CHNG 7: LY MU TN HIU

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Ni dung nh l ly mu Tnh bin i Fourier: Bin i Fourier ri rc (DFT) Bin i Fourier nhanh (FFT) Ph chng 5.1 Tm tt

Ti liu tham kho: B.P. Lathi, Signal Processing and Linear Systems, Berkeley-Cambridge Press, 1998 Ly mu Tn hiu lin tc c th c x l bng cch x l cc mu ca tn hiu qua h thng ri rc. iu cn thit l phi duy tr tc ly mu tn hiu ln khi phc tt tn hiu (khng c sai s hay sai s vi dung sai chp nhn c). iu ny c th thc hin c dng nh l ly mu. 5.1 nh l ly mu Ta s chng minh l tn hiu thc c ph bng thng gii hn B Hz [F(w)= 0 vi w > 2pB ] c th c khi phc chnh xc (khng c sai s no) t cc tc ly mu ng u vi tc Fs > 2B mu/giy. Ni cch khc, tc d ly mu ti thiu l Fs = 2B Hz.

chng minh nh l ly mu, xt tn hiu f(t) (hnh 5.1a) c ph gii hn B Hz (hnh 5.1b). thun tin, ta v ph l hm theo w cng nh theo F (Hz). Ly mu f(t) vi tc Fs Hz (Fs mu/giy) c th thc hin bng cch nhn f(t) vi chui xung dT(t)

(hnh 5.1c), gm cc xung n v lp li theo chu k T giy, vi T =1/Fs. Kt qu l tn hiu c ly mu f (t ) v trong hnh 5.1d, l tn hiu gm cc xung cch nhau tng T giy (thi gian ly mu). Xung th n, nm ti t = nT, c cng f(nT), l gi tr ca f(t) ti t = nT. f (t ) = f (t )d T (t ) = f (nT )d (t - nT ) (5.1)
n

tm F (w ) , bin i Fourier ca f (t ) , ta ly bin i Fourier ca v phi phng trnh (5.3) tng tha s mt. Bin i ca tha s th nht trong ngoc l F(w). Bin i ca tha s th hai 2 f (t ) cos w s t l F(w ws ) + F(w +ws ) (xem phng trnh (4.41), cho thy ph F(w) di ws v ws. Tng t, bin i Fourier ca tha s th ba 2 f (t ) cos 2w s t l F(w 2ws ) + F(w +2ws ), cho thy ph F(w) di 2ws v 2ws, v tip tc cho ti v hn. iu ny tc l ph F (w ) gm F(w) lp li theo chu k ws = 2p/T rad/s, hay Fs = 1/T Hz, nh v trong hnh 5.1e. Ngoi ra cn c thm hng s nhn 1/T trong phng trnh (5.3). Do 1 (5.4) F (w ) = F (w - nw s ) T n=- Nu mun khi phc f(t) t f (t ) , ta phi khi phc c F(w) t F (w ) . C th khi phc c nu khng c trng lp gia cc chu k lin tip ca F (w ) . Hnh 5.1e cho thy cn c Fs > 2B (5.5) ng thi, thi gian ly mu T =1/Fs. Do 1 (5.6) T 2B Th d 5.1 Trong th d ny, ta xt nh hng ca tn hiu khi ly mu theo tc Nyquist, thp hn tc Nyquist (ly mu thiu), cao hn tc Nyquist (ly mu l). Xt tn w hiu f (t ) = sin c 2 (5pt ) (hnh 5.2a) c ph F (w ) = 0,2D( 20p ) (hnh 5.2b). Bng thng ca tn hiu l 5 Hz (10p rad/s). Nh th, tc Nyquist l 10Hz; tc l, ta phi ly mu tn hiu vi tc khng nh hn 10 mu/s. Khong Nyquist l T = 1/2B = 0,1 giy. w 2 Nhc li l ph ca tn hiu ly mu gm (1 / T )F (w ) = T D( 20p ) lp li theo chu k bng vi tn s ly mu Fs Hz. Ta trnh by thng tin ny trong bng sau vi tc ly mu Fs = 5Hz (ly mu thiu). 10Hz (tc Nyquist) v 20Hz (ly mu l). Tn s ly mu Fs 5 Hz 10 Hz 20 Hz Thi gian ly mu T 0,2 0,1 0,05 (1/T)F(w) w D( 20p )
w 2D( 20p )

Nhn xt Ly mu thiu Tc Nyquist Ly mu l

4D(

w 20p

1 T

Trong trng hp u (ly mu thiu), tc ly mu l 5Hz (5 mu/giy) , v ph F (w ) lp li sau mi 5Hz (10p rad/s). Cc ph lin tip trng lp, nh v trong hnh

5.2d, v ph F(w) khng th c khi phc t F (w ) ; tc l f(t) khng th c khi phc

t cc mu f (t ) trong hnh 5.2c. Trng hp th hai, khi dng tc ly mu Nyquist 1 10Hz (hnh 5.2e). Ph F (w ) gm cc thnh phn ph T F (w ) khng trng lp lp li tng 10 Hz. Do , ph F(w) c th c khi phc t F (w ) dng mch lc thng thp l tng c bng thng 5 Hz (hnh 5.2f). Sau cng, trng hp cui l ly mu l (tc 1 ly mu 20Hz); ph F(w) gm cc gm cc thnh phn ph T F (w ) khng trng lp (lp

li tng 20 Hz) vi cc bng tn trng gia cc chu k lin tip. Do , ph F(w) c th c khi phc t F (w ) dng mch lc thng thp l tng hay mch lc thc t cng c (tn hiu v chm trong hnh 5.2h). r Bi tp E5.1 Tm tc Nyquist l khong Nyquist cho tn hiu: (a) sinc(100pt) v sinc(100pt) + sinc(50pt) . p s: khong Nyquist l 0,01 giy v tc Nyquist l 100Hz cho c hai tn hiu. s

5.1-1 Khi phc tn hiu: Cng thc ni suy Qu trnh khi phc tn hiu lin tc f(t) t cc mu cn c gi l php ni suy. Trong phn 5.1, ta thy tn hiu f(t) c bng thng gii hn B Hz c th c khi phc (ni suy) chnh xc t cc mu ca mnh. Qu trnh khi phc bng cch cho tn hiu ly mu qua mch lc thng thp l tng c bng thng B Hz. T phng trnh (5.3), tn hiu ly mu cha cc thnh phn (1/T)f(t) v khi phc c f(t) (hay F(w)), th tn hiu ly mu phi qua mch lc l tng c bng thng B Hz v li T. Do , hm truyn ca b lc khi phc (hay ni suy) l: w (5.7) H (w ) = Trect 4pB Qu trnh ni suy c biu din trong min tn s nh l tc ng lc. Ta xem xt tip qu trnh ny t quan im khc, tc l trong min thi gian. t bt u, ta hy xt mch lc cc k n gin c p ng xung l rect ( T ) , v trong hnh 5.3a. y l xung cng (gate pulse) c tm ti gc, c chiu cao n v, v rng T (thi gian ly mu). Ta tm ng ra ca b lc khi ng vo l tn hiu ly mu f (t ) , Tng mu ca f (t ) , c bin thnh xung, to ng ra l xung cng vi chiu cao bng vi cng ca mu. Th d, mu th k l xung c cng f(kT) nm ti t - kT v c th vit thnh f (kT )d (t - kT ) . Khi xung qua b lc, to ra ng ra l xung

cng c cao f(kT), tm ti t = kT (phn nt gin on trong hnh 5.3b). Tng mu trong f (t ) s to ra xung cng tng ng ti ng ra b lc dng xp x hnh bc thang ca f(t), v trong phn chm trong hnh 5.3b. B lc cho ta dng th ca php ni suy. t Hm truyn H(w) ca b lc l bin i Fourier ca p ng xung rect ( T ) . Gi s, ta dng tc Nyquist; tc l T = 1/2B. t h(t ) = rect = rect (2 Bt ) T V wT 1 w (5.8) H (w ) = T sin c = 2 2B 4B p ng bin H (w ) ca b lc ny, nh v trong hnh 5.3c, gii thch l do v tnh th ca php ni suy. B lc ny, cn c gi l mch lc gi bc zr (zero hold filter), dng xu nht ca mch lc thng thp l tng (phn t bng trong hnh 5.3c) cn c cho php ni suy chnh xc.

Ta c th ci thin dng mch lc bc zr bng cch dng mch lc gi bc mt (first order hold filter), cho ta php ni suy tuyn tnh thay v dng ni suy theo bc thang. B ni suy tuyn tnh ny, vi p ng xung l xung tam gic D( 2tT ) , cho php xp x vi nh cc mu c ni nhau bng ng thng (xem bi tp 5.1-5). Hm truyn b lc ni suy l tng ly t phng trnh (5.7) v v trong hnh 5.4a. p ng xung ca b la ny l bin i Fourier nghch ca H(w) l (5.9a) h(t ) = 2 BT sin c (2pBT ) Gi s ly mu vi tc ly mu Nyquist; tc l 2BT =1, th h(t ) = sin c(2pBT ) f (t ) = f (kT )h(t - kT )
k

(5.9b)

f (t ) = f (kT ) sin c[2pB(t - kT )] f (t ) = f (kT ) sin c(2pBt - kp )

k k

(5.10a) (5.10b)

Phng trnh (5.10) l cng thc ni suy, tm cc gi tr ca f(t) gia cc mu l php cng dn (weighted sum) mi gi tr mu. Th d 5.2 Tm tn hiu f(t) vi bng thng gii hn B Hz, v c cc mu l f(0) = 1 v f(T) = f(2T) = f(3T) = . . . = 0 trong khong ly mu l khong Nyquist ca f(t); tc l T = 1/2B. Dng cng thc ni suy (5.10b) khi phc f(t) t cc mu. Do tt c cc mu Nyquist u l zr, tr mt mu (tng ng vi k = 0) trong tng bn v phi ca phng trnh (5.10b). Do f(t) = sinc (2pBt) Tn hiu ny c v trong 5.4b. Quan st thy l ch tn hiu c bng thng B Hz v gi tr mu l f(0) = 1 v f(nT) = 0 (n 0). Cc tn hiu khc khng tha c cc iu kin ny. 5.1-2 Kh khn thc t khi khi phc tn hiu

Nu tn hiu c ly mu vi tc Nyquist Fs = 2B Hz, ph F (w ) bao gm F(w) c lp li nhiu ln m khng c khong h gia cc chu k k tip, nh v trong hnh 5.5a. Nh thy trong phn 4.5, th mch lc ny l dng khng thc hin c; m ch c th xp x gn ng dng v s cc khu tr trong p ng. Ni cch khc, ta c th khi phc li tn hiu f(t) t cc mu dng dng v s cc khu tr. Mt gii php thc t l ly mu tn hiu vi tc cao hn tc Nyquist (Fs > 2B hay w s > 4pB) . Kt qu l F (w ) , bao gm F(w) c lp li nhiu ln vi mt s hu hn cc khong h gia cc chu k k tip, nh v trong hnh 5.5b. C th khi phc F(w) t F (w ) dng mch lc thng thp c c tnh ngt chm (t t), v ng chm trong hnh 5.5b. Nhng ngay c trong trng hp ny, li mch lc phi l zr sau chu k thc nht

ca F(w) (xem hnh 5.5b). Theo tiu chun Paley-Wiener, th khng th thc hin c mch lc ny. u im duy nht trong trng hp ny l ta c th xp x mch lc cn c dng s khu tr t nht. iu ny cho thy l trong thc t khng th khi phc chnh xc c tn hiu f(t) c bng thng gii hn t cc mu ca tn hiu, ngay c khi tc ly mu c cao hn tc Nyquist i na. Tuy nhin, khi tc ly mu cng tng th tn hiu khi phc cng gn vi tn hiu mong mun.

S bi bc ca trm ph (The treachery of aliasing) Trong thc t, khi khi phc tn hiu t cc mu cn mt kh khn c bn khc. nh l ly mu va chng minh da trn gi thit l tn hiu c bng thng gii hn. Cc tn hiu thc t u c thi gian gii hn; tc l c rng xung hu hn. Ta c th chng minh (xem bi tp 5.1-10) l tn hiu khng th ng thi va c thi gian gii hn v bng thng gii hn. Nu tn hiu c thi gian gii hn, th khng th c bng thng gii hn v ngc li (nhng tn hiu c th c thi gian khng gii hn v bng thng khng gii hn). R rng, mi tn hiu thc t, cn c thi gian gii hn, th bng thng khng hn ch; chng c bng thng v hn, v ph F (w ) gm cc chu k chng lp ca F(w) lp li mi Fs Hz (tn s ly mu) nh v trong hnh 5.6. Do c bng thng v hn trong trng hp ny, nn chng lp ph l c trng khng thay i, bt chp tc ly mu. Do c phn ui chng lp, nn F (w ) khng cn thng tin v F(w), v khng cn kh nng, ngay c trong l thuyt, khi phc f(t) t cc tn hiu ly mu f (t ) . Nu tn hiu ly mu i qua mch lc thng thp l tng, th ng ra khng phi l F(w) m l mt phin bn F(w) b mo dng do hai nguyn nhn ring bit sau: 1. Phn ui ca F(w) b mt khi |F| > Fs/2 Hz; 2. Phn ui ny ti xut hin vi dng gp li trong ph. Ch l ph ngang qua Fs/2 = 1/2T Hz. Tn s ny c gi l tn s gp li. Do , ph t gp li ti tn s gp li. Th d, thnh phn tn s Fs/2+ Fx + Fx l din ng vai thnh phn tn s thp hn (Fs/2) Fx trong tn hiu khi phc c. Do , thnh phn tn s cao hn (Fs/2) li ti xut hin nh l thnh phn tn s thp hn (Fs/2). Yu t o phn ui c gi l gp ph (spectral folding) hay trm ph (aliasing), v phn t bng trong hnh 5.6. Trong qua trnh trm ph ny, ta khng ch mt mi thnh phn tn s cao hn (Fs/2) Hz, nhng cc thnh phn ny li ti hin (trm ph) nh thnh phn tn s thp. S xut hin li ny cn ph hy tnh ton vn ca cc thnh phn tn s thp, nh v trong hnh 5.6.

Gii php: B lc chng trm ph Thc hin nh sau, ta bit nguy c tim tng nm cc thnh phn tn s ln hn (Fs/2) = (1/2T) Hz. Ta cn loi bt (trit) cc thnh phn ny khi f(t) trc khi ly mu f(t). Theo phng php ny, ta ch mt cc thnh phn ln hn tn s gp (Fs/2)Hz; do cc thnh phn ny khng th ti hin lm hng cc thnh phn c tn s thp hn tn s gp. Cc thnh phn tn s cao c lc nh mch lc thng thp l tng c bng thng l (Fs/2)Hz. B lc ny c gi l b lc trm ph. Ch l phi thc hin vic chng trm ph trc khi ly mu tn hiu. B lc chng trm ph l mch lc l tng nn khng thc hin c. Trong thc t, ta dng mch lc c tn s ct dng dc ng, nhm lm suy gim sc nt cc ph cn st li ca tn s gp (Fs/2).

Ly mu thc t Khi chng minh nh l ly mu, ta gi s cc mu l tng c c bng cch nhn tn hiu f(t) vi chui xung c rng hu hn, v trong hnh 5.7b. Tn hiu ly mu c v trong hnh 5.7c. iu kinh ngc l ta c th khi phc hay ti to tn hiu f(t) t tn hiu ly mu f (t ) trong hnh 5.7c. ng ngc nghin hn l tc ly mu li khng thp hn tc Nyquist. Tn hiu f(t) c th khi phc bng cc cho f (t ) qua lc thng thp d n c ly mu dng chui xung. Kt qu ny c v ng tin cy khi ta xt thc t l vic khi phc f(t) i hi kin thc v gi tr ca mu Nyquist. Thng tin ny c sn hay nm trong tn hiu ly mu f (t ) trong hnh 5.7c do cng ca mu th k l f(kT). chng minh iu ny mt cch gii tch, ta thy l chui xung ly mu pT(t) v trong hnh 5.7b, l tn hiu tun hon, c th biu din thnh chui Fourier 2p pT (t ) = C0 + C n cos(nw s t + q n ) ws = T n =1

V
f (t ) = f (t ) pT (t ) = f (t ) C0 + C n cos(nw s t + q n ) n=1

= C0 f (t ) + C n f (t ) cos(nw s t + q n )
n =1

(5.11)

Tn hiu ly mu f (t ) gm c C0 f (t ) , C1 f (t ) cos(w s t + q1 ), C2 f (t ) cos(2w s t + q 2 ), . Ch l tha s th nht C0 f (t ) l tn hiu mong mun v tt c cc tha s khc u l tn hiu iu ch vi ph c tm ti ws, 2ws, 3ws, . . . , nh v trong hnh 5.7e. R rng tn hiu f(t) c th c khi phc bng cch cho f (t ) qua mch lc thng thp, c ws > 4pB ( hay Fs > 2B).

Th d 5.3 minh ha vic ly mu thc t, xt tn hiu f (t ) = sin c 2 (5pt ) c ly mu dng chui xung vung pT (t ) v hnh 5.8c. Chu k ca pT (t ) l 0,1 giy, c tn s c bn l 10Hz. Do w s = 20p . Chui Fourier ca pT (t ) c th biu din thnh
pT (t ) = C0 + Cn cos nw s t
n =1

Dng phng trnh (3.66) ta c C0 =

C0 = 1 , 4

1 4

v Cn =

2 np

p sin ( n4 ) ; tc l

C1 =

2 , p

C2 =

1 2 2 , C3 = , C4 = 0, C5 = ,K p 3p 5p

Do

f (t ) = f (t ) pT (t ) =
V
F (w ) =

1 2 1 2 f (t ) + f (t ) cos 20pt + f (t ) cos 40pt + f (t ) cos 60pt + L 4 p p 3p

1 1 1 F (w ) + [ F (w - 20p ) + F (w + 20p )] + [ F (w - 4 0p ) + F (w + 40p )] 4 2p p 2 1 + [ F (w - 6 0p ) + F (w + 60p )] + L 3p 2 w Trong trng hp ny F (w ) = 0,2D( 20p ) . Ph F (w ) v trong hnh 5.8e. Quan st thy

ph gm F (w ) c lp li theo chu k 20p rad/s (10Hz). Do , khng c trng lp gia cc chu k, v F (w ) c th c khi phc dng b lc thng thp l tng vi bng thng 5 Hz. B lc thng thp l tng c li n v (v bng thng 5 Hz) s cho php tha s th nht bn v phi ca phng trnh trn i qua y v trit mi tha s khc. Do , ng ra y(t) l 1 y (t ) = f (t ) 4

5.3-1 Mt s ng dng ca nh l ly mu nh l ly mu rt quan trng trong phn tch, x l v truyn dn tn hiu do cho php ta thay th tn hiu lin tc theo thi gian bng chui ri rc cc s. Do , vic x l tn hiu lin tc tng ng vi vic x l chui ri rc cc s. Php x l ny a ta n lnh vc lc s. Trong lnh vc thng tin, vic truyn cc bn tin lin tc theo thi gian rt li thnh vic truyn cc chui s dng chui xung. Tn hiu lin tc theo thi

gian f(t) c ly mu v cc gi tr mu c dng thay i mt s tham s ca chui xung tun hon. Ta c th thay i bin (hnh 5.9b), rng (hnh 5.9c), v tr (hnh 5.9d) ca xung t l vi cc gi tr mu ca tn hiu f(t). T , ta c phng php iu ch bin xung (PAM: pulse-amplitude modulation), iu ch rng xung (PWM: pulse-width modulation), hay iu ch v tr xung (PPM: pulse-position modulation). Dng iu ch xung quan trng nht hin nay l iu ch xung m (PCM: pulse-code modulation). Trong mi trng hp, thay v truyn tn hiu f(t), ta truyn tn hiu iu ch xung tng ng. Ti my thu, ta c thng tin t tn hiu hiu iu ch xung v khi phc tn hiu analog f(t).

Mt u im ca iu ch xung l cho php truyn ng thi nhiu tn hiu trn c s chia s thi gian (ghp knh bng cch phn chia theo thi gian TDM: time-division multiplexing). Do tn hiu iu ch xung ch chim mt phn thi gian ca knh truyn, nn ta c th truyn nhiu tn hiu iu ch xung trn cng mt knh bng cch chuyn v (inter-weaving) chng. Hnh 5.10 v phng php ghp knh hai tn hiu PAM dng phng php TDM. Dng phng php ny, ta c th ghp knh nhiu tn hiu trn cng mt knh truyn bng cch gim rng xung. Mt phng php khc truyn ng thi nhiu tn hiu analog (baseband) l phng php ghp knh bng cch phn chia theo tn s (FDM: frequency - division multiplexing), tho lun trong phn 4.8-4. Trong phng php FDM, nhiu tn hiu c truyn ng thi dng phng php chia s kh sng ca knh truyn. Ph ca tng bn tin c di n di tn c th, cha b cc tn hiu khc chim. Thng tin ca nhiu tn hiu c t trong cc di tn s khng trng lp ca knh (hnh 4.45). C th xem TDM v FDM l dng i ngu ca nhau. iu ch xung m (PCM: Pulse Code Modulation) PCM rt hu ch v c dng rng ri nht trong cc phng thc iu ch xung va nu. V c bn PCM l phng php chuyn i tn hiu analog thnh tn hiu s (chuyn i A/D). Mt tn hiu analog c c trng l bin c th c gi tr bt k trong mt tm lin tc. Do , tn hiu analog c th c v hn cc gi tr. Ngc li, bin tn hiu s ch c th c s hu hn cc gi tr. Mt tn hiu analog c th c chuyn i thnh tn hiu s bng cch ly mu v lng t ha (lm trn). Nu ch ly mu tn hiu analog khng, th cng cha c tn hiu s do tn hiu ly mu vn cn c nhiu gi tr bt k trong mt tm lin tc. s ha tn hiu ny th cn c qu trnh lng t ha, bin ny nm trong khong lng t nh v trong hnh 5.11a.

Cc bin ca tn hiu analog f(t) nm trong tm ( V, V). Tm ny l c chia thnh L khong con, c bin l rv = 2V/L. Tip n, mi mu bin c xp x dng gi tr trung im ca khong con ca mu ang gim (xem hnh 5.11a vi L = 16). R rng l mi mu c xp x vi mt trong L gi tr. Nh th, tn hiu c s ha vi cc mu lng t l mt trong L gi tr. Cc tn hiu ny l tn hiu s L phn (L ary ). Theo quan im thc t, tn hiu nh phn (l tn hiu ch c hai gi tr) l tn hiu rt hp dn do tnh n gin, kinh t v d s dng trong k thut. Ta c th chuyn i tn hiu L phn thnh tn hiu nh phn dng phng php m ha xung. Hnh 5.11b v m trong trng hp L = 16. M ny, dng biu din nh phn ca h octal t 0 n 15, c gi l m nh phn t nhin (NBC: natural binary code). Cn c nhiu phng php khc m ha nh phn. Mi mc trong 16 mc c truyn i vi mt m nh phn 4 bit. truyn d liu nh phn ny, ta cn nh ngha cc dng xung ring bit ch th cc trng thi nh phn. Mt kh nng l dng dng xung m cho bit 0 v xung dng cho bit 1 cc mu c th c truyn i thnh nhm 4 bit nh phn, nh v trong hnh 5.11b. Tn hiu c c l tn hiu PCM. Tn hiu analog f(t) c chuyn i thnh tn hiu s (nh phn). Tn hiu nh phn c gi l bit, hin ang l dng vit tt trong chun cng nghip. Bng thng ca tn hiu m thanh vo khong 15kHz, nhng nhiu th nghim cho thy tn hiu pht m r (nghe c r) khng b nh hng nu cc thnh phn tn s cao hn 3400Hz b loi b. Do mc tiu ca thng tin in thoi l nghe c r ch khng trung thc (hi-fi), nn cc thnh phn c tn s cao hn 3400Hz c lc b dng b lc thng thp. Tn hiu sau c ly mu vi tc 800 mu trong mt giy (8 kHz). Tc ny c tnh cao hn tc Nyquist l 6,8 kHz trnh phi c cc mch lc khng thc hin c khi khi phc tn hiu. Sau cng mi mu c lng t thnh 256 mc (L = 256), cn c nhm 8 xung nh phn m ha cc mu (28=256). Do , tn hiu in thoai s ha gm 8 x 8000 = 64000 hay 64 kbits/s d liu, cn c 64.000 xung nh phn trong mt giy khi truyn. a CD l ng dng ca PCM. y l tnh hung dng cho tn hiu m thanh hi-fi c bng thng 15 kHz. D tc ly mu Nyquist ch l 30 kHz, hin ngi ta dng tc ly mu 44,1 kHz nh l do trnh by trc y. Tn hiu c lng t vi s lng ln cc mu (L = 65.536) nhm gim sai s do lng t. Cc mu c m ha nh phn ri ghi vo CD. u im ca tn hiu s Mt s u in ca tn hiu s so vi tn hiu analog c lit k di y: 1. Truyn tn hiu s u vit hn so vi tn hiu analog do tn hiu s c tnh chng nhiu knh truyn v mo tt hn nhiu (khi nhiu v mo nm trong gii hn). Bn tin tn hiu s (nh phn) trong hnh 5.12a b mo dao knh truyn, nh v trong hnh 5.12b. Nu mo nm trong gii hn, ta c th khi phc d liu m khng b li do ch cn c quyt nh nh phn khi nhn c xung dng hay xung m. Hnh 5.12c v cng d liu vi mo do knh truyn v nhiu. Trng hp ny d liu c th c khi phc chnh xc bao lu m mo v nhiu knh truyn cn nm trong gii hn. iu ny khc vi trng hp tn hiu analog, khi vi nhiu hay mo dng bt k, s lm si dng tn hiu thu c.

2. Tuy nhin, u im ln nht ca truyn dn tn hiu s so vi truyn dn analog l kh nng ti to li tn hiu. Khi truyn dn analog, mt tn hiu bn tin khi truyn qua knh (ng truyn), tn hiu ngy cng yu i, trong khi nhiu knh truyn v mo dng tn hiu, ngy cng tch ly v tng mnh dn. Tn hiu sau cng b p o do nhiu v mo dng cng b tn tht ln. Khuch i ch gip rt t do ng thi tng cng tn hiu v nhiu theo cng t l. Do , c ly truyn bn tin analog b gii hn bi cng sut truyn. Khi truyn di, mo knh truyn v nhiu tch ly p o tn hiu k c tn hiu s. C th khc phc bng cch thit lp cc trm lp (repeater) dc theo ng truyn vi c ly ngn c th pht hin xung tn hiu trc khi nhiu v mo dng c th tch ly ln. Mi trm xung pht hin xung l, sch xung v truyn tip n trm lp k tip, thc hin li cc bc va nu. Nu nhiu v mo vn cn nm trong gii hn (iu ny thc hin c do cc trm c c tng i gn nhau), xung s c pht hin chnh xc. Theo phng cch ny, bn tin tn hiu s c th c truyn trn c ly di vi tin cy cao. Ngc li, bn tin analog khng th lm sch tn hiu mt cch tun hon, nn truyn dn c tin cy thp hn. Trong PCM th sai s c ngha nht l sai s lng t. Sai s ny c th c gim thiu bng cch gia tng mc lng t, vi gi phi tr l lm bng thng ln hn trong mi trng truyn dn (knh truyn). 3. Thit lp phn cng s rt mm do v cho php dng vi x l, cc my tnh mini, chuyn mch s, v mch tch hp c ln LSI. 4. Tn hiu s c th c m ha c mc sai s thp nht v trung thc cao, cng nh tinh bo mt cao. ng thi ta cng c th dng nhng thut ton tinh vi x l tn hiu s. 5. Phng php ghp knh (multiplex) nhiu tn hiu s thng d dng v hiu qu. 6. Phng thc lu tr tn hiu s thng tng i d v t tn km. Ngoi ra cn c kh nng tm kim v chn lc thng tn t xa. 7. Vic ti to bn tin s thng c tin cy cc ln m khng b xu i. Bn tin analog nh bn photocopy hay phim, suy gim cht lng sau mi bc ca nhiu bc khi phc, v qu trnh di chuyn t ni nay n ni khc thng tn km.

8. Gi cc phn cng s gim na sau hai hay ba nm, trong khi tnh nng v dung lng tng i vi cng thi gian ny. Hin nay cc bc pht trin ca cng ngh s ngy cng nhanh v cng tinh vi. Trong nhng nm gn y, ta thy a CD, l thit b s lm co chung k thut ghi m analog; bo ch truyn hnh nh c scan theo dng s; v ngy nay lm nc M phi hng v cc tiu chun mi cho truyn hnh nt cao i chi li vi cc chun truyn hnh analog t Nht v Chu u (?!!). Ngc li th cng ngh analog nh giy in, vio, m thanh, v phim vn cha c bc gim gi nhanh. D g i na th hin nay cng ngh s v ang thng tr cc lnh vc nh cng ngh thng tin v cng ngh lu tr. Nh ni trn, tn hiu s c th c to ra t nhiu ngun khc nhau. Mt s ngun tn hiu nh my tnh l s. Mt s ngun l analog, nhng c chuyn i thnh dng s theo nhiu k thut khc nhau th d nh PCM. r Bi tp E5.2 M ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) c 128 k t dng nh phn. Mt my tnh to ra 100.000 k t/giy. Chng t l (a) Cn c 7 bit m ha tng k t (b) Cn c 700.000 bit/giy truyn ng ra ca my tnh. s 5.1-3 i ngu ca php ly mu theo thi gian: nh l ly mu ph Tng t nh cc trng hp khc, nh l ly mu cng c phn i ngu. Trong phn 5.1, ta tho lun v nh l ly mu theo thi gian, v chng t c l tn hiu vi bng thng gii hn B Hz c th c khi phc t tn hiu c ly mu vi tc Fs > 2B mu/giy. Ch l ph tn hiu tn ti trong tm tn s t B n B Hz. Do , 2B l rng ph (khng phi l bng thng, l B) ca tn hiu. iu ny c ngha l tn hiu f(t) c th c khi phc t cc mu c ly vi tc Fs ln hn rng ph (tnh bng Hz) ca tn hiu. i ngu ca nh l ly mu theo thi gian l nh l ly mu theo tn s. nh l ny p dng cho cc tn hiu c thi gian gii hn, l i ngu ca tn hiu c bng thng gii hn. Ta tip tc chng t l ph F(w) ca tn hiu c thi gian gii hn l t giy c th c khi phc t mu ca F(w) c ly vi tc R > t ( rng ca tn hiu) mu/Hz.

Hnh 5.13a v tn hiu f(t) c thi gian gii hn t giy cng bin i Fourier F(w) ca n. Mc d F(w) thng c dng phc, nhng ta ch chng minh cho trng hp F(w) l hm thc l .

F (w ) = f (t )e - jwt dt = f (t )e - jwt dt
- 0

(5.12)

To fTo(t) l tn hiu tun hon to ra bng cch lp li f(t) mi T0 giy (T0 > t), nh trong hnh 5.13b. Tn hiu tun hon ny c th c biu din theo chui Fourier m 2p fT0 (t ) = Dn e jnw0t w0 = T0 n = - Trong (gi s t < T0) 1 T0 1 t Dn = f (t )e - jnw0t dt = f (t )e - jnw0t dt T0 0 T0 0 Phng trnh (5.12) cho 1 Dn = F (nw0 ) T0 Kt qu ny cho thy l cc h s ca chui Fourier ca fTo(t) l (1/T0) ln cc gi tr mu ca ph F(w) ly ti cc khong w0. iu ny tc l ph ca tn hiu tun hon fTo(t) l ph F(w) c ly mu, nh v trong hnh 5.13b. Bao lu m t cn < T0, chu k k tip ca f(t) xut hin trong fTo(t) khng b trng lp, nn c th khi phc f(t) t fTo(t). Khi phc ny gin tip hm l F(w) c th c khi phc t cc mu ca mnh. Cc mu ny phn cch vi tn s c bn F0 =1/T0 Hz ca tn hiu tun hon fTo(t). iu kin khi phc l T0 t; tc l F0 (1/t) Hz Do , c th khi phc ph F(w) t cc mu ca F(w), th cc mu cn c ly vi khong tn s khng ln hn F0 = (1/t) Hz. Nu R l tc ly mu (mu/Hz) th R = (1/F0) t mu/Hz (5.13) Ni suy ph Ph F(w) ca tn hiu f(t) gii hn theo thi gian t giy c th c khi phc t cc mu ca F(w), Trong trng hp ny, dng tnh i ngu ca cng thc ni suy tn hiu trong phng trnh (5.10). ta c cng thc ni suy ph 2p wt (5.14) F (w ) = F (nw0 ) sin c - np w0 = t 2 n Th d 5.4 Ph F(w) ca tn hiu c rng n v f(t) c ly mu ti cc khong 1 Hz hay 2p rad/s (tc Nyquist). Cc mu l: F(0) = 1 v F(2pn) = 0 (n = 1, 2, 3, . . . ) Dng cng thc ni suy (5.14) xy dng F(w) t cc mu ca mnh. Do tt c tr mt mu Nyquist u l zr, ch cn mt tha s (tng ng vi n = 0) trong tng bn v phi ca phng trnh (5.14). Do , vi F(0) = 1 v t = 1, ta c w (5.15) F (w ) = sin c 2 Vi tn hiu c rng n v th ch c mt ph vi gi tr mu l F(0) = 1 v F(2pn) = 0 (n 0 ). Cc ph khc khng tha cc iu kin ny.

Tm bin i Fourier bng phng php s - Bin i Fourier ri rc DFT Tnh ton s bin i Fourier ca f(t) cn gi tr cc mu ca f(t) do my tnh s ch c th x l cc d liu dng ri rc (chui cc s hng). Do , my tnh ch c th tnh F(w) ti cc gi tr ri rc ca w [mu ca F(w)]. Do cn c cc mu ca F(w) ly mu f(t). Cng vic ny c thc hin dng kt qu ca hai nh l pht trin trong phn 5.1. Bt u vi tn hiu hu hn theo thi gian f(t) (hnh 5.14a) v cc ph F(w) (hnh 5.14b). Do f(t) b gii hn theo thi gian, nn F(w) khng c gii hn v bng thng. thun tin, ta cho cc ph u l hm ca bin tn s F (tnh theo Hz) thay v theo w. Theo nh l ly mu, th ph F (w ) ca tn hiu ly mu f (t ) gm c F(w) c lp li theo Fs (Hz) vi Fs = 1/T. iu ny c v trong hnh 5.14c v 5.14d. Bc tip theo, tn hiu ly mu trong hnh 5.14c c lp li tun hon mi T0 giy, nh v trong hnh 5.14e. nh l ly mu ph i hi phi ly mu ph vi tc T0 mu/Hz. Tc ny tc l cc mu cch nhau F0 = 1/T0 Hz , nh v trong hnh 5.14f. Phn tho lun trn cho thy l khi tn hiu f(t) c ly mu v lp li theo chu k th ph tng ng cng c ly mu v lp li theo chu k. Ta cn tm quan h gia tc ly mu ca f(t) vi tc ly mu ca F(w). 5.2 S lng mu Hnh 5.14e v 5.14f cho thy iu th v l s mu N0 ca tn hiu trong mt chu k T0 ti hnh 5.14e ging ht s mu N 0/ ca ph trong mt chu k Fs ti hnh 5.14f. L do l: N0 = (T0/T) v N 0/ = (Fs/ F0) (5.16a) Nhng, do Fs= 1/T v F0= 1/T0 (5.16b) / N0 = (T0/T) = (Fs/ F0) = N 0 (5.16c) Trm ph v r ph khi tnh ton s Hnh 5.14f cho thy s hin din ca trm ph trong cc mu ca ph F(w). Sai s trm ph c th gim thiu c bng cch tng tn s ly mu Fs (gim khong ly mu T = 1/ Fs). Tuy nhin, khng th loi tr hon ton trm ph ca tn hiu c thi gian gii hn f(t), do c ph F(w) khng gii hn bng thng. Nu ta bt u vi tn hiu c ph b gii hn v bng thng F(w), th chng khng b trm ph trong ph hnh 5.14f. iu khng may l tn hiu khng b gii hn v thi gian v cc phn lp li (trong hnh 5.14e) s lm tn hiu b chng khp (trm ph trong min thi gian). Trong trng hp ny, ta s u tranh vi sai s khi ly mu tn hiu. Ni cch khc, khi tnh ton bin i Fourier trc tip hay bin i nghch bng phng php s, ta c th gim sai s ty , nhng khng bao gi c th loi tr c sai s. y l iu thc t khi tnh ton s bin i Fourier thun v nghch, bt chp phng php no c dng. Th d, nu xc nh bin i Fourier bng cch ly trc tip tch phn bng phng php s, dng phng trnh (4.8), th sai s do khong ly tch phn rt khng bao gi c th l zr. Ch tng t cho trng hp tm bin i nghch vi phng php s. Do , ta cn lun nh v bn cht ca sai s ny trong kt qu ca mnh. Trong phn tho lun (hnh 5.14) ca mnh, ta gi s f(t) l tn hiu c gii hn v thi gian. Nu f(t) khng b gii hn v

thi gian, ta cn phi gii hn thi gian do tnh ton s ch hot ng c vi d liu hu hn m thi. Hn na, vic ct ct d liu to sai s do vic tri ph (nhe ph) v r ph, nh trnh by trong phn 4.9. R ph cng to ra trm ph. C th gim thiu r ph bng cch ct ct tn hiu bng ca s hnh nn. Nhng la chn ny lm tng yu t tri ph hay nhe ph. Tri ph c th c gim thiu bng cch tng rng ca s (tc l cho nhiu d liu hn), iu ny lm tng T0, v lm gim F0 (tng phn gii tn s hay ph).

nh hng hng ro (picket fence effect) Phng php tnh ton s ch cho cc gi tr mu ng u ca F(w) [hay f(t)]. Dng phng php ny ging nh vic nhn tn hiu cc ph ca n qua mt hng ro. Cc nh ch yu c th nm gia hai mu v vn c th khng xut hin, tnh hnh ny to mt hnh nh sai v thc t. Cc kt qu sai lch ny c th trnh c khi dng s lng mu N0 ln, lm tng phn gii. Ta cn c th dng cng thc ni suy ph (phng trnh 5.14) xc nh gi tr ca F(w) gia hai mu. Tm bin i Fourier ri rc (DFT: Discrete Fourier Transform) Nu f(kT) v F(rw0) ln lt l cc mu th k v th r, ta nh ngha cc bin mi fk v Fr nh sau T f k = Tf (kT ) = 0 f (kT ) (5.17a) N0 V Fr = F (rw0 ) (5.17b) Trong w0 = 2pF0 = (2p/T0) (5.17c) Ta s chng minh fk v Fr quan h vi nhau theo cc phng trnh sau:

Fr =
fk =

N 0 -1 k =0

fe
k

- jrW0 k

(5.18a)

1 N 0 -1 jrW0k 2p (5.18b) W 0 = w0T = Fr e N 0 k =0 N0 Cc phng trnh ny nh ngha bin i Fourier ri rc thun v nghch (DFT), vi Fr l bin i Fourier ri rc trc tip (DFT) ca fk, v fk l bin i Fourier ri rac nghch (IDFT: Inverse Fourier Transform) ca Fr. nim

fk Fr cn c dng cho thy fk v Fr l cp DFT. Xin nh rng fk l (T0/N0) nhn vi mu th k ca Fr l mu th r ca F(w). Bit gi tr mu ca f(t), ta c th tnh c gi tr mu ca F(w) v ngc li dng DFT. Tuy nhin, ch l fk l hm ca k (k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , N0 1) ch khng phi ca t v Fr l hm ca r (r = 0, 1, 2, . . . , N0 1) thay v w. Hn na, c fk v Fr l chui tun hon vi chu k N0 (Cc hnh 4.14e v 5.14f). Cc chui ny c gi l chui tun hon N0. Vic chng minh quan h DFT trong phng trnh (5.18) ly trc tip t kt qu ca nh l ly mu. Tn hiu c ly mu f (t ) (hnh 5.14c) c th vit thnh

f (t ) =

N 0 -1 k =0

f (kT )d (t - kT )
N 0 -1 k =0

(5.19)

Do d(t kT) e jkwT , bin i Fourier ca phng trnh (5.19) cho

F (w ) =

f (kT )e
F (w ) T

- jkwT

(5.20)
ws 2

Nhng t hnh 5.1e (hay phng trnh 5.4), r rng l trong khong w bin i Fourier ca f (t ) l , gi s trm ph c th b qua, th
F (w ) = TF (w ) = T f (kT )e - jkwT
k =0 N 0 -1

, vi F (w ) l

ws 2
(5.21)

Fr = F (rw0 ) = T f (kT )e - jkrw0T

k =0

N 0 -1

Nu ta t w0T = W 0 , th t phng trnh (5.16a) v (5.16b) (5.22) W 0 = w0T = 2pF0T = (2p/N0) ng thi, t phng trnh (5.17a), Tf(kT) = fr Do , phng trnh (5.21) tr thnh N 0 -1 2p (5.23) Fr = f r e - jrW0k W0 = N0 k =0 Quan h ca bin i nghch (5.18b) c th c tm dng phng php tng t vi vai tr ca t v w c o ngc li, nhng y l dng cch chng minh trc tip hn. chng minh quan h nghch trong phng trnh (5.18b), ta nhn hai v ca phng trnh (5.23) vi ejmW0r , ri ly tng trong khong r theo N 0 -1 N 0 -1 N 0 -1 Fr e jmW0r = f r e - jrW0k e jmW0r r =0 r =0 k =0 Bng cch thay i th t ly tng bn v phi N 0 -1 N 0 -1 N0 -1 Fr e jmW0r = f k f r e j ( m-r )W0k r =0 r =0 k =0 Ph chng 5.1 cho thy tng bn trong ca v phi l zr vi k n v tng l N0 khi k = m. Do , tng bn ngoi s ch c mt tha s khc zer khi k = m, v l

N 0 f k = N 0 f m . Do thng ta xc nh Fr trong tm (0, N0 1) hn l trong tm

(-

N0 2

, N0 - 1 ). 2

Chn T, T0 v N0. Khi tnh DFT, u tin cn chn gi tr thch hp cho T, T0 v N0. Nhm mc ch ny, u tin phi tm bng thng c bn B (Hz) ca tn hiu. Tn s ly mu Fs t nht phi bng 2B; tc l, (Fs/2) B (5.25a) Hn na, khong ly mu T = 1/ Fs , (phng trnh 5.16b), v T 1/2B (5.25b) Khi chn xong B, ta c th chn T t phng trnh (5.25b). ng thi F0 =1/T0 (5.26) Vi F0 l phn gii tn s [mc phn bit gia cc mu ca F(w)]. Do , nu c F0 , ta c th chn T0 theo phng trnh (5.26). Bit c T0 v T, ta xc nh N0 t: N0 = T0/T (5.27) Cc im gin on (discontinuity) Nu f(t) c bc nhy gin on ti im ly mu, th nn ly gi tr mu l trung bnh cc gi tr hai bn ca im gin on do biu din Fourier ti im gin on hi t ti tr trung bnh. m zr (Zero padding) Nhc li khi quan st Fr th ging nh quan st ph F(w) qua hng ro. Nu khong tn s ly mu F0 khng nh, ta c th b mt mt s chi tit quan trng v c c hnh nh b nhe. c s mu cao hn, ta cn gim F0 . Do F0 = 1/T0, l s mu cao nht cn c tng gi tr ca T0, chu k lp li ca f(t). Chn la ny lm tng N0, s mu ca f(t), bng cch thm mt s mu m c gi tr zr. Vic thm cc mu m ny c gi l m zr. Do , cc zr m ny lm tng s mu v c th tr gip c thm tng tt hn v ph F(w) t cc mu Fr. Cc zr m khng ci thin tnh chnh xc hay phn gii. C mt im cn c hiu r l m zr thng ch cho ta thm mu m khng ci thin c tnh chnh xc ca cc gi tr mu ny. m zr s ch hu ch hn nu thi khong ly mu nh c th b qua sai s trm ph. m zr khng bao gi c th ci thin tnh chnh xc hay phn gii tn s theo ngha thc. Ch c th tng tnh chnh xc bng cch gim trm ph (aliasing), iu ny i hi gim khong ly mu tn hiu T (T < 1/2B, vi B l bng thng hiu qu ca tn hiu). Th d 5.5 Tn hiu f(t) c rng 2 ms v bng thng c bn l 10 kHz. Mong mun c phn gii tn s l 100 Hz khi dng DFT (F0 = 100). Tm N0. rng hiu qu ca tn hiu T0 l T0 = (1/ F0) = 1/100 = 10ms Do rng tn hiu ch c 2ms, ta cn m zr trong khong 8 ms. ng thi, vi B = 10.000, nn Fs = 2B = 20.000 v T = 1/ Fs = 50ms. Vy:

N0 = Fs/ F0 = 20.000/100 = 200 Thut ton bin i Fourier nhanh (FFT: Fast Fourier Transform) (tho lun trong phn 5.3), chng minh l s tin (d khng phi l cn thit) chn N0 l s m ly tha 2; tc l N0 = 2n (n: s nguyn). Ta hy chn N0 =256. Tng N0 t 200 n 256 c th c dng lm gim sai s trm ph (do gim T), ci thin phn gii tn s (bng cch gim T0), hay kt hp c hai. (i) Gim sai s trm ph: Ta duy tr cng T0 F0 = 100, do Fs = N0F0 = 256 x 100 =25 600 v T = 1/ Fs =39ms Do , tng N0 t 200 n 256 cho php ta gim khong ly mu T t 50ms n 39ms m vn duy tr cng phn gii tn s (F0 = 100). Ci thin phn gii: y, ta duy tr cng T = 50ms, lm T0 = N0T = 256(50 x 10 6) = 12,8 ms v F0 = 1/T0 = 78,125Hz Do , tng N0 t 200 n 256 c th ci thin phn gii tn s t 100 n 78,125Hz m vn duy tr cng sai s trm ph (T = 50ms). (ii) (iii) Kt hp hai la chn Ta c th chn T = 45ms v T0 = 11, 5ms c F0 = 86,96 Hz.

Th d 5.6 Dng DFT tnh bin i Fourier ca e2tu(t). V ph Fourier tng ng. u tin ta xc nh T v T0. Bin i Fourier ca e2tu(t) l 1/(jw+2). Mch lc thng thp ny khng c bng thng gii hn. Trong phn 4.6, ta dng tiu chun nng lng tnh bng thng c bn ca tn hiu. y, ta gii thiu mt tiu chun nng lng khc, n gin nhng d thc hin hn. Bng thng c bn ca tn hiu s c ly ti tn s m F (w ) gim cn 1% gi tr nh ca mnh. Trong trng hp ny, tr nh xut hin ti w = 0, vi F (0) = 0,5. Quan st thy
1 w >> 2 w2 + 4 w ng thi 1% ca tr nh l 0,01 x 0,5 = 0,005. Do , bng thng c bn B l ti w =2pB, trong 1 100 F (w ) = 0,005 B = Hz 2pB p V t phng trnh (5.25b), 1 p T = = 0,015708 2 B 200 Ta dng 1% tiu chun nng lng xc nh bng thng c bn, theo phng php dng trong th d 4.16, ta c B = 20,26, hi b hn gi tr va tm c bng 1% tiu chun bin . iu th hai l xc nh T0. Do tn hiu khng c thi gian gii hn, ta phi ct gn tn hiu ti T0 sao cho f(T0) << 1. Mt la chn ph hp l T0 =4 do f(4) = e 8 = 0,000335 << 1. Kt qu l N0 = T0/T =254,6 khng phi l ly tha ca 2. Do , ta chn T0 = 4 v T =0,015625 = 1/64, v c kt qu N0 =256, l ly tha ca 2. F (w ) = 1

Ch l c s mm do ln khi chn T v T0, ty theo chnh xc mong mun v kh nng tnh ton sn c. Ta va chn T = 0,03125 v c N0 = 128, cho d chn la ny cho sai s trm ph hi cao. Do tn hiu c bc nhy gin on ti t = 0, nn mu th nht (ti t = 0) c gi tr l 0,5, l trung bnh cc gi tr hai bn ca gin on, Ta tnh Fr (DFT) t cc mu ca e -2t u (t ) t phng trnh (5.18a). Ch l Fr l mu th r ca F(w), v cc mu ny c cch qung ti F0 = 1/T0 =0,25 Hz (w0 = p/2 rad/s). Do Fr l tun hon N0, Fr = F(r+256) sao cho F256 = F0. Do , ta cn v Fr trong tm r = 0 n 255 (khng phi 256). Hn na, do tnh chu k ny, nn F-r = F(-r+256) v cc gi tr ca Fr trong tm r = 127 n 1 ging ht vi cc gi tr trong tm t r = 129 n 255. Do , F127 = F129, F-129 = F130 . . . F-1 = F255. Hn na, do tnh i xng lin hp ca bin i Fourier, Fr = Fr*, nn F1 = F1*, F2 = F2*, . . . , F128 = F*128. Do , ta ch cn Fr trong tm r =0 n N0/2 (trng hp ny l 128).

Hnh 5.15 v th ca Fr v Fr v ph bin v pha chnh xc (v bng ng lin tc) so snh. Ch l hu nh c tha thun hon ho gia hai tp ph. Ta v hai th ch vi 28 im thay v 128 im hnh nh r rng. Cc im ny nm ti cc khong 1/T0 =1/4 Hz hay w0 =1,5708 rad/s. Do 28 mu ny, biu din th trong tm w = 0 n w = 28(1,5708) 44 rad/s hay 7 Hz. Trong th d ny, ta bit trc F(w) nn c th c la chn thng minh v B (hay tn s ly mu Fs). Trong thc t, ta thng cha bit trc c F(w). Thc ra, y l vn ta phi c xc nh. Trong trng hp ny, cn d on mt cch thng minh v B hay Fs t cc bng chng chi tit. Bt u gim gi tr ca T v tnh ton li php bin i

cho n khi c kt qu n nh trong vng s hng cn c. Chng trnh MATLAB, c cc thit lp DFT dng thut ton FFT, c trnh by trong th d C5.1. Th d dng my tnh C5.1 Dng DFT (c thit lp dng FFT, thut ton bin i Fourier nhanh) tnh bin i Fourier ca e 2tu(t). T = 0.015625; T0 = 4; N0 = T0/T; t = 0:T:T*(N0 1); t = t; f = T*exp( - 2*t); f(1) = T*0.5; F = fft(f); [Fp, Fm] =cart2pol(real(F), imag(F)); k = 0:N0 1; k = k; w =2*pi*k/T0; subplot(211), plot (w(1:128),Fm(1:128)) subplot(212), plot (w(1:128),Fp(1:128))

Th d 5.7 Dng DFT tm bin i Fourier ca 8rect (t). Hm cng ny v bin i Fourier c v trong hnh 5.16a v b. xc nh gi tr thi khong ly mu T, trc ht ta cn quyt nh bng thng c bn B. Trong hnh 5.16b, ta thy F(w) gim hi chm theo w. Do , bng thng c bn hi ln hn. Th d, ti B = 15,5 Hz (97,39 rad/s), F(w) = - 0,1643, vo khong 2% gi tr nh ti F(0). Do , bng thng c bn hi cao hn 16 Hz nu ta dng tiu chun 1% tnh ton bng thng c bn. Tuy nhin, ta c tnh chn B = 4 v hai l do: (1) thy nh hng ca trm ph v (2) dng B > 4 s cho s mu khng l, khng hin th c trn kch c giy ca sch m khng b mt cc thng tin c bn. Do , ta chp nhn yu t xp x lm r nim DFT trn th. Vic la chn B = 4 a n thi gian ly mu l T = 1/2B = 1/8. Nhn li ln na ph trong hnh 5.16b, ta thy vic la chn phn gii tn s F0 = Hz l hp l. Chn la ny cho ta bn mu trong mi bp ca F(w). Trng hp ny T0 =1/ F0 = 4 giy v N0 =T0/4 = 32. rng ca f(t) ch c 1 giy. Ta phi lm li mi 4 giy (T0 = 4), nh v trong hnh 5.16c, v ly mu trong mi 1/8 giy. Chn la ny cho 32 mu (N0 =32). ng thi, 1 f k = Tf (kT ) = f (kT ) 8 Do f(t) =8 rect(t), cc gi tr ca fk l 1, 0 hay 0,5 (ti cc im gin on) nh v trong hnh 5.16c. Trong hnh, fk c v minh ha l hm theo t cng nh k, cho thch hp. Khi tm DFT, ta gi s f(t) bt u ti t = 0 (hnh 5.14a), v ly N0 mu trong khong (0, T0). Tuy nhin, trong trng hp ny th f(t) li bt u ti t = -1/2. Kh khn ny c gii quyt d dng khi ta thc hin DFT theo phng php ny thc ra l DFT ca fk c lp li tun hon mi T0 giy. Hnh 5.16c r rng cho thy vic lp li tun hon cc on trong khong t - 2 n 2 giy th ging ht vic lp li cc on ca fk

trong khong t 0 n 4 giy. Do , bt chp im xut pht ca f(t), ta lun c th cc mu ca f(t) v phn m rng tun hon trong khong t 0 n T0. Trong th d ny, cc gi tr 32 mu l 0 k 3 and 29 k 31 1 f k = 0 5 k 27 0,5 k = 4,28

Quan st thy mu cui nm ti t = 31/8, ch khng phi ti 4, do tn hiu lp li bt u t t = 4, v mu ti t = 4 ging vi mu ti t = 0. Lc ny, N0 = 32 v W0 = 2p/32 = p/16. Do [xem phng trnh (5.18)]

Fr = f k e - jr (p / 16) k
k =0

31

Gi tr ca Fr c tnh t phng trnh trn v v trong hnh 5.16d. Cc mu Fr cch nhau bi F0 = (1/10) Hz. Trong trng hp T0 = 4, nn phn gii tn s F0 l () Hz, nh mong mun. Tn s gp Fs/2 = B = 4Hz tng ng vi r = N0/2 =16. Do Fr l tun hon N0 (N0 = 32), cc gi tr ca Fr khi r = - 16 n n = - 1 th ging nh khi r = 16 n n = 31. Th d, F17 = F-15, F18 = F-14 , v tip tc. DFT cho ta cc mu ca ph F(w). so snh, hnh 5.16d cn v ng t bng ca c tuyn 8sinc(w/2), chnh l bin i Fourier ca 8rect(t). Cc gi tr ca Fr c tnh t phng trnh DFT cho thy c sai s trm ph, thy r khi ta so snh hai th v chng nhau. Sai s ca F2 vo khong 1,3%. Tuy nhin, sai s trm ph tng nhanh theo r. Th d, sai s ca F6 vo khong 12% v sai s ca F10 vo khong 33%. Sai s ca F14 ln n 72%. Sai s phn trm tng nhanh gn tn s gp (r =16) do f(t) c bc nhy gin on, lm F(w) gim chm theo 1/w. Do , gn tn s gp, ui ca phn nghch (do trm ph) t thn rt gn F(w). Hn na, gi tr cui cng l sai bit gia gi tr chnh xc v gi tr gp li (rt gn vi tr chnh xc). Do , sai s phn trm gn tn s gp (trng hp ny l r =16) l rt cao, cho d sai s tuyt i th rt b. R rng, vi tn hiu c bc nhy gin on, sai s trm ph gn tn s gp s lun lun cao (theo ngha phn trm), bt chp cch la chn N0. m bo b qua c sai s trm ph ti tr r bt k, ta phi chc chn l N0 >> r. iu ny lun c gi tr vi mi tn hiu c bc nhy gin on. Th d dng my tnh C5.2 Dng DFT (c thit lp dng thut ton FFT) tnh bin i Fourier ca 8rect(t). V ph Fourier. Chng trnh MATLAB thit lp phng trnh DFT dng thut ton FFT s c trnh by phn di. u tin ta vit chng trnh MATLAB ti 32 mu ca fk, ri tip n tnh DFT. % (c52.m) N0 = 32; k =0:N0 1; f = [ones(1,4) 0.5 zeros(1,23) 0.5 ones(1,3)]; Fr =fft(f); subplot(2,1,1), stem(k,f) xlabel(k); ylabel(fk); subplot(2,1,2), stem(k,Fr) xlabel(r); ylabel(Fr); 5.2-1 Mt s c tnh ca DFT Bin i Fourier ri rc v c bn l bin i Fourier ca tn hiu ly mu c lp li tun hon. Do , cc c tnh ca bin i Fourier cng dng c cho DFT. 1. Tnh tuyn tnh Nu f k Fr v g k Gr , th

a1 f k + a2 g k a1 Fr + a2Gr Phn chng minh d dng

(5.28)

2. Tnh i xng lin hp

FN0 -r = Fr* (5.29) * Da vo c tnh i xng lin hp ca bin i Fourier (Fr =Fr) v c tnh tun hon ca DFT (Fr = FN0r), nn ta ch cn tnh phn na DFT khi fk l thc, phn cn li l lng lin hp.
3. Di theo thi gian (Di vng)
f k -n Fr e - jrW0n

(5.30)

Chng minh: Dng phng trnh (5.18b), tm DFT nghch ca Fr e - jrW0n l

1 N0
N 0 -1 r =0

Fr e - jrW0ne jrW0k =

1 N0

N 0 -1 r =0

Fe
r

jrW0 ( k - n )

= f k -n

4. Di theo tn s
f k e jkW m Fr -m (5.31) Chng minh: tng t nh trng hp c tnh di theo thi gian tr vic ta bt u vi phng trnh (5.18a)
0

5. Tch chp vng (cn gi l tch chp tun hon) fk gk FrGr v fk gk (1/N0) Fr Gr Hai chui tun hon N0 l fk v gk c tch chp vng c nh ngha theo fk gk =
N 0 -1

(5.23a) (5.32b)

n =0

f n g k -n =

N 0 -1 n =0

f k -n

(5.33)

chng minh (5.32a), ta tm DFT ca tch chp vng ca fk gk l

N 0 -1 N0 -1 N 0 -1 f n g n e - jrW0k = f n g k -n e - jrW0k = f n (Gr e - jrW0n ) = Fr Gr n =0 k =0 k =0 n =0 n =0 Dng phng php tng t chng minh (5.32b) N 0 -1 N 0 -1

Trng hp chui khng tun hon, tch chp c th c xem theo hai chui, trong c mt chui c nh v chui kia th nghch v di chuyn qua chui c nh, mi ln mt s hng. Nu hai chui u tun hon N0, cu hnh lp li sau khi chui di N0. R rng l tch chp fk gk tr thnh tch tun hon N0 (tch vng N0) (N0 - periodic), v dng tch chp ny c quan st d dng nh v trong 5.17 cho trng hp N0 = 4. Chui trong (inner sequence) fk theo chiu kim ng h v c nh. Chui ngoi gk l nghch nn ngc chiu kim ng h. Chiu ny quay theo chiu kim ng h mi ln mt n v. Ta nhn cc s trng lp (overlapping) v cng li. Th d, gi tr fk gk ti k = 0 l (hnh 5.17) f0g0 + f1g3 + f2g2 + f3g1 v gi tr ca fk gk ti k = 1 l (hnh 5.17) f0g1 + f1g0 + f2g3 + f3g2 v tip tc ng dng ca DFT DFT khng ch hu ch khi tnh bin i Fourier trc tip v bin i Fourier nghch, m cn dng c trong cc ng dng khc nh tch chp, tng quan v lc. Vic dng thut ton FFT hiu qu c tho lun trong phn 5.3 cng lm tng thm tnh hp dn ca DFT. Php tch chp tuyn tnh Gi f(t) v g(t) l hai tn hiu cn lm tch chp. Thng thng, cc tn hiu ny c rng theo thi gian khc nhau. thc hin php tch chp t cc mu, ta cn ly mu chng vi cng tc ly mu (khng thp hn tc Nyquist ca mt trong hai tn hiu). Gi fk (0 k N1 1) v gk (0 k N2 1) l chui ri rc biu din cc mu ny, th c(t) = f(t) * g(t) v nu ta nh ngha ba chui ny l fk = Tf(kT), gk = Tg(kT) v ck = Tc(kT), th ck = fk * gk vi nh ngha tng chp tuyn tnh ca hai chui fk v gk l

fk * gk =

n= -

g k -n

T c tnh cht v rng ca tch chp, ck tn ti vi 0 k N1+N2 1. dng c k thut DFT ca tch chp vng, ta cn chc chn l tch chp vng s c cng kt qu vi tch chp tuyn tnh. Ni cch khc, tn hiu c c ca php tch chp vng phi c cng di (N1 +N2 1) nh ca tn hiu c t php tch chp tuyn tnh. Bc ny c th thc hin bng cch cng thm N2 1 mu gi (dummy) c gi tr zr vo gk (m zr). Phng php ny thay i di ca fk v gk thnh N1+N2 1. Vy tch chp vng ging ht tch chp tuyn tnh tr vic lp li tun hon vi chu k N1+N2 1. Phn 10.6-3 s chng minh nghim ngt tnh cht ny. Ta c th dng DFT tnh tch chp fk * gk theo ba bc sau: 1. Tm cc DFT l Fr v Gr tng ng vi fk v gk c m zr thch hp. 2. Nhn Fr vi Gr.

3. Tm IDFT ca Fr Gr. Phng php tch chp ny c thit lp dng thut ton bin i Fourier nhanh (s tho lun sau), c gi l tch chp nhanh. Lc Ta thng ngh n lc theo ngha l gii php thit lp phn cng (c th l, xy dng mch vi cc phn t RCL v mch khuch i thut ton). Tuy nhin cn c gii php phn mm [thut ton t my tnh nhm to ng ra y(t) t ng vo cho trc f(t)]. Mc tiu ny c th thc hin dng DFT. Nu f(t) l tn hiu cn lc, th tm c Fr, l DFT ca fk. Ph ca Fr c nh dng (lc) nh mong mun bng cch nhn Fr vi Hr, l cc mu ca hm truyn mch lc H(w) [Hr = H(rw0)]. Sau cng, ta ly IDFT ca Fr Hr c ng ra mch lc yk [yk = Ty(kT)]. Phng php ny c minh ha trong th d sau. Th d 5.8

Tn hiu f(t) trong hnh 5.18a i qua mch lc thng thp l tng c hm truyn H(w) v trong hnh 5,18b. Dng DFT tm ng ra mch lc. Ta tm c DFT 32 im ca f(t) (xem hnh 5.16d). Tip n ta nhn Fr vi Hr. tm Fr, ta dng F0 = khi tnh DFT 32 im ca f(t). Do Fr l tun hon 32, nn Hr cng l tun hon 32 vi cc mu cch nhau Hz. iu ny c ngha l Hr phi lp li tng 8 Hz hay 16p rad/s (xem hnh 5.18c). 32 mu ca Hr trong khong (0 w 16p) nh sau:

0 r 7 and 25 r 31 1 H r = 0 9 r 23 0,5 r = 8,24 Ta nhn Fr vi Hr. Cc mu tn hiu ng ra mong mun yk tm bng cch bin i nghch DFT ca Fr Hr. Tn hiu ng ra c v trong hnh 5.18d. Bng 5.1 ghi cc gi tr fk , Fr, Hr , Yr v yk .
Th d dng my tnh C5.3 Gii th d 5.8 dng MATLAB on chng trnh MATLAB trong th d C5.2, ta c Fr 32 im, c lu trong file c52.m. Ta c th nhp Fr trong mi trng MATLAB dng lnh c53.m C52; N0 = 32; k = 0; N0 1; H = [ones(1,8) 0.5 zeros(1,15) 0.5 ones(1,7)]; Yr = H.*Fr; yk = ifft(Yr); stem(k, yk) Bin i Fourier nhanh (FFT) C th gim thiu ng k s lng cc tnh ton cn cho DFT dng thut ton do Tukey v Cooley ra nm 1965. Thut ton ny c gi l bin i Fourier nhanh (FFT: Fast Fourier Transform), gim s lng tnh ton t bc N02 thnh N0logN0. tnh cc mu Fr t phng trinh (5.18a), ta cn N0 php nhn phc tp v N0 - 1 php cng phc tp. tnh N0 cho cc gi tr (Fr vi r = 0, 1, . . . , N0 - 1), ta cn c tng l N02 php tnh nhn phc tp v N0(N0 1) php cng phc tp. Khi N0 ln, cc php tnh ny tiu tn rt nhiu thi gian, ngay c vi cc my tnh mnh i na. 5.3 N0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 fk 1 1 1 1 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Fr 8.000 7.179 5.022 2.331 0.000 -1.323 -1.497 -.8616 0.000 .5803 .6642 .3778 0.000 -.2145 -.1949 -.06964 0.000 Hs 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 FrHs 8.000 7.179 5.027 2.331 0.000 -1.323 -1.497 -.8616 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 yk .9385 1.009 1.090 .9123 .4847 0.08884 -.05698 -.01383 .02933 .004837 -.01966 -.002156 .01534 .0009828 -.01338 -.0002876 .01280

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 1 1 1

-.06964 -.1989 -.2145 0.000 .3778 .6682 .5803 0.000 -.8616 -1.497 -1.323 0.000 2.331 5.027 7.179

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 -.8616 -1.497 -1.323 0.000 2.331 5.027 7.179

-.0002876 -.01338 .0009828 .01534 -.002156 -.01966 .004837 .3933 -.01383 -.05698 .08884 .4847 .9123 1.090 1.090

Tuy c nhiu bin th t thut ton Tukey Cooley, nhng c th chia thnh hai nhm chnh: decimation theo thi gian v decimation theo tn s. Thut ton c n gin ha nu ta chn N0 theo ly tha bc 2, cho d la chn ny khng b bt but. thun tin, nh ngha WN 0 = e - ( j 2p / N0 ) = e - jW0 (5.34) Sao cho

Fr =
V
fr =

N 0 -1 k =0

fW
r
N 0 -1 r =0

kr N0
- kr N0

0 r N0 - 1 0 k N0 - 1

(5.35a) (5.35b)

1 N0

FW
r

Thut ton decimation theo thi gian y ta chia chui d liu N0 im fk thnh hai chui (N0/2) im bao gm cc mu c s th t ln lt chn v l, nh sau: f 0 , f , f 4 , L , f 0 -1 f1 , f 3 , f 5 , L , f N0 -1 1424 244N3 1442443 4 4 4 4
chui g k chui hk

Vy, t phng trnh (5.35),

Fr =

N0 -1 2 k =0

2k

2 ( WN0kr + f 2 k +1WN 2 k +1) r 0 k =0

N0 -1 2

(5.36)

ng thi, do
2 W N 0 = WN 0 2

(5.37)

Ta c
Fr =
N0 -1 2 k =0

2k

kr r W N 0 + WN 0 2

N0 -1 2 k =0

2 k +1

kr r W N0 = Gr + WN0 H r 2

0 r N0 - 1

(5.38)

Trong Gr v Hr l cc DFT (N0/2) im ca cc chui s chn v s l ln lt l gk v hk. ng thi, Gr v Hr l DFT (N0/2) im, cng l tun hon (N0/2). Do G N 0 = Gr v H N0 = H r (5.39)
r + 2 r + 2

Hn na
r r r W = W WN0 = e - jp WN 0 = -WN 0 T phng trnh (5.38), (5.39) v (5.40), ta c r F N 0 = Gr - WN 0 H r
r + 2

N r + 0 2 N0

N0 2 N0

(5.40) (5.41)

c tnh ny c th dng gim thiu s lng tnh ton. Ta c th tnh (N0/2) im u tin (0 n (N0/2) 1) ca Fr dng phng trnh (5.38) v tnh (N0/2) im cui dng phng trnh (5.41) l: N r Fr = Gr + WN0 H r (5.42a) 0 r 0 -1 2 N r (5.42b) F N 0 = Gr - WN0 H r 0 r 0 -1 r + 2 2 Do , c th tnh DFT N0 im bng cch hai DFT (N0/2) im, nh phng trnh (5.42). Cc phng trnh ny c th c biu din mt cch thun tin dng graph tn hiu nh v trong hnh 5.19. Cu trc ny c gi l bm (butterfly). Hnh 5.20a cho thy thit lp ca phng trnh (5.39) cho trng hp N0 = 8. Bc k tip l tnh cc DFT (N0/2) im Gr v Hr. Ta lp li cc bc ny bng cch chia gk v hk thnh hai chui (N0/2) im tng ng vi cc mu th t chn v l. Tip n ta tip tc cc bc ny cho n khi c c DFT mt im. Cc hnh 5.20a, 5.20b, v 5.20c cho thy l cc DFT hai im th khng cn php nhn. m s php tnh cn c trong bc u tin, gi s ta bit Gr v Hr. Phng trnh (5.42) ch r l tnh tt c N0 im ca Fr, ta cn N0 php cng phc tp v (N0/2) r php nhn phc tp (tng ng vi WN0 H r ). Trong bc th hai, tip tc tnh DFT (N0/2) im Gr t DFT (N0/4), ta cn (N0/2) php cng phc tp v (N0/4) php nhn phc tp. Ta cn cng s lng tnh ton cho Hr. Do , trong bc th hai, ta c N0 php cng phc tp v (N0/2) php nhn phc tp. S lng tnh ton cn thit trong mi bc l ging nhau. Do cn c tng l log2N0 bc t c DFT mt im, ta cn c tng l N0log2N0 php cng phc tp v (N0/2)log2N0 php nhn phc to, tnh c DFT N0 im.

Phng php tm IDFT ging ht nh khi tm DFT tr vic dng WN 0 = e j ( 2p / N0 ) thay v e - j ( 2p / N0 ) (ngoi ra, b nhn l 1/N0). Mt thut ton FFT khc, l thut ton decimation theo tn s, tng t nh thut ton decimation theo thi gian. Ch c mt khc bit l thay v chia fk thnh hai chui th t chn v l, ta chia fk thnh thnh hai chui to t (N0/2) s u v (N0/2) s cui, x l vi cng phng php cho n khi

mt im n DFT t c bc log2N0. Tng s php tnh trong thut ton ny ging nh trng hp decimataion theo thi gian. i ngu ca nh l ly mu cho rng cc tn hiu c thi gian gii hn t giy th c th khi phc ph F(w) ca chng t cc mu ca F(w) ly ti cc khong ng u khng ln hn 1/t Hz. Ni cch khc, ph c th c ly mu vi tc khng nh hn t mu/Hz. 5.4 Ph chng 5.1 Ta chng minh
N 0 -1

N m = 0, N 0 ,2 N 0 , L = 0 otherwise k =0 0 jmW0k Nhc li W0N0 = 2p v e = 1 vi m = 0, N0, 2N0, . . ., sao cho

jmW0 k

(5.43)

N 0 -1 k =0

e jmW0k =

N 0 -1 k =0

1 = N

vi m = 0, N0, 2N0, . . .,

tnh tng ca cc gi tr khc ca m, ta ch l tng ca v tri ca phng trnh (5.43) l chui hnh hc vi cng sai l a = e jmW0 . Do (xem phn B.7-4) N 0 -1 e jmW0 N0 - 1 e jmW0k = jmW0 =0 ( e jmW0 N 0 = e j 2pm = 1 ) e -1 k =0 5.5 Tm tt Tn hiu c bng thng gii hn B Hz c th c khi phc chnh xc t cc mu ca chng nu tc ly mu Fs > 2B Hz (nh l ly mu). Phng php khi phc ny, d thc hin c v mt l thuytm nhng c nhiu vn trong thc t nh phi cn b lc vi li zr trong mt di (nhiu di) tn s. Cc b lc ny l khng th thc hin c hay thc hin c vi v s cc khu tr. Do , trong thc t, lun c sai s khi khi phc tn hiu t cc mu ca chng. Hn na, cc tn hiu thc t thng khng c bng thng gii hn, iu ny lm tng sai s (sai s trm ph) kh khi phc tn hiu t cc mu. Sai s trm ph c th c gim thiu bng cch gii hn bng thng ca tn hiu trong bng thng hiu qu. nh l ly mu rt quan trng trong phn tch, x l, v truyn dn tn hiu do cho php ta thay tn hiu lin tc theo thi gian bng chui ri rc cc s hng. Do , vic x l tn hiu lin tc tng c vi vic x l chui ri rc cc s hng. iu ny dn ta trc tip n lnh vc lc s (h thng ri rc theo thi gian). Trong lnh vc thng tin, truyn dn bn tin lin tc theo thi gian gim thiu thnh vic truyn dn chui cc s hng. iu ny m ca cho nhiu k thut mi trong thng tin tn hiu lin tc bng chui cc xung. Tnh i ngu ca nh l ly mu cho rng tin hiu c thi gian gii hn t giy th ph F(w) c th c khi phc t cc mu ca F(w) ly ti cc thi khong ng u khng ln hn 1/t Hz. Ni cch khc, ph cn c ly mu vi tc khng nh hn t mu/Hz. tnh ton s c bin i Fourier trc tip hay nghch, ta cn c quan h gia cc mu ca f(t) v F(w). nh l ly mu v i ngu cung cp quan h nh lng theo

dng ca bin i Fourier ri rc (DFT). Tnh ton DFT rt d khi dng thut ton bin i Fourier nhanh (FFT), gim thiu s lng tnh ton t khong N02 thnh N0log N0.

Tham kho
1. Linden, D. A.., A Discussion of Sampling Theorem. Proc. IRE, vol. 47. pp 1219 1226, July 1959. 2. Bracewell, R.N., The Fourier Transform and Its Applications, 2nd revised ed., McGraw-Hill, New York. 1986. 3. Bennett, W.R., Introduction to Signal Transmission, McGraw-Hill, New York. 1970. 4. Lathi, B.P., Linear Systems and Signals, Berkeley-Cambridge Press, Carmichael, CA, 1992. 5. Cooley, J.W., and J.W., Tukey, An Algorithm for the Machine Calculation of Complex Fourier Series, Mathematics of Computation, Vol. 19, p.297 301, Aprli 1965.

Bi tp
5.1-1 Hnh P5.1-1 v ph Fourier ca cc tn hiu f1(t) v f2(t). Tm tc ly mu Nyquist ca tn hiu f1(t), f2(t), f12(t), f23(t), v f1(t) f2(t).

5.1-2 Xc nh tc ly mu Nyquist v khong ly mu Nyquist ca cc tn hiu (a) sinc2(100pt) (b) 0,01sinc2(100pt) (c) sinc (100pt) + 3sinc2(60pt) (d) sinc (50pt) sinc (100pt). 5.1-3 Tn hiu f(t) = sinc (100pt) c ly mu (dng xung cch khong ng u) vi cc tc (a) 150 Hz (b) 200 Hz (c) 300 Hz. Vi mi trng hp (i) V ph tn hiu ly mu, (ii) Nu bn khi phc c f(t) t tn hiu ly mu, gii thch? (iii) Nu cho tn hiu ly mu qua mch lc thng thp l tng c bng thng 100 Hz, v ph ca tn hiu ra.

5.1-4 Hnh P5.1-4 v mch gi bc zr thc t (a) Tm ng ng xung n v ca mch. Hng dn: Nhc l p ng xung h(t) l ng ra ca mch hnh P5.1-4 khi ng vo f(t) = d(t).

(b) (c)

Tm hm truyn H(w), v v H(w). Chng t l khi tn hiu ly mu f (t ) l ng vo ca mch, th ng ra l xp x bc thang ca f(t). Thi khong ly mu l T.

5.1-5 (a) Mch gi bc mt cn c th c dng khi phc tn hiu f(t) t cc mu. p ng xung ca mch l t h(t ) = D 2T Vi T l thi khong ly mu. Xt tn hiu ly mu tiu biu f (t ) v chng t l mch ny thc hin php ni suy tuyn tnh. Ni cch khc, ng ra ca mch lc gm nh cc mu kt ni bng cc on ng thng. Dng phng php tho lun phn 5.1-1 (hnh 5.3b). (b) Tm hm truyn ca mch lc nay v p ng bin , ri so snh vi mch lc l tng cn thit khi phc tn hiu. (c) Mch lc ny l khng nhn qu (noncausal) l khng thc hin c. Bng cch lm tr p ng xung mch lc thc hin c. Cho bit khu tr ti thiu cn thit mch l thc hin c? nh hng ca khu tr ln tn hiu c khi phc v p ng tn s ra sao? (d) Chng t l mch lc trong phn (c) c th thc hin t mch lc v trong hnh P5.1-4 ni ui vi mt mch lc y ht mch lc ny. Hng dn: chng t l p ng xung ca mch l D(t/2T).

5.1-6 Tn hiu f(t) = sinc(200pt) c ly mu dng chui xung tun hon pT(t) v trong hnh P5.1-6. Tm v v ph ca tn hiu ly mu. Nu c th khi phc f(t). Gii thch? Nu tn hiu ly mu i qua mch lc thng thp l tng c nng thng 100 Hz v li n v, tm ng ra ca mch lc. Tm ng ra mch lc nu bng thng l B Hz, vi 100 < B < 150. iu g xy ra nu bng thng ln hn 150 Hz?

5.1-7 Trong th d 5.3, ta ly mu tn hiu f(t) bng cch nhn tn hiu ny vi chui xung pT(t), v c c tn hiu c ly mu v trong hnh 5.8d. Phng php ny c gi l ly mu t nhin. Hnh P5.1-7 v dng ly mu thng gi l ly mu dng nh phng (flat top sampling) ca cng tn hiu f(t) = sinc2(5pt). (a) Chng t l c th khi phc f(t) dng phng php ly mu nh phng nu tc ly mu khng b hn tc Nyquist. (b) Nu khi phc tn hiu f(t) bng php ly mu nh phng. Gii thch? (c) Tm biu thc ca ph tn hiu ly mu F (w ) v v pht tho ph. Hng dn: u tin hy chng t l tn hiu c nh phng c th c sn sinh bng cch cho tn hiu f(t) dT(t) i qua mch lc c p ng xung l h(t) = pT(t). khi phc tn hiu t cc mu, hy thc hin qu trnh ngc li. 5.1-8 a CD ghi tn hiu m thanh c s ha dng PCM. Gi s bng thng ca tn hiu m thanh l 15 kHz. (a) Cho bit tc ly mu l bao nhiu? (b) Nu cc mu Nyquist c lng t ha thnh 65536 mc (L = 65536) ri c m ha nh phn, cho bit cn bao nhiu bit m ha cc mu ny? (c) Cho bit s bit/s cn thit m ha tn hiu m thanh ? (d) Vi l do thc t tho lun trong ti liu, tn hiu c ly mu vi tc ln hn tc Nyquist. Cc CD trong thc t dng 44.100 mu/s. Nu dng L = 65 536, xc nh s xung/s cn thit m ha tn hiu. 5.1-9 Tn hiu TV (vio v m thanh) c bng thng l 4,5 MHz. Tn hiu ny c ly mu, lng t v m ha nh phn c tn hiu PCM. (a) Tm tc ly mu nu tn hiu c ly mu vi tc cao hn tc 9d Nyquist 20%. (b) Nu cc mu c lng t thnh 1024 mc, cho bit cn bao nhiu xung nh phn m ha cc mu (c) Tm tc xung nh phn (bit/s) ca tn hiu m ha nh phn. 5.1-10 Chng t l tn hiu khng th ng thi c gii hn v thi gian v v bng thng. Hng dn:Hy chng t l cc gi nh ngc a n nghch l. Gi s tn hiu ng thi c gii hn v thi gian v v bng thng nn F(w) =0 vi w w > 2pB . Trong trng hp ny F (w ) = F (w )rect ( 4pB ' ) vi B> B. iu ny tc l f(t) bng vi f(t)*2Bsinc(2pBt). Tn hiu sau ny khng th c gii hn v thi gian do cc phn ui ca hm sinc tin v v cng. 5.2-1 Tn hiu c gii hn v thi gian 10ms v c bng thng c bn 10 kHz, xc nh s mu tn hiu cn thit N0 tnh FFT bc ly tha 2 vi phn gii tn s F0 t nht l 50Hz. Gii thch nu khng cn c m zr (zero padding)? 5.2-2 tnh DFT ca tn hiu f(t) trong hnh P5.2-1, vit chui fk (vi k=0 n N0 1) nu phn gii tn s F0 khng b hn 0,25 Hz. Gi s bng thng c bn (tn s gp) ca f(t) t nht l 3 Hz. Khng cn tnh DFT, ch vit chui fk thch hp.

5.2-3 Tm gi tr N0 v T thch hp tnh DFT ca tn hiu etu(t). Dng bng thng l ni p ng bin gim 1% so vi tr nh (ti w = 0). Tip n, dng tiu chun 99% nng lng xc nh bng thng (xem th d 4.16).

5.2-4 Lm li bi tp 5.2-3 vi tn hiu 2 2 -w f (t ) = 2 Hng dn: 2 2pe t +1 t +1

5.2-5 Vit chui thch hp fk v gk cn thit tnh tch chp ca f(t) v g(t)) (v trong hnh P5.2-5) dng DFT. Dng T = 1/8.