1nSTa H8 TpHe
He Me_ny Tpb60npOBOna 11 1l0l!B8Ta (qmr. 2.28 a ) .
PaBHoBecHeTo lIa HaKDOlleH YQaCTbK OT TPb6onpOBOna B
aKCHanHO HanpaBneHHe ce onpenenH OT 6anaHcoBoTO ypaB
l!elIl1e (Hr. 2.28 a) .
f!
l! C Tallllllli 177
E



'" e;,
::>
I


:n
0,5

900
L
500 I III I
0,5 0,6
0,6
I V I " I I II
I I
0,7 O,S 0,9 1,0 l,t 1,2 1,3 1,4 1,5 1,6l.7 I,B ',92,0
Ckopocm v. mjs
<I>Hr.2.26
176
(2.
14
) ce onpe,nenH cYMapHwra oma F=R,KO>!TO Tpfl6Ba na
;:0(;:-'1:1'1' onopHHTe 6rrOKOBe. TeXH!l51T 6POH 11 pa3McpH ce
,npeneOHT OT ycnoBHHTB 3a paBHOBeCHeTO HM.
CwnH B HanopHHTe TpbDonpOBOnH BcnencTBile
RonHOTO HanRraHe B TAX ce nORBHBaT H B XOPH30H
UK H BepTHKanHH trynKH no TpaceTo, npH npOMRHa
B npaBH yqaCTbUH, npH pa3KnOHeHHR H
Kpag Ha rnYXH l3aTaneHI1) yqaCTbUH. TeSH CHnM ce
q.,eMar H npenaBaT Ha 3eMHBT8 oeHOBa qpe3 onopHH 6nOKO
e C41Hl'.2.29).
CYMapHaTa CHna HB BonHHH HaTHCK npH XOpH30HTanHH H
uepTHKBnHH ttynKH ce onpenen>! C ypaBHemieTO (dm!'. 2.28).
. 0<- (2.
R = 2 P jl17 2
BOnaTa B Hcr'O
Ha aCTa;
N' - Ha
HB c
HHH hReDn, HopMan
,'[I, Ha
(
H
:If
TpHBHe MClKJ' TI)'b
60liPOBC'13. "1 He:,3

o Ii () i1
.,
ec(yI;;.Hl HT P8
I::.
>18,h;i:,;:
OO:lpOBO/ia 1" .. ;
mn: hac 'li1,
:PE H3BeCTHH pa3
l>:e::-; H;l TP'b6oLpono
,Tbn6c'UH
DO raHCTO MY h KGe
lDIU .2.29
OT npyra cTpaH8
'JiJJ
2
(2.17)
P:= p 't
KbneTO p e HanSlraHeTo HB" BonaTa B TPboonpOBO)lCl.
BbPXY onopHHTe onoKoBe B gaBHCHMOCT OT KOHKpeTHHTe
YCITOBlHl ,neflCTBYBaT II ClnIHTe Ha naCHBHHSl En H aKTliBHl1Sl
3eMeH HaTHCK, KOHTO ce onpenenHT CbO'l'BeTHO no ijlopMyITH
""
Te:
Err::: i r;,.h e. tl{l(5u
T
: )+c. h. tt[/ ("5-t r) ;
(2.18)
179
':plHl}:leHT til TpMe
01' ypaBHeP1W
T-t-R=H, (2.14)
Kb,neTO T e CHITaTa ua TpeeHe
Mez,ny
na 11 nOtrB wr a ;
K - CYMapHBTB peaKUHfl
UB onopHMTe 6nOKO
Be;
H e aKCHallH<iTU KCiMrIO
HeHTa H:1 CEH21d
H<: TelKeCTT8 H 3. 'Y'1;'J;,
(';Ol1pOBo,Ua .
10
CHITBTa UB TpeeHe T e npo
cO nopUHOHanHB ua CbO,BeTVPIC
,"
TernaBH" neRCTBYBBmH
t,J
HOpMaITHO UB KOHTBKTHaTZ no
!:..

::;:
G
T =N'i +N'f2. ' 15)
Kb;:::CTQ IV E" KOMnOHOHTBT<1 Ha
TernOTO ua
npORona 3aenHO C
178
fa = fn h f) -re. h.e. tg
2
( 'IsIJ- r) , (2.19)
KbAeTO fn e o6eMHOTO Teruo Ha nOGBaTa;
h - BHCOqHHaTa Ha onopHHH 6UOK, BbPXY KORTO
oef!cTBYBa 3eMHH5!T HaTHCK;
e - AbU.HHaTa Ha onopHHR 6noK;
V' - KoecpHUl1e HT'bT Ha B'bTpeWHO TpHe He;
C - Koxe311RTa Ha nOqBaTa.
r

: k_
r -. .
. '%:
En
-.
- 'T
t5'
a
2
<l>Hr.2.30
Ha 2.30 ca npeACTaBeHI1 CHUHTe, KOHTO Aef!cTSY
BaT B'bPXY onopeH 6nOK, YKpenBaw npaB HaKnoHeH yqBCT'bK
OT HanopeH Tp'bOOnpOBOA (a), onopeH GnOK B XOpI130HTan
ua QynKs (5) H,onopeH 6nOK B'bB BepTHKanHB qynKa (8).
AKO onopHHTe npeAaBaT XOPH30HTaUHa CHna Ha
3eMHaTa OCHOBa/T5! npOTHBOAeHCTBYBa C'bC CbOTBeTHaTB CH
Ha naCHBHHR 3eMeH HaTHCK .KoraTo onopHHTe 6no
KOBe ce KOHCTpYHpaT KaTO MaCHBHH Cbopb.eHHR, KOHTO
npeABBBT caMO BepTHKanUH CHnH ua 3eMHaTa OCHOBa, TR
rH uaTOBapBa AOn'bUHHTenHO C XOpH30HTanHaTa CHna Ha
aKTHBHHR 3eMeH HaTHCK EQ'C aKTHBeH 3eMeu HaTHCK OOHK-
HoaeHO caHaTOBapeHH onopHHTe GnOKOBe npH aepTHKanHH H
XOpH30HTaITHH tIynKH, PSSKITOHeHH5! H 3aTaneHH KpaHwa npl1
HOpMaITHO (eKCnITOaTaUHosHo) HanHraHe a Tp'b6onpoBoAa.C
naCHBeH 3eMeH HaTHCK npH HopManHH eKcnnoaTaUHOHHH YC
noaHR ca HaToaapeHH onopHHTe 6rrOKOBe npH npaBH SaKITOHe
HI1 ytIaCT'bUH, KaKTO H B'bB BCHtIKH OCTaHanH cnyqaH npH
BHesanHO 3HaQHTeITHO nOBHWBBaHe Ha HaITHraHeTO (xHApa
BITHqeH YAap) , KoraTO ca B'bSMO.HH HeSHatIHTeITHI1 XOPH30H
TanHH npeMeCTBaSH5!.
OnopHHTe 6nOKOBe ce opaSMepHBaT corneA Ha AonycTHlVlHTe
Ha YCTOj;P.J.H
BOCT cpewy xnb3raHe H npeo6pbwBse C OTtIl1TaHe Ha C'bOT
neTHHTe Koe$HUHeHTH Ha CHrypHOCT. DPH Toaa cYMaTB OT
XOpH30STanHHTe CHnH, CTpeMewH ce Aa HapywaT paBHOBe
CHeTO HB onopHHH 6nOK. no roneMHHa TpHoBa Aa ca HaH
MHoro 2/3 OT cHnHTe, KOHTO ro cTa6nuH3HpaT
CTBHe HB falHnH HaH-MHoro 1/3 OT cTaoHnH3HpawHTe CHnH
(nPH OTqHTaHe Ha En KaTO cTa6HnHSHpama CHua).
3a opHeHTl1pOB'bQHO opa3MepHBaHe Ha onopHH 6nOKOBe MO
raT Aa ce H3nonsYBaT H YCTaHoBeHHTe eMrIHpHqHH saBHCH
MOCTH e):
h =kIJ + 7J i h
z
=0, 10m ; h = m ;
1 J
h,=2kJJtj} i b
2
=JJJ?o,20m;a ?:O,15m;
l
a" k.o.,. " CS = : ,. a
f
=O,lfom ; as?:. 0, 15m ,.
a = Q, .... 02 + Q
3
.... ail ;
k = aI,; t -.6-2-5-+-o,-,-g-S-S-i71-..<-.--.....P , "r
O
(2.20)
Y 2 (/
K'bAeTO (/ e AOnYCTHMOTO Hanpe.eHHe sa 3eMHaTB OCHOBa.
2.8.XHApaBITUQeH YAap D CHCTeMaTB
nOMIla - HanopeH Tp'bOOnpOBOA
2. 8. 1.0 6 w H C Ben e H H 51
3 a x HAP a B n 11 tI H " 51 Y A a P
HeCTBUI10HapHl1'l'e HBnesHH. cBbp3aHH SJll!g.;,!.!!rrHOTO 113
MeHeHHe. lIa CKOPOCTTU H HarriffaHeifo-Ii'-HanoPHH-'X1n:rtrtr-"'-
Blll1tIHH. CHCTeMH, ca
180
181
HlIeH YQap B HanOpHH Tpb6onpOBOAH ce
npu pxs151('TIpeXu,rr-oT"""BJum CT<tmfOH::fpEHr'-pejj{jiM"!ia' ,llBHlKC
aa Bon-a't'a--TI1JIH rioKofl)" KbM ,llpyr H ceii
.H3MeH.eHHSl Ha CKopoCT1'a 11 H
B HBJIeHHeTO e C
pa 3HO -(iipoHToBe"Ha-'fiO'BHmeHO'--liffi1'-no
IHf)!{eHO Hal1nra:He (yj],a'p'HH: BbITHHT; lImITo aMnll.I1TY,lla:
t'TeneHHosaTiixBanopa.ii:i1 TpfieHefo B Tpb60rrpOBO,lla.
ueCHTe ca xapaKTepeH mYMB ......
l1'tICCT'OCTaBaT rrpUlIHHa 3a
maBaHe.
JIHlIHUHT YQap ce rrpeQH3BHKBa 01' PH3KOTO H3MeHe
HHe Ha CKopOCTTa Ha BO,llaTa B TPb60rrpODOQa npH 6bPSO
MaHHrryrrHpaHe CbC saTDopHHTe opraHH B HarropHaTa CHCTe
Ma npH CTbrranoi;-IinHO-'-BK-ll1G4BaHeHa--nOMrreHHTe arperaTH
B CHCTeMaTa cnHpaHe Ha erreKTpUlIeCKHR TOK,
3BxpaHDam rrOMneHHTe ar'peri1TlI .. .
C-KOPOCTTU' i1 HaITHraHeTO ce pa3npOCTpa
HHBa 01' MHCTOTO Ha rropalK.n;aHeTO MY 00 ,llbITlKHHaTa Ha TPb
60npOBOQa C orrpeQeJIeHa CKOPOCT a . KoraTo lIeITHURT
iiiPOHT Ha TOBa USMeHeHHe QOCTHrHe HHKaKBO npenHTCTBHe.
cB060Qua BOQH8 OOBbPXHOCT, pa3KITOHeHHe HDU U3MeHeHHe
B QH8MeTbpa HnH enacTHttHOCTT8 Ha Tpb60npoBoAa Tofl ce
OTpass:lBa.
OTpa3eHaTB BbITHa ce pa3npocTpaHHBa CbC CbmaTa CKO
paCT KaKTO nbpBOHallarrHaTa. nOpaQH TpHeHeTO B Tpb6uTe
T03H KOJIe6aTeneH npouec 38THXBB nOCTQOeHHO ,llO yCTa
HOBRBaHe U3 CbOTBeTeH CTaUHOHapCH pelKHM B CHCTeMaT8.
SenelKUTHHT PYCKH yqCH H.E .YKOBCKH rrbpBH paspa60TBa
TeOpmITa IIa XHQpaBITUlIUUll y.n;ap-'-s"'j:ianOPHH Tpb6orrposoQu
Ha 6a38Ta Ha OOHTH. H3BbpmeHH rro MOCKOBCKaTa BOQOITPO-
BO,llHa MpelKa. HHTe aT Hcro QuepeHuuarrHH ypaB
Helll15I, onHCBallUf XHQpaBrrnqHHll YQap 6e3 OTQI1TaHe Ha
TpneHeTO,UMaT aU,lla
oH !
O(j'
fl
(2.21)
8H a
2
/lfr
Ji=
{j
'?JZ
K'bQeTO H e DOQHHHT Harrop;
& - CKopOCTTa Ha DonaTa;
t - BpeMeTO;
% - KoopnHHaTaTa no OCTa Ha Tpb60rrpOBOQa;
g - 3eMHOTO YCKopeHHe.
OOJIOlKHTeITHOTO uarrpaBDeHHe Ha CKopOCTTa aaBonaTa
182
,

C'bBl1ana C oorrOlKHTeJIHaTa rrOCOKa Ha OCTa X 06mHHT HH
TerpaJI Ha (2.21) HMa DHQa
H -H() =G(x-at)1'U(x+cd) ,
tJ'-lJ; ;o:LrG(.x-ai) U(x+a.t)}, (2.22)
a _
K'bneTO H H V; ca Hatt3_DH.HTe Ha Hanopa H ua
.. J! .. - .... --'CkopocTTa;"
G(x- at) H U(X+ai)-BbJIHOBH YHKUHH, onpe,lleJIeHH 0'1' HallaIT-
HHTe H rpaHHttHHTe YCITOBHll.
CbBMecTHoTo pemaBaHC Ha YPUBHCHHll (2.22) ,llaBa W3pa
3 " a.
(2. 23)
I'paHttHHHT Hspas Ha ropHOTO ypaBHeHHe B KOOp,llHHaTH8
Ta CHCTeMa IJ'- H ce HaJ?ntIa
H3MeHeHHeTO Ha HanoE.. fl'l>.!3....e:;!..;Ul""'-'-'.XIo.'...
npaBa Moie Qa 5bQC rrpCQCTBBCHa H B
KOOPQMHaTHB CHCTeMa Q - H , aKO e H3BCCTHa rrnOmTa F
Ha HarrpetIHOTO ce4eHHe Ha Tpb50rrpoBoAa.
6 HUB (2.22) 113pa311BBT BbnHOBOTO paJ
npOCTpaHeHHC HB HarrHraHeTO (YQBPHHTe BbITHH) H
0'1' TOBa ITOCOKaTa Ha THXHOTO.pa:Wt)OCT.J2a
olKHTen';iuTa' noc'oKa lin OCTa.x (c IT'o
. Ha
o 6 p" ___.J:'_..!1...JJLl.:...DE}!.?JiTJi..li....n6p.aTuUTe-,.2'h1lHli
''B-'u'IlI e H 0 BITH Ha IT 0 H Ji lKe H
!-!HTe Ha
CbOTBeTHO YBerrHlICHHC HUH HBMsrreHHC Ha nbpOOHa4anHBTa
CKOPOCT B Tpb60rrpOBOnB B 3aBHCHMOCT 01' OOCOKBTB HB
uasrrpOCTpaHeHHC Ha CbOTBCTHHTe BbnHH cnpHMO nOCOKBrB
Ha QBHlKeHHe HaBOnaTB. CKopOCTTa Ha nOTOKa HBMaJIHBa
pa3npOCTpaHeHHe HB BbITHHTC C OOBHmCHO HanHraue ITO
:rOCOKa l1a QBI!){(CliHC H8 BOnaTa (Him npn 11a311pOCTpaHC
"He lIa DbrrHHTe C rrOHH)!{eHO HanHraHe B nOCOKU, npOTHB
nonamHa l1a QDHlKCHHCTO Ha BOQBTa) H 06paTHO. B npoue
(8 ua pa3npOCTpBHHD8He H OTpaSHBaHC Hn YnapHHT8 BbB
llll B onpC,llcneHH TOllKH 01' llanopHaTB CHCTel\IB CC C1,
,JaT HarrOpl1, onpCQcnCHH 01' IHlTcpcjJepeHumlTU Ha
B JiaQeH MOMCHT OT HaqallOTO Ha. XHQpanJIHlIHH5t YiJ.ap
t-I H CKOPOCTT<t 1.f Il np0l13BOITHO ce4eHHO
T;-/boonpODOQB x B npOl13BoneH MOl\!eHT t MO)!{C Qa cc
i'lpCQCTaBHT H C 113pa3HTc
H H t (r
-t
!
!<'bQeTO 11 ca HallanHHTe CToAHOCTH Ha Hanora 11
CKopOCTTa B celleIlHeTO.1::,'
Ib3
e CYMaTa OT BCllqKH BblIHM C nOBHweHO HalIHra
<f
He, )],OCTlH'HalIll CeqeHlleTO X B MOMeHTa t
(no a6COlIWTHB CTOHHOCT);
if
- CYMaTS OT BCHqKM BblIHll Ha nOHll_eHO HaIIH
raHe, )],OCTHrHaIIH CeqCHHeTO Z B MOMeHTa
t (no a6COlIWTHa CTOHHOCT).
3HaKbT npe)], cK06HTe B )],HCHaTa qaCT Ha nocne)],HOTO
ypaBHeHHe e nonO_HTencn, KoraTO ca npaBH, H
OTpnUaTencn, KoraTO Te ca 06paTHH.
_KoraTO npaBHTe BblIHH e nOHH_eHO _.!:I21ISl.I'lUHL1X.QCTurHilI
rpaHHunTe Ha HanopeH pe
'3eP'Boa'tt' C'l"oif$!M 06eM H ca060)]'Hasoii;Ha 110BbpxiioCT.s.,. Te
ee OTpa3HaaT " nopa_)],aT paSHn Ha THX BbIIHll HS nOBH-
, ... OM ."""'_... ___,""..",.,,,.,. ..,' " ,-. ,.,- ,. ",_;. ,"" ,
'
. .. .. ..
Hsnsr.raHe. Te ce OTpa3HBaT KaTO Bbnllll cnOHH_eIlO
..
KOraTO npaBHTe BbIIH" e nOBHweHO HanSlraHe cpewaT Ha
nbn HO 3sTBopei-ni 'nperpa)],H (WI1Gbp .tr6paTItB KIIB
cPpOIlT Ha nOBHmeH'ol:ialHira'He (cb3)],aBBH OT owe ps60Tewa
nOMna HIIU OT xU)],pocPop), ......
HO HalIRraHe. AKO npllCTHraWHTe BbIIHll ca GHIIll C nOHaze
'Ho-Han-slr'iii:le; B "T03j.( cnyqidi-H' "3e'H'U'Te's1:'riHH ca
WO ciIi:mi{lKeHO HanRraHe. . ' .---..
o '. 3a KoeJ;9 I!bpSOHaqanH.Wre (npamITe) BbDHI1
OTHBaT )],0 MSICTOTO Ila OTpa3S1BaHe " ce KS'1:\L.aJ'..::
pa3CHll (06paTHll) B H3XOnHOTO CeqeHlle, ce Hapl14a
3 a H a x H )], P a B H "H y)], a p
2[,
tcp a
KbueTO L e Ha Tpb6onpORO;:I.a )],0 MRCTOTO Ha
OTpa3HBaHe.
KoraTO npeMeTO 3a 3a)],eRcTBYB8He Ha 38TBOPHl1H opr
t) e nO-MaDKO 01' 6) XH:q:>aBlIH<'1HlU1T y)]'up ce
1I p 51 K, a ,l(OraTO t >t tXH)],paBJll.iti.HI1HT Y;:I.ap e H e
n PRJ<; TlpcKllSlT xH,UtifnnH4cH y)],ap n-o-rO)IeMH
Hailm';amm H HanopHUH Ii e lIO-ouaeeH.
C KORTO ce pa3npocrpaHHB8-r y)],apHHTe
B'b:IHII, 3aBHCl1 OT H MCXaHl14IlHTe xapaKTC
PIiCTIIKH Ha Tp1,6onpoBolla 11 OT cBoficTnBTa au TCqHOCTT8.
3a TbHKOCTellHH Bo)]'onpOBO)],H OT enllOpo)J,eH MaTepHan a
Moze na CC DaTa HB .YKOBCKH
a = , 717/5 J
b..'l:CTO E
t
e enaCTlitieH a BOnaTa; E
f
:=2, 1
E - CnaCTllqCH MOllyn Hit M8TepHana HS Tpb6aTU;
3a CTO;\laHa E 2.1 OS 1'-IPa. 3a a36ecToUH
184
A
MeHT E =O.Z' .; 10
5
MPa. sa qyI'YH E =1. lO
S
MPa,
, 5
9a (jeToH E
: (0;5 t 0.20) 10 MPa;
8 - .o;e6enHHa sa CTeHaTa Ha TP'bOaTa. mm;
11 - B'bTpemCH )],HaMCTbp Ha TP'b6aTa. mm .
T'bH'KOCTeHHH Tp'b6n ca Te 91'1, nPH KOHTO 8' L 0 ,025.
])+23
KoraTo BbS so)]'aTa HMa pa3TBopeH B'b3)]'YX (KoeTO e
OOHKH<>BeHO .SISll,eHHe), CKopOCTTa a ce H3MeHH 3HatIHTeII
HO. ITo H9cne.o;BaHMSI 8a BHHH..:':'" .BO.Ilf!?Q ce npenOp'bqSaT
CIIe)],HHTe rpaHHttHH CTOHHOCTli Ha a sa MeTanHH BO)],O
npOBO)],H, )],a.o;eHH B TaGn. 2.2
T a 6 n 1'1 U a 2.2
JlHaMeTbp 17, mm
a ,m/5
m.4;( min
AO 100 1200 600
100 .:. 600
1,100 SSO
I
Ha.o; 600
1000 500

2. 8. 2. X 11 .0; P a B 1I 1'1 q e 8
y.uap
n P H B H e san H 0 1'1 3 K II ro q 8 a H e
Han 0 M 11 e H H l' ear per a T H
BHe3anHOTO H3KIIrotlSaHe Ha nOMneHHTe arperaTH npe)],H3
BHKBa-n-aS-a-S1>Tnra:;;];!.a Rr--_."V'''-----
.. ..
OT :3 '.01' H800 .. e3" :BO ., '0.06 aTHa 11Ma Ha
H81IRr aOOPbT EbB BCRKO cett8HHe H
TV..'1?_.O POSO.!!!, saBHCH Ha'
06paTHHTe BblIHUB CeqeHHeTO 1'1 ce npOMeHH E'bB Bl?eMeTO.
IhriHHTe--lta.- 'ii'oiiiti;eHo ce nopa_AiiT' OT_....illlMII..a.l:8....,
KORTO C1l,e,D;.BlieaanlLo.::CQ... 113KJIIQ!;lSaHe Ha eneKTp03axpaHB8
'.
H IJC .. UM epiiiUi:;::mman5)
c:r..eneIUl-(i)..Iil;61ijllq-a '1<1 aanopa CU. KaraTO I10MI1aT8 npeKpaTH
l1o)],asaHeTO Ha Do)]'a B 3aTnw
M. OHTHpaHB B IlOMDeHaTa C1'aHUHSI. B\'&311
MOMeHT OTE HI1T OT pe3epsoapa o6paTHI1 B'bnHH
BH_wiii\L.__!!JWlI raHe-cpemaTSa;;-BOj;)HHiiOpraiiH e e OTJiE
__".-.,..-_" __,_,,... __"''''''-'---
185
..
l4
. 2 '
MOMeHT J.; a MaXOBHSlT MQMeHT G.Il, H TO ca--
SSJBaT OT Hero K 0 --"............ Ut .... __ _ 0.110".11.1. a.
TO 0, KOllKOTO
CTOAHOCTH e HallSlraHeTo, onpenelleHO OT
Ha npaBHTe H B'blIHH B MOMeHT
H8 s8TBapSlHeTo Ha 06paTHaTa KlIana. .
B saBHCHMOCT OT KOHKpeTHHTe TepeHHH YCnOBHSl.H
MeTpHTe Ha CHCTeMa npH,fiOHHlICeHHeTO
,HanopHaTa nHHHSl (Bcne,qcTBHe HSKnlOqBaaeTO 'lia'rio.;.n..--:;,;
'jfrper8TH} s---O'ftp'etteneHH - yqaCT'bQH no TllaceTo'Ji8
M.Olle ce06P,aliJysa QilKYY.:N,.

po on'aCHO sa QenO-CTTa' ita. Tp'b60npoSOAa ,;riA Ka __ __roo
nocneJlOSaTenHO CDemaHe ua DaSK'bCanHT8. ce ..
C'b3Jlna HaJiSlraHe - SHUHTelIHO
CTPYH saBHCHT OT rOUeMHHaTa Ha
lIOp "'GT OT .HHepQijOHHHH
.. qaCT.H Ha nOMDeHu:rJLanH:r.iiI.lj, OT paSMepH're H-
TepHana Ha Tp'b6HTe, OT CBoACTBaTa Ha BOnaTa
'IeCT,.BQT 0 , Ha paSTBopeHHSl B'bSJU2C) H oc06eHO OT xapaK-:,
Tepa TpaceTO Ha
- -Upp BHesanHO H3KlIIOqBaHe Ha (npH
asaPHsi) Ha 'noMna'Ta ce HSMeHH
--.".'"-- -....__"__ __ .,_. __ ._ -_--'0.... __ .__._. "" "
no SilK-Qf4. ,-_eHKeTl), lla Ha
B:t>PTeHe " dn'
"C'k'O"'PO'CTTa Ha HSMeHeHHe Ha qeCTOTaTa Ha
saBHCH OT ,B'bPTHIltHH ,Mi - H B C'bIltO'l'O BpeMe OT
HHeP.QHOHHHIl MOMeHT Ha pOTHpalltHTe qaCTH J C'brllaCHO
Hspasa /
',,<
-.
d71 . I _
. --;,u -
'OHl
Jr3
'c..
Mspas'b,.c. (2.27) ce OCHOBaBa tla H3BecTHaTa B MexaHH""
Ka-ra Sa'BHCHMOCT aa B'bPTHII{HH MOMeHT JI1 OT HHepQHOH /
HHH MOMeHT Ha pOTopa J H HSMeHeHL';)TO Ha 'brnOBaTa
CKOPOCT ,ua U'bpTeHe CA}
dw
;If r J fi't I
-xaKTO M OT ?aBHCHMOCTTa
2" d
C' .. , = 6,0' . n ,rOo / S
06HKHoseRo n cboTBeTHHTe KaTa1l03H ce He HHep
.186
......
"-', ".
wa
MO Ha POTHPaDtHTe. qaCTH Ha G H
ea TernOTO K Ha cboTBeTHITa pOTHpallta 'la-CT.
BP'M KaTa napaMeTpHTe J H G.]) ce C M3
pasa
G:n
2
J:::.
(2.30)

HOMHHallHHHT B'bPTHIIt MOMeHT 110 saBHCH OT HOMHHall
HH'l"e qeCTOTa Ha B'bpTeHe CU" H MODtHOCT C'brnaCHO H3
pas:a
/1 i= #0 :: .0 .
(2.31)
o 2# . 77" W
D
,/
To raBa BpeMeTO "0, sa Ha HOMH
HaAHHTepa60THa Ha B'bpTeHe n
"
H B'bPTHIIt MO
,
MeJII'l" /'(0 (BPeMeTo sa IpaSB'bpTaHe" Ha arperaTa), 'MOlte
ce cnen HHTerpHpaHe Ha ypaBHeHHe (2.27)
C 09pasa
JrJ "D
T=
---.-.-
o
30
(2.32)
No
CbBMeCTHOTO pemeHHe Ha ypaBHeHHe (2.27) H
Hspas sa CKopOCTTa Ha HSMeHeHHe Ha
qeC'I"OTaTa Ha SbpTeHe!
7J . .
dn
.....:..:..L rtr
..::::..:.:..L
7'.. -.
at - (2.33)
D 1'1'"
CbrnaCHO saKOHHTe Ha no,n0C5He OTHCJDe
HHe1'O He' / "0 saBHeH OT C'bOTBeTaaTa qeCTOTa HQ,. B'bpTe-
He:
..3L. =(_!!i.J
2
=/..2 .
u ") ()
(2.34)
,r,o I
saMeCTBaHeTO Ha 1-I3paSa (2.34). B ypaBHeHHe
(2. H: HHTerpHpaHeTO MY B rpaHHQH OT '770 'TIi H OT
o no t H3BeCTHH npe06pa30BaHHH ce nonyqaBa
H3pa3 OTHOCHO BpeMeTo t 3a Ha qec
CTOT'aTa Ha B'bPTeHe Ha arperaTa OT no AO 77e" - BHe,.
3anno H3KlIIOqBaHeHa eneKTp03axpaHBaHeTo:
1- ft
--t=
I.
.7; I (2.35)
2ft&"
lflllj
-7;
(2.36)
f3t == 1"0: 2t
187
,UPH H3SelKJJ;aHCTO Ha Te:3H np
Ha a
1f" HapaCTB
H3pa3H
B HHTepBan
npHG n
npM t >t .
- IIi
Ha B'bpTeHe
HB
p R H R
leT B H R
nap
CB'bpSaHa ..
.
Ha pa3K'bC-
.. .... . ... - ...
lIanopa npH
Tp'b6onpOBona
CpelJ,CTBa
HanopH
TpaceTO Ha
l:fll
rtl'\"'_:

TP'bOo...upolwAa.-,

Q- H Ha l1,OM-
MaCH Ha.
pasnpOCTpaHeliHe lIa
(tImr. 2.31)
Heca B3CTH
I BHA CHnHTe Ha 1'pHeHe B canHM1\Wl'e H narepifTe
raT:iTe) tlHeTO OTHOCHTelIHO BllIU!HHe B'bPXY
npH fit t. 0 ,5. UopaAH Tosa CHapen BHMM-BOnrEO
(2.35) H (2.:;6) ca sanHJJ;HH 0,5 H
0'1' speMe 0'1' Hyn a JJ;O t ,Mal<ap H C H3 B ecTHO
HHe TeSH q,OPMYITH ce H3n01I3YBaT H
UonpoGHH TOtJKH 0'1' XapaI<TepHCTHI<M1"'e Qr,."
naTa npH C'bOTBeTH8 OTHOCHTenHa qeCTOTa
77'
fit =+ MoraT JJ;a ce nonyqaT HiJ 6asaTa
o
HB XlmpOJJ;HHaMHtlHOTO nOJJ;o6He
n, 17 .
--L!L - --'- J3 .
!f. -71(1 I 1
H () ( 7?i)2 2
__t:- -. =A..
H no t
o
2. 8. 3. 3 a m H T a H a Han 0
'I' P 'b G 0 n p 0 B 0 JJ; 0 T C 'b S II e
H a x HAP B B n Ii tI H H g Y
UPH onHcaHaTa ,
. ...
.lliL.e
- onpeneiUtHe HaS'bSMOl'\HOCTHTe .. H MeC'l'BTa
BaRe Ha BQ.JlWlTA:CTPYsi;' ,.' . ..' 'd.. .
- HaM.WSlBaHe Ha
XHJJ;paBlIHGeH Yilap;
- onpe,/J.enSlHeHa Mal<CHManHHH Hanop B
BcnencTIlHe XlIilPaBnHt{eH Yilap npH .l:l36paHH
33 samwra (HnH Ge3 T5IX);
- CTaTHt{eCKo H3ClJeilBaHe H npOBepKa 3a HOCHMOCrtOCo6HOC'Yra
UB onopHHTe 6nOl<OBe' H Tp'b5"TC S8 MaKCUManHHTe
B CHCTeMaTa npH XHilpaBllHtleH YJJ;ap.
, MeCTaTR H3. B'b3MOlKHHTe Bal<YYMHH .::;OHH no
qpe3 c';'nOCTaaIolHe
kana "'p'gl<TtkiiIsifite I.t<l

arpe,:aTH C Ha Hll Ha
. UapaMcTp:n{;, xapaKTepH3HpaulH
Te naHopH. s;,;,mCSlT OT Xapal<TepHCTHKaTa
l1a'l'n. OT MOMeHT HS pOTH.pamUTe
arperaTHTe J "OT CI<OpOCTTa Ha
Yllapmne .A'b:I;c:: a.
'TaKa HanpllMep :J a XUJJ;paBnIl1.lHaTa CHCTeMa
. 188
CoCTOHma CEl OT UCUTPo6elKHa not-tna 1, HanopeR Tp'b6onpo
HOil 2 if .HanopeR pesepBoap 3 C'bC c8060ilHa BOJJ;Ha
nOB'bPXHOCT M oGel'<! paooTHaTa T01.ll<a npH HOP
:>!alIeH pa60TeR pelKHM e T. A . tq,Hl'. 2 .32). ,III
\
II
II
II11
o
r
T,II
I
I
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I

- -l
I1>Hr.2.31
H
o 1 AQ
---+ ---
I'
Ho
-

/
./
;
Q
<1IHr.2.32
ITPH BHe3anHO aa enel<TposaxpahsaaeTO
BcrreilCTBHe tlaManHSaHeTO HS, tleCTOTaTa Ha B'bpTeHe xa
PRr(TepHCTMKaTa C/o -,H
o
ce penYUHpa, KaTO onpene
neRH cToiaoCTH ua OTHOCHTenHHTe tleCTOTH aa B'bPTeHe'pt' .
saeMa C'bOTBeTHH nonOlKeHHR. Qi- Hi . UPH Tosa BCRKa
TOtiKa OT Il'bpBOHa1.larraaTa Xapal<TepHCTHI<R ,:;e npeMeC'I'Ba
."
189
mn= "
..
.J4 ",I(
"/
KOOpnHHaTHOTO no napa60naTa Ha
MHqHOTO non06He, onpeneneHa 0'1' CbBMeCTHOTO
ua ypaBH/i:lHH8 (2.37). 3a T.A TOBa e KpHaaTa
2.32). B apeMB CKopOCTTa sa BOAaTa B
npOBOAa SaManBBa. HanBraHeTo saManaaa
ypaaHeRHeTO Ha ynaPHaTa (2.23),'AKO B TOBa
ypaBHeRHe H9MeHeHHeTO Ha CKopOCTTa A1r:: t1'q - "t. ce
CTaBH qpeSnnom,Ta ua HanpeqHOTO CeqeHHe
BOAa 1=-, nODyqaI!a ce BOAHOTO
Qj 1 .
. 174 no
__Q. = a. (, .LF . .d fli
"'----- ----..
, cn-en KaToce
.. CKC'l:BM8'l:a IV
npec:HttaHeTO Ra
. .Pi ) H !,.n,:g!;aTa ...... -
Ba 5 xapaKTepH9Hpam,a H9Me.He!!lfe,.
-Ii 0 HOT qeCTBO H Hanopa B' npH
PfBDHqeH ynap,
npH HanopHa CHCTeMa I ce
,m C5pea YCnopenHO nOMneHH arperaTH t pa6
C n C5POB ycnopeAHO
60npoBOnH, (2.38) m,e RMa BHna
'. g 71'
AQ=- -f:A}I
t a. rn 1
AKO 06m,HTe HanopRH saryOH B CHCTeMaTa npH RopManes
pa60TeH pellHM [},w,fJ ca nO-MallKH OT eARa neceTa
CTa:rHqRHa Hanop II cr ' Te MoraT na ce ,npeHe6perHaT
ynapHaTa npaBa MOlte na ce npeKapa npes T. A1 C 'br .
KoeqIlUl:'HeHT fF (npaBan. 5 aa \bHr.2.32). npH, 0,1 Rc;I
< 2:. h
8IJ
t;It-<0,2 HCT sanopHHTe sary6H Mora.T ria ce .
!:'r i1bJlT KaTO Sary6H, n'bnlKam,H ce caMO Ha
pOTHBDeHHR, C'bCpenoTotteHH yCDOBHO,B HaqanOTO Ha
Oonposona. ToraBa xHAPOnHHaMH1IHaTa JIHHHa m,e ce TP
Cq,opMHpa YCnOBHO B llHHHBTa I -" ((>HI'; 2.31) C'bC CKOK
B HaqanOTO Ha TP'b6onpoBona.
.
KoraTo r nJAr,D > 0,2 HCT f HanopHHTe sary6H .'M,r.fl
MoraT na ce c'bCpenOToqaT YCllOBHO B HaqanOTO H B Kpa
!
ua Tp'b60npoBona. B TOSH cnyqaA YCIIOBHaTa XflnpO,nHHaMHq
ua JIHHHa m,e npaBaTa 2 - 2 (\b"',. 2.31. )
KoraTO xHnp8SDHqHHTeHanQPHH
npaBa 15 (\blU'. 2 32 C!e 'I' a caB
, es CYMHpaHe Ha OpnHHaTHTe Ha '
c KPHBaTa, onpeneneHac HspaS'a
If: 2
L hMr,t =
(
q:-) L h
3
.4r,fJ
K'bneTO
Q - Id'J .c q. f(
o l 0
ToraBa pa60THaTa TOqKa-Ha CHCTeMaTa BceKH
OT HSKnrottBaHeTO Ha eneKTpos8xpaHBaHeTo m,e ce
I
" .
(2.40)
MOMeHT\
"
on::3enenB)
OT npeCeqHaTa TOqKa Ha C'bOTBeTHaTa xapaKTepHcTHKa Ha
nOMnaTa fit -H; (nPH,Ii ) H KpHBaTa /j.
npH HB npaKTHqeCKH 9anaqH OTHaqallO ce
S8/laeaTCTOAHOCTH Ha OTHOCHTenHaT8 ttecTOTa Ha
), (npes onpeneneH HHTepBan). sa KOHTO Ha C5asaTa HB
saKOHa sa xHnpOnHHaMHqHOTO (2.37) ce nOCTpOB-
BaT -:. Hk . OllAIHi,aTJ:f-
Te Ha npeCetUlHT.e. HM TO'lJ(H C KpHBaTa I!I ODPer,ferHl,"iia
nopHTe". ;-H'aqanOTO'
;'aqano;o:jta.:'xftiPd1fWuriii::;'i;;'-'---
._....... _'- -.. '.. .._.....-.--.--"---.. -- ..
\lpes q,oPMYna (2. 3S) MOlte na ce onpenenH speMeTo i,,
sa KoeTO npH nOMnaTa ce H3MeHB 0'1' H" no Hi .
npl{ Ha (2.35) H KpHBaTa 6 (/IlHr'.2.32)
lvmre na ce nocTPOH rpalJHq:ecI<H 3aBHCIOlCTTaH:-J.:(t,a)(4Itr.2.33) B
HHTepBana OT BPeMe OT HYlIa no '4" . KpHBaTa 'Ha /IlHI'. 2.33.
H3MeHeHHeTO Ha Hanopa B nOMnaTa cnen HS
kJUOttBaHe Ha MOlte na ce Hsnonsy
Ba sa onpenenaHe Ha nllHHHTa Ha MHHHManUHTe HanopH BloB
BCRKa TOqKa 0'1' CHCTeMaTa.
TaKa aanpHMep B CeqeHHe'OT TP'b6onpOBOna,oT
CToam,o Ha paSCTOBHHe x 0'1' nOMnaTa, npH aa
eneKTposaxpaHBaHeTO ce onpenenJl 0'1' Ha
npaBHTe Ha nOHHlIeHO Hanaril,He YIn, B
d
N
nOMnaTa B MOMeHTa , H OTpageHHTe, (06paTHHTe)
!iH Ha nOBHDleHO HaJlHraHe I B'b3HHKHaDH KaTO npaBH B'bn
, I
lUI B nOMnaTa B npenHmHHJl MOMeHT :
191
.f
1
190
H
Ho
1.10
:r
------------ ---
:r
, I
.... -
o
ts tj t; t
$Hr.2.33
t 11_
_
a.
X
I
2(1...
a a. a
lIlHHHMallHHTe Hanopn B CeqeHHe x ce YCTaHOSHBaT
-

BbllHH
Hano
MH-
..
Han II
I]mr.12. 31
npe
Bon-;:-
noene)J.
BCRKa'
lUiTepaana 0'( 6 .c tcP B MOMeHTa, HenOCpe,l:iCTBeHO npe)J.H
)J.OCTHraHe Ha oopaTHaTa BblIHa Ha nOSHweHO
)J.O CetleHHeTO.
qpes HStlHClIHSaHe H8 BpeMeTO Ha )J.OCTHraHe Ha
Te 'fn)J.o IU!KOllKO npOH3BonflH eetleHH5t no TPboonpOBO)J.a
2.41) H OTtlHTaHe Ha cboTBeTcTBYBamHTe
PH Ha MOEe aa ce nOCTpOH RHHHgTa Ha
HMManHHTe HanopH sa c-itc'feMa'I'a 2 31) npH
neHa eKopOCT Ha BbnHH a.
D YtlaCTbUUTe OT TPboonpoBona, KOHTO nonanaT
HHSITa Ha MHHHManHHTe HanopH 0<. (TPaceTo 2 Ha
ce o6pasYBa saKYYM. KoraTo neHHBenaUHsna MeEnY-OCTa
Ha TpboonpoBOna H llHHHHTa Ha MHHHManHHTe HanopH
BMWH 8 !) m I npaKTHt:[ecKH HaCTbnBa paSKbCBaHe Ha
HaTa CTPYR, CbnpOBOaeHO C BCHtlKH HeEenaTellHH
CTBHR. B TOBa OTHoweHHe npH paBHH npyrHyettoBHR Tpa
ceTO 2' e B no-6naronpHRTHO nonOEeHHe.Pa
I<bCBaHe Ha BOnHHfI nOTOK MOEe na ce nOnYt:['H BbB
192,
10t:[Ka OT BaKYYMHaTa 30Ha Ha TpboonpoBona, Kb,l:ieTO
H
BaK
78 - 9m.
3a TO sa He)KenaTenHo 51.SneHHe B
onpe)leifeHH TOQRH OT saKYYMHaTa 30Ha Ha--TP;'6onpo'Boiia
S
MHHHPa-'1aA;:--g-a,.. na He HaCTbnH pa3KbCBaHe Ha aO,l:iHaTa '
.. 'Ie. ,l:ieHH-
B-en1lu.mlTB MelK,UY naa" Ha BKBpsatfe ,t(a He
np eI'fi-ftfta B a .... '.. .
ce OCbDl,eCTB5lBB qpes cneu.HaJIHH
Bb3AYWHHUH,MOHTHPaHH B waXTH. fiycKaHeTO Ha ce
'me3 rrpHCbenHH5I.SBHe KBM TPb6orrpOBoaa Ha HanopHH pesepBoapH,CHa6
J(eHH C Bb3aYIUHI1ll.H, HIlH 'lpe3 pe3epsoapH CbC CBo6o,l:iHO
HHBO (6e3HanoPHH) C oopaTHH KnanH I<bM npb3KHTe
11M c Tpb60npOBOna.
KoraTO MaXOBHHT MOMeHT Ha arperaTCl e ManbK (npaKTH
2 2
'1eCKH G] c:: 200#m)11 MOEe .ua ce npeHc6perHe, HanopbT
B nOMnBTa cna,Ua nO'lTH MHrHoseHO cneu. H3KUWt:[BBHC Ha
H "HHHATa Ha MHHHManUHTe HanopH
CTaBB BepTHKanHa.
CbrnacHo (2.23) npH cna.uaHC HB CI<OpOCTTa B
.00 Hyna HanopbT cnana c SenH'lHHaTa A H,
OllpencneHa C 113pa3a
a
AJ./=-T rJO
(2.42)
AKO a:
o
.t. HCTI OT Tot:[Ka a Harope no
TpboonpoBo.o,a ce o6pa3YBa BaKYYMHa 30Ha. B Y'laCTbKa
,:.ne.u 'r.O , K05l.TO e C aeflHBenalil-HI cnpRMO T. a OKono
,
8 - 9 m B nOCOKa I<bM HanopHIHI pe3epsoap, BbB BCHKa
TO'lKB OT Tpb6onpoBona e Bb3MO)KHO pa31<bCSaHe Ha BOaHa
'fa CTPY5l nopa.uH rrpeBl1lIlaBaHe Ha npenenHHH BaKYYM "13 ,np
KoraTo HGH rroa aeiicTBl1.eTO Ha
HanHraHe BO,l:iaTa OT QeprraTenHH5I. pe3epBoap aOCTHra ao
T. a., , C .o.eHHBenaUl1.51Ta h Cnp51MO aOlIHOTO BOnHO HHBO.
TYK
-L
h =HBAt - 5
ff.2
(2.43)

Kb.o,eTO e CKopocTTa Ha BO,l:iaTa B Tpb6onpoBOna enen
H3KlIlOT.!BaHe Ha nOMnel{HTe arperaTH; =t9(; - i-"'CT .
3 nOMnM M DONneHM CTBHUHM
193 ___ Ell lila
B yqaCTbKa T a ' e pa3KbCBaHe Ha
lIaTa CTPYH. "
arf::
KoraTo T/I-'cr+ h,pa3KbCBBHe lIa BOAlISTS CTPYH MOlKe
ce 04aKBa no QHlIOTO Tpsce Ha BKlIro4H
TerrRO H B nOMneHaTa CTaHQMH. 3a Ha
pa3KbCBaHeTO lIa CTPYH B He GHBa
ce BaKYYM, uo-ronHM OT - OKono
9 nt. 3a QE:IITa B Haii-He5naronpMHTHo pa3nonOlKeHHTe TOq
KM no TpaceTO ( T. 6, 87 r, q M e 0'1' qmr. 2 .31) MO
lKe ce nYCHe HnH
?4 3a HaManRBaHe Ha Hanopa npM
ITPM HanH4He Ha 06PBTHa Knana H
pa3KbCBaHe aa CTPYR MaKCMManHHHT Hanop B TP'b
,na CToiiHOCTIi. 3HaqHTelIHO IIpe
BIimasamIi HCT
AKO He ce B3eMaT MepKH 3a HaManRBaHe Ha MaKCHMalIHHR
Hanop, Tpb6HTe Ii apMaTypIiTe TpA6Ba HMaT no-,ne5enH
CTeHH, a onopHHTe 5rrOKOBe - no-rOneMI1 pa3MepH, KoeTO
e HKOHOMHqeCKH HeH3rOnHO oc06eHO np" ,nbllrl1 Tp'b60
npoeo,nH c rOlIeMH nHaMeTpH.
cpoeKTHpaHeTO H eKcnlIOBTaUHHTB Ha OOMneHHTe
CTBHUI1I1 11 aanopHHTB Tpb50npoBOnH ce npHlIaraT pa31IH4HH
M3KCHManHOTO
c MaXOB
-
61 ua BO,Ll,J npe3 nOMnMTC np" saCTonopeHO
pa50THo---Korrerro HJlH npl:l o5paTHo B'bpTCHe ua C'brn;OTO (aKo
TOB8 ce nonYCKa 3a C'bOTBCiHHTe arperaTH);
B! c rrpH nOMITHTe 3aTBopHH OpraH" c npor
paMHO ,Ll,ciicTEMe;
aHe HB K:IBlUf
C_ liS BO,Ll,HaTa
;'lepl<ll npo;i;IT-"Pa:-1KbC
MOllTHpal{C
onpoBoD,a H!1H npf: llOMnCH<1T<1 CTaHlJ;lUI
MOHTnpaHe HS aBapHAHH KOH1'O
01' Tp'b50npoBona, KaTO ce pa3PYlllaBaT "PM
BaRe Ha onpenerreHO
HO -6aBHo
HaMaITHBaT QeCTOTST8 cn U8 BbPTCHC npl1 BHC3aHHO M3KrrroQ
:saHe aa en:eKTpH'!eCKH5I TOK, KaTO no T03H Ha4HH HaMallH
:saT 3HaQHTellHO rOlIeMHHaTa Ha'X"iffipa:B1lli-Ql-i'HSI--
HeooXoAHMOCT MaXOBHSiI MOMeSi rr:r"1! eraTa )J,a 6'b
YBelIH4eH qpes MOHTHpaHe Ha Max9BHK. ITpu aCHHxpOHHH
C POTOP, CBbp3aH "
HB
l<bCO", p83B11Ba
BeTO Ha BbpTRm MOMeHT, no-rOIIBM 01' HOMHHaIIHHH,
AO 3H84HTenHO HapaCTS8He Ha roneMHHaTa H8
qeCKI1B TOK npH BKnroqBaHe Ha arperaTa, KoeTO e onac
HO 3a eqeKTPHqeCKaT8 H sa
3a ce nycK8HeTo Ha nOMneH arperaT C
MaxOBHK, Tpa5Ba ce H30epe aCHHxpoHeH eneKTpo,nBHra
Tell C pOTOP, CBbp3aa HaKbCO, KOHTO HMa 3Ha4HTellHO no
rOIIBM HOMHHaneH BbpTBm MOMeHT OT sa H3
TnaCKEaHe Ha ITPH paOOTeH pelKl1M TaKbB
ABHraTelI me pa60TH C MalI'bK K.n.A., UpH KoeTO npepas
XO,nbT Ha eHeprH8 me 6bAe HeAonYCTHMO rOllBM.
nO-HlIaEHO YEenHQaB8He Ha QeCTOTaTa Ha BbpTeHe Ha
nOMneH 8rperaT C MaXOBHK MOlKe Aa ce OCbmeCTBH npH
aCHHxpOHeH eneKTpo,nEHraTen C HaBHT C
peOCTBT KbM KoneKTopa. MaHHnynHpaHe C peOCTaTa
unaEHO Aa ce YBelIHqH qeCToTaT8 Ha BbpTeHe npH
3Ha4MTenHO no-rOlIaM BbpTam OT HOMHHanHH8. npH
TOBa upe3 nenHH Ha YCKopasaHeTO CHlIaTa Ha 1'0
Ka He Ha,nXEbPlIH HOMHH8llHaTB. B TOSH CnYQaH npepa3xoA
me I1Ma caMO npH nYCKaHe Ha B
nepl1o)J, OT BpeMe, 3a AOCTHraHe Ha HOMHHan
qeCToTa Ha SbpTeHe. 3a nOMnH, pa60Tem
H
npH He
rrpeKbCH8T pelKHM, TOBa He e OT ocooeHO 3HaQeHHe, no
KoeTO TOSH HaQHH sa oop6a c XHApaBnH4HHH
MOlKe ce nO-HKOHOMHqeH OT ,nPyrHTe.
Q.9.J23.THOTO Ha HaMaIlHBa E
HBH7I'onHMa cTeneH ao e CBbpsaHO C
onpeAelIeHH H3HCKBBHHH CHPHMO arperaTHTe, KaTO cneUHan
8M narepH, canHHQH H enel<TpOABHraTeIIH. ITPH TOBa Cb
rn;eCTBYBa onaCHOCT 01' npeTOBapBaHe Ha OT)J,elIHH Bb31IH
aa arperaTHTe.
ecjJHKBCHM,
aKo BpeMeTO sa THXHOTO 3aTsapHHe e onpeAelIeHO npa
EHlIHO. fnaEHHHT HB Te3H cpenCTBa 38 HaMB
naBaHa Ha XH)J,paSIIH4HHH yuap e, qe Te OKa3BaT 3HaqH
TelIHH XHnPaBlIl14HM CbnpOT11BrreHHR npH HOpMalIeH pCl!\HM Ha pa60Ta,Koe
TO BonY! no H3nHmeH pa3XO,Ll, Ha ClIeKTpoeHcprH51. GCBeH TOBa
e ,na ce npenEH,nHT YCTpoRcTBa 3a npe,nOTBpa
'I'5ISaHe Ha pa3KbCBaHeTO Ha nOTOKa,
YcnemHOTO npHlIaraHe Ha MepOnpH5ITHH'1'a. oT5elIa3aHH B
T. 8 11 8. H3HCKBa n09HaBaHeTO aa qeTHpHKsanpaT
IIHTe xapaKTepHCTHKH Ha nOMIHlTe. TOBa ca Oll
THMa1I80 YCTaHOBeHI1 xapaKTepl1CTHl<H Q-H 11 Q-It!
Ja pa9nHQHH 050pOTH B .oeeTe nOCOKH Ha B'bpTeHe Ha Ba
195
194
_1III.rr.1IIII
na Ha nOMnaTa. KoraTO HHMa 3a THX HITD oopaTHO
TO nYCKaHe Ha npe3 nOMn3Ta e H3
lIaITOTO fia HanopHHH ce
06XOilHa KJIanil. B HHKOH cnYtIaH KbM oopaTHaTa KJIa
na ce nOCTaBH 6aHnaCHa npb3Ka KbM nOMnaTa (aKO Tona
ce 3a' HeH) HJIH KbM tIepnaTerrHHH pesepBoap.OOHK
HOBeHO Bpb3Ka e c
KpaH.
ITYCKaHeTO (BKapBaHeTO) Ha HJIH Bb3gyX B
rrefUl: KPHTHtIHH HanopHHH TP'bOO'nposQii
THBa pa3KbCBaHeTo Ha CTPYH, c KoeTO ce
Ba 3a HaMarrHBaHe Ha rorreMHHaTa Ha
paBrrHtIHHH npe3HB3HatIeHa 3a nYCKaHe, ce
C'bXpaHHBa B pe3epBoapH CbC HHBO HnH
B Hanop. C 3aCMYK
BamH npH H3npa3BaHe Ha pe3epBoapa. Pe3ePBoapH
Te ce CBbp3BaT C HanopHHH Tpb60npOBO B
HO TOtIKH. ca QerreCbOO
pa3HM npH C rorreMH, ,nMaMeTpH ( D 700mm).
ITPM HarrHtIHe Ha oGpaTHa Knana crre,n nOMnaTa H npM
MarrKM H Ha D..c. 700tnm)
no,nXO,nHmH YCTpOHCTBa 3a HaMaJIHBaHe Ha rOrreMHHaTa Ha
ca pa3nHtIHHTe npenna3HH Kna
naHH - y,naporaCHTenH H ynapOYOHBaTenH. KaKTO H 06
BIl'b3KB oKono OOPBTHBTB
IcPHr. 2.34 a. ) ca cpaBHHTenHO eBTHHH H HMaT .ll:OObP
A
a
i Ii
./
!l>Hr.2.34
, '
ecPeKT, aKO no TpaceTO HHMa pa3K'bCBaHe Ha BOnHaTa
CTPYH. MOHTHpaT ce B maXTH GnH30 .ll:0 nOMneHaTa CTaH
oUH. Ha cPHr. 2.35 e npenCTaBeHa npHMepHa aKCOHOMeT
pHtIHa cxeMa 3a Ha ynapoyoHBaTen C HanopeH
ITpHnaraHeTo Ha ynapoyoHS"aTeJ1H TpSloBa na
ce KOMoHHHpa C YCTpoHcTBa 3a npenOTBpaTHBaHe Ha pa3
KbCBaHeTO Ha BOnHaTa CTPYSl, aKO CbmeCTB.yBa onaCHOCT
OT nonOOHO HBneHHe.
Ome no-ecPeKTHBeH HatIHH 3a HaManHBaHe Ha MaKCHManHO
TO HanHraHe e MOHTHpaHeTO Ha YnapOraCHTen, KOHTO
H3nYCKa BOna OT Tp'b6onpOBOna npH Ha HarrSl
raHeTO B nbpBaTa nooYcPasa Ha XHnpaBOHtIHHH ynap (cPHr.
2.345 ). TpSlosa .ll:a ce liMa npe.ll:BH.ll: OoatIe, tIe npH H3
nycKaHe Ha BOna 01' Tp'bOOnpOBOna ce YBerrHtIaBa
HOCTTa 3a pa3KbCBaHe Ha BOnHaTa CTPYH.
r- ---- ----,
/ ,'" /
/ ;/ /
/ /
/ /
/ /
/ /
/ /
g L
/
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!l>Hr. 2.35
ca enHH 01' HaH-etPUKaCHHTe H HaH-'tIe'CTO
H3nonsysaHHTe cpenCTBa sa HaMarrSlBaHe Ha roneMHHaTa
Ha XHnpaSITHtIHHSl ynap npH BonOCHaO.ll:HTerrHHTe nOMneHH
CTaHUHH. Te npenCTaBnHsaT HanOpH" MeTanHH pe3epBoa
PH, MOHTHpaHH no TpaceTO Ha Tp'bOOnpOBO.ll:a HnH HaH-gec
To no nOMneHaTB CTaHUHSl, H ca sa gamHTa Ha
Tp'bOOnpOBonH c nHaMeTbp no 600 mm.'ITpH HopManHa paGoTa
Ha CUCTeMaTa B XHnpOcPopa ce HaMHpaT onpe,nerreHH ooeMH
H no.ll: neHCTijHeTO Ha CbOTseTHOTO paGoTHo
HanHf'aHe. ITPH Ha HarrHraHeTO B Tpb6onpOBO
na BcnenCTBHe aBapHHHOTO H3KrrrotIBaHe Ha arperaTHTe
CrbCTeHHHT B'b3nYX H3TnaCKBa RonaTa XHnpOcPopa B Ha
nOPHHH Tp'bOOnpOBon. ITPH nyncaUHoHHO H3MeHeHue Ha
nRraHeTO nocnenOBaTenHO OTnaBa H npHeMa
OlIpenerreHH oGeMH Bona, KaTO no T03H HatIHH
I3peMeTPaeHeTO Ha XH.ll:paBlIHtIHHH Y.ll:ap 11 OrpaH'MtIaSa Hero
BaTa roneMHHa. TpHOBa ,na ce HMa'npenBHn, qe npH He
oGeM CbmeCTBYBa onaCHOCT'OT YBe
nHqaaBHe HB MaKCHMBnHOTO HalISlraHe npH XH,npaBnkqeH
BCne.ll:CTBHe YBerrHqBBaHe Ha CKopOCTTa Ha SO.ll:aTa B
197
196
npM h B OOpaTHa nOCOKa. TOBa
Hanara TOqHO onpenenRHe Ha 06eMa Ha H npen
Ha KOMnpecop. KOHTO nepMOnHqHO na
Ba pa3TBapRmHR ce BOnaTa MMa
06eM H OCHrYPHBa HaH-ManKO no
BHwaBaHe Ha HanRraHeTO npH XHnpaBITHqeH Ynap. KoraTO
Ha MY C HanopHHH
npOBOn e MOHTHpaH KpaH
(CHMeTpHqHO enHOnOCOqHO npocellHpa
He)
HsnYCKaHeTO Ha Bona npes paspy
ce na ce
caMO KaTO aBapHeH BapM
Ha
OKOHqaTenHHHT Hsoap Ha cpenCTBa
Ha
XHn
QT
R
H
3a HaManHBaHe Ha roneMHHaTa Ha
XHnpaBnHqHHH ynap B CHCTeMaTa no
neHa CTaHUMH - HanopeH
TpH6Ba na ce Ha 6a3aTa
TeXHHKO-HKOHOMHqeCKO cpaBHeHHe
Hr.2.36
BapHaHTHM peweHHH.
OnpenenHHe Ha MaKCHMaITHHH Hanop B CHCTeMaTa npH
paSITHqeH Ynap:. foneMHHaTa Ha XHnpaBITHqHHHynap saBHCH
OT rorreMHHaTa Ha Hanop, BHna H roneMHHaTa Ha
nOMneHHTe arperaTlf',. pa3Mepa H MaTepHana Ha
Ha TpaceTO Ha HaITH
TO M BHna Ha cpeACTBaTa sa
penHua cpaBHHTenHO TOqHM MeTOnM sa onpe
AenRHe Ha roneMMHaTa Ha XHApaBllMqHMn yAap B saBMCM
MOCT OT KOHKpeTHHTe YCllOBHR.
ITpH M3BeCTHM aHallMTHqHH HspasH 3a xapaK
TepHCTHKM Ha XHnpaBnHqHaTa CHCTeMa ( Q- 1-1 sa nOMnHTe.
HanopHMTe H YCTpoHCTBa. ynapHM
Te npaBH H np.) peruaBaaeTO TaKHsa SanaqM na
ce npoaene aaanHTHqHO C HSnOJ1sysaHe Ha EHM.
KaTO ynapHHTe npaBH He OTqHTaT TpHeHeTO B
Aa, 3a nOCTHraae Ha nO-TOqHO peweaHe nbpBOTO
ypaBHCHH5tTa lIa JKYKOBCKH (2.21) ee n06asSl Hspa3bT.
. C
XHApaBlIHqHHTe HanopHH saryoH . KaTO CHeTeMaTa
ypaBKeHHS (2.21) ce HHTerpHpa H pewaBa
no HSKOH OT HsseCTaHTe qHCneaM MeTOnH qpe3 HSn0J13Y'
BaHe Ha EMM. TOBa e nOAXOn, npH KOHTO pe
rueHHeTo ce nOCTHra H e TOqHO.
HSBecTHH ca penHua MeTOnH sa HscnenBaHe
HeCTaQMoaapHM npoueeM npH XHApaBnHqea Ynap. KOHTO ca
MHoro TPYAOeMKH H H3HCKBaT npCUHSHO qepTaae. OT TSlX
HaH-rrOnynnpeH e aa illHHAep -
ITPH aarrMqHeTO Ha HSqHelIMTenHH cpeneT
Ba MeTOnH HMaT rnaSHO MeTOnOnOrHqHO SHaqe
Hue, TbA KaTO HlIroCTPHPBT HarneAHO Xona Ha HSMeaeHMe-
TO Ha napaMeTpHTe Q H H aa XHnpaSlIH'lIHHTe CHCTeMH
npH XHApaBlIHqea ynap. ITPH aHalIHTHqHMTe peweHHS e EHM
no npHHQHn ce cnenBa Xon HnH
paseH C oco6eHOCTHTe Ha npHnaraHwre qHCrreHH MeTonH).
B yqe6aHK e pasrnenaH aa mHHnep
sa onpenenSHe
hopHTe npH nOMnaTa BcnenCTBHe XHnpaBnMqeH ynap B
HanopaaTa cMcTeMa, nOKasaaB aa IToMneHHRT
s:
f ....
::r:

Hl'.2.37
arperaT B TaBH CHCTeMa e cHa6AeH C MaXOBHK KaTO cpen
CTDO sa HaManRBaae HS MaKCHMalIHMR Hanop npH XHApa
t:nl1'!BH ynap. ToraBa sa HanOpHHSl. I, CHao
C 06paTHS KnaDa B HaqanOTO, nHHHHTa Ha MHHMMarrHH
Te aanopH oC
1
OCHrYPSBa Ha BOAHaTa CTpy:rr
rrpH XHnpaBnHqeH ynap.
ilpH HopManeH pelKHM pa60THaT8 TOtIKa CHCTeMaTa ('1' .41
JT 2.38) ce 0'1' npCCHqaHeTO Ha xapaKTe-
,:HCTHKMTe Ha rrOMnaT<l Q - 1-10 H Ha E
a
BHe3aI1HO H3Knro'lBaHC aa eneKTp03axpaHBaHeTO xapaK
-;:epHCTHKaTa Ha rrOMnaTa ce HSMeHH C H3MeHeHHeTO Ha
Ha no saKOHa Ha XHAPOnHHaMHqaOTO
r:O;:(OOHe. HSMeHeHl1eTO Ha Q H H rrpll nOMl1aTa ce onpenelH!
01' aa YAapHHTe KOHTO ce npen
CTaSHT rpacjmqHO B KOOPAHHaTHaTa CHCTCMa Q - H c y,aap
Hll're npaBH C HaKROH -
a
F (sa opaBH !AlIH +
a
(3a oopaTHH Tor-aHa 3a nepHona 01' Hyna no
pa60THaTa TOQK8 Ha Cl1CTeMaT8 EbB BceKH MOMeHT me ce
OllpenenSl. 01' rrpeCHqaHeTO Ha xapaKTep!ACTH-
Ka Qt' - Hi (npH Pc' ) 11 CbOTBeTHaTa ynapHa npaBa.
199
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198
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PPH nOMnaTa BHe3anHO HSKn
BaHe Ha erreKTposaxpaHBaHeTO npaBM Ha nOHHmeHO
HaJIHraHe If n ,o:OCTHraT sa BpeMe HanOpHH51 PC"3CP
Boap, ce OTpaSHBaT KaTO oopaTHH Ha
nOBHUIeHO Ha,HiraHe Y'a . TesH ,o:OCTHraT ,0:0 IIOMne
HaTa cTaHUHR B MOMeHTa trJ:> cne,o: TaM Ha
!f'n H ce OTpaSRBaT 01' <PPOHTa Ha HanHraHeTO,
HO 01' nOMnaTa B T03H MOMeHT, KaTO Ha nOHHmeHO
HaITKraHe o/n"TOBa MHorOKPaTHO, ,o:OKaTO paGoT
HOTO Korreno ,o:a ce B
nOCOKa 7KaTO paGoTHH TOqKH, onpe,o:eneHH B
MOMeHTHTe Henocpe,o:CTBeHO npe,o:H ,o:OCTHraHeTO Ha BnnHH
Te fa npH nOMnaTa, <PHKCHpaT HaMaJIKBamH BpeMeTO Ha.
:111
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OOpH. TegH paOOTHH TOqKH onpe,o:enKT H nHHHHTa
ua MHHHMaITHHTe HanopH npH nOMnaTa, HSMeHHmH ce BnB
npeMeTO llO saTBapHHeTO Ha oopaTHaTa KITana, KoeTO CTa
Ba B MOMeHTa, KoraTO Ha nOMnaTa CTaHe paBeH
Ha Hyna. 01' T03H MOMeHT HaTaTnK oopaTHUTe BnnHH Ha
nOBHweHO HanHraHe ce OTpa3RBaT 01' oopaTHaTa Knana npH
nOMnaTa naK KaTO BnJIHH aa nOBHUIeHO HanBraHe. npH TOB8
BcnenCTBHe CBHoaHeTO Ha Bo,o:aTa B Tpn50npOBo,o:a ce Cn3
)'lasa YCKopeHHe, HaC04eHO 3aTBopHHH oprSH. KoraTO
OTPSSBHSTS 01' 05paTHaTa KnaTIa nOCTHrHe ,0:0 Ha
nopHiHI pcsepsoap. HanOPnT npH nOMnaTa (npH OOpSTHa'fa
r:IIana) nOCTHra CTOI1HOCT, paSHa Ha HCT Tnl1 KaTO B
TOSH MOMeHT npOllnITmaSa na neACTsYBa YCKopeHHeTO, Haco
QCHO KbM 06pSTHaTB Knana, TaM HanOPnT nponbnmasa na
CC YBenH4asa no npHCTHraHe Ha OTpa3eHaTa 01' HanopHHR
pe3epBoap BnnHa Ha nOHHmeHO HanRraHe C neAHOTO
pasnpOCTpaneHHe B o6paTHa nOCOKa OPH 06paTHS Knana
IlOCTE'neHHO ce YCTaHOBRsa HaHOP. paBCH Ha Her. T'b11
KaTO B T03H MOMeHT YCKopCHHeTO e H8COQeHO KnM Hanop
HHA pesepaoap, HanopnT npM 06paTH8Ta Knana npOnnTIma
as nB ce HOHMmaaa ,0:0 npHCTHrSHeTO UB S'bIT
Ha Ha nOBHWCHO HanHraHe. r63H KoneoaTeneH npouec no
CTenCHHO SBTHxaa nopanH XH)'lpaanH4HHTe HanopHM saryoH
R tUCTCM8TB. YCTaHOBeHHHT npH Tosa MaKCHManeH Hanop
t' TonKOBa IIO-BHCOK 01' HCT)KorrKoTo nO-HHCKH ca 011lIH
lHlrropHTc npellH SBTBap51HeTO Ha 06paTHBT8 KnanB. M8K
Bn3MOmeH Harrop ce onpencnR 01' T8SH pa6.oTHB
rOl.JKR, KORTO MHHHManHHH Hanop npH nOMnBTa He
.iOCpC!J:CTBeHO rrpe,U!! 3aTospRHe Ha 05pSTHaTa Knana. npe,o:
He e B'bSMOmHO na ce onpellelIH Ha KOI1 OTnps
en MOMeHT 0'1' Ha4arrOTO Ha XHllpaBTIH4HHA Y)'lap OTrOBapH
. .
3" T04KB, 8"1'0 CTO"HOCTTa Ha H MH
:!!lManeH Hanop OPH nOfl,maTa, 3aTOBa ce HscnenaaT Hano
pl!Te npH HHKOITKO OTopaBUH MOMeHTa " ce orrpenenR MaK
CH;\lSnHHHT Bn3MomeH.
pcmaoaHC HS rrpaKTH4eCKH SallatI" 06HKHOBeHO ce
TbPCHT MeCTHTa Ha pa50THHTe TOqKH. C'bOTOeTCTBYBSmH Ha
Ilpe,o:BspHTenHO HsopaH MOMeHT "tt
i
01' HatJaITOTO Ha XHll
paOITH4HHA y,Uap, KaTO no TOSH H84MH ce HBnY4KBa.T04Ka
ra, Ha MOMeHTa RB SBTBapAHe Ha oGpaT
HaTa KHans. AKO ce opHeMe 7: = ti MO
ral' ns HsopaHH HanpHMep B cnellHHH pen:
tl = 0, ,'L t'l = 2,OT t7 '" 3,5 '1:
t 5,or
10
1 ,l)T 2.S'l' tB'" 4,O't" tlf = 5,5 'l:'"
t2 ts
C'Y
1 ,.:iT
tG
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6,or
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201
200
f = 6.5r = 7. 5'i"
t '" 8,5,!,; t,g=,9,5'r
13 17
t '" 7,OT t :: 8,01'
fIB'" 9,01' t20"" 10, 'r
16
'4
Ha, ropHHTe MOMeHTH ti OTrnBapH OTHOCH
TelIHa qeCTOTa Ha B'bpTeHe fli:t'KOSlTO ce onpeAelISi no
$OpMyrra (2.36) npH npeABapHTenHO HSqHCrreHO BpeMe 3a
Ha arperaTa TO .
B KOOPAHHaTHaTa CHCTeMa Q - H ($Hr. 2.38) ca Ha-
HeceHH xapaKTepHCTHKaTa Ha , xapaKTe
pHCTHKaTa Ha nOMnaTa Il
i
- Hi J C'bOTSeTCTBYBaIl4H Ha
.Ii H YAapHHTe npaBH 1-1 H 2 - 2 C 'brllOBH KOe$Hll;HeH
a a
TH H - gF .01' pa60THaTa TOqKa Ao e npe"-
KapaHa YCnOpeAHO Ha npaBaTa /-( YAapHa npaBa, KOSITO
OTpa3HBa H3MeHeHHeTO HaHanopa npH nOMnaTa BcrreACTBHe
pa3npOCTpaHeHHeTO Ha npaSHTe B'bllHH Ha nOHH*eHO HalISl
raHe OT MOMeHTa to = 0 AO MOMeHTa tIt = 2,0 7:, Kora-
TO TaM ce OTpaseHaTa Ha HaDSlra
He Po OT T03H MOMeHT HaTaT'bK HanOp'bT npH nOMnaTa ce
onpeAeDR OT HHTep$epeHll;HRTa Ha npaSHTe B'bDHH H
oopaTHHTe B'bllHH nOpOneHHTe npH nOMnaTa B MOMeHTa
2 B'blIHH (npaBaTa OT A Z 0' ycnopenHa Ha 2-2)
".
ce OTPa!;HlBaT OT HanopHHst pesepsoap
,
B MOMeHTa 3" (npa-
BaTa OT T. E
3

01
ycnopenHa Ha /-1 ). B MOMeHTa 42' Te
ce OTpaSRBaT OT HanopHHH POHT npH nOMnaTa (T. A
tO
),
a B MOMeHTa 5 7: - OT lIHHHl1Ta Ha XHAPpCTaTHqHIHI Hanop
npH HanopHHst pesepBoap. T'bH KaTO Me*nYBpeMeHHO,B ne
pHOna 4b - 5 t 06paTHaTa KlIana ce saTBapH (q '" 0).
HanOp'bT npH nOMnaTa (o6paTHaTa KDana) S T03H MOMeHT
ce onpeneJIli OT HHTep$epeHll;HHTa Ha npaSHTe H 06paTHHTe
B'blIHH TaM HenocpenCTBeHO npenH 3aTBapHHeTO Ha KlIanaTa
OTpaseHHTe CJIen TOBa Oil' 06paTHBTa KJIana B'blIHH
npenH3BHKBaT nOBHwaSBHe Ha Hanopa. TaKa HanpHMep
HaTa '-fin J nopOneHa npn nOMrraTa B MOMenTa n: I nOCTHra
KaTO OTp03eHa B'blIHU no EOBHweHO HaJIHraHe sa
TBopeHaTa 06paTHD KITBna B MOMeHTB 5 . B
T5! nOCTHra. no H (}T (npoBaTa, ycnopenna Ha 2 - '2) H S
MOMeHTa 7 OTHOBO e npH o6paTHBTB KJIana,K'bneTO
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202
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eo
221
jj
220
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It I I


w"
I!
Iii
LL
.
/
.
0_ ....10-_0,
Akc(lM0Mefr\PU*
0
./
.,.:'
Vlfill!! /
..
I /

.,.:'
Bepm\,i ... pc.,
1!r!r. 2 50 XnopaTopHB CTaHlI,lliI
1 - XllopaTopHH anapaTii XBAE; 2 - oynmKH C TCl.leH XJIOP; 3
AHHHa oynmKa C Tel.leH Xllop; 4- YCTPOHCTBO sa npel.lHCTBaHe Ha
.oyxa (cl<:py6ep); 5 - peBii3HOHHa UIaXTa;
l.lHCTa Bona;
---XB--- XJIOPHPaHa Bona;
---xr--- xnop - rgs;
---K--- KaHanHSauHHj
---a--- HSllYCKaH BbS.IlYX
22:'
3. KAHATIH3AUHOHHH nOMnEHH CTAHUHH
3.1. BHnOBe KaHanHsaQHOHHii nOMneHH CTaHQHH
B saBHCHMOCT OT npenHaSHal.leHHeTO CH KaHanHsaQHOHHH
Te nOMneHH CTaHIJ;HH ce nenSlT Ha nBe OCHOBHH
KaHaJIHsaIJ;HOHHHTe MpellUi H B CTaHIJ;HH-
3a BOnM. '
B. BOP.H K'bM KaHBllHsa

Te ca CB'bpSaHH HenocpenCTBeHO C KaHallHsaQHHTB Ha
HacelleHH MeCTa ,'lia OTnellHH crpanH. npoMHinITeHH npennpHSl
ooeKTH, KYPOPTHH KOMnneKCH H
np. H ce CTPOHT B cnenHHTe' cnYl.lBH:
1 ) KO.r'.aTO npH paaHHHHH TepeHH ce nonYl.laaa SHaqHTen
HO sBn'b1160l.laBaHe.Ha KaHaITHSaIJ;HOHHH KorreKTOpHj
Z) nPH KaHallH9HpaHe Ha GeSOTTOl.lHH paHoHH sa npex
B'bplHIHe Ha OTnan'bl.lHHTe BOnH K'bM ):Ipyr'H, nO-BHCOKO pas
KaHanHSBQHOHHH KoneKTOpHj
3) sa Ha OTna):l'bl.lHHTe BOnH OT OTnenHl{ crpa
):IH, KOHTO ca nO-HHCKO OT ynHl.lHH
KoneKTopH;
4) KoraTO Ha MeCTHOCTTa He nosBonHBa rpaBH
TaQHOHHO nO):laaaHe Ha BOnH B npHeMHHKa HITH
B npeqHCTBaTenHaTa CTaHUHSI.
B saBHCHMOCT OT HM B cxeMa
Ha KaHanHsaUHHTa TOSH BH):I nOMneHH CTaHUHH OHBaT MeCT
HH, paHOHHH H rnaBHH.
K'bM npoeKTHpaHeTO sa TeSH KaHanHsaQHOHHH nOMneHH
CTaHUHH TpHoBa na ce npHCT'bnBa UPH nHnea Ha npyra B'b3
HnH cne):l 06CToeH TeXHHKO-HKOHOMHtIeCKH aHanHS
Ha Ih perueHHH sa Ha OTnan'btIHH
Te B0JJ.H.
06HKHOBeHO TeSH nOMneHH CTaHUHH ca BKonaHH.
6. nOMneHH CTaHQHH B npetIHCTSaTellHHTe CTaHUHH sa OT
--... -...
na)J;'bqHH BOnH

- 1 qepTHTe Ha npeqHCTBaTenHa CTaHUHH 06HKHOBeHO
ce HHKonKO KaHallHsaQHOHHH nOMneHH rpynH,
npoeKTHpaHH B caMOCTOH'reITHa HnH B KOMommpaHa crpana.
Ha TepHTopHSlTa Ha npeqHCTBaTenHaTa CTaHUHSI ce Hana
ra OT):IenHU nOTOQH):Ia O'bnaT npenOMnBaHH B Cne):lHHTe
cnYl.laH:
1) nOB):IHraae Ha HHBOTO Ha B npel.lHCTBa
TenHaTa CTaHUHH OTnan'bqHH BOnHC Qen rpaBHTaUHOHHOTO
HM npes OT):IenHHTe
Z) npenOMnBaHe Ha OTna):l'bqHHTe BOAH Cllen II'bPBHtIHHTe
YTaHTenH K'bM
223
_mllJ!ll
3) TpaHcnopTHpaHe Ha YTaHKHTe npH paSnHqHH TeXHOllO
rHLJHH npOI:\eCH (peI:\HpKynaI:\HH, ymI'hTHHBaHe t OHonorR'UIO
cTa6HDHsHpaHe, o6esBonHHBaHe, ononsoTBopHBaHe);
4) nOMoeHO paS6'hpKSaHe Ha YTaHKnTe B MeTaHTaHKOBe H
OTKPHTH HSrHHBaTeDn H Ha peareHTH B peareHTHHTe CTO
naHCTBa;
5) HSBal!(JlaHe Ha nSlC'hK OT neC'hKOSan'hplKaTenHTe C QeH
TpoGezHH nHC'hqHH nOMOH HnH xHnpoeneeaTopH;
6) npenOMneaHe aa Macna;
7) npenoMnaaHe Ha npeHalKHH eOnH H TpaHcnopTHpaHe Ha
OTnan'hQHH BonH;
8) nonaBaHe Ha TeXHHLJeCKa Bona;
9) paSnHLJHH BHnOBe nOsaTopHH nOMnH sa nonaBaHe Ha
peareHTH.
TYK ca pasrnenaHH no-noAPoGHo KaHanHSaI:\HOHHHTe OOM
neHU CTaHI:\HH, CB'hpSaHH c npenOMoeaHe Aa OTnan'hqHH BO
na OT KaHanHSaI:\HOHHaTa MpelKa Ha HaceneHn MeCTa, H ce
gaaaT OCHOBHHTe HSHCKBaHHH OTHOCHO oOMoeHHTe CTaHI:\HH
sa npOMHmneHH oTnag'hqHH BOnH.
3.2. Hs60p Ha MHCTO sa KaHanHSaI:\HOHHH nOMneHH CTaHI:\HH
K'hM

K'hneTO o'hge pasnonolKeHa nOMoeHaTa CTaH
ce onpenenH.OT rpanOycTpoHCTBeHHTe oco6eHOCTH
Ha OT. pe.nea HR. MeCTHOCTTa, OT reonOlKKHTe
,
YCl10BHR Ha -; J"S ,1!J..,. OT XHnporeOlIOlKKHTe
H np. .
- ITPH B'h3MOlKHOCT npen CTaHI:\HHTa ce CTPOH aBapHeH HS
nYCKaTen. TOH ce npenBHlKna sa na He ce LJep
naTenHIUIT pesepBoap 11 KoneKTOp B cnyqaH
Ha aBapIHt lIa nOMnHTe HIIM Ha HanopHHH Tp'hoonpoBon.ABa
PHHHHHT HsnYCKaTen ce H3rpalKna H nYCKa B neHCTBHe c
paspemeHHe Ha C'bOTBeTHHTe caHIITapHH opralUI. ABapHHHo
70 H3nYCKaHe CTasa B HaH-6nH9KaTa peSH3H
OHHa maXTa, B KOHTO ce MOHTMpaT Mae Ta5neHH saTBopHH
c'bOp'b>KeHHH - enHOTO HS. KOrreK'fOpa K'hM CTaHI:\HWl'a ,npyro
TO K'bM HsnYCKaTen?, npH OOHKHoBeHH e 3a
H nnOMoHpaH.
kKO nOC'l'pOflSaHeTO Ha aBapl1eH HsnycKaTen e HeB'bSMO>K
HO, TpH6sa na ce YBenHqH CTeneHTa Ha CHrYPHocT Ha
CTaHI:\HHTa, KoeTO ce nocTHra, KaTO ce YBenHqH OPOHT
Ha pesepSHHTe arperaTH H ce OCIH'YPH nOnXpaHBaHeTO Ha
CTaHI:\HHTa C eneKTpHLJeCKH TOK OT nse OTnenHH noncTaH
I:\HH. AKO H Tosa He e nOCTaT'hqHO, SaA'blllKHTenHO e ga ce
npenBHnH pesepBeH arperaT C nBHraTen C B'bTpemHO rope
He (sa npennOqHTaHe 6eHsHHOB) HDH reHepaTOp 3a eneK
TpHLJeCKH TOK c nHsenOB gBHraTen.
224
ITPH ronHMa pasnHKa S'hB BOnHHTe KOnHqeCTSa B CYXO
BpeMe H no speMe Ha n'blKA npH CMeceHa KaHanH9aI:\HOHHa
CHCTeMa npen nOMlleHaTa CTaHI:\HH ce npenBHlKna
TenHa KaMepa 3a HaCOLJBaHe Ha nBaTa nOTOKa K'bM OTnen
IToMneHHTe rpynH sa OI1TOBH
M sa n'hlKnOBHH BOgM MoraT na ce pasnOnO>KaT B OTnenHH
crpanH HnH B ooma crpana C OTnenHH qepnaTenHH pesep-
Boapa.
__ITo caHHTapHO-Xl1rHeHHH 11 eCTeTHqeCKH C'b06palKeHHH
pa3CTOHHHeTO MelKny nOMoeHaTa CTaHI:\HR H OKonH1iTe crpa
nH TPHosa na O'bne HaH-ManKo 25 MeTpa H 3an'bnlKHTenHo
MHoro oseneHeHO.
AKO TpaceTo Ha AOSelKgamHH KoneKTOp npeCHqa BOAeH
nOToK, >KeneSeH HnH npyr n'bT HnH HRKaKBH npyrH npenRT
CTBHR, KaKTO H MomeH BOgoHoceH seMeH nnaCT, no-no6pe
e nOMneHaTa CTaHUHH na ce nOCTpOH npeA TBKHBa npe
nRTCTBHR. HanopHHRT TP'h6onposon rH npeononHBR no-nec-
HO H no-npOCTO.
3a na ce OCHrYPH HenpeK'bCHBTa paooTB Ha CTBHI:\HRTa,
HanopHHRT Tp'bOOnpoBon TpHoBa na co C'hCTOH nOHe OT
nBe napanelIHH DHHHH C asapHHHH BP'b3KH MelKny THX.
Ha nOMneHaTa CTaHI:\HR ce OCHrYPRsa
sanHBaHe OT BHCOKHTe sonH C'h06paSHO Ooe3neLJeHOCTTa
HB KopeKI:\HHTa Ha npHeMHHK.
3.3.0CHOBHH eneMeHTH Ha KaHanH3aI:\HOHHaTB nOMneHa
CL
CTaHI:\Hfl
OCHOBHHTe eneMeHTH Ha KaHanH3aI:\HOHHRTB nOMneHa CTBH
QHR ca npHeMeH (qepnaTeneH) pesepBoap 1 C
pemeTKa 2) MamHHHa sana .3 H cnOMaraTeDHH 4
ITPH no-roneMH nOMneHH CTaHI:\HH ce npeABHlKnaT H APo6Hn
KH 3a pasnpo6HBaHe Ha MaTepHanHTe, 3aA'bplKBHH OT
pemeTKHTe. ITpHeMHHRT pe3epBoap H MamHHHaTa 3aDa B
cnYLJaR ca nO.L1,SeMHH. a OCTaHaDHTe nOMemeHHH - Hag3eMHH.
Ha Hr. 3.2 e npeAcTaBeHa npHMepHB YHKQHoHanHa cxe
Ma, OCHOSHHTe H cnOMBraTenHHTe OOMeme
HHR H Bp'h3KHTe MelKny TRX sa KBHanH3aI:\HOHHB nOMneHa
CTaHI:\HH OT pasrnelKAaHHH THn.
ponH npH onpenenHHe pasMepHTe Ha OTAenHHTe
eneMeHTH Ha KaHanH3aI:\HOHHBTa nOMneHa CTaHI:\HH H S3a
HMHOTO HM pa3nonolKeHHe HMaT BHn'hT, roneMHHBTa H oPORT
Ha'nOMneHHTe arperaTH.
225
15 nOMnH H nOMneRH CTBHUHU
N
3.4. Hsoop Ha nOMnH
Ha Ha rrOMnHTe
BO.n;HO KOJIHqeCTBO H 0 IItH5I H-anop H, ce HSB'bpWBa B'bS
OCHOBa Ha npHeTHH Ha qaCOBHH rpa$HK Ha
npHTOK8 K'bM qepnaTerrHH5I pesepBoap H BHCOqHHHOTO pas
Ha KaHan H npHeMHHKa Ha rrperrOMIT
B8HSTa Bo.n;a.
3a npenOMnB8He Ha OHTOBHTe H OTrra.n;'bqHH
BO.n;H ce OT.n;errHH nOMneHH rpynH. npH CMece
aa KaHsrrHsaUHOHHa CHCTeM8 H 0611t qepnaTerreH pesePB08P
nOMneHHTe rpynH MoraT .n;a paOOTHT B .n;Ba OCHOBHH
Ma: A npH KOMTO BO.n;HOTO KOrrHqeCTBO B cyxo
BpeMe ce rrperrOMnBa OT e.n;HaTa rrOMrreHa rpyna, a rrpes
BpeMe Ha ce BKITroqBa .n;on'bITHHTenHO H BTopaTa nOM
neHa rpyna;o - xapaKTcpHsHpam ce C'bC C8MOCTOH
TerrH8 pa60Ta Ha BCHKa OT nOMneHHTe rpynH, C'bOTBeTHO
B cyxo BpeMe H no BpeMe Ha
HesaBHCHMO OT 6p05I Ha qepnaTerrHHTe pesepBoapH H
BH.n;a Ha nOMneHHTe rpynH BeHKa nOMna HITH nOMneHa rpy
na .n;a paGoTH HenpeK'bCHaTO HnH .n;a ce BKITroqB8 ne
PHO.n;HtJHO sa onpe.n;erreHO BpeMe. npH paOOTeH pe
il(HM rpaq;lHK'bT Ha BKnrotJBaHe H8 OT.n;enHHTe nOMnH ce Cboopa
SHBa c rpa$HKa Ha BOAHHH npHTOK TaKa, qe oGmHTC pa3
XO.n;H sa rrOMneHaTa CTaHUH5I .n;a O'b.n;aT MHHHMarrHH. BO.n;HO
TO KOJIHtJeCTBO , sa KoeTO ce OpaSMepHsa
nasa OHTQ13HTe QTna.n;btJHH BOP,H. TP}10Bcl p,s
M8ITl(O OT KOrrHqeCTBO H8 BO):!HHH
-'R;'OnH'qeCTBO. 3a KoeTO ce opa3MepHBa
nOMlteHaT8 rpyn8 sa BO.n;lf. 3<lBlfCH 01' npl1eTI1H' pe
Ha paOOTa. I1HTeHSllBHOCTTa HB opa3Mepl1TerrHIH! .n;'bil(.n;.
OTBoaHHBaHaTa nllom H OTTOqHHH
npH npenOMnS8HCHa BOgll pas.n;ellHa KaHarrH
3aUllOHHa CHCTeMa HnH' Ha BOall opa3MepHTenHHHT
ae6HT Ha nOMneHllTe rpynH e paBeH Ha MBKCHMarrHI1H qa
COB npHTOK Ha BOAHTe.
06mHHT Hanop Ha nOMnHTe saBHcH BHCOQHHaTa Ha
rrpenOMrraaHe H XH.n;paSJIUqHHTe HanOPHlf 3ary6H II TpbGonpo
Bo.n;HTe H C'brnaCHO ce onpe.n;errH C HS
paaa
,.
II =H +h -rh -rh p m
lin r ncr Hrp COH' '.,
(3.1)
226
lHr.3.1
lYHKUHOHanHa cxeMa Ha KaHallHsaUHoHHa nOMneHa
>Hr.3.2.
cTaHQH$I
$YHKUHoHarrHH BP'b3KH;
$YHKUHOHaITHH Bp'bSKH;
C'bqeTaaaHe Ha nOMemeHHHTa B 00
-X-X-X-X
ma crpa.n;a;
C'bQeTaaaHe Ha nOMemeHH}1Ta B ooma
-/-/-/-/
crpa.n;a;
BXO.n;'
227
K'bneTO I-Ir e reone3M
t
IHaTa neHHBenarUH1, m,
- Hr =i!.1 - r .,. hp 1- h, f m; (3 2)
hp e BHCOttHHaTa Ha paoOTHaTa ttacT Ha qepnaTen
HIU1 pe3epaoap, m;
2 - KOTaTa Ha n'bHOTO Ha KaHan;
h CT ca XHnpaanMttHHTe HanopHH 3arYOH B nOMneHaTa
n m ;
XHnpaBITHqHHTe HanopHH 3ary6H B HanopHHSl
TP'bOOnpOBOn H3B'bH nOMneHaTa CTaHUHH,?n;
l e KOTaTa Ha n'bHOTO Ha H3nHBHaTa Tp'bOa HnH
1 HaH-BHcoKOTO HHBO B npHeMHHH pe3epaoap;
h
C8 H
- cB060nHHHT Manop Ha H3THttaHe, n7,'
h - pa3cToHHHeTo n'bHOTO Ha
1 KaHan M ropHOTO BOnHO HHBO B qepnaTenHHSl
pe3epBoap, npHeMa ce hI = 0,10 't 0,15 m.
....
--..-,
I
f
-d ,Q""1,0"1
n_f! [?
Q....rp D....
Tp
--
i
4>Hf'.3.3
228
1:;
I'
...
Ms60p'bT Ha nOMneHHTe arperaTH ce H3B'bpmBa no KaTa
nOSH Ha npOHSBOnHTeITHTe B 3aBHCHMOCT OT YCTaHOBeHHTe
pa60THH napaMeTpH Q H II f' KatteCTBaTa Ha npenOMIIBaHHTe
BOnH H ycnoBHHTa Ha eKCIInoaTaUHH. ITpenop'bqaa ce KaHa
nHsaUMOHHHTe nOMIIH na 6'bnaT eCTeCTBeHO 3anHTH,sa na
ce onpOCTH TSlXHaTa eKcnnoaTaUHH H
OOHKHOBeHO ce Hs6HpaT nBe HlIH TPM enHaKBH pa60THH
nOMnH C Hanop, onpeneneH no (3.1), H C'bC cy
MapeH neoHT, paseH Ha ne6HTa Ha nOMneHaTa CTaHQMH.AKO
He MoraT na ce HaMepHT IIOMnH C nOnXOnHmH xapaKTepHC
THKH, ce npOBepHBa 3a npenOMnBaHe Ha BO
naTa c nOnXOnHma KOMOHHaUHH OT IIOMIIH.
B nOMneH&Ta CTaHQHH Ha BCHKa nOMneHa rpyna ce IIpen
nOMIlM. C'brnaCHO Ta6n. 3.1.
Tao n M U a 3.1
E p 0 H H a nOM n H T e
OMTOBH H npOHSBOnCTBeHM arpeCMBHH
OTnan'bttHM BOnH BOnH
paodlTHM pesepBHH paOOTHH pesepBHH
1 2 1 1 1+ 1 Ha CKllan
3 't 4 2 2 t 3 2
4 H nOBeqe 2+1 Ha CKnan 4 3
5 H no nOBeqe OT 50%
Bette OT pa60THI1Te
>----
KoraTo pa60THHTe nOMnH ca C paSnHqRa npOH3BonHTen
BOCT, peSepBHI1Te IIOMnH TpH6Ba na MMaT npOHSBOnHTen
BOCTTa .Ra HaH-ronHMaTa nOMna. ITo MSKnroqeHHe npH orpa
RHqeHH TepeRHH ycnoBHH H peKOHCTpYKQHH Ha
BamH nOMneHH CTaHUHH pe3epBHaTa nOMna na ce n'bp
Ha CKnan.
ITPH npenOMnBaHe Ha BOnH pesepBHH rrOMnH ce
caMO npH nOKasaHa HKOHOMHtteCKa 060CHOBKa.
3.5. npHeMeH (qepnaTenea) pesepBoap
npl1eMHI1HTpe3epBoap Ha KaHanH3aQHOHHaTa nOMneHa
cTaHQHH, KOllTO e qepnaTelleH sa cTaHQMHTa,
llrpae POll$( Ha H3paSHHTen npl-iTOKa Ii ne6M1'!l Ha
IDoMnHTe. HeroBHHT ce onpenenH cnopeA aa
229
npHTOKa M pa60TaTa Ha nOMnHTe. npH r-moro SaM'bpCeHM
O.Tna,D,'b'lJHM BO,IJ.H. sa ,lJ.a ce Hs6enle sarHHsaHeTO Ha opra
HH'lJHHTe MaTepHanH H OTITaraHeTO HM Ha ,IJ.'bHOTO, 06eM'bT
Ha pesepsoapa Tpg6sa,IJ.a 6'b,IJ.e nO-MalI'bK (C nO-KpaT'bK
npeCTOH Ha SO,IJ.aTa B Hero).
06eM'bT Iia 'lJepnaTenHHSI pe3epBoap V ce onpe,IJ.eITg B
saSHCHMOCT OT o6waTa npOH9S0,IJ.HTenHOCT Ha nOMneHaTa
6POH Ha nOMnHTe H peEHMa HB THXHaTa pa60Ta,
C'b06paSeH C 'lJaCOSHH rpa$HK Ha npHToKa:
O,g Q 3
V==
Tn
nOM
-1

neTMH
,lJ.e-
ce
HBTepBa
6'bp
Ha
no
sa
onpe-
CTaH
e
KOHTO
SO
(3.3)
1,71
K'b,IJ.eTO Q e opa3MepHTerrHOTO SO,IJ.HO KOnH'lJeCTBO sa
neHaTa ej5 ;
71 - 6POSIT Ha pa60THMTe nOMnH;
L - 6POHT Ba BKITIO'lJSaHHHTa sa e,IJ.HH 'lJac, h
HS'lJHCneBHHT 06eM Be MOEe ,lJ.a 6'b,IJ.e nO-Man'bK OT
BYTHaTa npOH9BO,IJ.HTenHOCT Iia nOMnaTa C'MaKCHMarreB
6HT.
KoraTo nOMnHTe ce ynpasnHBaT P'b'lJHO, He TpSl6sa ,lJ.a
SKlIlO'lJBaT nOBeqe OT TPH n'bTH Ba 'lJac, a npH aBTOMaTH'lJBO
ynpaBneHHe - ,lJ.0 meCT n'bTH Ba qac. nO-rorreMHTe
lIH MoraT ,D.a ,lJ.OSe,IJ.aT ,lJ.0 nOTanHBe Ha ,lJ.OSeE,D.aWHSl KOlIeK
TOp, a nO-'lJeCTHTe BKlIlO'lJSaHHSI H H3KlIlO'lJBaHHH - ,D.O
SOTO H3xa6HsaHe Ha npeK'bCBa'lJHTe H Ha elIeKTpO,IJ.SHraTe
lIHTe.
HepaBliOMepHOCTTa lia npHTOKa saSHCH OT xapaKTepa
06eKTa, KOHTO B'bB sceKH OT,lJ.erreB ClIY'lJaH ce npOY'lJBa
MHoro ,D.o6pe. B'bnpeKH TOBa C Te'lJeHMe Ha BpeMeTO, a
HHKora owe M B caMOTO Ha'lJaITO npHTOK'bT ce yserrH'lJaBa
M e C no-rOlIHMa HepaSHOMepHOCT OT npoeKTHHH. ETO
WO BHHarM 6POHT H MOwHOCTTa Ha nOMneHHTe
TpSI6Ba ,lJ.a 6'b,D.aT 3aSHmeHH. He e ronHM HellOCTaT'bK,aKO
CTaHQHHTa e npeupasMepeHa, HO meTHTe ca no-rODeMH
CTPYBaT CK'bnO, aKO ce CTHrHC no nOTanHHe Ha ,lJ.OBeEnaWH
KoneKTOp.
, aSMepHTe Ha 'lJepnaTelIHHH pesepBoap B nlIaR ce
,D,enHT cne,D, Hs60pa HaKOHCTPYKUHHTa Ha nOMneHaTa
QHH. qepnaTeITHHHT pesepsoap MOEe ,D,a 6'b,IJ.e paanonOEeH
OT,D,enHO MnM s o6ma crpa,IJ.a C MaWMHHaTa sana. B T03H
CITY'lJaH ,D,BeTe nOMemeHHH MoraT ,D,a 6'b,D.aT npHOlIMsHTenHO
Ha e,D,HO HMBO Ce,IJ.HO ,D,O - HnH MaWHH
HaTa 3ana na 6'bne pasnonOEeHa Ha,D, 'lJepnaTenHHH pe3ep
f BJ4CmUUli
e npM nO-rOITeMH pesepBoapM na ce
XH,D,paBlIH'lJHO paS6'bpKBaHe Ha YTaHKMTe,
MorST ,D,a ce 06pasysaT npH YTaHsaHe Ha OTna,IJ.'bqHHTe
;m. 3a uenTa 06HKHOBeHO ce H3nOlIsYBa BOna OT Hanop
230
__l1li._"'111.
HHH Tp'bOOnpOBO,D. Ha TasH Bp'bSKa cnYEM H 3a
HsnpasBaHe Ha Tp'b60npOBona, KoraTO ce HBnara. CTeHHTe
aa pesepBoapa TpH6Ba ,D,a ce H3MHsaT nepMO,D,M'lJHO 'lJpes OT
KPHTB. nep$opMPBHa TP.'b6a.
B'bpWBa P'b'lJHO HllH aBTOMaTH'lJHO, i<or,aTo BO,D,HOTO.HHSO B
peseiHfo.apa . e K'bM fo
HSB'bpWBa H c e,D,MHH'lJHM nO-MowHH SonHH CTPYH. H S ,lJ.SaTa
cnY'lJaSl e Heo6xO,IJ.HMO,D.a ce npoeKTHpa npOMHBHa CHCTeMa
C nOMna.
n'bHOT.O ila 'lJepnaTellHHHpesepBOBP ce HSn'bnHSlSB.1: Ha
KlIPH K'bM' nOMnHTe, He nO-MaITbK' OTil..J
3a sawHTa aa nOMneHHTe arperaTH OT 3a,IJ.p'bCTBaHe ce
npe,D.BHE,D,a'r peWe'l'KH HITH ,D,P06HllKH. PasCTOHHHeTO MeE,lJ.y
np'bTHTe C e npHeMa <::'b.Q.6pg S; I:l););:K:l:I:U;I.!!!:!!e 0 C 0 6 e HOC
TH aa --
,D.P06HllKHTe, TpaHcnopTHHTe lleHTM. KOHTeH
HepHTe H ,D.p. ce pasnorraraT B 'lJepnaTenHHH pesepsoap
HDH B CaMOCTOHTellHH Crpa,D,H. B OT,lJ.enHH cnyqaH pemeTKH
Te MoraT ,lJ.a ce npoeKTHpaT H OTKPHTH B HOnOCpenCTSe
Ha 6nHsocT ,lJ.0 qepnaTenHHTe pesepBoapH.
3a MOHTaE H ,D,eMOHTaE Ha rpy6HTe H (jJHHM peweTKH H
sa OTCTpaHHsaHe Ha 3B,D.'bpEaHHTe OTna,D,'bUH ce npe,IJ.BHlK
,D,aT nO,IJ.eMaH MexaHH3MH.
PemeTKH ce npe,D,BHE,lJ.aT BHHarH KoraTO nOMneHaTa
CTBHQHH e K'bM ynHqHBTa KaHaITHsaQHOHHa MpelKa HlIM ce Ha
MHpa npe,IJ. pemeTKHTe Ha npe'lJHCTBaTenHaTa CTaHQHH. Te
ce ITOqHCTBBT P'b'lJHO HITH MeXaHMqHO. nO,D,pOOHOCTH sa YCT
POfiCTBOTO Ha pa3nH'lJHHTe BH,lJ.OBe peweTKH H ,D,P06MDKH ca
,D,a,D,eHH B Kypca no KaHaITM3aUHH.
OKOllO peweTKHTe ce OCHrYPHsa CBOOO,D,HO npOCTpaHCTBO
3a TSlXHOTO 06ClIYEBaHe.Pa3CTOHHHeTO,IJ.0 OKOITHMTe CTeHM
e .. a THX ce OCMrypHBa CBeTlIO
pa3CTOHHHe npM pellieTKH ,D,p06MnKH. MOH
THpaHlf B ,D.OBeE,lJ.amHH OTKPliT KaHaJI, TOlla pasCTOHHlie e
MHHHMYM 1 m, a npM peweTKH, MOHTMpaRH ,D,O CTeHaTa
0,25 m. Ha $Hr. 3.4 e nOKasaHa cxeMa lIa e,D,RO OT
B'b9MOEHHTe KOHCTPYKTIiBRH pellieHMH sa pasnOITaraHe Ra pe
meTKa C MexaHH3HpaHO nO'lJHCTBaUe Ii Ha APo6linKa B qepna
TeRHHH pesepsoap. nOBelK,D,aWMHT Tp'b6eH KoneKTOp f B
'lJepTHTe Ha 'lJepnaTeITHHSl pe3epsoap npeMHHBsa B OTKPHT
KaHan KOHTO C8 pasnOllOEeHM saTsopHMTe C'bOp'blKeHIiH
(caaaQM) 2 Ii M pemeTKHTe 5. 3a,D.'bplKaHHTe OTnaA'b
lUI ce TpaHcnopTMpaT 'lJpes ITeHTOB TpaHcnopTbOp 6 K'bM
APo6HDKaTa 7. cne,D, KoeTO pa3np06eHHTe OCTaT'bQH ce "3
nyC KaT HaHOBO B qepnaTenHHH pe3epBoap. 3a OTCTpaHHRa
He Ha YTaHKMTe OT pe3epBoapa ce npenBHlKnaT cneUH8.'1H'1
nOMnH C'bC cnHpaTeJIHH Tp'b6onpOBO,D,H 8 , MOHTHpaHM no
KaTenMTe 9 Ha OCHOBHMTe nOMneHH arperaTM. 3a
He A'bHOTO Ha 'lJepnaTenHHRpe3epaoap ca npenBHneHH
:llOKOseTe 10
231
no A-A
ilPH nOMneHH CTaHUHH,CBbp
saHH C KaHanHsaUHOHHaTa
MPema Ha MeCTa,

C-KoCTonaHCKH ooeKTH. KYPOP
HH KOMnneKCH H no
BbSMomHOCT pemeTKaTa ce
9 HSBbH npHeMHHR
ce
nO-BH

U\e
(3 4)

pesep
Cb
Clle,!],Ba
nOMna
pa60TSlT
HHBO.
nOM

pe
sepBoap, aKO ce
nCCbKosa,!],bpma
Ten.
e npo
ueCH B qepnaTenHHR pesep
Boap H C pemeTKH
,!],a ce aSTOMaTHSHpaT. KaTO
ce OCHrYPRBa H Pb4HO yn
paBneHHe.
4
BKnroqBaHeTO Ha nOMnHTe
e B saBHCHMOCT OT npHTOKa
OTna,!],b4HHTe BO,!],H KbM
! nOMneHaTa CTaHUHH. , AKO
Ai 1
BKJUOqBUHeTO Ha e,!],Ha
nOMna HHBOTO B
pesepBoap"npg
,!],a ce
ce -BTopa nOMna H
HHBOTO, npH KoeTO
aKnW4Ba BCRKa
nOMna 17 ,e cO. 20 Tn
COKO 0'.1' TOBa Ha
Ta.
HaOTO, npH KoeTO

ce BKllWqH paOOTH
T a ..e
! i! - t7Z0(71-1) 717.. )
1 CJ(J\ max' J , ./
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i!/1'1AX e MaKCHMallHOTO HHBO a 4epnaTellHHR
Boap,a n-6poRT Ha pa60THHTe nOMnH.
MSKITW4BaHeTo Ha nOMneHHTe arperaTH ce HSBbpmBa
WO CTbna110BH,!],HO, HO a 06paTeH ellen BCRKO
WO Ha HHBOTO cO, 20 m.
ce HSKllW4Ba I TpSloaa
e Ha'
''BbsMomHo e CbWO aCHqKH nOMneHH arperaTl-! Aa
H Aa HSKnroqaaT npH MHHHManHO
pesepBoap ce npOeKl'Hpa CbC caMOCTOSlTe
neH aXOA H HHMa apbSKa C OCTaHanHTe Ha
,-'. '-" ,,,,,,.,, ..
232
;te.HaTa CTaHUHH, CTeHaTa Hero II MamHHHaTa sarra
ce HSnbl1HHSa 0'.1' BOAOHenponYCKRHB GeTOH H XHAPOHsorra-
UH$!. ' .. ...." ..
OTBOPH Ha Way.TH. qepnaTenHH pesepBoapH, pe
meTKH HIIH OTKPHTH ce ooesonaCHBaT C Kana-
UK, HllH ------, - ....
'--1r"'".repnaTenHHTe pesepBoapu sa ;;t,b)l{,!],OBHll BOAH
U\HSlT KoneKTOp ce SaYCTBa liHpeKTHO H BHCOKO aa'!]'
TO. B saSHCHMOCT OT BOAHoro HHBO B pesepsoapa
HHTe SOAU nOCTbnsaT B Hero :mm ,{aTO caoooAHH CTPYH
npH HHCKO BOAHO HHSO, HllH KaTO nOToneHH CTPYH - npH
BliCOKO BOAHO HliBO.
CBoGoAHa aOAHa c'rpYH YBllHtIa ceGe CH
SHatIHTellHO '!(OllHqeCTSO l\OKTO C nOToneHaTa
'-TaCT ce HaCOqSa KbM CMYKaTel1HTe Ha nOMnH're. KOl1KOTO
nO-I'OnRMa e BHc04HHaTa Ha naAaHe. TonKosa nO-I'Ol1S1MO
e KOIIHqeCTBOTO Ha Bb3}lYDlHHTe MeXYPH, KOHTO MoraT Aa
nonaAHaT B CMYKaTenaHTe Tp'bOOnpOBoAH H nOMnHTe.
3a Aa ce nOCTHrHe Hopfllallaa paOOTa Ha nOMnHTe, e He-
06XOJ(HMQ Ha nbTH: aa no-
"TaseHH nperpaAH, qpea KOUTO Aa ce HaManH KI!!iEl TH1.IHaTa ,. i
if eaeprHSI H ce Ha sbsAym-
HH MexypH CMYKaTellTe Ha nOMnHTe. OT B'bSMOm-
HliTe KOHCTPYKTHBHH pemeHHSI e nOKasaHO Ha qmr. 3 5. 'c
nYHKTHp e ,uaAeao H APYT'O pemeHHe Ha BXOAHa'I'a K8Mepa.
mox BtL
__ It =v I, cf7 n-
I
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I
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3.6. MamHHlia sana
t' paSMepHTe aa Marnl1HH8T8 sarra SaBHCfJT 0'.1' KOM
naHOBKaT8 H c npHeMHHfJ pesepBoap, 0'.1' HHBOTO Ha S8CTPOSl
BaHe. OT OPOR H aa neMneHHTe arperaTH H 0'.1' HaqH
/33
Ha Ha "'HXHO'l'O r:".1l,,e!K).'aHf. YUl<TO H 0'1' pa::liIUnOlKCHHe'i'O
Ha Tpb6onpOBOAHTe. 11 qpyrHTB CbopblKeHHR.
MamHHHaTa sana 11 npHCMHH}"]' (qepnaTCJIHH,IT) pe3epBoap
!\1.0raT A:l O'bgBT B "gHB crpan3 HlIH fl ABe OTnerrHH crpa
HM.
flPH BKonaHB 2lEPla OOl'lKHORCItC ce pasnonars c
OrpaHHQCHa nnow, 3CTPYAHnB2 pasnonarageTO Ha
rOJIHM opoA arparaTH.
"HatIHH'bT HB M0H'T'HpaHe tiS n(,!MneHHTe arpef'BTH 3aSH
eH 01' TAXHaTB KCHCTPYKQHH. Te MoraT g8 C XOPH
30HTalJeH HlHi BepTifxan
l
:!{ i!hJI, MOI:'UT Aa O'b,n;aT npHro,!),e
HH 3a nOCTBBHHe p cyxa K8Mena nUH na 6'b,1laT nOToneHH
R npHeMHHR
B DOBette crrYtI8.H ce K2.nBJ1H3BUI10HIHiTe nOM
rm 3BHeTH. KaraTO e 'l1eo6xoAHMO Ma
AH e 01' qepnBTenHHH peaepBoap
lnr.3.6). 3urtHBBHeTO ypa6La AD ABYKPSTHO OCH
I'ypeHo Qpe3 Bal-:YfMnoMIHI HrIll ClI:eKTop.
.r-Ha KaHaJIH3<iLtilOHHI1 nOMl!!:HH CT<lll!J.HH C rv:HO!'O A'bnl5oKo
(SKonaH ,ilOBelKAaut KO:J.eKTOp c*', npelWpbtIBa Aa ce ynO'I'peOR
1BaT BCpTHKaJllHI UWl'pOOelKl'H rrOMIUf (HI:,.3.1). Te .!IaSaT
\ Bb3MOZHOCT MamHHHaTa sana ce SLB BHCOqYHB.
',.,KoeTO ce neeTH 0'1' 'HI.C.'rpOF!HaTa TlrrOlh.
4
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.

3
<I>ur.3.6
,.EneKTpO.!IBHrSTC1ll'l1'e MoraT na O'b.1:\aT pa3nonOIKeHH HS
ropHHR eTa. B CYXO nOMe_eURe, C ce C'bSnaBaT no
noOpH ycnoBHH S8 eKcnnoaTaUHH.
.flOMneHHTe arperaTH APyrHTe TPR6B3 AB
ca nOCTaBeHH TaKa, tIe na ce OCqrypH cBo6oneH ,1l0CT'bn
no TRX sa oECny.eaHe II peMOHT.
.OCHOBHHTe pa3MepH HB MamHHP3Ta Sin a ce orrpe,1lenRT B
8BSHCHMOCT 01 raoapHTHTe Ha r OMrIeHI1Te arpe:'aTI1 H QJYH
naMeHTHTS MM. npOXOAHTe Me_A) k 3a
MOHTa. H nCMORTS
rIpenOp'btJaaHH'l.'e .,;)a3CTORhHH Mf'lKAY ar'llerBTHTe ca naneHM
B TaGn. 3.2.
T a 6 IT HUB 3.2
,---
------,"---'-- J
' MHHHManHH pa3CTORHHR B m
P a 3 C T 0 S H H R I; npe HB
nOl'>meHHTe arperaTH B e,s
ran 1500 I
---1---- ----1
MeiK,!),Y QenH8'J8 C'I'paH8
Ha arperaTHTe W CTe
, HaTa 0.'70 1,0 1,20
MClKny arperaTHTe npH I I
pa3norrOIKCHHe I I 1
I) enlla OC __ I 0,8:.:..,0 1,2",5
Me)!(nY arperaTI1Te
t
H
vreHaTa 1 .50
i
y ycnopelIHO paa
nonOE.O __ 1 1 ,0
Memny oepTHKsnHHTC 1 5 +1 7Sj 2 0+2 5
nOMl1H (HDl'l eneK'rpo- 1"
I Hr.l) i C1>,',laCYBa ce C'bC
l- __.___ npOH3BO;.l.HTen
I Me*"y arpe'-a,." '" I I
I BCI1QKI1 BHAOBe Ii e;I. 1
LIBolIa _ _ 1.20 1,50 2 ,0
235
734 lIIIII __
., 3a MOHTalK 11 ,L.IeMOHTall 113 nOr.meHHTe arperaTH H apMa
TYPH ce npe,L.IBHlKna TOBapOnOneMeH
C HBli-TelKKB'l'B tIaeT Ha o6oPY4S&HeTO.
B crpanHTe Ha rrOMneHHTe CTaHIUiH t ,CHaCneHH c nOBn-H
rBTe!IHI1 MeXBHHSMH (t.t'OCTOBH Kp.UIOEe I1nH HenOnBHlKHH
rpenl1 c TemvepH)) ce npe.ttBHl!tpa r.i0H
.KOgTO ce Hs6HpaT 'T'aKB, tIe
OCIH'YPH OKono nOCTa BtHiHTe .o;e'raHnH
c::so6o.niI-a nHom c mHpotUIHa Haii-M'WKO, 0t 7 rn.
l1P" MOH1'HpaHeTO.HB aepTHKanHHTe nOMnM BHCOtlHHaTa Ha
nOMemeHHgTa TPH6BB .ilK OCHrYPJlSa sa MOH
TalK Ha BBna Ha DOMnaT. HITH pOTopa Ha nBHraTeng H
HM 0'1' nOMemeHHQTB, a CbmO H sa neMOHTBlKa
Ha nOMnBTa, KaTO ce BseMa BMCOtIHHaTR Ha HS
nonSYBBHHTe nOneMHH CbopblKeHHS.
t rIp" HB nOMnerHfTe TJ;lSloSa .o;a ce
HMa pa:3CTOflHHe'l'O aenOnBy.lKHHTe H3
He ):(8 e nO-ManKO 0'1' 0,7 'TTt.
npH BKoI1aHH nOMneHH c'r,PU,\HI1 C ;:J,BHraTenM HB Hanpe)Ke
HHe, nO-ManKO 0'1' 1000 V, M fiB HanopHHH
60npOBO.o; no 200 mm BKnIOtlliTel1HO ce HH
cTanHpaHe Ha nOMnwre ycnOpeAHO iU1 CTeflHTe n8 MaJl!HHHa
Ta salla H Ha paSCTOHHHe 01' HeH HaH-ManKO 0.25 Tn . l1PH
TOBa npOXOn'bT MelKnY arpeni.THTe He TpR6sa n;a e nO-Ma
naneHHH no-rope
npH He6naronpHHTHH n040eHH ycnoBHH H ObOTseTHa
060CHOBKa ce ):(onYCKa MOHTHpSHeTO Ha nBC nOMnH
enHH cPYH.o;aMeHT Des npoxo;:;, MelKJ1Y THX. KaTo ce oCl'Iry
pRBa ooxon C WHPOqHHB, He nO-ManKa OT 1 7n.
l1PH HeBKonaHH nOMneHH cTaHu,I1H BHCOtlHH3Ta Ha MaIllHH
HaTa sana (0'1' nOna no T8saHa), B KORTO He ca
BHneHH nOneMHI1 e HBn-MaIU\O 3 m, It 110MneHH
Te CTaHU;liH C nOneMHH MeX8IH!3t;m BHCOtIHH8Ta aa MaIllHH
HaTa sana, ceonpe.n.el1SL :<Ie, CB.eTllOTopa3CTOJiHHe
Mt))KAY npeMeCTS&HUTe Ii MOHTHpaHHTe arperaTli na He e
..Un . . ,
no.o;a Ha norvmeHaT& CTBHU,!HI ce npe.o;SHlKnB KaHBll C
Illa.XTa sa Ha l10nagHana BOAa npH Te'lOBe, KO.!l7'0
ce OTCTpaH.!lBa t:fpes B clIyqaA tIe e
rpaBHT8t.(HOHHOTO if OTSe>KnaHe.
nPH Hco6xonHMOCT 0'1' OXna,KnaH'Z! liB narepHTe fla nOM
nHTe C Bona MOlKe Aa ce npenBHAHT cneU;HBlIHH nOMnH C
i ne6HT " HaniraHe B saBHCliMOCT 0'1' KOHCTPYKU,MBTB Ha
OCHOBH:wre nOMneHH arperaTH H HSHCi<S3.H6iRTa Ha SaBOnB
nr.0.H3BO[l.HTen.
236
I',,'t.'Il
3.7. CMYKaTeneH
, BCRKa nOMna :liMa caMOCTOHT'elIeH CMYi<aTeneH ",pb6onpo
KoRTO 3anOtIB8 6eS.CMYKaTenHa QenK8 H 06paTHa Kn8
na.XHApaBllHQH0 H3f'OAHO e BXOAflOTO pa3WHpeHHe na e nHaB
HO. OTHOWeHl1eTO fla ,ilH8MeT'bpB Ha nHa
MeT'bpa HU e oGHKHOBeH'oo1" 1', .:;',
J:(g
HSn'bJHrSl:lniT C BXO,ilHa cPYHH51 C cPopMaT8 lia KOJUIHO C 0'1'
!.lOp i<'1';M"".D:'hHOTO' Ha 3.
HM e no-rOlls{M OT rnr.n 1 sanOQBaT
HenOcpenCTaeHO 0'1' OTBopa B CTeHBTB Ha tIepnBTellHHR pe
3epEoap C HCHMeTpHqa3 BXOnHa YHHH.
CMYKaT.enHI1H'r TPb6onPOBOn TpH6aa na I1Ma' Bb3XOAHIn Ha
KHOHMHHHMl!'!..2.l..L.%, sa na He ce B Hero.
npW-e'CTeCTBeHO sane'fH Ha BCeK! CMYK8TeneH TP'bOO
npaBOn ce cnupaTerreH KpaH, sa na MOlKe arpera
TbT na ce 1130RHpa "PH peMOHT.
(J' 3a rrpeJlt10tIHTaHe e ..Sp'lo3KUTe na ca lIa HO aKO
e Heo6xonHMO DOtIHCTBaHe Ha nOMnaTa, B 3aBHCHMOCT 0'1'
Haql1Ha liB nOQHCTB8HeTO l e AB ce aCTaSH MOH
TalKHO cPlIBHmOBO napqe,HITH ueMOHTBlKHa apb3K8.
aa B CMYKaTellHHTe H HBnopHHTe TP'lo
COnPOBOnH B'bTpeB nOMneHaT8 cTaHu,HR ce npHeMaT Cbr
naCHO TaGlI. 3.3.
Tao rr H Q a 3. 3
I
CKOPOCT Ha BOnaTa. mlS
I aa Tp"b6aTa, mm
CMYKaTeneH HanopeH
r-'-

no 250 ,0 1
l
300 800 1 J 1 SO
Han 800 1,5 + 2,00
Ha CMYKaTenHHTe 11 HanopHHTe aa nOMneHH
1'8 cTaHu,liH 3a OTna.o;'loqHH BO.o;H H YTaHKH ce
npOMHBaHe,
l1penOp'bQB8 ce npOMHB8HeTO .o;a CTaBa OT TeXHHQeCKHH
BOn0npOBO.o;, npH KoeTO TpHoBa Aa ce oCHrypH OTBelKn8He
To HS npOMHBHHTe BOnH B tIepnaTerrHaTa HMa Ha CMYK8Ten
HHTe Tpi60npOBOnH.
237
3,8. Hanopea
CbwecTBysBT H9BeCTHH oco5eHocTH B HanopHHTe Tp'b50
B nOMneHaT CTaMI.J;IHI H M3R'hH Hes;.
TOBa. qe nOMneHHTe CTRHQHH ca BKoDaHH, HaA
UCl'leC1>05pa3Ho e Hanopmne Tp'bOOnpOBOnH B TSIX na ce
MOHTHpaT HaA nOMnHTe. a 05lI(HHT HanopeH Tpb50npoBOn na
ce 3<lKpeuBa CKOOH 3a CTeHI1TC H HS nOllXO/lSllI\a BHCO
qHHa HSDU3a HaBbR. HaA-nonxollHmaTB BPb3KB ua TPb
6nTe 6 aBBapKaT8.
05PBTHH KDBUB Ha H8nopHHH TPb6onpOBOn npeUBHKnaT
aa XOpH80HTaneH yqaCT'bK.
CnHpaTeITHHTe Kpa60BC ce MOHTKpaT C'brnO H8 XOPH30HT8
neH sa ua MoraT AHCKoseTC liM na saeMaT Bep
THKBITHO nonOKeHue H He ce saMbpCRBUT.
BCWU<U ar;!BTYPH npH Heo5xOLHIMOCT ce nOCTaBSl'l' ono
Pt:! H I1J10ll(anKH 3a 06CH)!}KBaHeTO HM.
3a j:,a MOJKe ,Qa c.:e H3np3SBB HanopHH51T Ha
RCHK8 DOMna H H2 06mo Tpb60npOBO,Q KbM npHeMHHSl pe
sepI:loap ce MOl.:Tl!paT HBlIycK3'l.'enH.
Ha ce MORTHpa nO.QXOnHm THn BO
nOMep.
ilHaMTPHTe Ha SBDopHHTe rpb6unpOSOAH B nOMnea2T3
C'fiiIH\IHi: ..:e onpe,Qel1SlT ,HI CIWPOCTH 1,0 .LtO 2,5 7n /.5 .
C'hI'IHl.CHo Ta6,1. 3.3.
Hpel\lHH<laalip.To lia T,l:"bollTe lIPC3 CTeHliTe Ha nOMnelWTa
CTBHQHR H cc M3flbRHRBa 4PCS CTeHHH can
IIpH TpaHcnopTHpaHE:. Ha TeqHI')CTH C ,nOBHweHa TeM
aep8TYPS OTKPHTH TPboonpoBoAH H eCTaKBAH e Hea6xo
nHMO MOHTHpHHeTo Ha C80HHKOBH KOMneHcaTopH.
Do Tpace'ro an H8nOpHH're TPboonpoBolU1 113B'bH
Ta CTSHUHD eaA'bnKUTeUHo ce BbSnywHuUH H8
aaA-BHcoKHTe TOqKH H H3npa3HHTeoH HS BCHqKH HHCKH TOl.!
KH. OnoPHHTe GrrcKoBe ce npe,QBHK.QBT H HSl.lHCrrHB8T KBKTO
npH BOnocHC6nHTenHHTe nONDeHR CT&HQHH.
HanoPHRTe Tp'bOOnpoBo):U! ce H3cnensaT sa Bb::l-(eAcTBHe
TO aa XH,QpaBDUl.IeH Ynap H ce npenBH_n8T CbOp'bKeHHH sa
aerOBOTO HaM8Ji5l;BaHe.
HanOPHHTe TP'bQOrIPOlW:.'1 H3B'bH flOMnH8Ta C'l'8!fZlIH! Heir:
qeCTO ce c ycnopeAHH KnORa,
:1 "\'pelJ,eneHE pa8C10HhiH! c YCl'poi1:cTsa 3a lIpeBKJlIOl.!Sa
he TaKa ce yserrHqaSa cTeneHTa Ha THXHBTa
HCllleKnHoCT.
no HanopHHTe TPb60npOBo.QH ce onpenerrHT
npH YCnOBHe. 4e enHH 01' THX e nonpeneH, KaTO opaSM
pHTenHHTe BOnHH KOnHqeCTBR ce onpenenSlT. KBKTO cuell
DB: rIPH HBnH4He H8 RaapHeH H3nYCKaTerr - He nO-ManKO
01' 70 % OT ne6UTa Ha nOMJ:1eHaTa CTaHQlBl; npH UHnCB Ha
aBapueH HsnYCKBTen - 100 % 0'1' ne6HTB, C Bb3MOKHOCT 3a
npeBKnlOl.IBBHHH MeKny HanopHlfTe TpboonpOBO.QH C ueJI H3
KITI04aBHe HS aBapHAHHB yqaCTbK.
238
E Jl,iH:.MeTp.iTe H3. l-ianOplUlTe '1'P'bt\O;;p0BOnl1
cc OCHOBd PH TeXHHKO-HKOHOMHl.IeCKH cpaB
heH:l)l. (KOpOCI'Ta !fa 130.0.81',1 B EanopiHHl Tp'bO
I
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nOMreH3Ta 7pn69a no ce npOBepu OP&3
MepHE8Hz-rO MY B 3aBHCl!!>COCT 0T OPOD Ha paOOT1H1 re 110Mr:H,
:Jh:HlCI1Ie)lH KbM He,'o, ;l'HiH e f! rpamUJ;lne: IlPl1 e,lJ,lHl. :10M
!l3 (7'''0,8 1,Omls; no:..ml! + 1.20mis;
'1;m:'pv. nO!'1ml - t5" ' , <;m/s. C:rIYl.iall H8 ,QRe II :IOBeqe pct
'50'j'elUH nO!'1nif.
ill<1!104eHH K'bM e'UHi 'l'f,'lA50npoFion. CKOPOCTTJ.
H<l ROnaTa npr! paooT3 Bel eJ(Ha 01' nOMrIl1Te He Tp.a6
aa na 6blle na-M6RKB VT 0,70
HanopHMTe ','p:,6onporwD,11 H3B'bH nOMneRwre
CTaHUHH ce H3DbDHRB8T 0'1' a36ecToQHMeHTHH, CTOMaaeHH
H upenBapHTenHo HsnperHaTH CTcMBHo6eToHHH Tpb6M.
npH 060CHOBKB ce nonycK8 npoeKTHp8HeTO Ha enUHHQeH
HsnopeH Tpb6onpoBoJ\.

3.9. Ita

B KBHsne3aUHOHHHTe nOMneHH CTaHQHH OCBen OCHOBEHTe
nOMrIeHH rpym! ce npe,QBHlKp;8T :::nOMsraTenlH: nOMneHH
3a TeXHhqeCKO Bop;ocHa6ASlBaHe H 38 npenOMDBaHe
Ha AveRa.HaTa Bona.
ToA OOI1l<HOBeHO ce npoeKTHpa
'3a Oxn8'lK)J;8He aa narepHTD Ha OCHOBHHTe nOMDH. ':::3, XHn
poynrrbTI-IeHHe Ha CanHHi.(h'l'C m1, KCiKTO H 38 H3MHsaHe fiB
pel1leTKliTC. ;o.p06mumT, l! nepIiOJj,H4HO npOMHBah'.'l liB CTe
aCTe HB 4epnaTenHMs pC3ep80ap.
BonaTa 3a TeXHHqeCKH oGHKHoBeH0 ce B3eMB OT
EOnonpOBO,Q, HO Qpe3 qepnaTeneH
3a nB ce XH,QpaSITH4H8TB np'b3Ka
11wrellHHH It TeXHIFleC10HI BOnOnpOBOD,. Pe3epsoapbT
ce pa3uonara KODKOTC e B'b3MOZHO nO-BHCOKO H aKO
MOiKe, B Hag3er-mSTS qaCT He, nOMl!eHaTa CTaHQHH C
na ce nonyqn MaKCHManeH npenHanop npH nOMDHTe 3a
TeXHliqeCKIUI BO,QonpOBOn. fIor-meBaTB rpyna ce CbCTOH OT
eAHa paoOTHB H enHa pe3epBHa nOMna, KOHTO ce pS3nona
raT OOHKHoseHO B MBlliHHHaTasana HB e,QHH Oom
MeHT.
06eMbT Ha 4epnaTenHlUI p0sepsoap sa reXHHqeCKa Bona
saDHCR 01' npOH3BO;D.HTenHOCTTa Ha OCHOBHHTe nOMnH. Mo
ze na ce npUPMe CbrnSCHO Ta6rr.3.4.
Ha pe3epBoapa ce npenHBHa Tpb6a. KORTO
ce 3SYCTBB B 4epnSTCHHHSl pesepBoap Ha nOMneHaTa CTaH
UH,H.
239
T a 6 11 MIla 3. 4
AO 150 150 l' 10001 HaA 1
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m
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H3HCKBaHliRTa Ha saBOAa
!!OMUH, KORTO 06l!KHoBeHo
HB BOAsTa, Ae6HT
rIPH nHDca HB AaHBH
BeRlea pafiOTHa oeHOBHa
D,S e/5 TeXHaqeCKa
OCHOBHHTe 110MOM C
rrpenoMnsBHe Ha
BOAaTs, KORTO H9TH48
AaTa, KORTO H3TH4a
ocaOBHliTe napaMeTpM Ha nOMnMTe 3a
e He05xoAHMO A8 ce npoyqaT
- npOli3BOAHTen Ha OCHOSHHTe
AaBa Heo6xoAHMHTe KaqeCTBa
M Manop.
ee npHeMa, 4e 3a
nOMna ca ae06xOAHMH OT 0,3 t
BOAB C Hanop. npeBHwaBam aanopa aa
3 - 10m.
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OT canHlillliTe Ra nOMnliTe. H BO
npH aa oeHOBROTO
He H npn MHeHe aa nOMemeHHRTa, ce OTAen
Hli UOMl1H.
-,
npeHaxmBTa BOAa ce B lIlaXTa, 06eM'bT Ha KORTO
OCHrypRBa 10 15 MHaYTHa pa60Ta Ha ApeHa*aaTa nOMna.
BOAaTs B waXTaTa OT KaHanH, ps9
B 6nH30eT AD CTeHHTe Ha MaWHHHaTa 3ana. rro
Ha 38naTa ce C HBKnOH KaHanlITe 0.02
l' 0,05.
BOAHOTO KonH4eCTBO Ha nOMnaTa ce onpeAenH no
naTa
Q ;:: ( f,5 .;.. 2,0) [ a eIs ,
(3.5)
..!p ;1 '
e CYMapHOTO SOAHO KonH4ecTBo, KoeTO H3TH
4a OT C3lJHHL\HTe; IlplIeMa ce no 0,05 t
HB enno canHHKOBO
BOL(M ce B 4epnaTemUHI pe3ep
soap. e nOMnH Aa ce H30H
pa.T caM03acMYKBa1lJ,H. KaTO BHHarH liMa eAHs pa60THa H
eAHa pe3epBHa. rIYCKaHeTO H CIIHpaHeTo H,M ce
Ba aSTOMaTHqHO C aHBO-CHrHan1l3aTOP. B
6HpaTenHaTa waXTa.
3.10.rIoBAHraTeUHM MeXBaH3MM
3a MOHTHpaHe H peMoHT Ha arperaTHTe Ha nOMIIeHBTa
cTaHll,HSl OOHKHoBeHO ce npeABH*Aa HenoABHxma rpeAa e
HUH MOCTOB KpaH. '
npH rDMneHH CTaHll,HH e panHanHO pa3
Ha KpaHOBaTa rpena, eAliHHflT KpaR Ha KORTO
na ce onHpa Ha CTaBa B a APyrHRT
Aa ce Ha penCH no TaKbB KpaH AaBa
Aa ce BCRKa T04Ka OT MSwHHHaTa
3ana.
3.11. CnoMaraTenHH nOMemeHHfI
-
3a YA06cTBO H CHrypHOCT rrpneKcrrnOaTall,HSlTa Ha KaHa
nH3all,HOHHHTe CTaHll,HH ce It CIlOMaraTenHH
MaKap H C nO-ManKH pa9MeUH.
8. HaMHpa ce B Harr3eMH8Ta qaCT aa crpa'
naTa. B HeR ce HaMHpa KOM8H):IHHflT rrynT C BCHqKH CHrHan
HH H H3MepnaTenHH ype):lH.
O. ca 3a cTaHL\HH.
KOHTO ca oTAane4eHH aT peMOHTHaTa 6a3a. B CKuaAa TPRO
Ba Aa HMa pe3epBHH qaCTH, cMa30qHH MaTepHanH U AP 3a
CpO'leH peMOHT.
B. CaHHTapeH ce OT YMHBanHHK, KnoseT
H AYW.

B nOMneHHTe CTaHL\HH ce na ce
6HTOBH H cnOMaraTenHH nOMemeHHR T86n.3.5.
T a 6 IT H ll, a 3.5
i TIPOH3BOAHTenHOCT Ha I Ha KOMaHABaHe
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240
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3.12. OCBeTneHRe I OTonneHHe .BeHTHnauml L
11 KaHamlsaUHSl
Ha eCTeCTBeHaTa CBeTnHHa
.
B nOMneHaTa CTaH
UHSl TpSloBa MHorOiroIlHM. e
nHBaHeTO Ha no-rolIeM, nnO.R OT CTeHR.
06RlIHO TpHoBa Aa e R
pe e npR roneMH H OTrOBopHH CTaHUHH Aa ce
pesepBHo asspHHHO OCBeTlIeHRe qpes aKYMYlIaTopH.
OTonneHHeTo Ha CTaHUIHITa e AH<PepeHUHpaHo .nOMe.eHHe-
TO Ha qepnaTenHRH pesepBoap He ce HY)!(Aae o'r OTonlIe
HHe, KaTO TonnHHaTa, OT e AOCTa
Tbl.[Ha, a TonnRHHHTe sary6R npes CTeHRTe ca He3HaI.[H
!TcnHH. 4eCTO H MalliHHHaTa sana Cb.O He ce HY)!(Aae OT
OTonneHHe, ocooeHO npH MO.HH H npR
pa60Ta Ha CTSHUHHTa. TeMne8aTypaTa B Ma-
IDHHHSTa sarIa He TpH6as na +5 C. B OCTaHanH-
Te nOMemeHHR, e nepcoHan, ce
TeMI1epaTypa, He nO-HHCKa OT 16
0
C. OTonneHReTO
MO)!(e Aa ce OT HnH OT
TonnO$HKaUHOHHa CHCTeMa, aKO HMa TaKaBa. To
e ome eneKTpHqeCKO.
BeHTHnaUHHTa npH KaHanHsaUHOHHHTe nOMneHH
e MEoro OTKonKOTO npH
Te.
TYK He e eCTeCTBeHaTa BeHTHnaUHH. B no-
MemeHReTo Ha l.[epnaTenHHH pesepsoap TH e
H OCHrYPHBa neTKpaTeH oOMeH Ha sa 1 qac R TpM
KpaTeH OOMeH B MalliHHHaTa sana.
OcseH TOBa nopaAH HanHqROCTTa Ha KoneKTOp,
no KOHTO HeqHCT BeHTHnaUHHTa TpHOBa
Aa CTaBa He caMO qpes HSCMYKSaHe Ha
a H qpes qRMTO npHTOK TpH6aa
Aa ManKO nOBeqe OT HSCMYKsaHHH, sa ce
llHTcTBysa HaxnYBaHeTO Ha ReqHCTHH
.HH KoneKTOp.
BeHTHnaUHOHHHTe KaHanR 3a MamHHHaTa sana H sa np
eMHHHpesepBoapce npoeKTHpaT KaTO caMOCTOS!TenHR.
CrpaAHaTa BOAonpOBOAHa TPHOBa Aa OCHrypHsa BO
B caHHTapHHH sana, KaKTO H sa HS
MHBaHe nOAa Ha MamHHHaTa sana. ce KpaHose
C sa H3MHBaHe Ha nOMemeHHRTa Ha
pesepBoap H pemeTKHTe. TonnaTa ce OCRrypHBa HnH
ueHTpanHO, aKO HMa TaKaBa HrIH
eneKTpHqeCKH GoMrIep.
OT crpaAaTa ce HanpaBO a
qepnaTenHHH pesepBoap.
3.13.KoHCTPYKTHBHH ocooeHOCTH Ha crpaAaTa
Ha nOMneHaTa CTaHURH
Ha crpaAaTa Ha nOMneHaTa CTaHUHH ce
H30Hpa B saSHCHMOCTOTHHBOTO Ha nOAnOqBeHHTe
nOBHHTa Ha H HsopaHHH OCHOBHH nOMnH.Ma
lliHHHaTa sarra B CR qaCT ce HSnbrIHSlSa BHHa
PH MOHorrHTHa, a - MOHonHTHa RnH
Ma. npenHBHHKbT, crpaAaTa C pemeTKH (aKo HMa TaKaBa)
H npHeMHRRT pe3epBoap ce MOHonHTHO. AKO
pellieTKHTe HnH APooHnKHTe ca B qepnaTelIHHH
pe3epBoap, Ha SOcm HaA TeMeTO aa KaHan
ce CToMaHo6eTOHHa nnoqa (nacapenKa),
3aHa CTbnoa C BXOAHOTO nOMe.eHHe, pa3non
O

*eHO HaA pesepsoapa.

242
243
MamHHHaTa 3ana H qeprraTenHHHT pe3epBOap TPH6Ba Aa
HMaT OTAenHH BXOAOBe. npHeMHHH
pe3epBOap H MamHHHaTa 3 ana e HeAonYCTHMa.
ITPH HanHqHe Ha nOAnOq BeHH BOAH ce Heo6
XOAHMaTa XHAPOHsonaUHH Ha nOAseMHaTa qaCT Ha crpaAa
Ta, KOSlTO TpHOBa ,[Ia e MHHHMYM 50 em nO-BHCOKO OT
HaH-BHCOKHTe nOAnoqBeHH BOAH. ITpH onaCHOCT OT 3anHBa
He BXOAbT He MamHHHaTa sana ce opoeKTHpa Haft-ManKo
Ha 0,50 m HaA MaKCHMa DHOTO BOAHO HIIIlO sa npHeTaTa
ooe sileiteHocT Ha BOAOilPH eMHHKa.
3.14. KaHanHSaU110HHH IlOMIleHH CTaHUHH
sa IlpOMHmneHH oTOaAbqHH BOAH
nOIlYCKa ce IlOMneHHTe <TaHUHH sa IlpOMHmneHH oTnaAbq
HH BOAH ,[Ia ce pasnonara7 B eAHH onoK C IlPOHSBoAcTBe
HHTe crpaAH HDH B npoH3EOAcTBeHHTe
ITPH Aa ce npoeKTHpa
nOMoeHa CTaHUHn sa eAHOEpeMeHHo HSilOMilsaHe Ha OHTOBH
H IlpOMHmneHH OTIlaAbqHH EOAH, HO C OTAenHH qepnaTenHH
pesepBoapH sa BceKH BHA BOAH.
IToMoeHHTe arperaTH sa OTAenHHTe npOMHmneHH OOTOUH
MqraT Aa ce pasnonarOT E MamHHHa sana, C HSKnro
qeHHe Ha IlOMnHTe sa BOAH, BSPH
a,OonaCHH, ce. neTnHBH H ropHMH

YepnaTenHHTe pe3epBoapH sa npOH3BoAcTBeHH OTnaAbq
HH BOnH, KOHTO rOPHBa, necHosananHMHHB3PH
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HsnbnHnsaT OT,[IenHO, Haft-ManKo Ha 10m OT crpaAaTa HB
nOMneHaTa CTaHUl1n, Ha 20 'Tn OT APyrH npoHsBoAcTBeHH
Crpa,[lH H Ha 100 rn OT otSlllecTseHH crpaAH.
B TOSH cnyqaft nOKpHSHTe Ha cboHpaTenHHTe (qepnaTCn
HHTe) pesepBoapH ce npoeKTHpaT HeaaCHnaHH, 38 Aa ce
paspymaT neCHO H oesonaCHO OPH eKcnnOSHR B Tnx. He
OGXOAHMO e OKono TRX Aa ce npe,[lBH,[IH orpaAa C BHCOqH
ua 1,20 Tn ,
B qepOaTenHHTe pesepBoapH sa npoH3BoAcTseHH OTna
AbqHH BO,[lH, CMeCBaHeTO Ha KOHTO ,[Ia npe,[lH3BHKa
oopa3YBaHeTo Ha Bpe,[lHH ra30Be H Ha ce Be
HnH npH HeOOXO,[lHMOCT Aa ce OT,[IenHT nOTOUHTe C
paSnHqHO no BHA aaMbpcHBaHe. e ,[18 ce npeA
BHAnT OTAenHH CeKUHI1 sa BCCKH BHA OTna,[lbqHH BOAH.
CMecsaHeTO Ha BOAH ce HSBbpmsa OOHKHOBe
HO B OTKPHTH pcsepBoapH B cnyqaHTe. KoraTO Tosa e
He06xOAHMO OT rneAHa T04Ka Ha THXHOTO npe
qHCTBaHe.
ITPH npenOMnBaHe Ha arpeCHBHH npOH3BoncTBeHH OTna,[lbq-
UK BOnH pesepBoapHTe TpaOBa na 6b,[l8T Hai-ManKO ABa.
OpH nepHOAHqHO HanYCKaHe Ha BOAaTa ce ,[Ionyc
He caMO eAHR pescpsoap, aKO HMa sa
aa peMOHTHH paGoTH.
CMYKaTenHHTe Tpb6onpOBOnH MeEAY peaepBoapHTe H crpa
AaTa Ha nOMneHaTa CTRaUHA aa arpeCHsHH npOHsBOACTBeHH
oTIlaAbqHH BOAH ce nonaraT B KaHanH HnHTYHenH.
B nOMneHHTe CTaHUHH Tpb6onpOBOAHTe H apMaTypHTe ce
nonarBT Han nOBbpXHOCTTa Ha nOAa. He ce nonYCKa nona
raHeTO Ha Tpb60npoBoAH B KaHanH, TpaHCnOPTHpamH arpe
CHBHH OTna,[lbqHH BOAH.
EPORT Ha opraHH e MHHHManeH.
ITPH npOCKTHpaHe Ha TpbGonpoeonH 3a peareHTH ce npen
aHTHKopoaHOHHa aalllHTa, KOATO ce onpenenn OT BH
na Ha peareHTa, HerOBaTa KOHCTPYKUHA H TeMnepaTypa,Ka
TO npH HanbnHeHHeTO aa TpboonpOBOAHTe ce cna3saT CbOT
aeTHHTe HopMaTHBHH ,[IOKYMeHTH.
Ha ce H aamHTa OT eneKTpo
XHMHqHa H eneKTpHqHa KOpOSHH. ITo TpAOBa
na ce nORayeaT ,[IeTaftnH H qacTH C aHTH
KOPOSHOHHO H KHcenHHHoyoToiqHBO nOKpHTHe, HsnbDHeHH
"PH SaBO,[lCKH ycnoBHA.
PemeTKHTe H ,[IpyrHTe KbM
aa arpeCHBHH BO,[lH TpaOBa Aa ObAaT
CblllO OT KOPOSHOHHOTO HM neiCTBHe.
MHHHManHHTe CKOPOCTH Ha OTnanb4HHTe OPOH3s0ACTBeHH
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KH.
B Ha nOMneHHTe CTaHU"H sa npenOMnB8He
Ha OTnaAbQHH SOAH, KOHTO OTAennT BpenHH rasose MnH
BspMsoonaCHH raSOBH CMecM, ce nOCTpOAsaHe
Ha HSKYCTSCHH CMYKaTenHO-HarHeTaTenHM BeHTHnaUHOHHM
HHCTanaUHM.
3.1S.ITPHMCPM sa KBHanMsaUHOHHH nOMneHM CTaHUHM
Ha 3.7 e npe,[lCTaSCHa nOMneHB CTamUH! sa OI1TOBH
BOAH. YepnaTeJIHHnT pe3epBoap e Abn60Ko
BKonaH, B MamHHHaTa sana e paSBHTa SbB BMCOqHHa c pon
3CMHa H Han3eMHa qaCT. IToMnHTe, TpboonpOBOAHTe H apMa
TypHTe ca B nOnseMHaTa qaCT Ha crpanaTa,
KORTO e HSObnHeHa MOHOflHTHO OT CTOM8H06eToa H e XH,[IPO
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OCTbKneHB qaCT Ha MamHHHaTa 3ana, KORTO e HsrpaAeHa OT
crrr06ReMH
B CTaHUHRTa ca MOHTHpaHH qeTHpH nOMnH
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Ten$ep, MOHTHpaH Ha MOHopenca Ha OTKpHTO.
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qepnaTerrHHHT pesepBoap H MamHHHaTa sana. HanseMHaTa
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J
HsnonsysaHH B nOMn.eHI1Te CTaHIi;HH
3a sa]:tBHl!(SaHe Ha nOMnHTe. KOHTO ce HsnonSYBaT BbB
BO,lJ,OCHao]:tSlBaHeTO H KaHanHSaUH.slTa, ce HsnOllSYBaT eneK
TpO]:tS1kaTeIlH 9a npOM8HIIHB ... TOK. .....
B saSHCHMOCT OT THna Ha HaMOTKHTe Ha pOTopa'Te OH-
BaT Cne,lJ,HHTe BH,lJ,OBe."
ACHHxpOHHHelleKTPb BHraTellH C
TesH ]:tBHraTenH ce MaCOBO B nOMneHHTe CTaH
Ii;HH. XapaKTePH9HpaT ce C onpOCTeHa CH
rypHa paoOTa H neCHa' eKcnnoaTaUHSl. Mora,,:tiil ce'oocnYl!(
BaT ,lJ,OPH OT nepCOHan. ITYCKaHeTO ,Ka
,lJ,BHraTenH C HaKbCO Cbe,lJ,HHee POTOP HSHCK
Ba rOllHM nYCKOB TOK t npeBHllIaBalltoT 4 ]:to 8 ribTH HOMH...
HallHHSl TOK Ha ,lJ,BHraTellSlA TOBa npe,lJ,HSBHKBa ronSlM nan
B MPel!(aTa, KOTO saTPY,lJ,HSlSa Beqe pa
60TelltHTe ]:tBHraTellH.
ITycKaHeTo MOl!(e ]:ta ce HSBbpmH no HHKo.nKO HaqHHa:
a) qpes npHKO B MPel!(aTa, OCbllteCTBeHO C
eneKTpOMarHHTeH KOHTaKTop;
6) qpes Ha CTaTopHaTa H8MOTKa OT THn
SBeS]:ta B THn TpHbrbllHHK; Hsno.llSYB8 ce o.OHKHoBeHo npH
no-roneMHTe ,lJ,BHraTenH, npH KoeTO nycKo.BHRT To.K ce
HaMallRBa 3 nbTH;
B) qpes Ha peOCTaT (CbnpOTI1BlleHHe) BbB
BepHraTa Mel!(,lJ,Y CTaTopHaTa HaMOTKa Ha ,lJ,BHraTellSl H Mpe
l!(aTa;
r) qpes HnH peaKTOp.
ITbpBHTe ]:tBa HaqHHa Ha nYCKaHe HaMHpaT HaH-mHpOKO
npHnOl!(eHHe B no.MneHHTe CTaHUHH. ITYCKaHBTo qpes peo
CTaT H nOqTH He ce Hsnon sysa, TbH
KaTO Tpy]:tHO ce nO,lJ,,lJ,aBaT Ha aBTOMaTHsaIi;HH H ce nonyqa
BaT ,lJ,OnbllHHTenHH sarYOH.
nBHraTenH 3a BHCOKO Hanpel!(eHHe C Ha,lJ, 250
ce nycKaT qpes ManOMacneHH npeKbCBa4H.
ACHHXPOHHH eneKTpO,lJ,BHraTenH , C HaSHT_ PO
OT Cbe,lJ,HHeH
po.TOp no TOBa, qe npH THX HaMOTKaTa Ha pOTopa ce Cbe
]:tHHHBa C BbHmHHH nYCKo.B peOCTaT (CbnpOTHB1teHHH) qpes
....
TPH KOHTaKTHH npbCTeHac nn'b3ramH ce no TSlX ttBTKl1.
HMaT no-roneMH Bb3MOlKHOCTH 3a perYJUlpaHe Ha nYCKOBHS!
To.K " nYCKOBHH MOMCHT B .enaHH rpaHHUH, HO H penHua
He,nOCTaT'bUlf. rIecHo ce nOBpe.naT 0'1' nCHCTBHeTO Ha BOn
HH IIapH H nottTH He ce
Cl1HXPOHIIH ,nBHraTenH. 06HKHoB'eH'o ::-HHXpOHHHTe elleKTpo
sa ['oneMH arperaTI{ (C
MOIltHOCT noaeqe OT J 0(10 kVI ). He3aBHCltMO 07 KoneoaHH
SlTa Ha Tosapa Te nonnbplKaT ChHxpOHHaTa CH qeCTOTa Ha
H pa60TRT KaTO Ha peaKTllBHa MOm
aCCT, C KoeTO ]:tonpHHaCRT sa cTa6HnHo.cTTa Ha eneKTpo
3axpaHBaHeTO. B'bnpeKH C'bDpeMeHHHTe cxeMH sa aSTOMaTHq
HO ynpaBlleHHe nYCKaHBTO HM e saTPY,lJ,HeHO. EKcnnoaTaIi;HR
Ta HM HSHCKBa r(OCTORHBH nepCOHan.
4. 1. 2. H 3 0 0 P H a e 1t e K T P 0 n B H raT e n H T e
ErreI<TPOnsHraTenHTe sa TpHlPaSeH TOK ce npOH3Bel!()laT 38
CTSH,lJ,apTHH Hanpel!(eHHR 380, 500, 3000 H 6000 V. 3s nOM
nH C MsnKH H cpeAHH MOIltHOCTH (]:to 250 kVJ) ce Hsnon
3yaaT eneKTPO,lJ,BHraTerra. pa60TemH ua Hanpel!(eHHe 380 V.
Ha HanpelKcKHe 6000 V rnaBHO eneKTPonSHraTenH
1'e C rOlleMH MamHOCTH (noBeqe 0'1' 2SO kw ) .
ACHHXpOHHllTe eneKTPO,lJ,BHraTenH B aaBHCHMOCT OT Gpos
Ha ABoHKHTe nonweR pa60TaT npH onpeneneHa qeCTOTa H8
13bpTeHe - Z900
f
; 1450; 960 11 720 min-I.
B nOMneHHTe CTBHUHH HaMHpaT npHnOl!(eHHe nOqTH SCHq-
KH BH,lJ,Oae
ITPH H360pa 113 eneKTPoABHraTerHl TpR6aa AS ce HMaT
rrpeABH,lJ, H cne,lJ,HHTe yCllOBHH!
1) KaTeropHRTa as cpe]:taTB (MHKPoKRHMaTbT) B MsmHH-
HaTa sana Ha DOMoeRaTa CTBHQHH no OTHomeHHe HS nOl!(S
J
po- H B3PHBoooacHoCT; aKO epaSITHqHa 01' HopManHBTs.ce
H3nOllSYBaT eneKTPO,lJ,BUraTenH BbB B3pHHo6e30naCHO 113
nbllHeHHe;
2) npH o.cooeHo BnalKHH MamHHHll 3anH H npH HarrHqHe
npbCKallt
S
BO,lJ,a ce H3nC1tsYBaT Bnar03a.HTHH eneKTpo]:tBH
,
38 nOToneUHTe DOMnH ce H300IT3YBaT cneUHanHH no-
TonReMH TpHIPa3Hl1 aCHHXPOHHH eneKTponBHraTenH C Ha-
KbCO CbenHHeH POTOP (C T.HBP. KOHCTPYKUHR "MOKbP
CTBTOP H pOTOp").
BCHqKR KjlHCTPYKUHH aa eneKTPO,lJ,BHraTe,1tHTe ca parna-
MCHTHPSHR 01' snC, a eneKTpoTeXHHqeCKHTe HM napaMeTpH
11 p&3MepHTe HM ca B l{a1'arI03WIC Ha 3aBO,lJ,llTe npo-
MSBOnHTenH.
17 Dm.mu II nOMneHIl cTaHl\llII
256
257
4. 1. 3. Ene K T pop a S n p e U e n H T e rr H H
T a 6 n a s a H H C K 0 Han p e x e H H e
no npenHaSHaqeHHe H CXCMa TaorraTa ca paSHO
oepaSHH H ce KnaCHHUHpaT no KOHCTpYKTHSHH npHSHaUH.
CnyxaT sa pasnpeAeneHHe Ha eHeprHHTa Mexuy KOHCYMaTO
pHTe. B TRX ce MOHTHpa mHHHaTa CHCTeMa. nycKOBo-npeA
naSHaTa anapaTypa sa UBHraTerrHTe C AO 250 kw
H KOHTponHHTe npH6opH.
no CBoeTO H HaqHH Ha MOHTax eneKTpopas
npeAenHTenHHTe Ta6na 6HaaT:
1) aa ASYCTpaHHO o6cnyxBaae (Hr.4.1): OTsau
ua, ce OTBapR;




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CllHr.4.1.norneu H paspes Ha none OT eneKTpoHsMepsaTen
HO Taono sa HH C USYCTpap.Ho o6cnyxBaHe
1 - HSMepsaTenHH npHoopH; 2 -
3 - TOKOB TpaHcopMaTOp; 4- - npennaSHTenH
Z) C eAHOCT abHO oocn xsaHe (npHcnoea THn)
(Hr.4.2); o6cnyxsaT ce caMO OT
HMaT npHno.eHHe caMO B C ManKa
3) C70HmH wKa-Taorra; o6cny.saT ce eUHOCTpaHHO H
ce HITH sa npamHa (snaxHa) cpe
Aa, KaTO BTopHTe HMaT
258 '
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5) B CTeHHa HHma.
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CllHr.4.2. ErreKTpOpaSnpeuenHTenHO Taono sa HH C eUHO
CTpaHHO o6cnyxsaHe
1 - HSMepsaTenHH anapaTH: 2- npeSKnlOtlSaTenH; 3
4 - CHrHanHH rraMOH
nOCneUHWre usa SHAa ce HSnonsysaT npH eneKTpOUBHra
TenH c ManKH MomHOCTH (sa TOK no 100 A) 11Ma H llPyrH
SHUOBe Ta6na, KOHTO MHoro PRUKO ce HsnonSYBaT.
BCH\{KH eneKTpHQeCKH Ta6na ce HspaGoTBaT OT CTOMaHe
8H naMapHHH no HOp:MaTHSHTe ': _ E,'1C.
MOHTaill:bT hU Ta()naTa S nOMneHHTe CT3HUHH ce

a) B MaWHHHaTa sana Ha nOMneHHTe CTaHUHH Ha eAHa KO
Ta c nOMOHTe. Ha CTeHaTa HnH Ha oopMeHa
nacapenKa - T09H HaqHH Ha MOHTax ce HsoonSYBa B nOMoe
HH CTaHUHH C HopMaOHa cpeua (Ges HaBna.HRBaHe H npH
Ha pasRxuamH,no.apo- H BspHBoonacHH rasoBe);
6) B cneUHanHO npeAHaSHaqeHO sa uenT3
T03H HaqHH Ha MOHTax ce HsnonSYBa OPH nOMneHH CTaHUHH
c ronSlM 6po" nOMnCHH arperaTH. npyrH eneKTpo
H npH cpeua B OOMneHaTa cTaHUHSl. pasnHQHa
01' HopManHaTa.

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.;1
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900 mflL_
259
113HCKBBHlHI npH MOHTBlt:d fla TaGn", 1'8 (lbHr. 4.3) MHCTO
TO liB TaGnaTa ce H36Hpg- C orrre,n: 1'e ,n:a O'b,n:aT OJ!H30
KOHCYMaTopHTe, KOHTO 06CrrYlKBaT, ,n:a ca neCHO nOCT'bnHH
3a Ha,n:30p H peMOHT. 3a rnaDHHTC
e Ba.HO 1'e ce HBMMpaT 6nH30 AO HaA-Mo.
HHTe eneKTpo,n:BHraTerrH.
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$Hr.4.3. MouTa. Ha eneKTpOpagnpeneITHTeITHH Taona HH
Q - C enHOCTpaHHO o5cnYlKBaHe; 6- c ABYCTpaHHo 06
cny.sBHe
C'brnaCHO H3HCKBaH3RT8 npen TaGnaTa TpH6Ba na HMa
cBo6onHO npocTpaHcTBo. mnpoKo aaA-ManKO 0,8 m t 38 Man
KH CTeHHH Taona. B npH no-roneMH TaGna - 1,5 m. 3a
CTOg.HTe Taona c nBYCTpaHHO oGcnY*BaHe Tps6Ba na HMa
KOpHnop, UIHPOK 1 77i npH A'bl'IlKHHB Ha TB6naTB no 8 'Tn
H UIHPOK 1,2 7n 11 C nSB H3XOna npH ;:{'blIl!(HHa Ha Taona
TB Han 8 m.
BHCOGHHaTa HB sa
Taona TpHosa na 5'bne MHHHMYM 2,5 m, a
BpaTHTe aa oCHrYPHsaT B'b3MOKHOiT 38 BHBCHHe Ha Ta6na
Ta.
Taorra'i::i MoraT na ce MOHTHpaT D'bP:x.y 6eToHeH Kaaan,
5eToHHa OCHosa HnH aa CTeHaTa B98BHEHMOCT 01' BHAa HM.
4.1. 4.3 a x p a H B all( H
n H H H H
B nOM n e H H T e C l' a H H
Bp'b3KaTa MeEny eneKTpopa3npenenHTenHHTe Ta6na sa
HHCKO HunpClKeHHe (HH) H eneKTpeKO.CYMaTopHTe (eneK
260
7ponOMneHHTe arperaTH, eneKTpH4eCKHTe 3anBHZKll HB
cnHpaTenHH KpaROBe, ccaCTHTenHHTe Terra HAP.) ce OC'1>
nGCpenCTBOM opa3MepeHH 9a npHaCRHa
nonaraHeTO HB Ka6eDHTe B crpaDHTe OC'b
meeTSRSR no HSKonKO HU4HHa.
1. B K a Han H, C B 0 6 0 n H 0 IT e Z B II( H
if 11 B Hac n e u: Han H If K a H C l' P Y ': 11 li
B K a a a IT B. TOSH ce npanara npH HeBKonaHM
nOMneHH CT8aUHH C rorrHM 6poA KaGenHH llHHHH H eneKTpo
ABHreTenH. MOUTHpaHH DAMa KOTa. OCBeR B nOAa kaH8
l1H MoraT ;J.a ce OqH'JPMRS H B CTeHHTe Ha DOMneHaTa C1'a8
UHg. Ka6enHHTe KaHanK ce nOKpHBaT C naMa
pHna.
2. HaM eTa n H H C K a p H H K a (5 e IT H H
IT a l3 HUH, MOHTHpaHH no creHHTe H nOA nacaperrKHTe.
TOSH Ha\l:HH ce npHrrara npH BKonalHt nOMneHl! cTaHUHH C
rOITgM 6poA KaGeITHH ITHaaH H MOHTwpa
HH Ha paSITH\l:HH KOTH.
3. Hap a S 11 H q H H B H nOB e C K 0 6 H. Ta
Ka ce nonaraT Ka6enH C MBHKH CeqeHHH HI npOBonHHKa,Ma
6poA Ka6eITH H Ka6eITHTe npH OTKPHTO K3n'bnHeHHe Ha
OCBeTHTenaaTa eneKTpH\l:PCK& HaCTanaUHS.
4. n r a 3 0 S H T P 'b 6 H. npHnara ce npH nozapo
H BspHBoonaCHH nOMneHH CTaHUHH, npH npeMHHaBaHe Ha
Ka3enH,e npes CTeHH H 38 npenna3saHe 01' MeXaHHQliH no
BpenH npH HsnHSBae 01' Ka6enHHTe KaHaITH HnH OT CTeHa1'a
AO Ha nSHraTenR.
4. 1. 5. a C BeT H l' e IT H a, r p 'b M 0 3 a m H TH a
H 3 a 3 e M H l' e IT H a H H eTa n a U H H
HaD 0 M n e H H l' e C l' a HUH H
na ce OCHrYPH HopManHa paGoTa no BCHKO speMe lia
neHe '" XC-HeTO t ocseH eCTeCrBeHO'l'O ce npenSHlKna H HSKYCT
seHO OCBeTneRHe nOCpenCTBOM ocseTHTenHa eneKT HqeC
Ka B saBHCHMOCT 01' cpenaTa (HopMaRHa,
HITH BSpHBOODaCHa) OCSeTHTeITHaTa HHCTa
naUHg ce H9n'bJIHHSa HopManHO, npOTHSOBrra*HO HITH BSPM
soGesonaCHO. HSGOP'bT HB BHna OcseTneHHeTO e npen
MeT Ha paspaOOTKa H e B saBHCHMOCT 01' no
Mell(eHHeTO, XHPHeHaTa ua TPYAa H TeXHHqeCKaTa 6esonac
aOCT.
3a npennaSBaHe Ha crpanaTa 01' npSKO nonaneHHe aa
M'bnHHg ce npaBH Tg ce OC'bll(e
CTBHBa qpes rp'bMOxsa.a.H np'bTH, HnH MpelKH. HnH KOMOH
HHpaHO s saBHCHMOCT OT KaTerOpHgTa Ha crpanaTa (noM
neHaTa B nOlKapo- H SspHBoonaCHO OTHoweHHe.
3a npennaSBaHe Ha oGcnYlKsamHH nepCOHsn 01'
261
B nOMneHaTa CTaHUHH ce nonara 3a3eMHTerrHa
HHCTarraUHst. HeR ce KOpnYCHTe-Ha erreKTpo
KopnYCHTe Ha erreKTpHqeCKHTe TaGna, SCHqKH
MeTanHH KaGerrHH H. MeTanHH qaCTH, KOHTO
MoraT na nonaAHaT nOA
4.2. PasupeAenHTenHH ypeA6H ,TPaHC$OpMaTOPHH
nogCTaHUHH H nOMueHHTe CTaHUHH
4. 2. 1. 0 n peA e n e H H H H u P H n 0 e H H R
Pa3npeAenHTemnrre ypeA6H (PY) 3a nonyqaSaHe H
Pi3npeAeneHHe Ha eneKTpHqeCKaTa eHeprHH. KO
MYHHKaUHoHHH auapaTH, H aSToMaTHKa, H3MepsaTerr
HH auapaTH, H WHHH H cnOMa
raTerrHH
KOMuneKcHHTe pa9npenenHTenHH ypeAGH (KPY) ca
BeHHIJT 3aTBopeHH mKa OBe HnH 6nOKose C srpSAeHH B
THX auapaTH, aSToMSTHKa, H3MepsaTerrHH anapa
TH H CUOMaraTerrHH nOCTaseHH s H
nOnroTseH BHA 3a s crpaAaTa.
flogcTaHUHHTe ca eneKTpHqeCKH pa3npeAenHTenHH ypen-
cliYiaT 3a TpaaC$OpMHpaHe BH/BH HnH BH/Cp H.
(.;e OT PY, TpaHC$OPMaTOPH, aKYMYnilTopHH GaTe
PHH H gpyrH nOMOlnHH MoraT Aa npH
cTpoeHH HenocpenCTBeHO nOMneHaTB cTaHUHH, srpa
geHH H3Ustrro B oGlnaTa crpana C nOMneHaTa CTaHUHH H
npyrHTe cepBH3HH nOMelneHHa HnH H3rpaAeHH KaTO caMO
CTOHTenHa crpana.
TpaHc opMaTop'!HTe UOCTose (TPa<bonocTOBe) ca pa3
npenenRTenHH ypen 3a H
pa3npegerrstHe Ha eneKTpHqeCKaTa eHeprHg OT cpeAHO Ha
HHCKO Te MoraT Aa npHCTpoeHH.
BrpaneHH MllR
Ha aa HllM Tpa$O
nOCTOBeTe nOMneHHTe cTaHQHu ce onpenenA OT KOH
KpeTHHTe ycnoBHR - HseCKBR
HHA, TepeaHHTe HaqHH .. Ha (bYHAHPanc H
RPyrH.
4. 2. 2. Y C T P 0 H C T B 0
HaT p a H C (b 0 P MaT 0 p H T e
non C T a HUH H
TYK m,e pasrnenaHH TpaHC$OpMaTOpHHTe nogcTaH
UHH, KOHTO ce 3a saAOBorrHBaHe Ha
OT eneKTpoeHeprMH Ha M KaMaRHsaUH
OHHHTe nOMneBH CTaHUHH. Te oGHKHoBeHO ca UPH TpaHC$Op
pc
MaUHA Ha 20/6 kv ,6/0,4 kV HnH KOM6HHa
UHa OT ABeTe (20/0,4 kV).
He3aBHcHMo OT HaqHHa Ha Ha
(UpHcTpoeHa, srpaneHa HrrH caMocToATenHa) nOMneHa
Ta CTaHUHA TpR6Ba Aa HMa cneAHHTe nOMelneHHR: pasnpe
nenHTenHO YCTPOHCTBO, Tpa$OKneTKH, nOMelneHHH 3a KO
TaGna H rnaSHO TaGno 3a HHCKO Hanpe
aKYMynaTopHo nOMem,eHHe (npH Heo6xonHMOCT), ge
caHHTapeH H CKnaA ($Hr;4.4).
TpaHC$OPMaTOpHaTa nOACTaHUHR B saBHCHMOCT OT PY MO
Aa C'bC SMASHH KHnHH HDH C KPY - wKa(boae, a B
3aBHCHMOCT OT sa 20 kv H 6 kv .
Pa3npeAenHTerrHoTo YCTPOHCTSO SHAaHH KHnHH npeg

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CTaBITRC8 nOMe.eHke HRH Ha eTa*) ,
MCHOITHTHO HlUI OT CrJIOOHeMH elleMeHTH. B l<OeTO HMa
opMeHl, OT.o:elIHH HHUlM (KlUIlm) c n'bn6otHiH8 200cm, B1I
C'tH'IUl. 380 em (330 em ) H oeOEa IllH]JrHlHHB 1SO em, ne
HB nperpliAHHTe CTeHM KH1II:UfTe e 8 em, I<a
TO Te ce 01' BOMHPBH GeTOH HlIH TYXITH. llpe,n
I\I1RHHTe ce OCT"3.BH ObCllYlKsam; MHHHMYM 1SO em.

paSMepH1'e H8 nOMem;eHHeTO ce onpe,nenHT 01' paSMepHTe Ha
HsnoRsysBuHTe KPY - wKaoBe CHr.4.S). CBeTnoTo pas
CTOHHHe npe,n THX e 200 em , a THX - MHHHMYM 80 em
r-. - ---- -l
11--
I
I
r
==t SOil
____-,
nornen H- aa KOMnrreKCHO pasnpe,nenHTen
HO YCTpoAcTBO (KPY)
HHCOqHH8Ta HS nOMe.eHHeTO Ha pasnpe,nenHTenHOTO YCT
POACTBO saBHCH 01' HaqHHB HB B'bHWHOTO eneI<TpOSBXpaHBa
He HRH Ka6enllO). ITPH B'h3,nYWHO eneI<TpHQeCI<O
3sxpaHBaHe BHCOQHHaTa Ha nOMe_eHHeTO He Tps6sa 6'h
ne 600 em, a npM I<a6enHO saxpaHBaHe He nO-ManKa
OT 480 em.
npH n'hmKHHa Ha nOMem;eHHeTo noneQe OT 700 em TpH6Ba
,na '!Ma H3xo,na. BpaTHTe H npo30PUHTe TpH6Ba na
G'hA r OT HeropHM M8TepH8n.
4
264
::;c j' h B caMOCTOHTeRHa
,- :! ,"[flO '<: n CCHrypHua eCTeCTseHa seHTHrra
8.Bl-''- -: 0T rul aTa Ha TpaHC
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,'J601\1 1,(,1'':;:
"'a.:(,it rl a
dnaHv<,H :lpc",PMC:-J,'i:;CTr,) ca :2'3TH:!H II
':1'POfICT".:;o. ibHOJls:n}('l1' ce MaTllHi MOmHOCTH nOIH'If.lrl
naCH0C'r 01 ei<CIlIIO:HIH H nO';Kap. T3H l!ep,OCTa'I"hl.\l-l. rH
ManKO npHITO*HMH H Baqe ca H3Re3nH 01' ynoTpe6a.
ManKOM8crreHHTe npeKbCBaQH ca c oeHOBRa HsorraUMS OT
7BbPA ,nKcneKTpHK q MaIIKOMacneH8 p,'brOraCHTenHa I<aMe ..
pa.ITops,nH MSnI<HH 05eM HB MBcnOTo CB H B3PH
Bo6esonaCHH. 3aTOBa B nocne,nHO apeMe TeSH npeI<bCBa
qH ca nonyqHIIH WHPOKO ManKOMacneHHTe
88 MOHTalK Ha 3BKPHTO ce 3a
10. 20 M 35 kV.
SB__BH_C0IS.0 Te 3a
CHrYPHO H BH,nKMO pa3e,nHHHSBHe Ha eneI<TpHQeCKH sepHrH
6e3 TOBap HnH C TOK BMnep. ce
3a HOMHHaRHO 10, 20 H 35 kv H 3a HOMHHa
265

neH TOK OT 200 go 1000 aMnepa. ilOqTH BCHqKH
naHH B CTpaHaTa HH pasenHHHTerrH HaMHpaT
npH nOMneHHTe ce H KOM6HHHpaHH
sa npeAnaSHTenH sa TOK go 2 no 20 A. OCo
oeHo HaMHpaT
TO MoraT nasKrrroqSaT HaToaapeHH BepHrH sa BH. B HHKOH
cnyqaH Te saMeCTBaT H
CHnOBH e CTaTHqeH
npe06paSYBaTen, sa TpaHC
Ha eneKTpHqeCKa eHeprHH C egHo
B eneKTpHqeCKa eHeprHH C gpyro TpaHCOPMa
TopHTe, C eHeprHH eneKTpogBHraTenHTe H OC
BeTneHHeTO. ce HapHqaT CHnOEH. Te OHEaT MacneHH H cy
XH, C MegHH HnH C anYMHHHeBl1 HaMOTKH. K'hM nOMneHHTe
ce H3nOB3YBaT c OT 16'
go 1600 kVA.
H3MepsaTenHH HsnonSYBaT ce sa TpaHC
sa saxpaHBaHe Ha
HSMepaaTenHHTe ypegH H BTOpHqHHTe BepHrH c
SHBaT gBa RHga-sa TOK H 3a
HsonaTopH. SB eneKTPHQeCKa H30naQHH sa qa
YCTPOHCTBO H 3a saKpenB
Ha qaCTH YCTpOHCTBa H anapaTH.
liMHH. Tosa ca ronHTe npoBoAHMQH. Qpe3 KOHTO ce
C'h'e]iMH5lBaT eneKTpHqeCKHTe arrapaTH. Hsoon3YBBT ce
MenEHtanYMHHHesH H CTOMaHeHM mMBK C HITH
Kp'hrrrO CeqeHHe.
f1peAoa3HTenH. 1e 3a npeAoa3saHe H6 erreKTpH
qeCKaTa sepHra 0'1' 1t3B'LHpegHo roneMH TOKOBe Ii
C'henHHeH35l. npegcTaOITROaT naTpOH OT nopusnaHOBa
oa H KepaMH4HO cbPQe, OKono KoeTO e BaBHTa cpe6bp
aa CTonHllKa. Tp'h6aTa C 3an'hRHeHa c KBapuos ITHC'hK.
AoapaTypaTa sa BHCOKO ce Hs6Hpa no onpe
geneHa MeTonHKa, KaTO ce AbP)l(l1 CMeTKa sa TOKOBeTe Ha
K'hCO
...
UKR sa ynpasneHHe It gamUTa Ha BHCOKOBORToeaTB anapa

TPQ;,-j- H 113MepSal-!.e. nOCTasHT ce B oTAenHO nOMemeHHe.
3a Tp8.HccPopMaTopHH nOAcT8HI:{1!11. H3rpaneHH c KPY-mKa.
(POBe, BHCOKOBOITTOBaTa anapa,Typa H KOM8HgHo-peneHHHHT
GnoK ca cb6paHH BOOm mxacP. ca 6e30naCHH
npH eKcnnOaTaQHH YAo6HH 3a MOHTa. K He
npOH3BelKnaT ce 3a 10
H 20 k\l. -Ii
.;J
3a na ce OCHrypH onepaTHBHO 38 ynpaBne-
4. 2. 4. eTa H nap T H l1
T P a H C 0 P MaT 0 P H H n 0 C T 0 B e
nOCTOBe .0.0
CTaHnapTHOTO HHCKO 380/220 V, C KoeTO ce
saxpaHsaT nOTpeoHTenHTe.
TpaHccpopMa" _LmdZlP!?V- ,hi
!9'2HH (Tn).
f,
ce sa Ha
20 k'l' H
HOCT Ha TpaHcmopMaTo
pHTe AO 400 kVA. APXH
TeKTYPHO-cTPoHTeuHaTa
qaCT ce cTaHAapTH3Hpa
no EJlG - 1965 npH pa9Me
pH 2,2/2,2 m - sa

160 kVA H 2,5/2,5 rn
aa 250 H 400 kVA g
4.6). MoraT Aa ce H3-
u;
KaKTO-oTnenHO
OT nOMneHaTa CTaHlJ,HH,
c
TaKa H B 6UOK C HeH
H B neaTa cnyqag
nOMneHaTa ce
oCHrYPHBa MHCTO (HnH
oTAenHO nOMemeHHe 3a
MOHTHpaHe Ha Ta6nOTO
3a HHCKO
TpaHcqH)]?
MaTO'2HH nOCTOBe
(KTil). ilpenHa3HaqeHH
4
ca 3a.9axpaHBaHe Ha
speMeHHH H nOCTORHHH
5
nOTpe6HTeRH C'hC cpaBHH
TeRHO MaUKH MomHOCTH. I
Te ce CbCTORT OT npe
I
HOCHM WKacP OT CTOMRKe
I
Ha naMapHHa, yCToAqHB
H Ha BITHR
HHH, nOCTaBeH B'hPXY
6eTOHeH B
nOCT
ca MOHTHpaHH
rIO E)1e
(ToA
1 - llPOXoAna rmoqa; 2 - pase
ce TPaHcnOPTHPa OT
gHRHTen; 3- npeAna3HTenu; 4
nenHO) H lJ,HRaTaana
CHROB 5- TaGno
paTypa BH H HH. 3a
HH; 6- H3BOA" HH; 7- BeHTHna
xpaHBaaeTO HM e Ka6en
UHORRa pemeTKa

1-lHe H peneHHa 3an:.x,na Ha TpaHccpopMaTopHaTa IlO.1lCTaHlJ,Hlol, ca C MomaOCT 160 H
ce H3nOJlSYBaT B cne
:'
267
U.UHUIO
266
250 kVA. Y,o;OGHI1 ca 3a enCKTpHtIeCKO Ha rpa,o;
CKH KaHarrH3aUHOHHH nOMneHH CTaHQHH cpa60THa MOmROCT
,0;0 200 kW
4.3.BbHwao eneKTpo3axpaHBaHe aa nOMneHHTe CTaQUHH
4. 3. 1. C x e M H
H a e n e K T P 0 C H a 6 ,0; H B a a e
Han 0 M n e H H T e CTaHl\HH
Bo,o;OCHa6,o;H'renHHTe H KaHanH3aUH'OHHHTe nOMrreHH CTaH
UHH ce cHa6,o;HBaT C eneKTpHtIeCKa eHeprHR HaA-qeCTO OT
eneKTpH'leCKaTa MpelKa cpe,o;HO HanpelKeHHe (10 H 20 kV)H
HUCKO HanpelKeHHe (0,4 kv). BbnpocHTe sa cxeMHTe Ha
eneKTpocHa6,o;R8aHeTo Ha nOMneRHTe ce pewaBaT
KOMnneKcHo. KaTO ce HMa npe,o;BH,o; CbCTORHHeTO aB eneK
CHCTeMa aa ,o;a,o;eHHS paHOH,H TO TaKa,tIe
,o;a ce nOCTHI'HaT Bb3MOlKHO HaH-HKOHOMHtIHH pemeHHR.
E H e p r H H a a C H C T e Mace HapHqa cbBKyn
HOCTTa OT eneKTpHqeCKH ueHTpanH, npeHaCSmH pasnpe,o;enH
TenHHTe H no,o;CTBHQUHTe, CBbp3aHH B
o6m pelKHM Ha pa60Ta H HenpeKbCHBT npouec aa npOH3
BO,o;CTBO H pasnpeAeneHlle Ha eneKTpllQeCKaTa
E rr e T P H q e C KaT a C H C T e Mae qaCT
eHepI'llHHBTa CllCTeMa. CbCTORma ce 01'
pa3!Ipe,o;e1!llTeIlHH're YCTpOHCTsa, eneK1'pHtIeCKHTe MPelKH
(no,o;CTaHUllHTe II eneKTponpOBo,o;HTe C paS1!HqHll HanpelKe
HllH) II 01' KOHCYMaTopHTe Ha eneKTpnqeCKa eHeprllR.
CBbpSBaHe1'O tIa nOMneHHTe CTaHl.\IUi K'bM eneK1'pHqeCKB
Ta CllCTeMa C'T'al3a Qpe3 B'b3)l;ymHH l111ll Ka6emm: eneKTpo
npOBOAHH nHHHH. HaqHH'bT Ha erreKTpHqeCKO saxpaHBaHe
Ha nOMneaHTe CTaHQHH ce CbrnaCYBB C eneKTpocaa6,o;H
TerrHOTO
4. 3. 2. H 3 H C K BaH H g
0'
n 0 0 l' a 0 w e a H e
H a e 1! e K T P 0 3 a x p a a BaH e l' 0
Han 0 M n e H H T e C T a H Q H II
ITo OTRomeHlle Ha ll3llCKBaHHHTa 3a HenpeKbcuaTO 3a
xpaaBaHe c eneKTpHqeCKa eaeprllSi nOTpeGllTenll1'e ce pa3
,o;enH1' Ha tIeTHpll KaTeropHH: HyneBa, nbpBa, BTopa H
TpeTa.
TIoTpe6HTenH Hn eHeprHSI OT l:aTeI'opHR ca Te3H,
qHe1'O npeKbCBaae BO,o;H ,0;0 onaeHOCT sa lKHBOTa Ha xopa
268
T ,0;0 nOBpe,o;a aa CK'bnH CbOp'bKeHHH. TIPH TSX saxpaHBaHe
TO e OT ,o;Ba HnH nOBetIe HesaBHcHMH HSTOqHHQH.
TIoTpeGHTenH ua eHepI'llSi 01' ;!bpBa KaTeropHSi ca Te3H,
tUfeTO npeKbCBaHe BO,o;H ,0;0 SHBtU!TelIHH 3aI'yoH 3a Hapo,o;
r
HOTb CTonaHCTBO, MacoS 6paK lIa npo,o;YKUHH. paSCTPOHBa
He Ha cnOKIUi TeXliOITOrHtIHH npOL\ell. HapyruaBBlle pa60Ta
1'a Ha MHoI'O BaKHH KOMyaanHH 06eKTH HU HBCneHHTe Mee
Ta. KbM TaSH KaTerOpml: MoraT ,o;a ce OTHecaT nOMneaH're
CTaHUll" sa npOMHmrreHO Bo,o;OCHaG,o;SBaHe HB npOHSBo,o;CTBe
HliTe npe,o;npHRTHH, rnaBHHTe KaHaUH3aL\HOHHll nOMneHH
CTaHUHH Ha I'pa,o;OBe're, nOMneHHTe CTaHUHH
I
sa npenOMnBa
He Ha 80,o;H1'e rrpe,o; npeqHCTBa1'eUHHTe e1'aaQHH H ,o;p. 3a
xpaHBaHeTO liM TpHOBa na 6b,o;e 01' HesaSHeHMH H3TOq
HHUH H npH OTna,o;aaeTO' aa e,o;HHHH 01' TSX APyrHHT ,o;a
ce BKnroqBa aBTOMaTHqHO .
TIoTpe6HTenH Ha eHeprHH 01' l<aTerOpHH ca Te3H,
'meTO npeK'bCBaae SO,o;H ,0;0 cnHpaRe Ha MaCOBa npo,o;YKl.l,lUi,
npecToA aa pa60THHLlll, II npOMHmneh TpaHC
DOPT, HapywaBaHe Ha HopMalIaHTP ycnoBllH 3a .HBOT Ha
:C01HIM OPOH xopa. K'hM Ta3H l<aTerOpHH MoraT ,Aa ce on!e
:aT nOBeqe1'O nOMneHH CTaaUllM 3a npoMllwlIeHo Bo,n:ocHa6
LJ;HBaHe. H5!KOH KaHanH3aUHOHHH nOMneHH CTaHL\llH. nOMne
ruM'e eTamum 3a BO,o;H 11 !lP. 3axpaHsaaeTo HM T'JHIO
aa ,o;S obAe OT nBa He3aBHCHMH H370QHllUH.KaTu npH OT
EanaHe Ha e,o;HHHH OT 1'HX ,o;pyrHHT ce BKJ1lO
t
lBa OT ,o;eKYP
hllH B nOMIIeHaTa CTaHQlffi HUH OT nOnBHlKHa onepaTHBHa 6pHra,o;a.
H01'pe6HTenH lIa eHepI'lHl OT KaTeropml ca BCH'4:
KOHTO He BnH3aT B HyneBa, n'bpBa H BTopa
KaTeropHR. 3axpaHBaHeTO HM ce OT e,o;HH H3TOq
BUR. KbM T83H l<aTerOpllR .cnan8T nOMneHHTe CTaHUHH 3a
BOnOCHa5,o;HBaHe H KaHaHH3aUI1R Ha Mal1Kl1 HacerreHH MeCTa
,! cnOMaraTenHHT nOMneHH CTaHI\HH B npeQHCTB8TelIHHTe
CTaHUHii.
4.4. OOmM CBe,o;eHHH 3a aBTOMaTH3aQUH
Ha nOMneHHTe CTaHUHH
Ha nOMlleHHTe ce CBelK,o;a ,0;0
MHHHManHO HSnOIT3YBaHe Ha tIOBelliKH Tpyn S TeXHOnOrHq
HHR npouec. no ysenllQaS8He CHrYPHoeTT8 H8 paoora Ha
CHCTeMHTe H ,0;0 3HaQHTenHO nOBHmaBaHe npOH3Bo,o;HTenaOCT
Ta aa Tpy,o;a.
ABToMaTllSaQHRTa MOlKe ,o;a ob,o;e nbnaa HnH qaCTHqHa.
3aTos8 HMa ABa Bll,o;a CHCTeMH B nOMneHHT CTaHQllll - 00
nyaBTOMaTH9HpaHH II aBTOM8TH3HpaaH.
TIPH nonyasToMaTHSHpaHHTe CHCTeMH Hape,o; C SBTOM8Tll1.J
HaTa paooTa Haa:?PeI'8Tll1'e e uanllQe H yt:faeTHt'TO aa qO
peK B aSTOMaTllqHllSi npouee. OOHKHoseHo (8 Hspa3HBa
B pbtIaO nYCRaHe Ha CHCTeMaTa B ,o;eHCTBHe, a cnHpaHeTO
269
ce aBTOMaTHQHOTO Ha
npOrpaMa, 6nOKHpaHe Ha na
HnH
ITPH aBTOMaTHSHpaHHTe yqaCTHeTO aa qOBeK B
npouec ce HSKnIDqBa PonHTa
Ha qOBeKa ce caMO HarnaCHBaHe Ha CHCTeMaTa
H H npernen. B aBTOMaTHSHpaHHTe CHCTeMH
06HKHOBeHO ce sa nonyaBToMaTHqHO
H ynpaBneHHe.
B aBTOMaTHqHHTe rrOMneHH CTaHUHH sa rrYCKaHe
TO H Ha arperaTHTe aBTOM8THGHO
cnopen CTOHHOCTHTe aa yrrpaBnHBamHH
Ha sa aBTOMaTHsaUHRTa saBHCH KaKTO OT BHna
Ha nOMneaaTa CTaHUHR, TaKa H OT HcnpH
MO OCTaHanHTe - GepnaTeneH pesepBoap, Ha
nopeH pesepBoap H TexaOnOrHGHH
ITPH nOMneHH CTaHUHH qepnaTenea" HanopeH pe
sepBoap C roneMH 06eMH nOMneaHTe arperaTH
ce aBTOMaTH9HpaT no HHBO. ITPH HanopeH pesepBoap
8BTOMaTHsaUHHTa CTaBa no HHBO H no GaCOB
KoraTo nOMneHaTa CTaHUHH HsnOMnBa BOna HanpaBO B
aBTOM8THsaUHHTa H CTaBa no
Hanop.
B TOSH cnyqaH OnTHMaITHO peweHHe ce CMHTa nOCTaBHHe
TO Ha nOMneHH arperaTH. GHHTO nBHraTerrH' ca C
HO peryrrHpaHe Ha qeCTOTaTa Ha qpes KoeTO ce
perynHpa B saBHCHMOCT OT KOHCYMaUHHTa. ITo TO
SH Haq"H nBHraTeITHTe He ce cnHpaT H nYCKaT GeCTO H
ce H96HrBa He6naronpHHTHHHT npexOneH
ITPH nOMneHH CTaHUHH C MHoro MOmHH He ce
nonYCKaT qeCTH BKnIDqBaHHR HS nopanH
CHBSHe HS TeXHHH eKcnn08T8UHOHeH ToqHHHT GpOH
Ha BKnIDqBaHHRTa ce orrpeneITR OT saBOnS npOHSBOAHTen. ETO
samo e npaBHnHO Hs6HpaHe Ha HaqHHa Ha yn
paBneHHe. npH BCRKO nYCKBHe na ce CMeHHT aB
TOMaTHqHO pa60THHRT H pe3epBHHHT arperaT. TOBa HSHCK
BaHe e n06po sa BCHqKH DOMneHH CTSHUHH, 3a ce HS
HOCBaT enHaKBo nOMneHHTe arperaTH (me c enHaK
BH paGoTHH qaCOBe) H na BHHarH B
HOCT.
HeaaBHCHMO OT TOBa, nanH ca aBTOMaTHSHpaHH, nonyaB
TOMaTH3HpaHH HnH caMO ce nYCKaT H cnHpaT, nOM
neHHTe CTaHUHH MoraT na ce ynpaBnHBaT H OT paSCTOH
HHe, H C T a HUH 0 H H O. npH H3ilOITaYBaHe Ha
anapaTypa, C KORTO ce ueITH
Ha 06eKTHTe nHHMA, e Hanaue enHa npyra
KaTeropHH - T e IT e y n p a B IT ReM H C H C T e
M H.
OCHOBHHTe npenHMCTBa Ha aBTOMaTH3HpaHHTe nOMneHH
CTaHQHH ca cneAHHTe:
1) cHrYPHoCT B pa6oTaT8 - B cnyqaH Ha aBapHR ce
BKnIDqBB pe3epBHHRT arperaT H ce nOAaoa aoapHeH CHr
Han;
.'
2) HaManeHH eKcnnoaTaUHOHHH paSXOnH nopanH MaITKHR
6POH 06cnyEBam nepCOHan;
3) noeBTHHRBaHe Ha CTpOHTenHaTa qaCT Ha nOMneHHTe
cTaHUHH, KaTO MOEe HSOOmO na He ce CTPOH,
aKO samHTHTe Ha arperaTHTe H Ha rH
no OTHomeHHe Ha KnHMaTa nosBonRBaT TOBa;
4) BbSMOEHOCTsa 3HaqHTenHO HaManRBaHe aa paSXOAH
Te sa eneKTpHqeCKa eHeprHR, KaTO Ha OTnenHHTe
nOMneHH CTaHUHH H Ha BO.!l.OHSTOqHHUHTe OT CHCTeMaTa ce
TaKa, qe TeSH, KOHTO HMaT HaH-roneMH eKcnrro
aTaUHOHHH ce HsnonSYBaT caMO sa sanOBorrRBaHe
Ha KOHCYMaUHR Ha BOna;
5) npeMaXBB He06xonHMocTTa OT neEypeH nepCOH8IT
"PH sa ycnOBHR B KaHanHsaUHOHHHTe
nOMneHH CTaHUHH;
6) c Ha eTan, T.e. npH nHC
neqepHSaUHR, ce OCHrYPHBa onTHManeH Ha pa60Ta
npH eKcnnoaTaUHR Ha ronRM 6POH H Ka
HanHsaUHOHHH
B HaCTOHmHR MOMeHT, KoraTO BOnOcHa6nHTenHHTe H KaHa
rrHsaUHOHHHTe CTaBaT Bce no-roneMH H
HH, aBTOMaTH!;!aUHRTa Ha nOMneHHTe CTaHUHH ce Hanara Ka
TO ycnoBHe.
4.4.1. A B TOM a T H S H P a H e
Has a n H BaH e T 0 l'! a nOM IT e H H T e
a r per a T H
3a npaBHnHaTa paOOTa aa nOMnHTe e Heo6xonHMO Te na
saneTH. nBe
a) KoraTO cpenHaTa reOne9'HQHa BHcO'ttHHa Hrc (. O. e
HaITHue eCTeCTBeHO sanHBaHe Ha arperaTHTe;
0) KoraTO cpenHaTa reOneSliQH8 BHCOt.IHHa Hrc"7 0, HC
06XOAHMO e nOMnHTe na npHHynHTeITHO SaTIHBaHH.
TOBa na CTaHe no HRKonKO HaqUHa: qpes BseMaHe
Ha BOna OT nO-BHCOKO pesepooap HTIM OT Ha
nopHHH qpes nonirrmfTenHa BaKYYMnOMfla H
np. Kor?To ce HMnync sa BKnIDqOaHe, ce
KOHTO BHCOKOCTORmHR pesepBoap
HITH c sa Ha
CMYKaTenR W.H ce nYCKa BaKYYMnOMnaTa.
sanHBaHCTO nOMnaTa, KoeTO ce crrenH OT pene
sa ganHBaHe HnK pene sa BpeMe, ce nYCKa OCHOBHHHT
arperaT. KaTO H3KnIDqBa B cnyt.rafi MarHeTBC' H
a BTopH;., .. BaKYYMnOMnaTa.
210
271
4.4.2. A B TOM a T H 3 H P a 9 0
y n p a B n e H H e H a
c n H paT e n H H
K a H H a H n 0 p H R T P b 6
fl P 0 B OD:
norvmeHwre arper3.1'H w:,[,w;
peH J1JlH 3aTBope; h.'"P 111 H8 H:::'110PU;:;!
OT
sa
60npOBOna H 1'8
t'2-"
Ten,
,\BTO!"::lTIfClHO'rO yrrpaB:1eH :Vi!, HW;
_Tal',
TeIHl (e OIlPOCT5IBCl i1 E <l, al<)
n(;',inC'{
CC' np1'; f"
o_:l L

t:t>meHB it rperaTH, KO:'<-1l11'
T:.JC/lEuI' aTen 11 ;: H ': '1-; e
3 E
:rro ce IllClllO"BaT Harr;:";.:"
BP MoraT na n K
c "C :1 ee CTaT.I'HS C 1<: \
, J.KO HHMa ,Upyf'J{ e',ep'
HM BKJlhl408H
raTO HOMlJeHHHT arpet'",';' P
TO 'Ia KOHro e ";c,!Je3,Ua " C",:'HffK",
ec
\(( - ,0
ll3 ce HBnpiil:iWf I<OIlTPUIHH 3-(l!CJ:CHLl;1.
;3 Ha rryc;zaHe Hi, no! ;,E arpel';Y'
Il'n<( ;,paH :-I" HaITOpHH5T TP" 50\' i P.'1r.B3 ,ld
;":,,"' cipraH, 3a,llBHlKBaH e C"TpV, l iCLKI1 .. xH,np::Bruil,'!(' .;
:'1::iTH"lHO , KOl!TO ,lla ce Yd'V (" a2T:'Ma'l'!1I{,"o. -,li
'-E;CTi)'; e HSnOlJ 3YB a'r I<paHO I:",;'!'e, :, tl':Tpo '3 <lilH:,i)!(Li a y.;
an;lWIllHTe H TJHeBM8.Tll'-W:lTe Ct' ll);,.JJlaf'
,:n:",'jwre Ha l33Pl1S00naCHa C{}(;;,c:;a n:jpa'[(H 1';I13it,
t.,:C 2'1 TllXHO'I'O ynpaBnellHe ca H {j(iXO,UHMI1
CK'bnO C'bOp'blKeHHH.
II nO)J,aBaHe Ha HMrryrrC ce JJYc,m ;l.lUraTell
KaT0 ce C'b3,lla,lle Harrop, KOHTBKrCH MBHOMeT'bp
CMrHan 3a OTsapHHe Ha KpaHa. npaK1HKYHa ce H
.ua ce nO,llaBB OT pene 3a BpeMe CbC C'bOTBeTHa
Ka.
Jlpyra S'b3MOlKHOCT ,3a aBTOManI3HpaHe npenOCTaBH '=rry
qaHT, KoraTO speMeTO sa ,llOCTHraHe Ha HOMHH8nHBTa qe
CTOTa Ha B'bpTeHe Ha ,llBHraTeng H BpeMeTO sa
He Ha cnHpaTenHHH KpaH He ca C'bH3MepHMH. ToraBa enH
paTerrHHHT KpaH ee BKnrottBa se,UHara ene,ll KaTO sapa6o
TH nBHraTenHT.
UPH cnHpaHe B'bB BCHttKH cnyttaH ce 3aTBa
PH enHpaTenHHHT KpaH, cnenKoeTO ce nonyttaBa paspeme
HHe 3a cnMpaHe Ha' nOMnaTa.
UPH aeap;u1HO cnHpaHe Se,llHara TPSlosa ,lla O'bne saTSO
peH cnHpaTenHHHT KpaH.
212
4.4.3. A B TOM a T H S H P a H e
HaM e x a H H S H P a H H T e p e meT K H
K b M nOM n e H H Tee T a H H H
sao T IT a n b q H H B 0 ,ll H
ABTOMaTHSHpaHeTO Ha pemeTKHTe CTaSB no, ,llBa HaqHHa:
a) qpes sa BpeMe, KOHTO onpeAeBHT speMeTO
sa pa60Ta H sa naYSH Ha ,llSHraTeBH; ce sa
KOHKpeTHHH cnyqaA;
6) qpes HSMepSBHe Ha paSITHKaT& B npe,ll H
cneA pemsTKBTa, KOHTO ce nonyqaBa npH ReARoTo sa,llp'bCT
BaRe; ce H3B'bpmH HITH C MaHOMeT
PH)HnH c nOnnaB'bttHH YCTpoAcTBa.
4.4.4. A B TOM a T H q H H sam H T H
Han 0 M n e H H H a r per a T
Bes pasnuttHu samHTH e HeMHCBHMa HopManHaTa pa50Ta
Ha arperaTHTe. nBHraTenuTe ce 01' KbCO C'beAH
HeHHe H sa sceKH ,llSHraTen),
OT HAP.
ce KOHTpOJIHpa OT TepMHtlHO 6HOMeTanHO
pene, HSKnrotlBnmO npH YBenHttaSaHe Ha TOKa S CHnosaTa
BepHra Ha ABHraTenH. KonKOTo nO-rOJIHMO e MexaHuttHoTO
npeTOBapsaHe, TOJIKOBa M pa60THURT TOK e nO-rOJIHM U
npu Ha,llBHmaBaHe Ha HOMHHaJIHaTa MY CTOH
HOCT peneTO uSKnrottSa ,UBHraTenH. TOKOBO npeTOBapBaHe
ce nonytlaBa H npH pa50Ta Ha ,llBHraTeng Ha nBe aSM, B
cnYtlaA tie usropM npe,llnaSRTenHT Ha e,llHaTa asa.
3amHTaTa OT K'bCO CbeAuHeHHe ce OC'bmeCTBHBa c'npe,llna
SRTenH B'bB BCHqKH sepHrM'Ha ASHraTenH (TpH BbB asH
Te R ,SH T H eAHH B onepaTHBHaTa sepHra).
ECTeCTBeHO e, 'tte sa Aa AeAcTSYBaT ,llo5pe samHTHTe,Te
TpH6Ba Aa ca npaBHBHO Hs6paHH, KBKTO H ABHraTenHTe
Aa He 6b,llaT npeopaSMepeHH no MomHOCT
...
Uor.meUHTe arpera"!'H Mora": ,J,..< 0'.. ;1,:,11' 9amHTelU! U cpemy
nperpHSBac Ha narepUTe, cpemy pa50Ta Ma npaseH XOA,
cpemY He,llOCTHrHaT aanop M ,llp.
ITperpHBaHeTO Ha narepHTe ce KOHTpOJIHpa caMO npH
rOneMHTe ASHraTenU-CbrnaCHO C U3HCKsaHHRTa Ha SaBO,lla
npOHSBOAHTen. EneKTpOKOHTaKTHHTe TepMOMeTpH npeKbCBaT
onepaTHSHaTa BepHra Ha ,llBUraTeJIHTe npH He,llOnYCTHMO
nOBHmaaaHe Ha TeMnepaTypaTa B narepHTe.
C nOMOmTa aa KOHTaKTeH MaHOMeT'bp H pene sa BpeMe ce
Cne,llH Heo6xo,llHMHH Hanop B HanopHHH
TPb60npOBO,ll. AKO BpeMe
He ce nOilyttH HeOOXO,llHMHftT Hanop HnH crre,ll BpeMeHano
P'bT cnaAHe nopa,llu aBapHR, nOMnaTa ee HSKnrotlSa.
1 p n"l"rm \I n,oMneHH cTaHU1u1l 273
"
ilPH SaCMYKBaHe Ha B'b3AYX OT 110MnaTa H1Ui aKO He ce
OTBOPH KpaH'bT Ha HanOpHIHt Tp'bOOnpOBOA, HaMHpalllaTa ce
B nOMnaTa BOAa ce AKO Ha
Ha arperaT ce MOHTHpa KOHTaKTeH TepMOMeT'bp,
Toli C'bSAaBa AOn'bn!:U!TeHHa salllHTa Ha
arperaT.
ilPH CK'bCBaHe Hft 'rp'b6('1npOBOA C'bIllO MOlKe ,ll.BH
nOMnaTa ,ll.a TasH
salllHTa ce OC'bllleCTBHBa HnH C MaHOMeT'bp,liUH c paSXOAO
MeT'bp. ToqHaTa HHaCTpOHKa saRliCM OT ronHM Gpon BenH
qHHH, KPHTO B MHoro cnyqau H npaBHT HeAOCTaT'bqHO
nopaAH KoeTO H PHAKO ce npHllara.
BHHarH cneA aBapHHHO H3KnIDQSaHe Ha paGoTelllHH arpe
raT aBTOMaTHqHO ce BKnID'ma pesepaeH nOMneH arperaT.
4.4.5. A B TOM a T H S H P a H e
H a n p a B II e H H e T 0 Han 0 M n e H H T e
eTa H H M
..
C'bllleCTBYBaT paSllHqHM HaqHHH 3a aBToMaTHSHpaHe Ha
ynpaBneHHeTO Ha nOMneHHTe
ABTOMaTH3HpaHe Ha ynpasneHHeTO OT HHBO. HaH-Hsnonsy
BaHHHT MeTOA e aBTOMaTH3Ht>aHe Ha ynpaBneHHeTO Ha nOM
neHHTe OT RHBOTO B qepnaTenHHH H B
pesepBoap.
HHBOTO B pe3epBoap TpH6Ba AB ce nOAA'bp
lKa B onpeAeneHH rpaHHUH MelKAY ropHO BOAHO HHBO (rBH)
H AonHO BOAHO HHBO CnBH). MMeHHO B TOSH MHTepBan e
paspemeHO nycKaHeTO Ha nOMneHHH arperaT. ilOA nBH ABH
raTellHT e 6nOKHpaH, sa Aa He sacMyqe nOMnBTa B'b3AYX.
ilYCKOBHSl.T HMnync ce AHKTyaa OT KOHCYMaTopa (HanopeR
pesepsosp, HanopHa Kyna MlIH MPelKa).
Hali-HsnOlISYBaHHSIT HatlMR sa aSTOMa'l'H9HpaHe Ha nOMneHH
Te CTaHUHH e nYCKaHe npH nBH H cnHpaHe npH rBH B Ha
nOpHHSI. pesepBoap C OTQHTSHe NB C'bCTOHHHeTO aa HHBOTO
B qepnaTenH.
"Ha qmr. 4.7 e n01<:1l3SHa. CXeMaTJltlHO aa KO
ne6aHMSITa Ha BOAHOTO HHBO B HSnOeBHH pesepBoap,
Aa e BgeTa npeABHA KOHCYMaUHRT8.
nonHoTo BOAHO HHBO B HanopHlUI pesepBoap (T. A ) AaB a
CMrHan sa nYCKaHe Ha nOMneHJlH arperaT. 3a BPCMC
ce ,nOCTHra rBH (T. 5 ) H arperaT11T ce cnHpa. BCHt.[KH
yqaC'l''bUH B AeHCTBHTenHOCT He ca npaBH IIHHHH, no Ka
TO ce nreae6perHe KOHCYMaUHSITa. MoraT Aa O'bART npHe
TM 33. npl1BH. CneA,.BPeMe t2 B T. 8 pegepBOap'bT ce H9
npassa AU nBH M nOMneHHHT arperaT lIle ce BKlIroqH OTHO
130. BpeMeTo T. =t .,. t ce HapHqa n'blIeH UHK'bll. OT TO
f 2
PH m_
3M MOMeHT HaTaT'bK MOlKe Aa HMa .nBa crryqaH. AKO nBH B
HanOpHMSI. pesepBoap C'bBnaAHe C MaKcHMarrH8TB qaCOBa KOH
ToraBa sa HSBeCTHO BpeMe t" JT T. E, AO 71<"
KOHCYMaTopHTe lIle 6'bABT HesBAoBoneHH. HHBOTO lIle cnaA-
Hmt 6 r
rBH A A A
ema
l
brx ____... 0 1 1/ ..... \J U
"1Qcal)e
Ha Kone6aHHSlTa Ha BOAHOTO HMBO B Ha
nOpHHSI. pesepBoap
- AonHO BOAHO HMBO; rSH - ropHO BOAHO HHBOj 74 -
UHKlIH sa n'bllHeHe H npaSReHe Ha pesepBoapa
He AO nOlKapHHSI. pegeps H qaK clleA speMe (cneA Ka
TO S'bpXOBaTa KOHCYMaUHSI.) lIle SanOqHe Da ce O'blI
HH pesepBOap'bT. Tosa lIle e UHK'bn'bT Aa ce Hs6er
He'T09H MOMeHT, nBH MOlKe Aa 6'bAe nOBAHrHaTO Harope,
HO aT Toea cneABa, qe OPOSl.T Ha sKlIrotlSaHHHTa Ha
raTenHTe sa AeHOHOIllHe lIle ce YBelIHqH.
AKo MOMeHT'bT nBH lie C'bBnaAHe c MaKCHMalIHaTa qaCOBa ,
lIle onHme .
OcHoaeHHeAOCTaT'bK OPH ynpaaneHMeTO OT HHBO B Ha
nOpHHg BOAoeM e, qe BpeMeTPaeHeTO Ha lIle 6'b
Ae paSnHqHO H lIle saBHCH 0'1' qaCOBaTa KOHCYMaUHSI..
ABTdMaTHSHpaHO ynpaBneHHe Ha nOMoeHa CTaHUHH OT
HHBOM BpeMe. e t Ha eneK
CHCTeMa ce onHCBa C AeHOHOllleH TO
BapeH nOAo6eH Ha QaCOBMH Ha KOHCYMa
BOAOCHa6AHsaHeTO.
DeHoHo_HaTa TosapHa AMarpaMa ce xapaKTepHsHpa c
ABa B'bp.xa - CYTpemeH H Beqej)eH. H c ABa MMHHMYMa -
AHeBeH H Ho_eH. B saBHCHMOCT OT ceSOHHTe B'bpXOBeTe
HMaT paSnHqHO BpeMeTpaeHe - MelKAY 3 H 5 qaca Ha AeHO
HO_He. CrTPemHMHT MaKCHMYM e B 9 qaca, a BeQepHHSl.T
B 20 Qaca. HOIllHaTa 90Ha,sa BCHqKH MeceUH Ha
e 8 h - OT 22 po 6 qaca; a - 0'1' 6 qsci CYT
pHHTa AO 22 qaca BeqepTa, 6es qaCOaeTe Ha B'bpXOBaTa
SORa.
275
274
r
ETO samo KonKOTO nOMneHHTe CTaHUMH nO-Man
KO B'hB MOMeHTH 11 noseqe B HOmHHTe MHHHMYMIi.
TOITKOBa M nO-ManKO me ce sannama sa
eneKTpHGeCKa
b,rUiH OT RatllU!Wre sa aBTOMa'rH3hpaHO ynpaBl1eHHe Ha
nOMneHHTe CTaHI..VH! nOSBOlHIS:l Ha H'bllHeHe H npas-.
HeHe !fa pesepsoap ,c,a npoJ.t'hIT)I<H 24 h H npe
CTOHT Ha nOMnHTe na C'hBna,l:\HC no BpeMe C B'hPXOBOTO Ha
TosapBaHe aa eHeprlrliHaTa Cl1CTeMa. ITPH TOBa ce nonYtla
Ba e$eKT no oTHorueHHeKaKTO Ha eHcprHfiHaTa CHCTeMa,
TaKa ..M Ha BO,l:\OCHa6,1:\MTeITHOTO npe,lJ,npIHITHe. I1s t UlcneHHHTa
nOKaSBaT, tie npM TOSH HatlMH Ha ce nony
qaBa HKOHOMHK OT 12 %.
C'hmHOCTTa HB TOSH Ma'um sa ynpaBlleftHe ce C'hCTOIi B
TOBa, tie nOMnHTe BMeCTO OT e,l:\Ha ce ynpaSITKSaT OT
TPH ,l:\80RKH HHBocHrHanesaTopH sa rapHO-,I:\OITMO SO,lJ,HO HIi
BO B HanopHHH pesepBoap. OCHoBHa M3XO,lJ,Ha
KOSlTO HSKITlOtlBa OT yseITHtlaBaHe Ha MOm"';
HOCTTa Ha nOMnHTe, e $aXTbT, qe npM ynpaBrreHHeTO ca
MO OT ,lJ,EoRKa HHBOCHrHannSa'I'(PM nOMTIHTe npeCTOK
BaT no HHKOITKO tlaea B npaKTIi
qeCKH KOHCYMaUHHTB ce nOKpMBa B saBHCMMOCT OT
HHK He npM 24-QaCOBB. a npH 18 - 12 qaCOBa pa
GOTa Ha nOMnHTe. Toraaa B'hnpOC'hT ce npHHY
MSMeCTBaHe Ha H 6es 1'OBa CbmecTBYBamMTe npe
CTOH B tlaCOBe Ha HBTOBapsaHe HR. eHeprHRHaTa
CHCTeMa. HatlHH'hT), no KoRTO ce H3B'bPWSB TOBa, e HlIIOC
THPaH rpa$Hquo ua $Hr.4.8. H TYX sa npOCTOTU rpa$H
K'hT ua MSMeHeHHe ua HHBO B HanopHHH pesep
soap e HspaseH YClIOBHO C npaBM IHlHMH C'hll{eCTBeHOTO
B CITYtlaR e, qe npes BpeMeTO OT 22 qaca HaqanOTO
Ha CYTpeWHHK BP'hX Ha eHepruHHaTa CHCTeMa (8 qaca)
nOMnHTe ce ynpaBITHaaT OT HaR-BucoKaTa HHBOCHr-
HanHsaTopH (3 r8H H JA 8 H ). B 8 qadi ynpaBne-
Hm
3rBH
2rBH 7A8H IJ
1,A8H
lrBH

i. 8 12 16 il it. i. 8 12 1'6 20]4 T,'1ocoee
<l>Hr.4.8
276
RHeTO ce npeSKJIlOqBa K'bM Cpe,t1HaTa ,lJ,SOHKa RUBOCHf'HanHSa,
TOPH (2 r 8 H H 2A 8 H ). B HaqanOTO Ha BeqepHHK BP'hX yn
paBneHHeTO ce npeBKnrotlBa K'hM HaR-HHCKaTa ,lJ,BOHKa HHBO
(1 f8H H fA 8 H ). KOTaTB HB 1ABH TpKOBa
Ha H3BeCTHO pa3CTORHYIe
HHR pesepB.
KaK me npOTI1t1a H3MeHeHHeTO ua BOAROTO HHBO B pesep
Eoapa, e HCHO rpa$HK. B TOtlKHTe C HetleTeH HO
Mep (6es T. 1 ) nOMnHTe me ce BKITWqBaT, a a TOqKHTe c
qeTeH HOMep me ce H3KrrroqBBT.
I
BXnWtlBaHeTO H H3KnIOtlaaHeTO .e CTaBa aHRarU OT CHr
Han, OT HUBOCHrHarrH3aTOp. Ha np'bB norrre,lJ, HS
qe B T . 9 HanpHMep. 6e3,lJ,a e ,lJ,OCTHrHaTO 1,48H, I
ce HSB'bpruaa SKITlOqBaHe. B 1'O:3H MOMeHT ooaqe TapH$HHSlT
tlaCOBHHK HMnYJIC sa npeBKrrlOqBaHe Ha ynpaBneHHe
TO K'bM ,lJ,BOHKaTa HHBOCHrHaITHSaTOpH J rBI-l - JABH.HHBOTO ce
OKaSBB .3 fa H H TOSH HH130CHrHanHSBTOp BKITlOqBa nOM
nHTe. ITo C'bmHg HatlHH ce OOHCHHBa H HSKITlOqaaHeTO B
T. H 48 .
OT rpa$HKa ce SHlK,lJ,a, TIe rOIIHMa qaCT OT H3KITlOqSaHHH'
Ta no BpeMe C'bBna,lJ,aT C B'hpXOBeTe Ha eaeprHHHaTa CUCTe
Ma, KoeTO e H uerrTa fla TOSH HaqMH Ha ynpaBrreHHe.nO
CTHra ce H e$eKT - MaKCHMaITHa paooTa npes HOmHH
Te qacose, KoeTO npaSH TOBa ynpaBIIeHHe
H npH sanrramaHe Ha erreKTpoeHeprHnTa.Ko
raTO nOMneHaTa CTaHUHH e C HHKOITKO arperaTa H KOHCY
MaUHKTa e cpaBHHTenHO H He COMpaHe fla
BCHqKH nOMnH, B'h3MOlKHO e qaCT aT nOMnHTe pa60THT .
a ,lJ,pyraTB qaCT Aa ce ynpaSITHSa no onH
caHHH HaqHH.
CxeMaTa nOSBonHBa CHCTeMaTa ce caMOHaralK,lJ,a cnpg
MO KoraTo KOHcYMaUHflTa ce ysenHqH TOIT
KOBa MHoro, tie sa na fI nOKpHBaT ,lJ,a pa
60TgT RHBOTO me ce B rpaHHUH
Te ",;SH- f rl3 H . Tosa npeMaxBa cnHpaHHSlTa. mOM 06aqe
KOHCYMa4HHTa HaMalIee ManKO, cnHpaHHKTa CTaBaT OTHOBO
B'bB tl8COSe Ha eHepruRHaTa CHCTeMa.
B KOHTO nOMnHTe sanOqaaT pa60nlT Henpe
K'bCH8TO, nOK8SBa, tie e ,lJ,OCTHrHaT opasMepHTeITHHSiT
OHT H qe TpSOBa ce HSrp8lK,lJ,BT BO,lJ,OHS
TOqflHUH. HHKonKO n'hTH B TapH$HHHT tlaCOBHHK,
ynpaBrrHBam cxeMaT8, TpH6Ba ce npeHaCTpoRBa B C'hOT
BeTCTSHe C HOBHTe HatlaITHH qaCOse H RoaaTa
TelIHOCT fla TaPH$HHTe SOHH, OT eHepreTHKa.
277
T---
4.4.6. Y n p a B n e H H e
Haw H e K 0 B H nOM n e H H C T a HUH H
Ha WHeKOBHTe nOMneHH CTaHUMH ce
paSnHqaSa OT TaSH Ha OOHKHoseHHTe nOMneHH CTaHUHH.
WHeKOBeTe HMa cnOMaraTenHa MacneHa nOMna. TR
HarHeTRBa CMaSOqHa CMec B onopHHH narep,
KOHTO nemH ETO 3amo e TaSH
nOMna nYCHBTa OCHOBHHR npH
nOBpena Ha MacneHaTa I10Mna TpH6sa aBTOMaTHq
HO cnpe.

Ha nOMneHH CTaHUHH
B MOMeHTa HaH-pasnpOCTpaHeHH ca cxeMHTe 3a aBTOMa
THSBUHH C peneH.HH elleMeHTH. Te ce OTllHqaSaT C Har
nenHOCT H npOCTOTa. CHrYPHH ca H He H3HCKBBT SHCOKO
KBallHlPHUHpaH nepi;oHaIl.
nHeBMaTHqHHTe H cxeMH sa ynpaSneHHe
H HSMepsaHe ce npHnaraT samOTO ca He06xo
cnOMaraTenHH KOHTO B nOBeqeTO
cIlyqaH pa60THT BSPHBO- H nomapoonacHH ooeKTH.
5YPHOTO pasBHTHe Ha eneKTpOHHKaTa
BaHe Ha cxeMH sa aBToMaTHsaUHH C eneMeHTH
(TpaH9HCTopH) H C HHTerpallHH cxeMH.
cTpaHH (CCCP, YHP, $paHUHH, $pr) npoeKTHpaT UH
naTa aSTOMaTHKa c nonynpOBollHHKOSH npHOopH. EneKTpo
HHKaTa ce OKasa MHoro CHrYPHB H eBTHHB. rOllHMO HeH
HO e ManoraoapHTHocTTB npH MHoro rOllHM
ooeM Ha HHlPOpMaUHH. fiynToBeTe sa KOHTpon H
CTasaT MallKH H
BHcw B paSBHTHeTO Ha aBTOMaTHKaTa e
HeTO Ha CHCTeMH. 4pes THX ce.C$SAaBaT aB
TOMaTHqHH cHcTeMH, KOHTO HsoHpaT onTHManHO peweHHe
OT nonyqeHHTe HHlPOpMaU11.0HHl1. AaHHM. KaTo He
Mome ce nOCOqH He06xonHMocTTa OT BMCOKO
KBallHlPHUHpaHH cneUHaiIHCTH sa
3a na ce aBTOMaTHsaUHHTa Ha nOMneHHTe ar
peraTH, e H9MepBaHeTO Ha HHKOH napaMeT
PH (HHBO. AeOHT, Hanop, TeMnepaTypa H
UHllaTa HHlPopMaUHH Mome npeAaBaHa mHqHO
(KaoenHO HllH KaKTO H 6eSmHqHO.
fipl1.llara ce T.Hap. ynpaslleHHe Ha nOMnMTe
sa HHBOTO B pesepBoap ce npe
HaCH xHApaBnHqHO. Ha Hanopa ce
Ba qpes eneKTpOKOHTaKTeH npH Ha
HanopHHH BOAoeM ce saTsaps BllHBHaTa qpes nny



saK-BeRTHn H nOBHweHHHT Hanop B HanOpHl1.H
M3t<:nroqaa nOMneHH9. arperaT. BKnroqBaHe'l'O CTasa npH cna
naRe Ha Hanapa. 3a_na ce TOBa, Heo6xoAMMa
e MemAY BnHBHaTa H xpaHHTenRaTa Ha pe
sepsoapa, H TO,Ha MHoro nO-RHCKa KOTa, TaKa qe
nonyqH ronaMa pa9llMKa MemAY ropHOTO H AonHoTo
HHSO, KORTO Aa e MHoro no-rOllHMa OT rpewK8Ta Ha MaHO
BeHKa CHCTeMa ce l1.SqHCllHBa C KOHKpeTHHTe sa
cnyqag AaHHH. ETO samc npH npallaraHeTO TPHOSB
ce BHHMaTenHO.
B cxeMMTe 3a aBToMaTHsaUHH Ha nOMneHHTe CTaHQHH
ronHMO pasHo06pa9He B saBHcHMoCT OT OPOH
Ha nOMneHHTe arperaTH, RatmHa Ha nYCKaHe (npl1. oTBopeH
H saTBopeH TeXHOnOrHqRHTe eneKTpMqeC
KOTO 9axpaRBaHe. HaqHRMTe Ha eneMeHTHTe. OT
KOHTO e cxeMaTa, H
Ha 4.9 e nOKa9aHa 6nOKOBa cxeMa aa aBTOM8TMKa
Ha HaH-pa3npocTpaHeHHH cnyqaH nOMneHa cTaHUHH. B KOH
TO HMa enMH paOOTeH H enHH pesepBeH arperaT 11. Te ca
eCTeCTBeHO saneTH.
KaTo Ha cnyqaH e Ha nYCKaHe
Ha arperaTHTe npH OTBopeH HnM SBTBopeH KpaH Ha Hanop
HHH
tYK cnyqaH (lPHr.4.10).Yn
paBnetiHeTO ce mHqRO no HHBO B RanOpHH$! H
qepnaTenHHR pesepaoap. ca samHTH OT
THrHaT Hanop qpe9 eneKTpOKOHTat<:THH MaHOMeTpH (1'Kff--.l
2 fH ), TepMHqHH Ha ( 1 TJ , 2 T3),
npH aBapHHHo HHBO (A H) 11. aBTOMaTHqHO CMeRHHe
Ha'vabOTeH C pesepseH arperaT npH BceKH (3a na
ce ocpeAHHT paooTHHTe HM qaCOBe H sa HM 1'0
TOBHoCTJ, KoeTO CTaBa qpe9 eneKTpOHeH Knroq (EK).
KnroqOBeTe (K P H 21< P H36HpaT pemHMa 3a BeeKH arperaT
HnH aBTOMaTHqHO.
arperaT ce BKnroqBa OT aBapHHHo HHBO B
Hal10phHSI pesepBoap -KoeTO e ManKO nO-HHcKO OT HHBOTO
"nYCK" (A8H) sa paOOTHHH arperaT. npH BceKH
eneKTpOHHHgT KOMYTaTOp paSMeHH nYCKOBHTe HHBa Ha ar
peraTMTe; sa TL4f nOMneR arperaT
1nA ce nYCHe OT HHBO nYCK (ASH), a BTOPHHT
neH arperaT 2 nA - OT aBapHHHoTO HHBO. 3a BpeMe
e o6paTHo. no TOSI1 naqHH pa60,THMTe qaCOBe Ha 110MneHH
Te arperaTH me ce Ha
cxeMaTa e, qe MOMeHTH, KoraTO HHBOTO
aBaPHHHoTO, aBTOMaTHqHO ce BKnroqaaT H nBe
Te 110MnH, T.e. HSOHrBa ce Ha sa KOH
CYMaTOpHTe.
.lleHc.TBHeTo Ha cxeMaTa npl1. aBTOMaTHqeH pemHM e
ROTO.
279
278
'\
nOMneHO cmoHu,UA
$Hr.4.9. IinOKoaa cxeMa Ha aaTOMaTHSHpaHe Ha nOMneHa CTaHUH5I
-r: 0 Tu6no tn.'" 2nA - nOMne-
TA - Ta6no 8BTOMaTHKa: leA - CMllHOTOKOB "',
KA K - KneMen
eneKTpOKOHTaKTHH MaHOMeTpH;
lUi arperUTH; ,1Mk,2MI<
Ha KYTHH

I
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Tp
__
$Hr.4.10. EneKTpHQeCKa cxeM8 sa nYCK8He Ha nOMneHHTe arper8TM npH OTsopeH CITHpaTeneH
KpaH Ha
K - KITIOq sa SKJIlOqSaHe; np - Tp - nOHMlKasaru. TpaHcijloPMaTop; Kl, k2 - KOH-
TaKTopM; PB1. PBZ - pene sa speMe; 1T3, 2T3 TepMMtIHM SalltHTH; EC. En. - 6YTOHM, CbOT
aeTHO tl cTon", "nycK" 11 I<ci) - KlIlOt:{ sa pelKHMa"pbQHO-aBTOMaTl1tIHO"; AP,AA
CHrHanHI1 lIaMrrH, CbOTBeTHO "paf>oTM" H "aSapHjI", 'kM. 2/(M - eneKTpOKOHTaKTHH MaHOMeTpH;
P, PA - nOMolltHH peneTa; C - cHpeHa; EK - eneKTpoHeH KOMYTaTOp; He - HHSOCHrHanHSU
TOPI1
,
I
BH HOMneR arpera'! InA /a 4pe3 KOHTaKTa Ha nYCKOBH5I
aBTOMaT KI eneKTpOHHHHT Knro4 ce B
II H ce nOAaBa CHrRan 3a nYCK&He aa BTopHa arperaT.
B BpeMe ce carRanH3Hpa 3a aBapHHTa H 4pe3 KOH
TaKTHO pene (PA 3BYKOBO.
B cnY4aHTe, KoraTO He ce 13K::trot ut arperaT IflA
nopaAH APyrH npH4HHH (H3ropeDH npennaSHTenH HnH 505H
HH), HHBOTO B HanopHHH aOAOeM Aa cnaAa H
KoraTO CTHrHe aBapHAHoTO HHBO, ce aKnroqBa BTopHaT
nOMneH arperaT 2 nA .
B nonOlKeHHe pelKHM" H cnHpaHeTO ce
_ 0'1' qOBeK,HO samHTHTe aHHarH Y4acTByaaT.
5YToHHTe "nYCK" H "cron" ce MOHTHpaT H
aa MRCTO AD nOMneHHTe arperaTH. KaTO Ta6nOTO MO
lKe Aa e pa3nonOlKeHO B APyro CTAenHO
4.6. nHcnelIepH3aUHR Ha BOAocHaGAHTeDHHTe
H KBHanH3a11.HOHHHTe nOMneHH CTaH11.HH H
paGoTaTa Ha BOAOCtla6AHTenHHTe H KaHanH3a
11.HOHHHTe CHCTeMH B paMKHTe aa roneMH TepHTopHH
Aa c.e onTHMmmpa 'fpe 3 AHCneqeplt3a11.mr:.
C nOMOmTa aa eneKTpoaHKaTa B CTpaHH KaTO CCCP,YHP,
$pr. CAm HAP. ea C'b3AaAeHH CTpoAHH CHCTCMH OT Ha
50PHH 6nOKOBe, 'fpe3 KOHTO ce pemasaT anropHT
MH Ha AHcnelIepCKH CHCTeMH. TaKHS3 CHCTeMH ca B
HHe Aa npHeMaT rorrflMa Hacl>opMa11.Hil H Aa BseMaT onTHMarr
aH pemeaHR sa KpaTKO BpeMe. B'bpxy neHTa YCT
POACTBO 3anHCBa rOAHH8TB, AaTaTa, lIaca H MHHYTaTa.
KaKTO H BseToTO peweHHe cneA nonyqeHaTa HHcI>oPMa11.Hfl.
B HflKOH 0'1' CJIyqaHTe ce npHnara npOMHmrreHa TeneSH
3HR, Ha KORTO Aa ce Ha5nroAaaa HCKaHHflT oGeKT.
BCH'fKH TeSH CHCTeMH paSYMao Aa
ce HSnOJI3YBaT H HKOHOMHqeCKH Aa ce oGocHOBaT. .
3a peanHSHpaHCTO Ha TaKHBa CHCTeMH ca Heo6xo,o.HMH
peAH11.a ycnoBHfl:
1) rOJIflMa H cnOlKHa BOAocHaGAHTeJIHa HJIH KaHaJIH3a11.HOa
Ha cHcTeMa, paSnOJIOlKeHB aa oGillHpHa TepHTopHfl;
2) HaITH'fHe aa aSTOMaTHqHH nOMneHH CTBH11.HH;
3) HanHlIHe aa HaAelKAHH ,o.aTQH11.M sa H3MepaaHe Ha napa
MeTpHTC Ha CHCTeMaTR (HHBO, AeGHT, Hanop, Ha
H np.):
4) CHCTeMH 0'1' HOtiOHSTOQHH11.H, qpes KOHTO Moze AB ce
H3MHil fllJOH3soAHTenHocTTa, KaTO B3aHMl{O ca'
HnH 3<lMeHaT;
5) MF.oro H3MepsaHH napaMeTpH. no KOHTO Tp}toBa na ce
B3eMBT OTITHManHH"peWeaHa;
6) nOKU3aHa HKOHOMH4eCKa H3roAa 0'1' C'b3AaBaHeTO aa
nHCneQCpCKa CHCTeMa.
ABToMaTH3a11.HHTa npH C'bSpeMeHaOTO HHBO Ha TeXHHKaTa
e a cTpysamaTa AHCneQepHSa11.Ha MO
)he Aa 5b,ciC npHnaraHa caMO npH AOKasaHH
282
,
IT H T EPA T Y P A
1. A 6 paM 0 a, H. H. BOAOCHaOlKeHHe. M., CTpoAH3AaT,
1974.
2. A pille H e ,B C K H H, H. H., 5. E. n 0 C n e
n 0 a. nepexoAHhle np011.eCChl KpynHhlx HacocahlX CTaH-
11.HM. M., 3HeprHfl. 1980.
3. E e n a H, A. E., n. n. X 0 p Y H H.;npoeKTHpo
BaHHe H paCqeT YCTpoAcTB BOAocHu6lKeHHR. KHeB, Ey
AiBellbHHK, 1981.
4. B a C H neB, C. K HAP. XHAPaBfiHKa Ha XHAPOTeXHH
qeCKHTe C., TexHHKa, 1976.
5. Ben e a, n. MenHopaTHBHH nOMneHH CTaH11.HH. C.,
TexHHKa. 1967.
6. B p 5 a HOB, n. KaHanH3a11.Ha. C., TexHHKa,1974.
7. 3 any 11. K H H, 3. B., A. H. neT pyx H o. Ha
COCHble CTaH11.HH. KYPcOBoe npoeKTHpoaaHHe. KHeB ,Bi1
wKona. 1987.
8. K a M e H e a, n. H. rHAPoeneaaTophl H
CTPYHHble annapaThl. M., MawcTPoAH3AaT, 1950.
9. K a p c e B. E. B. HaCOChl H HaCOCHhle CTaH11.HH.
MHHCK, BblweblWafl WKona, 1979.
10.K ape n H a, B. 51., P. A. !-IoBoAepelKKHH.
HacDcHble CTaa11.HH c HacocaMH. M.
CTpoHH3naT. 1983.
11.K Q lK H H 0 a, B. $. Tpy6onpoaoAhl npH nepeCeqeHHH
BOAHhlX nOTOKOB H Ha noaopOTax Tpacc. M., H3Aa
TeJIbCTSO MHHHcTepcTaB KOMMYHanbHoro X03HACTsa
PC$CP, 1951.
12. K 0 T 0 s, IT. MenHopaTHBHH nOMneHH CTaH11.HH. C.,
TexHHKa, 1987.
13.K 0 T 0 B, IT. 3a H npoeKTH
paHe Ha MenHopaTHBHH nOMneHH CTaH11.}lH. C., TexHHKa,
1972.
14.K y p r a H 0 a, A. H. e A 0 P 0 B. Cnpa
BO'lHHK 1,0 ,'HApalWH4eCKHM paC'IeTaM CHCTeM BOAOCHa6
H KaHafiH3a11.HH. CTpoHH3AaT, 1978.
1s.n hi COB, K. H." K. T. l' p H r 0 P b e B. Hacochl
H HaCOCHwe CTaH11.HH. M., Konoe, 1977.
16.M a A lK a p 0 B, X P H e T 0
BO 3a onpeAenRHB Ha xHApaBnHqHHH YAap B HanopHHTe
Tpb6onpOEoAH aa nOMneHH CTaHQHH. C., TeXHHKa,1965.
0 C K a H '1' H H, A. C. 06opYAoaaHHe BOAonpOBOA
HO-KaHanl!3al{HOHHhIX COOPYlKeHHH. M., CTpoAH3AaT, 1979.
18.MoWHH M,n. <Il., E. T. T HMO iP e e B a. YKa3a
HilR no 3::tUU1Te BOnOBOAOB 0'1' f'RnpaBJIn'feCKOrO YAapa.
M., BOnrEO, 1961.
283
19. Hop M H 3a npoeKTMpaHe Ha BonocHa6nHTenHH CHC
TeMH- B w neT H H 3a CTponTenCTBO n apXHTeK
TYP a , 1 98 7 , 1 n 2.
20. neT P 0 a, n., M. C naB 0 a. PaGoTa Ha QeH
'TpoGelKHa nor-ma HS BOnOCHafinwrenHa exeMa e KOHTpa
pe3epBoap. - X HAP 0 T e x H H K a H MerrHopa
u,nH, 1965 , R' 9.
21. IT e T P 0 a, n., n. HrHsToB. BonocHaGnHBaHe. C.,
. TexHlcu<a, 1977.
22. P hl q 8. r 0 B
7
B., A. A. T peT b g K 0 B, M. M.
n 0 p H H e K n H. npoeKTHpOBaHHe HaCOCHblX CTaH
u,mi H HcnblT8HHe HacoeHblX YCTaHOBOK. M KOHoe,
.. 1971.
23. C naB 0 B, M., P. A p coat E. K 0 C T a K e
B a. nOMnH H nOMneHH CTaHlum. C., TexHHKa, 1982.
24. C naB 0 a, M., P. A p COB. E. K 0 C T 8 K e-
B a. H nOMneHH cTaHu,HH. P'bKOaOnCTBO 38 ynpalK
HeHHg. C., neqaTHa 6a38 aa 1981.
25. C IT aBO B/M., n.H r HaT 0 B TeXHHKO-CTonaH
CKO cp8BHeHHe Ha OCCMH C npexop;eH Ii KOHTpapesepBoap
npH nOMneHO T e x a H q e C K a
MnC'bIT, 1971, 4.
26. C n p aBO q H H K npoeKTHpOBmHK8. Bop;OCHa6lKe
HHe HBceneHHblX MeCT H npOMbllllneHHhlX npep;nPHSlTmi.
M., CTPOHH3A8T, 1977.
27. C T 8 H q e B, C. XHAP8aITHKa, C., TexHHKa, 1970.
28. T Y P K, B. H. Hacochl H HBCOCHhle CTBHU,HH. M.,
rOCCTPoHH3naT, 1961.
29. T Y P K, B. H., A. B. M H H a e a, B. K ape
n H H. Hacochl H HaCOCHhle cTaHu,HH. M., CTpoHH9naT,
1976.
30. mer n 0 a, K. A. HacocHhle CTaHQHH nepeKaq
BOA H ocaAKOB. M., HSnaTenbCTBO MH
HHCTepCTBa KOMMYHaITbHOrO X03gHCTaa PCCP, 1957.
31. II 0 q e B. ll. HAP. XHp;paBITHqHM H3qHcneHHH Ha BO
AOCHa6nHTeITHH H KaHaITH3aUHOHHH CHCTeMR. C., Tex
HHKa, 1977.
32. PIa s k 0 w s k i.Z., M. Rom a n. Konstrukcie
budowane pompowni sciekow. Warszawa. Arkady.1968.
33. S 't epa n 0 f f A. Pompe s centrifuges et pompes
helices. Paris, nUNan, 1961.
34. B i s C h 0 f,W. Stadtentwasserung. Stuttgart,B.
G. Teubner, 1976.
,
C b n b P A H H E
npe)J.rOBop ..............................
1. ...................................
HCTOpnqeCKH nperne,lJ, ....
1.2 "KnacHq,HKau,HH Ha nOMnHTe ........
1 .. 3 UeHTpo6elKHH rrOMnH .... '" '" '" '" ........... '" '" .... '" '" '" '" .. '" '" .. '" ... '"
1.3.1. H npHHu,Hn Ha neAcTBHe ....
1.3.2. BHnoBe QeHTpoGelKHH nOMnH .....
1.3.3. Ha BOnaTa B
nOMna", '" '" .. '" '" '" .... ",. .. '" '" '" ....... '" .. 11 .... '" '" '" '" ....... '" '"
1.3.4. OcaoBHo ypaBHeHHe Ha nOM-
IIa. '" .. '" ....... '" '" .......... .. '" .. '" ..... '" '" .. '" ... '" ........... '" '" '"
1.3.5. BHnOBe nonaTKH Ha pa6oTHoTO Koneno Ha
neHTpo6elKHa nOMna ..... '" ,. ....... '" ..... '" '" .. '" .. '" ...... ..
1.3.6. TeOpeTHQeH p;e5nT Ha QeHTpoGelKHa nOMna.
1.3.7. CMYKaTenHa BHCOQHHa aa u,eHTpo6elKHa
nOMna. '" ....... '" '" .. '" .......... '" ",.", '" .... '" .... '" ... '" '" .... '" . '" ...
1'" 3.. 8.. KaBHTaUHSI .... '" .. '" '" ;,. '" '" .... '" '" '" .. '" '" '" .. '" '" 11 '"
1.3.9. Hanop Ha nOMna ...
1.3.10.06m Hanop aa nOMna
1.3.11.Koeq,HQHeHT Ha none3HO p;eAcTBHe H MOm-
HOCT aa u,eHTpo6elKHa nOMna ....
1.3.12.XapaKTepHcTHKH Ha neHTpo6elKHanoMna ...
1.3.13.XapaKTepHcTHKa Ha Tp'b6onpoaon ...
1.3.14.Pa6oTea pelKHM aa u,eHTp06elKHa nOMna ...
1.3.15.PerynHpaHe npOH3BO,lJ,HTenHOCTTa Ha qeH
. Tpo6 eEHa nOMna ....................................... ..
1.3.16.C'bBMecTHa paGoTa Ha napanerrHO CB'bp3aHH
"eHTpo6e1KHH nOMllH III __ ................. .
i.3.17.C'bBMecTHa paooTa Ha nocnep;OBaTenHO
CB'bp3aHH qeHTpo6elKHH nOMnH
1.3.18.Pa6oTa Ha u,eHTpo6elKHa nOMna npH cxeMa
C p;sa npexonHH pesepBoapa .....
1.3.19.Pa6oTa aa OT,IJ,errHO u,eHTpo-
nOMnH npH cxeMa C HHKOITKO npeXOnHH
sepBoapa ....................................... .
1.3.20. PaGoTa aa u,eHTpo6elKHa nOMna npH BOnO
Caa6,1J,HTenHa cxeMa C KOHTpape3epBoap ..
1.3.21.Pa6oTa Ha u,eHTpoGelKaa nOMna npH nOA
H30SHpHa nOMneHa ..
1.3.22.Pa60Ta Ha qeHTpo6elKHa nOMna npH XHnpo
q,opHa ypen6a .................................. .
1.3.23.3anHBaHe Ha nOMna ...
1.3.24.KaHanH3aQHoHHH QeHTpoGelKHH nOMnH '..
<II
3
4
4
7
8
8
10
13
18.
22
24
25
29
34
37
41

.,9
72'"
78'
8U

84
88 {tz..
93l
9H
13
10 ..
102
284 285
1
I
p 4 q
1.3.2S.MoHTalK H o6cnYlKBaHe Ha ueHTpo6elKHH nOM
w ... ... ............ ..... ....... ........ 104
---t.3.26.ilpeAHMcTBa H Ha ueHTpo6elK
HlITe nOMnH", '" '" '" '" .. '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" 111
1 4.. ilponenepHH nOMnH ...................... 112
1 .4.1 .YCTpOHCTBO M npMHUHIl Ha AeHcTsMe . 112
1;4.2. Hanop M AeoHT Ha nponenepHa nOMna .. 113
1.4.3. XapaKTepHcTMKH Ha nponenepHa nOMna .. 115
1.S.EYTanHM nOMnH. '" '" '" to '" '" "' .. "' '" "'. '" '" "'. '" '" "'. '" "'. "' '" '" 117
1.5.1. YCTpoAcTSO H npHHUHn HS AeAcTBHe ... 117
1.5.2. XapaKTepMcTMKa Ha 6YTanHa nOMna . 120
1;5.3. fIpenHMcTB8 H Ha 6YTanHHTe
nOMnH ill '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" ... '" .. '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" ..... '" '" '"
1.6.BbsnywHM BOnonOneMHMUM (epnH$TH) ....
YCTpoAcTBO H Ha neAcTBHe ..
1.6.2. XapaKTepHcTliKH Ha epnM$Ta .
1.6.3. ilpenHMcTsB H HenOCTBTbUH Ha epnM$TMTe.
1.7.BonocTpyHHH nOMnM ...
1.7.1. YCTPoAcTBO H npHHUHn aa AeAcTBHe ....
1.7.2. ilpenHMcTBB H HenOCTaTbUH Ha XHnpoene-
BaTopHrre .... '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '"
1 '" 8 '" llIHel(OBH naMnH", '" '" '" '" '" '" '" ... '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" .. '" '" '" '" '" '" '"
1.9. npyrH BHnOBe nOMnH ...
1.9.1. ilnYHlKepHH nOMnM ....
1.9.2. nHa$parMeHM nOMnH ...
1 .9.3. nOMnH .....................
2. BonOcHaOnMTenHH nOMneHH CTaHUHM ........
2.1.BHnoBe BOnOcHa6AHTenHM nOMneHH CTaHUHH .
2.2.BoAocHaonHTenHH nOMneHu CTaHUHH sa nbpBH no
neM", '" '" '" ...... '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" ... " " ........ " ".....
2.3.BonocHa6nHTenHH nOMneHH CTaHUHM sa STOPH no-
nel\1 .......... " .................. ,. ...... ".................... "......... ..
2.4.0npenenHHe Ha npOTHBonOlKapHHH pe3epS ....
r-2.5.Hsoop Ha paOOTHH H pesepBHH nOMneHH arperaTH.
',2.6. TexHolIonl'mo npoeKTHpaHe Ha sOAocHaf5,o:HTenHa
nOMoeH8 CTaHUHSI ..................... ". II' " .. " ........ " .. " .. ..
2.6.1. MawHHHa sana ......
1'''2.6.2. CMYKaTerreH Tpb6onposon ; ...
21 I 2.6.3. HanopeH Tp'boonpoBoA B nOMneHaTa CTBH'
\. ql1H ............ " .................. ,. .... " ..................... "
I ,f, 2'.6.4. CnoMaraTenHH nOMem;eHH.SI ..
",2.6.5. XlIopaTopHocTonaHcTBo ...
2.6.6. OCBeTneHHe. OTonneHHe H BeHTHnaUH.SI Ha
nOMneHaTa CTaHUHH .. 168
2.6.7. BOAocHaoAHBaHe H KaHanH3aUH.SI Ha nOMne-
HaTa CTaHUHSi." ..... " ..................... " .......... ..
2.6.8. KOHCTPYKTHBHH oco6eHOCTH Ha crpanUTa
Ha nOMneHaTa CTaHUHSI ............................... " ..
286
121
122
122
127
127
128
128
131
132
134
134
135
135 ...
137
137
139
141
146
148
151
152
154
162
163
164
169
170
t Z.7.HanopeH TPb6onpoBoA HSBbH nOMneHaTa CTaHUH.SI .. 171
2.7.1. HSHcKsaHHH HanoPHHTe TPboonpoBonH. 171
2.7.2. XHnpaBIIKGHO opaSMep.SIBaHe Ha BbHWHHTe
HanopOM TPb6onpoBoAH . : ... 171
2.7.3. YKpensaHe C anopHH 6IIoKoBe .... 177
2.8.XHApaSIIH'lJeH YAap B cHcTeMuTa nOMna-HanopeH
TPboonpOBOn. " . . . . . . . . . . 181 181
2.8.1. 06m;I1 CEe'l;el!Hf! sa XHApaBIIH'lJHlHI Ynap ..
2.8.2. XHnpaBnH'lJeH ynap DPH BHesunHO 185
BaHe Ha nOMneHHTe arperaTH ...........
2.R.3. 3amHTa Ha HanOpHH.SI TPb6onpoBOn 01' Bb3
neHCTBH.SITa Ha xUnpaSnH'lJHHf! Ynap ....... 185
2.9. ilpHMepH 3a BOnocHa6nHTelIHM nOMneHH CTaH
11.l:1li ..... " ..................... + ............... " ............ .. 209
3. KaHanH3BuHoHHH nOMneHH cTaHUHH
......... "" ........
223
3.1. BHAose KaHanH3aUHoHHH DOMneHH CTBHUHH .....
223
3.2.H3Gop Ha MHCTO sa KaHalIH3BUHOHHH nOMneHH
CTaHUHH KbM cerrHm;e ..........

3.3.0CHOBHH eneMeHTH HS KaHanH3BUHOHHBTa nOMneHa
CT8HltH$l .......................................................... .
225
3.4.H300p Ha DOMnH ................
227
3.5.ilPHeMeH ('lJepnaTeneH) pesepBoap ......
229
3.6.MalUMHHa 3ana .................. " ............. III ................ .
233
"3.7. CMYKaTeneH .............
237
(j:A.HanopeH TPb6on
p
oBoA ...........
23q
:.J:9.nonbIIHHTenHo o6saBelKAaHe Ha nOMnelHtTa CTaH-
UHSI ................................. " ................................ ..
238
3.10. DOBnHraTenHH MexaHHSMH .............
241
3.11.CnoMaraTenHH ..........
241

BaHe H KaHanHSaUHf! ..........
242
3.1?KoHCTPYKTHBHH oco6eHocTH Ha crpanaTa Ha nOM
'""I"::HaTa CTaHIlH$I ...... " ......... t: " ...................... .
243
3. 14.KaHaIIHsaUHoHHH nOMneHH CTaHUHM 3a npoMHwrreHH
OTna)l'btIHli BOAM ........................................ " .
244
3.15. ilpHMepH 3a KaHarrH3aUHoHHH nOMneHH CTaHltHH ..
4. EneKTPooo3aBe_naHe, eneKTpocHaOnsBBHe
H OCHOBH aa BBToMaTH3aUHHTa HS nOMneHHTe CTaHUHH
.256
256
4.1.EneKTPo06saBelKABHe Ha nOMneHHTe cTaHUHH ..
4.1.1. ElIeKTPonBirsTenH, H3nonSYBaHH B
nOMneHHTe cTaHUHH ....
256
4.1.2. HsGop Ha eneKTPo'O:BHraTeIIHTe ... 25;'
4.1.3. EneKTpopasnpeAelIHTenHH Ta6na sa
KO Hanpe)f(eHHe.1O .. " ............... " .................... ..
258
4.1 .4. 3axpaHBam;H ITHHHH B nOMtfeHHTe CTaHUHH .
260
287
L
.a
4.1.5. OCBeTHTenHa, H saseMHTenHa
Ha nOMneHHTe CTaHUHH 261
4.2.PasnpenenHTenHH ypenGH, non
CTaHUHH II nOMneHHTe CTaHUHH. 262
4.2.1. H . 262
4.2.2. YCTpOHCTBO Ha non-
C T aaUHH ................. " .. ,. ...... " .. """" .... """ .......,,, .... ,,.... 2 6 2
4.2.3. AnapaTypa B pasnpenenH'CenHHTe YCTpoHcTBa
Ii B nonCTaHUHHTe" .......................................................... 265
4.2.4. CTaHnapTHII nOcTOBe 267
eneKTposaxpaHBaHe Ha nOMlIeHHTe cTaHUHH . 268
4.3.1. CxeMH Ha eneKTpocHaonslBaHe Ha nOMneHHTe
CTaHUHH ....................................... " ............ ,. ...................... 268
4.3.2. HSHcKBaHHH no OTHomeHHe sa eneKTposax
______llAHBSHeTO Ha nOMneHHTe CTaHUHH................ 268
4.00mH CBeneHHH sa aBTOMaTHsaUHH Ha nOMneHHTe
CTaHl\HH .................... " ................................................... .. 269
4.4.1. ABToMaTHsHpaHe sa sanHBaHeTO Ha nOMne-
HIITe CTaHUHH .. 271
4.4.2. ABToMaTHsHpaHo ynpaBneHHe Ha cnHpaTerr
KpaH Ha HanopHHH 272
4.4.3. ABToMaTHsHp8He Ha MexaHHSHpaHHTe pemeT
KH nOMneHHTe CTaHUHH sa BOnH 273
4.4.4. ABTOMaTHqHH SamHTH Ha nOMneHHH arperaT. 273
4.4.5. ABTOM8TH3HpaHe Ha ynpaBneHHeTO Ha nOM
neHHTe CTaHUHH.............................. 274
4.4.6. YnpaBneHHe Ha mHeKOBH nOMneHH CTaHUHH 278
4.5. CxeMa Ha aBToMaTHsaUHH H ynpaBneHHe sa nOMne-
HHTe CTaHUHH 278
4.6.nHCneqepHSaUHH Ha BonocHaonHTenHHTe H KaHarrH
saUHOHHHTe nOMoeHH CTaHUHH H 282
JIwTepaTypa .................................. ,. ........ -..... 11 ............ . 283
'IT' 1m.
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npoiP.HHlI. U a q 0 M H H K 0 B U a 'I e B ,
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